Initial Environmental Examination

October 2011

INO: Regional Roads Development Project

Prepared by the Directorate General of Highways for the Asian Development Bank

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

(as of 26 September 2011)

Currency unit – rupiah (Rp) Rp1.00 = $0.0001104972

$1.00 = Rp9,050

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank AMDAL – procedures for environmental impact assessment ANDAL – environmental assessment report CO – carbon monoxide COD – chemical oxygen demand CTC – core team consultant DSC – design and supervision consultants DGH – Directorate General of Highways Dinas PU – Provincial Public Works Agency DO – dissolved oxygen EHSM – environment, health and safety manager EIA – environmental impact assessment EIRTP-2 – Eastern Indonesia Regional Transport Project EMP – environmental management plan ESAMP – environmental and social assessment management plan ESRI – Environmental Systems Research Institute FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization GIS – geographic information system GOI – Government of Indonesia IBAs – important bird areas IEE – initial environmental examination IRMS – Indonesian Roads Management System IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature IVP – isolated vulnerable people

KA-ANDAL – terms of reference for the proposed environmental

assessment report KRNDS – Kalimantan Road Network Development Study MOF – Ministry of Forestry MPW – Ministry of Public Works NGO – non-government organizations P2JJ – road and bridge design and supervision unit PM – particulate matter PMU – project management unit REA – rapid environmental assessment RKL – environmental management plan ROW – right of way RPL – environmental monitoring plan RR2P – Road Rehabilitation-2 Project RRDP – Regional Road Development Project SDEA – Sub-Directorate of Environmental Affairs SPPL – brief mitigation and monitoring statement SPS – ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) SOP – standard operating procedures

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SRIP – Strategic Roads Infrastructure Project TA – technical assistance TDS – total dissolved solids TGHK – forest land use by consensus ToR – terms of reference TSP – total suspended particulates UKL – environmental management effort

UNESCO – United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural

Organization UPL – environmental monitoring effort URMS – Urban Road Management System USDA – United States Department of Agriculture

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

C – degree Celsius < – less than > – greater than ≥ – greater than or equal to μg/m3 – microgram per cubic meter % – per cent cmol/kg – centimole per kilogram ft – Feet ha – Hectare hrs – Hours kg/dm3 – kilogram per cubic decimeter km – Kilometer lph – liters per hour m – Meter mg/L – milligrams per liter NTU – nephelometric turbidity units

NOTE

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

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Table of Contents

I.  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 1 

II.  INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 5 

A.  Background ............................................................................................................ 5 

B.  Environmental Clearance Requirements ............................................................. 5 

1.  Government of Indonesia Environmental Impacts Assessment ........................... 5 2.  Forest Clearance Requirements .......................................................................... 7 3.  ADB Environmental Requirements ....................................................................... 8 

III.  DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ........................................................................... 10 

A.  Type of Project ..................................................................................................... 10 

B.  Category of Project .............................................................................................. 11 

C.  Need for Project ................................................................................................... 11 

D.  Location ................................................................................................................ 11 

E.  Proposed Schedule for Implementation ............................................................ 14 

IV.  DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 15 

A.  Physical Resources in Project Area ................................................................... 15 

1.  Topography ........................................................................................................ 15 2.  Climate ............................................................................................................... 15 3.  Soil Characteristics ............................................................................................. 16 4.  Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrogeology .................................................... 17 5.  Water Resources ................................................................................................ 19 6.  Groundwater Resources .................................................................................... 19 7.  Water Quality...................................................................................................... 19 8.  Natural Hazards ................................................................................................. 21 9.  Quarries and Borrow Pits ................................................................................... 22 10.  Air and Noise Quality .......................................................................................... 23 

B.  Ecological Resources in Project Area ............................................................... 25 

1.  Forests ............................................................................................................... 25 2.  Protected Areas.................................................................................................. 29 3.  Flora and Fauna ................................................................................................. 30 4.  Fish, Fisheries, and Aquatic Biology .................................................................. 30 

C.  Socioeconomic Resources in Project Area ......................................................... 1 

1.  Population ............................................................................................................ 1 2.  Historical and Archaeological Sites ...................................................................... 1 3.  Agriculture ............................................................................................................ 1 4.  Plantations............................................................................................................ 2 5.  Industries and Minerals ........................................................................................ 3 6.  Road Safety.......................................................................................................... 3 7.  Tourism ................................................................................................................ 4 

V.  ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ........ 5 

A.  Physical Environment ............................................................................................ 6 

1.  Soils and Materials ............................................................................................... 6 2.  Soil Erosion and Slope Stability Problems ........................................................... 7 3.  Water .................................................................................................................... 8 4.  Air Quality ............................................................................................................. 9 5.  Noise and Vibration ............................................................................................ 10 

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6.  Quarry and Borrow Sites .................................................................................... 10 B.  Ecological Environment ...................................................................................... 11 

1.  Forests and Vegetation ...................................................................................... 11 2.  Illegal Logging .................................................................................................... 12 3.  Fauna ................................................................................................................. 12 4.  Fish, Fisheries, and Aquatic Biology .................................................................. 12 

C.  Socioeconomic Environment .............................................................................. 12 

1.  Compensation Plan ............................................................................................ 12 2.  Construction Camps ........................................................................................... 12 3.  Community Impacts ............................................................................................ 13 4.  Health, Safety, and Hygiene ............................................................................... 13 5.  Culturally and Religiously Sensitive Locations ................................................... 14 6.  Transport of Hazardous and Toxic Materials ..................................................... 14 7.  Proper Construction Practices ............................................................................ 14 8.  Road Safety Measures ....................................................................................... 15 9.  Tourism .............................................................................................................. 15 10.  Cumulative and Induced Impacts ....................................................................... 15 

VI.  INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION ............................................................................................................... 16 

A.  Stakeholder Consultations .................................................................................. 16 

B.  Consultation Process and Documentation ........................................................ 16 

C.  Information Disclosure ........................................................................................ 16 

VII.  GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ..................................................................... 18 

VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .............................................................. 19 

A.  Mitigation .............................................................................................................. 19 

B.  Monitoring ............................................................................................................. 33 

1.  Compliance Monitoring ....................................................................................... 33 2.  Impact/Effects Monitoring ................................................................................... 34 

C.  Reporting .............................................................................................................. 38 

D.  Implementation Arrangements ........................................................................... 39 

1.  Institutional Framework ...................................................................................... 39 2.  Institutional Analysis and Strengthening ............................................................ 43 

IX.  CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................ 48 

X.  REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 49 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: AMDAL and UKL/UPL Requirements for Road and Bridge Projects Table 2: RRDP Subproject Road Details Table 3: Topographic Data of Project Roads Table 4: Soils Groups of Project Areas Table 5: Geological Formations of Project Areas and their Characteristics Table 6: Water Quality Standards of Indonesia Table 7: Water Quality in Project AreasTable 8: Villages Affected by Water and Soil Pollution in Project Districts Table 9: Villages Sensitive to Natural hazards in Project Districts Table 10: Rock Formations in Project Areas that are Suitable for Road Construction Table 11: National Ambient Air Quality Standards Table 12: Air Quality in Central Java

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Table 13: Air Quality in East Java Table 14: National Ambient Noise Standards Table 15: Villages Affected by Air and Noise Pollution in Project Districts Table 16: Forests in the RRDP Project Area Table 17: Population in Project Districts Table 18: Tourism Locations near Project Roads Table 19: Estimated Annual Emissions from Traffic Table 20: Environmental Mitigation Measures Table 21: Environmental Monitoring Activities Table 22: Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Cost of the Project Table 23: Roles and Responsibilities on EMP Implementation Table 24: Cost Estimate for the Capacity Building Program

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: GOI Environmental Screening Process Figure 2: Location Map of Subproject Roads in Central and East Java Figure 3: Location Map of Subproject Roads in West and East Kalimantan Figure 4: Forest Area Classification in Indonesia Figure 5: Forests in Central Java Figure 6: Forests in East Java Figure 7: Forests in West Kalimantan Figure 8: Forests in East Kalimantan Figure 9: Protected Areas in Java Figure 10: Protected Areas in Kalimantan Figure 11: Economic Activity of IndonesiaFigure 12: Grievance Redress Mechanism Figure 13: Project Implementation Organizations (Road Staff)

LIST OF ANNEXES

Figure 1: Summary of Stakeholders Consultations Figure 2: Newspaper Advertisement of the Formal Public Consultation Figure 3: Summary of Formal Public Consultation

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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The Regional Roads Development Project (RRDP) will be financed through a Project loan to be implemented over five years. The Project will rehabilitate, improve or newly construct about 476 km of roads and bridges in four provinces of Indonesia, namely West and East Kalimantan; and Central and East Java Provinces.

