Initiatives on Regional Air Pollution in AsiaInitiatives on Regional Air Pollution in Asia

GMS

ASEAN: Haze agreementCentral Asia: Environment ConventionSouth Asia: Male’ DeclarationEast Asia: EANETAsia: ABCGlobal: GAF

Development • March 1998: Policy Dialogue • April 1998: Adoption of the Declaration

Implementation• Phase I: Awareness and preparation of the baseline information • Phase II: Local capacity development for monitoring and analysis

Member states

Male’ Declaration

Bhutan

Nepal

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

Iran

Pakistan

India

Maldives

Phase I Implementation

Network Establishment

Baseline Studies

Action Plans

Sub-regional Action Plan

Identification of NEAsEstablishment of NEAs

Network&Database of Experts/Institutions

Guidelines for the Baseline StudiesPreparation of Baseline StudiesBaseline Studies & Database

National Action Plan

Phase II Implementation

Hanimaadu

Anuradaphura

Abadan

Port Canning Suntharban

Geliphu

Narowal

Chitwan

Trained national institutions. Established monitoring stations.

• Strengthen the regional cooperation and stakeholders participation under the Malé Declaration;

• Strengthen the capacity building programmes initiated during Phase II;

• Enhance the capacity of NIAs on emission inventory development and Integrated Assessment Modeling

• Enhance the analytical and impact assessment capability at the national level through integration of findings from local pollution studies and conducting assessment studies;

• Provide decision support information for policy formulation and air pollution prevention ; and

• Raise awareness for action through targeted dissemination

IG 6; October 2004, Tehran, Iran agreed on the Phase III objectives

Phase III: Objectives

• Intergovernmental meeting, stakeholders meeting cum coordination meeting

• Evaluated the implementation since adoption

• Extended organizational structure

• Establishment of specialized centers

• Air pollution related initiatives in South Asia need to be coordinated under the framework of Male’ Declaration

• Focus on reduction of air pollution

• Recommended to increase the financial sustainability through local contributions

Ob1: Regional Cooperation

IG 8; September 2006, Thimbu, Bhutan

Extended institutional structureIntergovernmental Meeting (NFP and

NIA)

Technical Committee (MoC, SEI, UNEP RRCAP)

Technical Center on monitoring Dry Deposition

Technical Center on Monitoring Wet Deposition

Technical Center on Soil Impact

Technical Center on Vegetation Impact

Technical Center on Corrosion Impact

Technical Center on Health Impact

Regional Stakeholders Forum

(Universities, NGOs, youth groups, relevant initiatives

in South Asia)

Secretariat for Male’ Declaration (UNEP RRCAP)

National Focal Points (NFP) National Implementing Agencies (NIA)

National Stakeholders Forum (Universities, NGOs, youth

groups)

Member States

National Centers for Impact Assessment

Sub-regional partners (SACEP and SAARC)

Technical Center on Pollution Reduction policies/strategies

Technical Center on Emission Inventory and modeling

• National Training programmes

• Specialized training programmes at the national level

• eg. Nine technical personnel from DoE, Bangladesh were trained on operating AAS in February 2006

Ob2: Capacity Building on Monitoring

In-country February 2006; Kulna,

Bangladesh

Regional Training Programmes

• Annual refresher trainings at regional level

• eg. The fourth regional training was organised in March 2006

Regional Training Programme; March 2006, RRCAP, Bangkok

• Developed emissions inventory manual accompanied by a workbook (Excel) for compilation

• Trained personnel from all the participating countries on emission inventory and integrated assessment model

• An integrated information and assessment system (IIAS) and Users’ Manual

Ob3: Capacity Building on Inventory and Modeling

Training workshop; July 2006, RRCAP

Inventory manual:www.rrcap.unep.org/md/Maléreport/

Newsgroups:

MD_IIAS@rrcap.unep.org

Integrated Information and Assessment

System (IIAS)

Focus areas

• Develop urban integrated assessment

capacity

• Strengthen knowledge on human health impact assessment

• Strengthen knowledge on crops impact assessment

• Strengthen knowledge on corrosion impact assessment, model

Ob4: Capacity Building on Impact Assessment

Case studies in selected countries

Methodology

Regional Level Training

Regional level discussion of the results

Dissemination

(i) Case studies

• Provided technical support for an eco-

village demonstration project in Sri Lanka

(ii) Good practices

• Identify the areas for pollution control and abatement in each of the participating countries;

• Collate success stories (for pollution control and abetment);

• Dissemination of success stories in the participating countries.

Ob5: Decision Support Information

Eco village was opened by the President of Sri Lanka in March 2006

(i) Publication on Male’ Declaration

• Draft was adopted the IG8• will be published by the IG9

(ii) Newsletter and Brochure

• To disseminate Malé Declaration related information to the public and stakeholders.