2. The Project will be financed by Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Islamic Development Bank (ISDB). Of the 476 km subproject roads, about 3,860 m will involve rehabilitation or replacement of bridges and about 44 km will be construction of new roads along agricultural areas where there are existing earthen tracks in some sections. The alignments for the new roads have already been defined and markers are already in place. The ADB-financed component will include about 399 km of road (3,390 of which are bridges) while the ISDB-financed component will include about 77 km of road (470 m of which are bridges).

3. This initial environmental examination (IEE) has been prepared based on ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (ADB SPS 2009). The IEE covers the general environmental profile of all the subproject roads and includes an overview of the potential environmental impacts during various project phases. Included also in the IEE is the environmental management plan (EMP) with a set of mitigation and management measures to be taken during project implementation to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts.

4. Individual environmental categorization of the subproject roads was conducted in accordance with ADB SPS (2009) to determine the overall environmental categorization of the Project. The project roads could have some adverse environmental impacts but duration and nature are short-term, temporary, reversible, and could be managed by implementing mitigation measures thus, the Project is classified as environment category B.

5. Most of the subproject roads are passing through flat or hilly terrain. All subproject roads are located in tropical climate with two distinct seasons, dry season from May to September, and wet season from October to April. Average temperature in project areas generally ranges from 20C to 30C and temperature distribution generally depends on elevation and distance from sea coast. Distribution of annual rainfall in Kalimantan is more uniform, while rainfall in Central Java is very high compared to East Java. Maximum rainfall occurs in December and January, and lowest rainfall occurs in August and September. Surface soils in all project areas are susceptible to erosion due to its high sand content. Major geological groups in the project areas are coastal and river alluvium, sandstones and volcanic rocks. River basins in Java are very narrow, hence, are generally swift and shallow while watersheds in Kalimantan are very wide and most of the rivers are navigable even by large ships. Groundwater resources are limited and used for domestic, municipal, and industrial purposes. Because of high rainfall intensities and watershed erosion, most rivers in Java and Kalimantan carry large quantities of sediment which results in river regime problems. Floods, landslides, earthquakes, tropical storms, and tsunamis are the general natural disasters in the project areas. Landslides are the major natural hazards in Java while flooding are the major natural hazards in Kalimantan.

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6. Records of environmental quality monitoring are presented in the IEE. Generally, air quality in the project areas are within national standards except for total suspended solids which are attributed to traffic in urban areas, domestic fuel combustion for cooking, vehicle emissions, and dust from unpaved roads. Elevated noise levels in the project areas are caused by traffic.

7. All subproject roads are screened whether they are passing through any conservation, protection, and/or production forests1. Eight of the subproject roads pass through protection and/or production forests. However, land acquisition and tree cutting are not required in such forests. Trees found in both the protection and production forests are mainly rubber and oil palm.

8. None of the subproject roads are passing through any IUCN protected areas nor RAMSAR wetlands. It is confirmed that no rare, threatened, or endangered species of flora and fauna are located in or close to the subproject roads. No heritage sites of national and international (UNESCO World Heritage) importance, historically, and archaeologically sensitive sites are located in or near the subproject roads. Mosques and cemeteries are found in all the subproject villages.

9. Each subproject is screened whether there are any isolated vulnerable people (IVP)2 located in or close to the subproject areas. According to provincial officials, two subproject roads in West Kalimantan are supposed to be close to IVP areas particularly the Dayak Bekatik community near the Simpang Tanjung-Aruk road link and the Dayak Toba community near the Sosok-Tayan subproject road. But during field visit by the social survey team during the preparation of the safeguard documents, it was found that these ethnic groups are no more considered as IVP as they changed their livelihood and customs, and relocated near main roads (under a government relocation program) for better access to health care, schools, and electricity. All other subproject roads are not passing through any IVP areas.

10. Major economic sources along the subproject roads are agriculture, forest products, industry, fishing and mining. Major food crops cultivated along the road corridors are rice, corn, cassava, peanut, and soybean. Vegetable crops include cucumber, string beans, eggplant, spinach, scallion, chilies and tomato; while commercial crops are coconut, oil palm, rubber, cacao, and pepper. Due to abundance of freshwater and coastal areas, fishery forms a major source of economy in project areas especially in Kalimantan.

11. Based on the screening of baseline environmental parameters along the subproject roads, review of proposed civil works, environmental monitoring reports, and stakeholder consultations, environmental concerns that could be expected from the subproject roads are broadly classified into impacts during preconstruction, construction and operation. Specifically during pre-construction, anticipated environmental impacts include (i) land 1 Conservation forest is a forest area with specific characteristics with the main function for conservation of animal and plant species and their ecosystem. Protection forest is a forest area with the main function to protect life support system, maintain hydrological system, prevention of flood, erosion, control, prevention of seawater intrusion, and maintain soil fertility. Production forest (Hutan produksi) is a forest area that is promoted for sustainable forest production. Production forest is classified as permanent production forest, limited production forest, and convertible production forest. 2 According to Government of Indonesia (GOI), IVPs are not necessarily culturally or ethnically different but are physically residing in remote areas having poor communications and access to services.

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acquisition issues for new ROW areas; and (ii) compensation issues for other fixed assets from acquired ROW land areas. During construction phase, anticipated environmental impacts include (i) increased soil erosion, landslides and/or siltation from cut and fill operations, including increased risks to downstream rivers and coastal resources; (ii) clearing of right of way, removal of vegetation (trees and shrubs) and disposal of spoils; (iii) extraction and transport of construction material from quarry and borrow sites; (iv) temporary use of land immediately adjacent to the road for siting of contractor’s yard, asphalt plant, and construction camps; (v) reduced air quality, visibility and/or noise pollution from construction activities, quarry and borrow sites, material storage sites, temporary diversion roads, excavations, vehicle and equipment use and asphalt mixing plant; (vi) reduced water quality and soil pollution at bridge rehabilitation sites from improper handling of and disposal of wastes and materials; (vi) drainage from construction camps, material stockpiles, excavations and quarry/borrow activities; (vii) interruption to smooth traffic flow, increased traffic congestion and public safety problems; and (viii) occupational health and safety, community welfare, and social conflicts due to project activities. During operation stage, anticipated environmental impacts include (i) increased traffic volume and related air, noise and public safety concerns; and (ii) road safety and vehicle overloading. While perceived benefits from RRDP includes: (i) improved access and economic development; (ii) reduced soil erosion and landslides due to slope stabilization measures; (iii) reduced dust due to improvement of existing roads and paving of gravel roads; and (iv) improved road safety due to better geometric designs and installation of safety signs. Most mitigation activities are the responsibility of the Contractors employed during the construction stage, or the local government (Dinas PU) to conduct maintenance or repair work during operations.

12. Sand and gravel required for construction activities are available in all subproject areas. Quarries and borrow pits for possible sources of materials have been identified in the IEE. The impacts during construction activities, due to implementation of civil works, do not have major or long-term impacts but there can be localized, short-term impacts that will be addressed in the detailed designs and through application of environmental mitigation measures and monitoring activities. These construction related impacts can be mitigated by (i) the contractors’ work practices, especially those related to the storage of construction materials and cleanliness of the work sites; (ii) cooperation by the local authorities with the contractor in terms of traffic management and use of public space and utilities; (iii) project management’s strict enforcement of the correct construction practices and standards; and (iv) the incorporation of the mitigation measures identified in the IEE into the bid documents and specifications.

13. A total of 31 consultations were conducted from September 2008 to August 2011 involving about 275 people composed of affected people, community leaders, NGOs, and national and provincial government officials. In addition to the formal public consultations, several other consultations were held in all subproject provinces during social and environmental field studies. Results of these consultations were positive, with people considering that the road will bring significant economic benefits to the region. Critical issues raised are the following: (i) continued community consultations (socialization) during land acquisition and construction; (ii) transparency in land acquisition and compensation process; (iii) design of bridges and other drainage structures should consider flood forecasting studies; (iv) air, dust and noise pollution during construction activity; (v) traffic problem during construction; (vi) usage of illegal wood during bridge construction; (vii) road damage by overloaded vehicles of oil palm companies; (viii) protection of public infrastructure like water supply facilities during design and construction; (ix) quality construction and proper engineering practices during construction; and (x) active involvement of the local community

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during construction as labor. As part of the information disclosure requirement, this IEE will be made available for public review through the DGH office and ADB’s website. More informal and vigorous level of disclosure and consultation will be done during implementation.

14. A grievance redressal cell chaired by the DGH will be set up to address grievances of the people regarding technical, social and environmental aspects. Affected people are to be informed about the mechanism through media and public outlets.

15. The EMP shows a summary of the anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures, and who will be responsible for implementing and monitoring activities. A program of monitoring will be conducted to ensure that all parties take the specified action to provide the required mitigation, to assess whether the action has adequately protected the environment, and to determine whether any additional measures may be necessary. Several national and provincial level agencies will be involved in the RRDP implementation and the roles of each organization in terms of subproject implementation and environmental management is explained in the IEE.

16. DGH’s provincial planning and implementing agencies do not have any social and environmental staff to prepare and monitor safeguard issues of road projects. Hence they have very limited experience, resources and equipment for environmental management and monitoring. Training for these agencies is crucial for proper environmental monitoring addressed in the IEE. The primary focus of training to be conducted during project implementation is to enable the staff to carry out environmental monitoring, implement the EMP, and conduct impact assessments.

17. The RRDP will have overall beneficial impact and will have minor negative impacts that will be carefully monitored and mitigated. Implementation of mitigation measures identified in the EMP during construction and operation phases will minimize the negative impacts of the subproject to acceptable levels. Based on the findings of the IEE, the need for additional study or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is not required.

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II. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

18. The Regional Roads Development Project (RRDP) will be financed through Project loan over four years. The Project will rehabilitate, improve or newly construct about 476 km of roads and bridges in four provinces of Indonesia, namely West and East Kalimantan; and Central and East Java.

19. The project proponent and executing agency is the Director General of Highways (DGH or Ditjen Bina Marga) of the Ministry of Public Works (MPW). The RRDP will improve important national or strategic road corridors in northern Kalimantan and southern Java to encourage economic growth in two less developed and poorer areas of Indonesia. The rehabilitation, capacity expansion and new construction of roads will improve connectivity and access to services in the abovementioned provinces. Improved road infrastructure in southern Java is necessary for increased economic growth to improve access to markets and to attract investment in that area. Road network development in Kalimantan will ensure that economic development will occur in less developed and remote areas. The Project will improve access of poor rural and minority villages to income-generating opportunities and social services, particularly in East Kalimantan.

20. The Project will be financed by ADB and ISDB. Of the 476 km subproject roads, about 3,860 m will involve rehabilitation or replacement of bridges and 40 km will be construction of new roads along agricultural areas where there are existing earthen tracks in some sections. The alignments for the new roads have already been defined and markers are already in place. ADB-financed component will include about 399 km of road (3,390 of which are bridges) while the ISDB-financed component will include about 77 km of road (470 m of which are bridges).

21. This IEE covers the RRDP subproject roads and has been prepared to meet the requirements for an environmental assessment process and documentation following the procedures in ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement of 2009 (ADB SPS 2009). The IEE includes the general environmental profile of all the subproject roads and includes an overview of the potential environmental impacts during pre-construction, construction, and operational phases. Included also in the IEE is the environmental management plan (EMP) with a set of mitigation and management measures to be taken during project implementation to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts. The IEE was prepared with the active cooperation of Sub-directorate of Environmental Affairs (SDEA) of DGH, provincial environmental agencies (Bapedalda), and ADB’s project team in Manila.

B. Environmental Clearance Requirements

1. Government of Indonesia Environmental Impacts Assessment

22. According to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management and Ministry of Environment Decree of the Government of Indonesia (GOI), environmental assessment of road projects are divided into

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3 categories: Procedures of Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL), Environmental Management and Monitoring Effort (UKL-UPL), and Brief Mitigation and Monitoring Statement (SPPL). The category is based on scale of road development in terms of widening outside Right of Way (ROW) and land acquisition, and significant negative impact on the environmentally-sensitive areas. The category is decided based on 3-stage criteria as shown in Table 1. The environmental screening process is shown in Figure 1.

(i) AMDAL (Procedures of Environmental Impact Assessment): Projects that meet AMDAL criteria are also given in Table 1. A Terms of Reference (KA-ANDAL) for the proposed environmental study, Environmental Assessment Report (ANDAL), Environmental Management Plan (RKL), and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL) are to be prepared to address the negative impacts.

(ii) UKL-UPL (Environmental Management and Monitoring Effort): Projects that meet UKL-UPL criteria require the preparation of an Environmental Management Effort (UKL) and Environmental Monitoring Effort (UPL) to be prepared with mitigation and monitoring procedures to address negative impacts.

(iii) SPPL (Brief Mitigation and Monitoring Statement): Rehabilitation of road projects that require insignificant land acquisition and do not meet AMDAL or UKL-UPL criteria fall into this category. Good engineering practices and standard good working practices to be followed by the contractor to safeguard general environmental issues are to be included in the contract documents.

Table 1: AMDAL and UKL/UPL Requirements for Road and Bridge Projects No. Type of Project Activity AMDAL

Criteria (1) UKL/UPL Criteria (2)

Requires AMDAL for all roads if there

is significant negative impact on

the following sensitive

environment 1 Toll Road 1. Protected forest

2. Wetland 3. Watershed catchment area 4. Coastal line 5. River 6. Lake 7. Springs 8. Nature preserve and wildlife 9. Marine ecosystem 10. Mangrove area 11. National park 12. Forest park 13. Nature tourist park 14. Culture heritage and scientific heritage (location historically, archaeology) 15. Natural disaster

a) construction of toll road Length ≥ 5 km - b) toll road betterment with land

acquisition

Length Length ≥ 5 km Area of acquisition Area ≥ 5 ha c) toll road betterment without land

acquisition Length > 10 km

2 Highway a) construction/betterment of road by

widening that need land acquisition

- Big city/metropolitan Length Length ≥ 5 km > 1 km to < 5 km Area of land acquisition Area ≥ 5 ha > 2 ha to < 5 ha - Medium City Length Length ≥ 10 km > 3 km to < 10 km Area of land acquisition Area ≥ 10 ha > 5 ha to < 10 ha - Rural (inter-urban) Length Length ≥ 30 km > 10 km to < 30 km Area of land acquisition Area ≥ 30 ha > 10 ha to < 30 ha 3 Construction of

Subway/Underpass/Tunnel Bridge

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No. Type of Project Activity AMDAL Criteria (1)

UKL/UPL Criteria (2)

Requires AMDAL for all roads if there

is significant negative impact on

the following sensitive

environment - Subway/underpass/tunnel/fly-over ≥ 2 km < 2 km prone areas

16. Vulnerable Community Groups, commercial area, productive land, dense settlement, and steep slope area ≥ 40%

- Bridge ≥ 500 m > 100 m to < 500 m

Notes: km – kilometer; ha – hectares; AMDAL – Environmental Impact Assessment; UKL-UPL – Environmental Management and Monitoring Effort; Metropolitan population: > 1 million; Big city population: 500,000 to 1 million; Medium city population: 200,000 to 500,000; Small city: 20,000 to 200,000; District City: 3,000 to 20,000 (1) Minister of Environment Decree No. 11 of 2006 (2) MPW Regulation No. 10 of 2008 (3) Types of protected areas and other sensitive areas based on President Decree No. 32 of 1990

Figure 1: GOI Environmental Screening Process

2. Forest Clearance Requirements

23. Forest clearance is required as per the forest regulations if the project “will result to clear cutting of national forest” or “falls within protected area”. Anytime a tree is cut, the project is required to apply for permission from the Ministry of Forestry (MOF). The forest

SPPL

Road Project

Fullfill AMDAL Criteria? AMDAL

Crossing Protected/Sensitive

Areas?

Significant Negative Impact?

No

Yes

Fulfill UKL-UPL Criteria?

SOP

UKL-UPL

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

SPPL

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act, mentions that in order to implement any project with "priority status" and “with no other alternatives than to use the forest”, “only in such situation and condition that there will not be any adverse environmental effect by implementing such schemes”, GOI may give permission to use some part of forest (production forest/protected forest) to implement such projects. The regulation also requires that all the costs related to the clearing of the forest, its transportation to the approved location and works related to environmental mitigation shall be borne by the project itself.

24. Forest Clearance can be executed after gaining the Forest Leasehold Permit (Izin Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan). Procedures and requirements for Forest Leasehold are clearly described in Regulation of Forestry Minister No. 43 /2008 regarding Guidelines on Forest Leasehold and Regulation of Forestry Minister No. 24 /2010 regarding The Use of Forest Area(Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan). This regulation mentions that in order to serve/benefit public interest, some part of forest (production forest/hutan produksi and protected forest/hutan lindung) is eligible for other usage. Some administrative and technical requirements are needed for the Leasehold Permit to be issued, such as the required compensation, documents and others. Depending on the case, application of forest leasehold shall include as attachment the AMDAL or UKL/UPL. Application of Forest Leasehold proposed by the proponent to the Minister of Forestry, with copies forwarded to:

(i) Secretary General of the Ministry of Forestry,

(ii) Head of Forestry Planning Agency,

(iii) Director General of Forestry Production Development,

(iv) Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation,

(v) Director General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, and

(vi) Head of Forest Area Consolidation (Balai Pemantapan Kawasan Hutan)

3. ADB Environmental Requirements

25. ADB requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank’s operations, and the requirements for environmental assessment are described in ADB’s SPS 2009. This states that ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans.