• The content of the newsletter has largely been reports on the network’s activities

(iii) Information sharing

• Among the countries and other networks

(iv) Networking with youths

• South Asia Youth Environment Network (SAYEN) is participating in the awareness activities.

Ob6: Rise Awareness

Male’ Declaration for South Asia

Atmospheric Brown Clouds (ABC)

EANET for East Asia

Global Atmospheric Forum

East Asia Network on Acid Deposition (EANET)

• Four experts meetings were held in East Asia from 1993 to 1997 to discuss the issue of acid deposition.

• The First Intergovernmental Meeting (IG1) was held in 1998 and agreed to establish EANET.

Ten countries, which include: China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam started the preparatory phase activities from 1998-2000

Participation:

12 countries in East Asian region, which includes Northeast and Southeast Asia, that expressed at the Second Intergovernmental Meeting their intention to participate in the Network

Started intensive monitoring on common standards with sharing of data and expertise

EANET: Regular Phase

EANET: Institutional Arrangement

Terelj(Mongolia)

Kosan(R.of Korea)Zhuhai(China) Bangkok/ERTC(Rhailand) Tanah(Malaysia)

Jakarta/EMC(Indonesia)

Hoa Binh(Viet Nam)

Los Banos(Philippines)

Banryu(Japan)

Mondy(Russia)

SO2 NO, NO2, NOx

O3 HNO3, HCl, NH3

PM10 PMC

China X X X

Indonesia X

Japan X X X X

Malaysia X X X X

Mongolia X X X

Philippines X X X

RoK X X

Russia X X X

Thailand X X X X X X

Vietnam X X X

Monitoring Dry Deposition

EANET: Monitoring network

IG6 in November 2004

Working Group on Future Development of EANET.

EANET: Future Direction

IG8 in November 2006,

Medium term plan

Extended the Working Group on Future Development of EANET.

Male’ Declaration for South Asia

Atmospheric Brown Clouds (ABC)

EANET for East Asia

Global Atmospheric Forum

Haze at 5km; up to 3km high Size of continental US Covering Indian Ocean, South

Asia, Southeast Asia and China

Source: V. Ramanathan

Aerosol ParticulatesAerosol Particulates

Ramanathan et al, 2001Lelieveld et al, 2001

Brown Cloud Chemical CompositionBrown Cloud Chemical Composition

The project ABC comprised of 3 major programmes:

Observation: establishment of a network of ground based monitoring stations across the Asia and Pacific region for data collection and capacity building.

Impact assessment: assessment of the potential impacts of ABC on agriculture, water, and health using the data from the monitoring stations.

Awareness and mitigation: provide science-based information for policy makers to mitigate atmospheric pollution.

Major Components of Project ABCMajor Components of Project ABC

Monitoring

Monitoring

Assessment of impact on crop,

health and water

budget

Assessment of impact on crop,

health and water

budget

Awareness & Mitigation

Awareness & Mitigation

Aerosol propertiesPrecipitation chemistry Gaseous speciesSolar radiationMeteorological parameters

Aerosol propertiesPrecipitation chemistry Gaseous speciesSolar radiationMeteorological parameters

Established new observatories

Upgraded existing observatories

ObservatoriesObservatories

Observatories are fully equipped with a suit of state-of-the-art instruments to monitor:

Source: V. Ramanathan

Source: Prof. Ramanathan

Recent Field campaigns with UAVs

Maldives Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Campaign (MAC) in South Asia; March 2006

East Asian Regional Experiment (ABC-EAREX2005) in East Asia; Feb.-Apr. 2005

ABC-Post Monsoon Experiment (APMEX-2004) in South Asia; Oct.-Nov. 2004

Pioneer Effort - UAVsPioneer Effort - UAVs

Three UAVs were used in staked formation measuring simultaneously the effects of ABC over the same cloud system.

First time in environment monitoring

First Impact Assessment workshop, December 2005, Bangkok, Thailand

Initiated ABC Impact Assessment studies

Review workshops in December 2006

Impact AssessmentImpact Assessment

PROCEDURE

Science Team Chair and Vice Chair

Lead Institution

[Agriculture]

Lead Institution

[water]

Lead Institution

[Health]

Network Network Network

Assessmentreport

Assessmentreport

Assessmentreport

EANET for East Asia

Atmospheric Brown Clouds (ABC)

Global Atmospheric Forum

Male’ Declaration for South Asia

Global Atmospheric ForumGlobal Atmospheric Forum

• Strengthening inter-governmental networks at the regional scale;

• Greater harmonization of technical system, information and assessment process within and between the regions and capacity building based on them; and

• Promoting consensus among stakeholders to underpin emergence of regional, hemispheric and global action.

Objectives

Global Atmospheric ForumGlobal Atmospheric Forum

Activities in Asia

Convene annual meetings of initiatives on regional air pollution

Closer co-operation and joint action among sub-regional networks in Asia

Technology transfer and methodology harmonization on monitoring, impact assessment, Inventory compilation

Standardized guidelines and joint programmes