26. The nature of the environmental assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impact are assigned to one of the following four categories:

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(i) Category A: Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required to address significant impacts.

(ii) Category B: Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An IEE is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report.

(iii) Category C: Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed.

(iv) Category FI: Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all project roads will result in insignificant impacts.

27. For the RRDP, ADB will disclose the following safeguard documents on its website:

(i) Final, new or updated IEE upon receipt and corrective action plan prepared during project implementation, if any; and

(ii) Environmental monitoring reports submitted by DGH during project implementation upon receipt.

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III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

A. Type of Project

28. The RRDP will widen, reconstruct, rehabilitate or construct about 476 km (3,390 of which are bridges for rehabilitation or replacement) of national, provincial and kabupaten (district) roads, and associated drainage structures. ADB will finance about 399 km of the subproject roads while ISDB financing will cover about 77 km of roads (470 m of which are bridges).

29. The civil works under RRDP will include widening and partial reconstruction of all roads to a minimum width of 6 m with some minor deviations. All subproject roads are designed as two-lane two-way roads, which consist of 6 m carriage ways plus 2 x 1 m hard shoulder and 2 x 1 m side ditch. New alignment will also be constructed along existing tracks or delineated areas. Rehabilitation and widening works will be undertaken on existing substandard 2-lane gravel or asphalt strategic and national roads up to national highway standard, with asphalt pavement. Civil works to be undertaken under RRDP are as follows:

(i) Construction - Includes construction of new roads on agricultural land where there are existing earthen tracks in some sections (i.e., 38 km for the Tambak Mulyo-Wawar road in Central Java and 6 km bypass from Tebas to Sambas in West Kalimantan). The alignments for the new roads have already been defined and markers are already in place.

(ii) Widening - Includes new construction abutting the existing roads from embankment, subbase, base and surface layers, improved drainage, shoulders widening or gullying and minor improvements to horizontal or vertical alignments

(iii) Reconstruction - Improvement or strengthening of pavement and shoulders, on existing alignment, and rehabilitation of drainage structures, and sealing of gravel roads.

(iv) Overlay - Improvement of existing pavement through overlay of asphalt layer.

(v) Maintenance – treatment of existing pavement, and restoration, and does not involve extending the work area beyond the existing pavement edge, or any geometric modifications.

30. The civil works will involve a number of associated activities. These include excavation and operation of borrow pits, the operation of a boulder quarry, extraction of material for embankments using cut and fill procedures, protection of landslide and rock-fall areas, measures to protect critical side-slopes, extraction and cartage of sand for aggregate mixtures, cement works, asphalt plants, and the temporary establishment of contractor’s yards and storage sites.

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B. Category of Project

31. Environmental categorization of the subproject roads was conducted in accordance with the ADB SPS to determine the over-all environmental categorization of RRDP. Result of the screening process shows that the subproject roads could have some adverse environmental impacts but duration and nature are short-term, temporary, reversible, and could be managed by implementing mitigation measures thus RRDP is classified by ADB as environment category B.

C. Need for Project

32. Indonesia is a middle-income country, with varied development across its provinces and islands. Access to roads is key to the country’s poverty reduction strategy, as improved transport accessibility reduces poverty both directly and indirectly e.g. through better access to education and health facilities.

33. For medium-term developmental goals, the GOI has committed to raising levels of sustainable economic growth, creating jobs, and accelerating achievement of its millennium development goals. It identifies infrastructure development and investment – including that related to road transport – as critical to meeting these objectives. Improved access to markets strengthened intermodal integration and trade opportunities will result from the GOI’s emphasis on road transport. The GOI through MPW has given high priority to improving the road system through: (i) removal of capacity constraints; (ii) rehabilitation of substandard highways; (iii) development of a sustainable maintenance system to preserve the country’s road system, including increase expenditure; (iv) investment in less developed area road networks; and (v) improved border area connections.

D. Location

34. This Project is located in the islands of Java (in provinces of Central Java and East Java) and Kalimantan (West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan). The locations of subproject roads for each province are shown in Figures 2 and 3. Details of proposed subproject roads are shown in Table 2. Subproject roads are the National Highways and strategic roads (i) within the areas of interest near the Malaysia border in West and East Kalimantan Provinces; and (ii) south of the Southern Trans-Java Highway (STJH) in Java. In both instances these are not developed corridors but the hope is to create functional and efficient corridors in these areas that are not currently serviced by adequate road networks.

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Figure 2: Location Map of Subproject Roads in Central and East

13

Figure 1: Location Map of Subproject Roads in West and East Kalimantan

14

Table 2: RRDP Subproject Road Details

Items Lengtha

(km)

Design Lengthb

(km) Width

(m)

Design Width

(m) Central Java

1 Tambak Mulyo – Wawar Roads, Culverts,

and Bridges

38.7 38.5 4.0 6.0

2 Wawar – Congot Roads and

Culverts

24.0 14.1 4.0 6.0

3 Giri Woyo – Duwet Roads, Culverts,

and Bridges

27.3 23.8 5.4 7.0

East Java 4

Jolosutro-Sendangbiru Roads

21.3 21.3

4.5-6.0

6.0

West Kalimantan 5 Sosok - Tayan Roads 46.1 41.6 6.0 6.0 6 Tanjung – Batas Kota Sanggau Roads 39.0 37.3 5.9 6.0 7 Singkawang (overlay) Roads 3.6 3.6 5.5-7.2 6-7.2 8 Singkawang - Tebas Roads 43.6 26.2 4.7 6.0 9 Sambas Bypass* Roads 6.1 6.1 0 6.0 10 Tanjung Harapan – Galing Roads 20.1 20.1 6.0 6.0 11 Galing-Simpang Tanjung Roads

and Bridges

41.4 39.5 4.5 6.0

12 Simpang Tanjung - Aruk (Batas Serawak) Roads 11.3 11.2 6.0 6.0 East Kalimantan

13 Tanjung Selor-Simpang Tiga Tanjung Palas Roads 12.9 12.8 6.0 6.0 14 Simpang Tiga Tanjung Palas-Sekatak Buji

(Phase 1) Roads 22.0 22.0 6.0 6.0

15 Simpang Tiga Tanjung Palas-Sekatak Buji (Phase 2)

Roads 65.1 65.1 6.0 6.0

16 Simpang Tiga Apas-Simanggaris (Section 1) Roads 45.0 45.0 6.0 6.0 17 Simpang Tiga Apas-Simanggaris (Section 2) Roads 33.1 33.1 6.0 6.0 18 Simanggaris – Batas Negara (Serudong) Roads 14.5 14.5 6.0 6.0

Total 476.0 atotal length of subproject road, btotal length of subproject road sections where works will be undertaken *new paved road to be constructed on existing dirt road/track

E. Proposed Schedule for Implementation

35. The Project will be implemented over a period of 5 years and detailed designs for most roads have been completed at the end of 2010.

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IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Physical Resources in Project Area

1. Topography

36. Table 3 summarizes the topography of the subproject areas. It shows the terrain, minimum and maximum elevations, and screening if the road link passes through any steep slope areas. Most of the subproject roads are passing either through flat or hilly terrain.

Table 3: Topographic Data of Subproject Roads 1.

2. Length

(km) Terrain

Minimum Elevation

(m)

Maximum Elevation

(m)

In Steep Slope Areas

Central Java 1 Tambak Mulyo – Wawar 38.7 Flat to Hilly 4 11 No 2 Wawar – Congot 24.0 Flat 4 11 No 3 Giri Woyo – Duwet 27.3 Hilly 170 331 No

East Java 4

Jolosutro – Sendangbiru

21.3

Rolling

No

West Kalimantan 5 Sosok – Tayan 46.1 Flat 10 44 No 6 Tanjung – Batas Kota Sanggau 39.0 Flat 39 43 No 7 Singkawang (overlay) 3.6 Flat No 8 Singkawang – Tebas 43.6 Flat 0 4 No 9 Sambas Bypass 6.1 Flat 2 26 No 10 Tanjung Harapan – Galing 20.1 Flat 4 11 No 11 Galing – Simpang Tanjung 41.4 Flat 12 116 No 12 Simapang Tanjung –Aruk (Batas Serawak) 11.3 Flat 39 43 No

East Kalimantan 13 Tanjung Selor – Simpang Tiga Tanjung Palas 12.9 Flat 3 52 No 14 Simpang Tiga Tanjung Palas – Sekatak Buji (Phase 1) 22.0 Flat 11 114 No 15 Simpang Tiga Tanjung Palas – Sekatak Buji (Phase 2) 65.1 Flat 11 114 No 16 Simpang Tiga Apas-Simanggaris (Section 1) 45.0 Hilly No 17 Simpang Tiga Apas-Simanggaris (Section 2) 33.1 Hilly No 18 Simanggaris – Batas Negara (Serudong) 14.5 Hilly 138 202 No

2. Climate

37. All subproject roads are located in tropical climate with two distinct seasons, dry season from May to September, and wet season from October to April. Average temperature in the subproject areas generally ranges from 20C to 30C. Distribution of annual rainfall in Kalimantan is more uniform, while rainfall in Central Java is very high compared to East Java. Maximum rainfall occurs in December and January, and lowest rainfall occurs in August and September.

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3. Soil Characteristics

38. The major soil groups in the subproject areas are identified below. Their characteristics in terms of texture, drainage conditions, and mineral content are presented in Table 4.

(i) Leptosols (LP): Very shallow soils over hard rock or in unconsolidated very gravelly material. Surface texture of these soils is sandy clay loam and subsurface soil texture is clay loam. Sand, silt and clay fractions of surface soils are 49%, 27% and 24% respectively. These soils are susceptible to erosion due to its high sand content.

(ii) Fluvisols (FL): Young soils in alluvial deposits;

(iii) Acrisols (AC): Soils with subsurface accumulation of low activity clays and low base saturation;

(iv) Arenosols (AR): Sandy soils featuring very weak or no soil development;

(v) Lixisols (LX): Soils with subsurface accumulation of low activity clays and high base saturation;

(vi) Vertisols (VR): Dark-coloured cracking and swelling clays; and

(vii) Podzols (PZ): Acid soils with a subsurface accumulation of iron-aluminum-organic compounds.

Table 4: Soils Groups of Subproject Areas Dominant Soil Group LP -

LeptosolsFL - Fluvisols

AC - Acrisols

AR - Arenosols

LX - Lixisols

VR - Vertisols

PZ - Podzols

HS - Histosols

Drainage class (0-0.5% slope)

Moderately Well

Poor Moderately Well

Somewhat Excessive

Moderately Well

Poor Poor Very Poor

Topsoil Sand Fraction (%) 49 49 49 83 19 16 86 25Topsoil Silt Fraction (%) 27 32 27 11 27 29 10 35Topsoil Clay Fraction (%) 24 19 24 6 54 55 4 40Topsoil USDA Texture Classification

sandy clay loam

loam sandy clay loam

loamy sand clay (light) clay (light) loamy sand

clay (light)

Topsoil Reference Bulk Density (kg/dm3)

1.4 1.43 1.4 1.67 1.22 1.21 1.73 1.28

Topsoil Gravel Content (%) 10 4 10 18 4 4 3 28Topsoil Organic Carbon (% weight)

1 1.1 1 0.5 1.21 0.75 1.62 38.37

Topsoil pH (H2O) 4.6 5 4.6 6.6 7 7.9 4.5 5.9Topsoil CEC (clay) (cmol/kg) 16 24 16 54 53 75 47 45Topsoil CEC (soil) (cmol/kg) 7 7 7 5 29 44 5 88Topsoil Base Saturation (%) 44 36 44 94 96 100 18 100Topsoil TEB (cmol/kg) 3.5 2.9 3.5 4.4 24.7 45.2 3.6 72.9Subsoil Clay Fraction (%) 36 20 36 8 59 57 5 31Subsoil USDA Texture Classification

clay loam loam clay loam loamy sand clay (light) clay (light) loamy sand

sandy clay loam

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4. Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrogeology

39. Major geological groups in the subproject areas are coastal and river alluvium, sandstones, and volcanic rocks. Detailed description of each of the geological formations in terms of their geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological characteristics is presented in Table 5. Geological formations along the subproject roads are:

Central Java – Coastal alluvium, old alluvium, soft rocks, and limestones

East Java – Limestone, and volcanic sediments

West Kalimantan – Alluvium, and volcanic terraces

East Kalimantan – Sandstones and alluvium

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Table 5: Geological Formations of Project Areas and their Characteristics Rock Group Rock Type Characteristics Geomorphology Hydrogeology

1. Coastal Alluvium and Inland Marsh (Central Java)

1. Marine mud (subsidiary)

1. dark green to black mud

Unweathered except 4, which has thin soil cover

Limited supplies from 3 and 4, and river sands in 2. best supplies from sands and gravels of underlying old alluvium.

2. Delta alluvium (dominant)

2. blue to gray black silty clays locally candy along rivers. High water - table, seasonally waterlogged

3. Gravels (subsidiary)

3. local development of sandy clay and gravels on S coast

4. Raised coral reefs (subsidiary)

4. Raised beaches, 20 - 60 Ft above sea level, composed of weathered coral and cemented layers of sand (beach sandstone) and coral fragments (beach conglomerate)

5. Inland marsh 5. Typically black, peaty, sandy clays and clays water logged

3. Old Alluvium (Central Java, West Kalimantan, and East Kalimantan)

7. Old coast alluvium

7 and 9. Chiefly clays and sandy clays of varying colours with lime or iron concretions or layers.

7 and 9 normally weathered to a depth of 1-3 ft.

Limited supplies from shallow wells in 7 and 9. better supplies from sands and gravels in 8 8. River alluvium

(subsidiary) 8. Gravel and boulder beds overlain by clays and sands along rivers

8. Variable, slightly weathered to loose, un weathered material.

9. Inland basin deposits

9. Water-table normally below 3ft. Liable to seasonal flooding

7. Limestone (Central Java and East Java)

18. Coral limestone

18. Thick beds of hard coral limestone with thin clays and tuff beds forming G. Sewoe; softer varieties in N.E.Java

slow weathering by solution forming bare crests; solution hollows and caverns common. Thin, story soil on slopes; deep clay in hollows

usually poor, variable supplies from wells or springs in valleys

19. Bedded limestone

19. Hard, bedded limestone in soft rocks of Group IV

8. Volcanic Sediments (East Java)

20. Breccia and tuff beds

20. Thick series of hard breccias, dense lavas, purnice beds and tuffs, interbedded with other sediments. Locally softened and altered by the action of steam and hot gases

Deeply weathered to soft, iron-stained, boulder rock a depth of 10 - 50 ft

Good supplies in ash, breccias or porous lava beds

9. Sandstone Conglomerates (East Kalimantan)

21. Sandstone and conglomerates

21. Thick, green or brown, hard quartz sandstones with thin clays and coal seams, underlain by conglomerates; also beds of sandstone and conglomerate derived from volcanic rocks

Sandstones covered by deep layers of rotten rock, conglomerates less deeply weathered

19

Rock Group Rock Type Characteristics Geomorphology Hydrogeology 12. Volcanic Terraces (West Kalimantan)

25. Volcanic mantie deposits

25. Ash beds interbedded with layers with layers of mixed soil, boulders, ash and clinkler

Very variable. Older deposits weathered uniformly and deeply to a soft clayey mass in which boulders retain their shape but not their hardness

Good supply from porous layers

26. "Lahar" terrace deposits

26. Erroded and weathered surface-flows of unsorted boulders, volcanic ash and mud

27. River terrace deposits

27. Stratified clays, sands and boulder gravels, rivers-sorted derivatives of 25 and 26

5. Water Resources

40. River basins in Java are very narrow with widths ranging from 10 to 70 m. Hence, the rivers of Java are generally swift, narrow, and shallow. Watersheds in Kalimantan are very wide and most of the rivers are navigable even by large ships. Kalimantan has a great numbers of small and big rivers. In the past and now, the rivers are considered as the main access to reach remote location or community primarily in hinterland area. Major use of surface water is for irrigation, navigation and fishing.

6. Groundwater Resources

41. Groundwater resources are limited and used for domestic, municipal, and industrial purposes. Availability of groundwater and its water level are influenced by local geology and topography. Groundwater availability based on the type of geological formation along the subproject roads are also given in Table 5.

42. Available secondary information show that along the coastal alluvial areas in Java, groundwater yields are small ranging from 150 to 1,500 liters per hour (lph) to moderate (1,500 to 15,000 lph) in most places and depth to aquifers ranges from 5 to 500 m based on the topography and geology. In hilly terrain of igneous and sedimentary rocks, groundwater yields are very small (less than 150 lph) to moderate with aquifer depth ranging from 10 to 500 m and from springs. In West Kalimantan, groundwater resources are moderate along river and coastal alluvial areas, and meager to small in inland areas.

7. Water Quality

43. Because of high rainfall intensities and watershed erosion, most rivers in Java and Kalimantan carry large quantities of sediment which results in river regime problems. Surface and groundwater quality standards of Indonesia are given in Table 6. Secondary data on water quality are available for 3 rivers (Grindulu River in East Java; Jali and Giriwoyo rivers in Central Java) near the subproject roads and are given in Table 7. Water quality in all these rivers is generally good except in Jali River in Central Java, where high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) values were noted. Water quality near urban areas is deteriorating due to domestic, industrial sources, return

20

flows from agricultural fields, indiscriminate fishing practices and lack of proper sewerage networks.

Table 6: Water Quality Standards of Indonesia Parameter Unit Surface Water Groundwater

Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 1,000 1,500 Turbidity NTU 25 Mercury mg/l 0.002 0.001 Arsenic mg/L 1 0.05 Iron mg/L 1 Fluoride mg/L 1.5 1.5 Cadmium mg/L 0.01 0.005 Carbonates (CaCO3) mg/L 500 Chloride mg/L 600 Chromium mg/L 0.05 Manganese mg/L 0.5 Nitrate As N mg/L 10 Nitrite, As N mg/L 0.06 1 pH - 6.5 to 9.0 6,5 to 9,0 Selenium mg/L 0.05 0.01 Zinc mg/L 0.05 15 Cyanide mg/L 0.02 0.1 Sulfate mg/L 400 Lead mg/L 0.03 0.05 Oil and Fat mg/L 1,000 Detergent mg/L 200 0.5 Phenol mg/L 1 BHC mg/L 200

Source: Groundwater Standards - Minister of Health No. 416/MEN/Kes/Per/1X/90; Surface water – Standardization of rivers categories II base on Governmental Regulation No. 82, Year 2001 Notes: mg/L = milligrams per liter, NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Units

Table 7: Water Quality in Project Areas No. Parameter Unit Standard

East Java Central Java

Grindulu River (Pacitan

Regency)

Jali River (Purworejo Regency)

Giriwoyo River (Wonogiri Regency)

1 TDS mg/L 1000 148 5.7 228 2 SS mg/L 500 98 40 24 3 pH mg/L 6 - 9 7.9 7.9 8.08 4 BOD mg/L 3 3 3.1 1.69 5 COD mg/L 25 6 45.5 11.05 6 DO mg/L 4 7.1 5.7 6.74 7 Phosphorus (P) mg/L 0.2 0.00123 0.107 0.086 8 Nitrate (NO3-N) mg/L 10 4.2511 0.513 1.255 9 Ammonia (NH3-N) mg/L 0.26 - 0.11 10 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.01 0.000 0.016 0.012 11 Chromium (Cr+6) mg/L 0.05 0.000 < 0.005 < 0.005 12 Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.02 0.000 < 0.005 0.009 13 Iron (Fe) mg/L - 0.241 - 0.07 14 Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.03 0.000 < 0.030 < 0.030 15 Manganese (Mn) mg/L - 0.000 - 0.072 16 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 0.05 0.000 < 0.010 < 0.010 17 Chloride (Cl) mg/L - 30.66 - 12.35 18 Cyanide (CN) mg/L 0.000 0.002 < 0.002 19 Nitrite N (NO2) mg/L 0.06 0.003 0.002 0.035 20 Sulphate mg/L - 9 - 5.79 21 Hydrogen sulfide

(H2S) mg/L 0.002 0.000 < 0.002 0.349

21

No. Parameter Unit Standard

East Java Central Java Grindulu River

(Pacitan Regency)

Jali River (Purworejo Regency)

Giriwoyo River (Wonogiri Regency)

22 Oil and Grease mg/L 1000 0.000 60 40 23 Phenol mg/L 1 0.000 < 1 < 1 Sources: 1) Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Bina Marga Propinsi Jawa Timur “Review AMDAL Ponorogo – Pacitan (2006) and 2) Dinas Bina Marga Propinsi Jawa Tengah “ Analysis Dampak Lingkungan Hidup (ANDAL) Jalan Jembatan Lintas Selatan Jawa Tengah. Notes: TDS = total dissolved solids, SS = suspended solids, BOD = biological oxygen demand, COD = chemical oxygen demand; DO = dissolved oxygen

44. In a national consensus survey conducted in 2006 by Bureau of Public Statistics of GOI in about 1,695 villages of the subproject districts, 4% villages in Java and 12% in Kalimantan reported water pollution. About 30% of this pollution in Java and 85% in Kalimantan are attributed to sources that are non-domestic and industrial. Other sources of pollution in Kalimantan are soil erosion, fishing, and water transportation. Summary of the villages where water and soil pollution is observed is given in Table 8. This table also presents percentage of villages where soil pollution is observed. Only 1% of villages in the project districts have reported soil pollution. About 90% of the pollution is reported to be caused by non domestic and industrial sources.

Table 8: Villages Affected by Water and Soil Pollution in Project Districts

Province District Total Villages % Villages Where Pollution is noticed

%Non Domestic and Industrial Sources

Water Soil Water Soil Central Java Kebuman 460 3.9 0.2 22.2 0.0 Wonogiri 294 1.7 0.0 60.0 East Java Malang 30

Java Total 784 West Kalimantan Sambas 184 19.6 0.0 80.6 Sanggau 166 25.3 9.0 92.9 100.0 Singkawang 26 34.6 0.0 77.8 East Kalimantan Bulungan 87 2.3 0.0 100.0 Nunukan 218 1.8 0.0 50.0

Kalimantan Total 681 Total 1,465 Source: Bureau of Public Statistics, Govt. of Indonesia, 2007

8. Natural Hazards

45. Floods, landslides, earthquakes, tropical storms, tsunamis are the general natural disasters in the project districts. In a national survey conducted in 2006 by Bureau of Public Statistics of GOI in 1,695 villages of the project districts, nearly 28% of the villages in the project districts are susceptible to various natural hazards. Landslides are the major natural hazards in Java in 21% of villages and flooding are the major natural hazards in Kalimantan in 50% villages. No villages have reported earthquakes. Table 9 presents summary of villages in the project districts where natural disasters such as landslides, floods, earthquake, and beach abrasion is reported.

22

Table 9: Villages Sensitive to Natural hazards in Project Districts Percentage of Villages Sensitive to Various Natural Disasters

Province District Villages Sensitive Landslide Flooding Major Floods

Earth Quake

Beach Abrasion

Central Java Kebuman 460 37.2 19.3 20.9 2.0 0.00 0.00 Wonogiri 294 13.6 13.3 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 East Java Malang 30 Java Total 784 West Kalimantan Sambas 184 30.4 0.0 27.2 0.0 0.00 0.03 Sanggau 166 44.0 1.8 42.2 0.0 0.00 0.00 Singkawang 26 61.5 0.0 46.2 26.9 0.00 0.00 East Kalimantan Bulungan 87 20.7 0.0 19.5 0.0 0.00 0.00 Nunukan 218 3.7 0.5 2.8 0.0 0.00 0.00 Kalimantan Total

681

Project Total 1,465 Source: Bureau of Public Statistics, Govt. of Indonesia, 2007 46. All subproject roads in Java are located in Zone 3 earthquake classification based on Modified Mercalli Scale, which indicates that there is a 10% probability that this intensity will be exceeded in 50 years (equivalent to a return period of 475 years). The roads in West Kalimantan are located in very low intensity earthquake zone 0 (MM scale V and below) and East Kalimantan are located in Zone 1(MM VI).

9. Quarries and Borrow Pits

47. The quarries and borrow pits required for construction activities are located in all the project areas. Construction materials required for the civil works have been identified in Java and are presented in Table 10. Sand and gravel are available from all the river sites of alluvial areas.

Table 10: Rock Formations in Project Areas that are Suitable for Road Construction Regency District Longitude Latitude Quarry Type

Kab. Kebumen Kec. Bulu Pesantren 743.836 10930.274 Andesit 1 Kec. Kurong 746.164 10938.630 Sand River Kec. Buayan 738.904 10926.712 Andesit Kab. Purworejo Kec. Purwodadi 752.466 11002.055 Sand River 751.781 11001'781" Sand Rock Kec. Bagelen 747.534 11004.794 Andesit 2 Kec. Kaligesing 746.027 11006.849 Andesit 3 746.301 11004.109 Andesit 4 745.479 11004.109 Andesit 5 Kec. Purworejo 745.479 11001.096 Andesit 6 Kec. Banyu Urip 745.479 10956.849 Andesit 7 Kab. Wonogiri Kec. Pracimantoro 806.164 11051.370 Embankment Material 1 Kec. Giriwoyo 802.192 11054.192 Embankment Material 2 759.863 11053.425 Embankment Material 3 802.603 11057.945 Embankment Material 4 801.096 11056.164 Embankment Material 5 801.233 11056.849 Embankment Material 6 802.740 11057.534 Embankment Material 7 804.106 11055.205 Andesit 8 Kab. Cilacap Kec. Patimuan 736.575 10846.164 Sand River Kec. Kedungreja 727.945 10850.685 Embankment Material Kec. Kawunganten 735.890 10851.096 Embankment Material

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Regency District Longitude Latitude Quarry Type Kec. Jeruk Legi 736.164 10900.685 Embankment Material 738.082 10902.466 Embankment Material Kec. Cilacap Utara 739.178 10902.740 Embankment Material Kec. Kesugihan 735.616 10907.808 Andesit Kec. Adipala 739.589 10907.534 Andesit 737.260 10908.082 Andesit Kec. Maos 737.260 10907.945 Andesit Kec. Binangun 738.904 10913.836 Andesit Kec. Sampang 734.109 10912.740 Andesit Kec. Kroya 736.027 10916.849 Andesit Kab. Kulon Progo Brosot 756.164 11012.740 Sand/Boulder Clereng 751.233 11010.000 Boulder Bantar 746.164 11012.466 Sand/Boulder Nanggulan 745.479 11012.740 Sand/Boulder Srandakan 756.849 11015.068 Sand/Fine Material Kab. Sleman Tempel 739.041 11039.589 Sand/Boulder Boyong 737.534 11023.562 Sand/Boulder Kab. Bantul Kretek 753.288 11019.589 Sand/Fine Material Kab. Gunung Kidul Mulo 803.836 11036.301 Boulder Material

10. Air and Noise Quality

48. National air quality standards of Indonesia are given in Table 11. Available secondary air quality data at 7 locations (4 in Central and 3 in East Java) near the subproject areas are presented in Table 12 and Table 13 along with the applicable provincial standards. All the air quality parameters, except total suspended particulates (TSP) at one site are within the standards. General sources of air pollution in the project areas are traffic in urban areas, domestic fuel combustion for cooking, vehicle emissions, and dust from unpaved roads.

Table 11: National Ambient Air Quality Standards Pollutants Averaging Period Standard (µg/m3)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 1 hrs 24 hrs

1 yr

900 365 60

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1 hrs 24 hrs

30,000 10,000

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 1 hrs 24 hrs

1 yr

400 150 100

Oxidant (O3) – ozone 1 hr 1 yr

235 50

Hydrocarbon (HC) 3 hrs 160 Particulate Matter <10 m (PM10) 24 hrs 150 Particulate Matter <2.5 m (PM2.5) 24 hrs

1 yr 65 15

Totals Suspended Particulates (TSP) 24 hrs 1 yr

230 90

Lead (Pb) 24 hrs 1 yr

2 1

Dust 30 days 10 ton/km2 (Residential Area) 20 ton/km2 (Commercial Area)

Source: The Control of Air Pollution, Government Regulation No.41/1999.

Table 12: Air Quality in Central Java

24

No. Parameter Unit Districts

Provincial Standard1 Pacitan Lumajang Jember Banyuwangi

1 NOx µg/m3 6.1 13.5 27 29.7 50 2 CO µg/m3 0 1160.6 1191.8 3037.5 20,000 3 SO2 µg/m3 10.5 Trace Trace 1 100 4 TSP µg/m3 193.1 77.2 77 119.5 260 5 Pb µg/m3 0 - - - 60 6 HC µg/m3 - - - 240 7 O3 µg/m3 0.7 - - - 100 8 NH3 µg/m3 12.5 - - - 2,000 9 H2S µg/m3 0.1 - - - 30 10 Noise level dBA 49 43.7 41.5 53.6 55 Source : Review of AMDAL Peningkatan Jalan Ponorogo – Pacitan (2006) & ANDAL Pembangunan Jalan Lintas Selatan (2004) 1East Java Governor Decree No. 129 of 1996 Notes: NOx = nitrous oxides; CO = carbon monoxide; SO2 = sulphur dioxide; TSP = total suspended particulates; Pb = lead; HC = hydrocarbons; O3 = oxidants; NH3 = ammonia; H2S = hydrogen sulfide

Table 13: Air Quality in East Java

No. Parameter Unit Districts Provincial

Standard1 Kebumen Wonogiri Purworejo 1 NO2 µg/m3 0.8427 3.441 0.4251 150 2 CO µg/m3 4800 3771 6057 15,000 3 SO2 µg/m3 0.1838 1.1981 0.0927 365 4 TSP µg/m3 263.5098 83.3479 96.91 230 5 Pb µg/m3 0.0627 0.0356 0.0551 2 6 HC µg/m3 1,432 1,008 1,485 160 7 NH3 µg/m3 0.00015 0.0091 0.0001 2 8 H2S µg/m3 0.0015 0.0064 0.0018 0.02 9 Noise level dBA 54.96 64.49 64.23 55 Sources: Dinas Bina Marga Propinsi Jawa Tengah Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Hidup (ANDAL) Jalan Jembatan Lintas Selatan Jawa Tengah 1Central Java Governor Decree No. 8 of 2001 Notes: NOx = nitrous oxides; CO = carbon monoxide; SO2 = sulphur dioxide; TSP = total suspended particulates; Pb = lead; HC = hydrocarbons; O3 = oxidants; NH3 = ammonia; H2S = hydrogen sulfide

49. National noise quality standards of Indonesia are given in Table 14. Noise quality data at 7 locations (4 in Central Java and 3 in East Java) near the project areas are also presented in Table 12 and Table 13, respectively. Noise quality is higher than the standards in all the 3 locations in Central Java. The general sources of noise pollution in the project areas are traffic.

Table 14: National Ambient Noise Standards

Land use dBA Residential and Settlement 55 Trading and services 70 Offices / Employment and Trading 65 Green Open Spaces 50 Industry 70 Government and Public Facilities 60 Recreation 70 Seaport 70 Cultural Reserves 60 Environmental Activities

Hospital or Similar, School or Similar Religious place or similar

55 55 55

Source: State Ministry of Environment Decree No. KEP-48/MENLH/1996.

25

50. In a national survey of 1,465 villages in the project districts, about 4.3% of the villages have reported air pollution in their villages. Abput 40% of pollution is attributed to non domestic and industrial areas. The survey results are presented in Table 15. Only 0. 3% of the villages have reported noise pollution.

Table 15: Villages Affected by Air and Noise Pollution in Project Districts

Province District Total Villages % Villages Where Pollution is noticed

%Non Domestic and Industrial Sources

Air Noise Air Noise Central Java Kebuman 460 5.2 0.0 45.8 76.9 Wonogiri 294 3.7 0.0 54.5 66.7 East Java Malang 30 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 Java Total 784 West Kalimantan Sambas 184 1.1 0.0 0.0 14.3 Sanggau 166 8.4 0.1 57.1 92.9 Singkawang 26 23.1 0.2 66.7 75.0 East Kalimantan Bulungan 87 3.4 0.0 100.0 Nunukan 218 0.0 0.0 Kalimantan Total 681 Project Total 1,465

Source: Bureau of Public Statistics, Govt. of Indonesia, 2007

B. Ecological Resources in Project Area

1. Forests

51. GOI Forestry Law No. 41 of 1999 defines “forest area” as a certain area which is designated (ditunjuk) and or officially legalized (ditetapkan) by the Government to maintain its existence as permanent forest. Lands were often classified as “forests” by default when they were not registered as agricultural lands. The most recent official data published by Ministry of Forestry (MoF) are based on a “harmonization” process that involved MoF and local governments, combining the results of a “Forest Land Use by Consensus”3 exercise completed in 1994 and provincial spatial developments plans (RTRWP) of 1999. The result of this harmonization process is a legally designated Forest Zone (Kawasan Hutan) of 120 million ha, corresponding to 62% of the total land surface of Indonesia. This Forest Zone does not correspond to actual forest cover. It represents a compromise between local governments and MoF regarding land areas where MoF has jurisdiction over forest management or the creation of timber plantations. The Forest Zone is classified according to forest functions (Figure 4) as watershed, conservation, protection, and production purposes. Conservation forests are further divided into (i) Sanctuary Reserve forest, (ii) Nature Conservation forest, and (iii) Game Hunting Park. Production forests are divided into (i) Limited Production forest, (ii) Regular/Permanent forest, and (iii) Conversion Production forest.

52. Locations of RRDP subproject roads vis-à-vis forest areas in Central Java are shown in Figure 5, East Java in Figure 6, West Kalimantan in Figure 7, and East Kalimantan in Figure 8. No subproject is passing through conservation forests. Length of subproject roads passing through protection and production forests are shown in Table 16. 3 Forest zone maps have been developed based on Forest Land Use and Solidification Plan (RPPH) for all provinces in Indonesia and Forest Land Use by Consensus (Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan or TGHK) for areas outside Java to determine physical zoning and delineation of spatial utilization for various business interests and natural /environmental conservation.

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Figure 4: Forest Area Classification in Indonesia

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Figure 5: Forests in Central Java

Figure 6: Forests in East Java

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Figure 7: Forests in West Kalimantan

Figure 8: Forests in East Kalimantan

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Table 1: Forests in the RRDP Project Area Location Length in

Conservation Forests

(km)

Length in Protection

Forest (km)

Length in Production

Forest (km)

Remarks

Central Java 0 0 0 Civil works are limited to existing roads, ROWs, and government-acquired lands

East Java Jolosutro-Sendangbiru

0

5.0

14.9

Civil works are limited to existing roads, ROWs, and government-acquired lands. There will be no cutting of trees in protection and production forests.

West Kalimantan Galing – Simpang Tanjung 0 3.5 12 ROW in protected forest is

18m. Proposed road development requires only 14 m. No land acquisition is required in forest. There will be no cutting of trees in protection and production forests.

Simpang Tanjung - Aruk (Batas Serawak)

0 5.5 0

East Kalimantan Simpang Tiga Tanjung Palas-Sekatak Buji (Phase 1)

0 0 12.3 ROW is 14 to 16 m in the forest areas. No land acquisition is required in forest. There will be no cutting of trees in production forests.

Simpang Tiga Tanjung Palas-Sekatak Buji (Phase 2)

0 0 17.3

Simpang Tiga Apas – Simanggaris (Section 1)

0 0 5.8

Simpang Tiga Apas – Simanggaris (Section 2)

0 0 0

Simanggaris – Batas Negara (Serudong)

0 0 13.8

Total 14.0 76.1

53. Trees in both the production and protection forests are mainly rubber trees and oil palm. As indicated in the above table, cutting of trees in production and protection forests will not be undertaken for the Project.

2. Protected Areas

54. The protected areas designated by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Java and Kalimantan are presented in Figures 9 and 10, respectively. According to IUCN, the protected areas are grouped into 7 categories as follows:

(i) Category I – Strict Nature Reserve/Wilderness Area: protected area managed mainly for science (Ia) or wilderness (Ib) protection

(ii) Category II – National Park: protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation

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(iii) Category III – Natural Monument: protected area managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features

(iv) Category IV – Habitat/Species Management Area: protected area managed mainly for conservation through management intervention

(v) Category V – Protected Landscape/Seascape: protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and recreation

(vi) Category VI : Managed Resources Protected Area: protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems, and

(vii) Category PRO – Proposed Protected Area: the area is being proposed for protection.

55. Protected Areas designated by Non-IUCN categories such as UNESCO Mass biosphere directory, wetlands of international importance (RAMSAR), and UNESCO World heritage sites are also shown in these figures.

56. None of the subproject roads are passing through any IUCN protected areas nor RAMSAR wetlands.

3. Flora and Fauna

57. Indonesia has very rich and varied biodiversity. However, it is confirmed that no rare, threatened or endangered floral and faunal species are located in or close to the subproject areas. Vegetation along the subproject roads is mostly rubber trees and oil palm. Unique animals that live in Java are buffalo (Bos javanicus), Merak bird (Papo muticus), Mencek (Muntiacus muntjak), while typical plants are Palahlar (Diptek ocarpuspee dir), Kabao (Dipterocarpus gracilis), Werejit (Excoecaria agallocha lin). Important flora in Kalimantan are orchid, palma, meranti (Dipterocarpaceae), and sensitive fauna are orangutan, bear, deer, porcupine, snakes, and monkey.

4. Fish, Fisheries, and Aquatic Biology

58. Marine protected areas are also designated as conservation forests by the Ministry of Forestry. Mangroves located in the marine protected areas are usually habitat for many coastal resources like crabs, lobster, shrimp and fish. Mangroves also support flourishing fish aqua culture activities. No marine reserves, mangroves and coral reefs are located near the subproject roads. Fresh water fishery (such as tuna, tongkol, kap, dam kerapu) is cultivated in rivers, irrigated fields and ponds.

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Figure 9: Protected Areas in Java

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Figure 10: Protected Areas in Kalimantan

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C. Socioeconomic Resources in Project Area

1. Population

59. The subproject roads are passing through 4 provinces and 8 districts. Population density in Java generally varies from 250 to 1,000 per square kilometers (km2) while in Kalimantan it is less than 25 per km2. Total population in the subproject road districts are presented in Table 17. Average household population is 4.

Table 17: Population in Project Districts

Province/District Total Population

(thousands) Central Java

Kebumen 1,203.2 Wonogiri 978.8

East Java Malang 2,414

Java Total 4,596 West Kalimantan

Singkawang City 163.8 Sambas 475.6 Sanggau 534.1

East Kalimantan Bulungan 96.8 Nunukan 107.6

Kalimantan Total 1,377.9 Total 5,973.9

60. Presence of any isolated vulnerable people (IVP)4 located in or close to each road link is detemined and it is found that none is passing through any IVP areas. According to provincial officials, two subproject roads in West Kalimantan are supposed to be close to IVP (Dayak Bekatik community near Simpang Tanjung – Aruk (Batas Serawak) subproject road, and Dayak Toba community near Sosok – Tayan subproject road). But during the field visits by the social survey team, it was found that these ethnic groups are not considered as IVP anymore as they changed their livelihood and customs, and are already relocated near main roads under a government relocation program.

2. Historical and Archaeological Sites

61. No heritage sites of national and international (UNESCO World Heritage) importance, historically and archaeologically sensitive sites are located near the subproject roads. Mosques and cemeteries are found in all the subproject villages.

3. Agriculture

62. Economic activities of Indonesia are shown in Figure 11. Major sources of economy along the subproject roads are agriculture, forest products, industry, fishing, and mining. Major food crops cultivated along the road corridors are rice, corn, cassava, peanut, soybean; and vegetable crops are cucumber, greens, string beans, eggplant, spinach, 4 According to GOI’s category IVP are not necessarily culturally or ethnically different but are physically residing in remote areas having poor communications and access to services.

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scallion, chilies and tomato; and commercial crops are coconut, oil palm, rubber, cacao, and pepper. Rice is a major crop in all the provinces with an average production of 5.1 tons per hectare in Java and 2.9 tons per hectare in Kalimantan. Animal husbandry is also contributing to economy of the region, and main livestock are cows, buffalos, goats, sheep, pigs, and horses.

63. Due to abundance of freshwater and coastal areas, fishery forms a major source of economy in the subproject areas especially in Kalimantan. Main fish products are tuna, skipjack tuna, barramundi, shrimp, anchovy, common carp, tilapia, and milk fish. Total value of fish production in all subproject districts of Java in 2006 is 136,000 tons and in subproject districts of Kalimantan is 76,000 tons.

Figure 11: Economic Activity of Indonesia

4. Plantations

64. Plantation products from forests and private farms are other major source of income in the subproject areas. Major plantation crops of private farmers are tea, clove, coconut, rubber, cacao, tobacco, coffee, sugarcane, coconut, and banana. Major plantation crops in subproject provinces are

(i) Central Java – clove, kapok, sugarcane, coconut, tobacco, sugarcane

(ii) East java – Coconut, cashew, coves, cocoa, tea

(iii) East Kalimantan - .Oil palm, rubber, coconut, coffee, pepper, clove

(iv) West Kalimantan – Oil palm, rubber

65. Forest production from the project provinces are

(i) Central Java – Lumber/Wood

(ii) East Java – Lumber/Wood, teakwood

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(iii) West Kalimantan – Forest charcoal, hard resin, rattan

(iv) East Kalimantan - Lumber/Wood

5. Industries and Minerals

66. Major industries along the subproject roads are agro-industries based on forest products. Main forest products are log, rattan, resin, skinwood, and processed wood. Major mineral resources in project areas are platinum and gold in Clacap district of Central Java; and Manganese in Kenumen district of Central Java.

67. Aluminum and iron resources are located in Sambas district of West Kalimantan. Oil refining and the liquefying of natural gas are the most important manufacturing activities in East Kalimantan. East Kalimantan is one of the major coal producing provinces in Indonesia. East Kalimantan is known for its gold and precious stones, but these are of minor economic value.

68. Other major mining products in Java and Kalimantan are given below

(i) Central Java – Cement raw material

(ii) East Java – clay and lcholin, crude oil, natural gas, coal

(iii) West Kalimantan – Gold, silver, platinum, copper and coal

(iv) East Kalimantan – Petroleum, crude oil, natural gas, coal

6. Road Safety

69. Road safety has been a critical problem in Indonesia for many years. More than 30,000 road users are killed in crashes each year throughout the country. More than 90% of the road casualties are the economically productive age groups of 15 to 50 years. The main reasons of high road accidents in Indonesia are:

(i) Poor geometric design of roads with improper vertical and horizontal curves

(ii) Higher proportion of motorcycles among the vehicle fleet (75%)

(iii) Unsafe speeds adopted by many motor cyclists

(iv) The amount of uncontrolled road side activities particularly vendors

(v) Uncontrolled roadside access

(vi) Unsafe condition of overloaded vehicles

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(vii) Poor standard of traffic management, traffic signals and lane markings

(viii) Absence of any roadside hazard management system

(ix) Overloading of vehicles

7. Tourism

70. Locations of tourism sites in the subproject areas are given in Table 18. The subproject roads will not pass through these tourism areas.

Table 18: Tourism Locations near Subproject Roads

Place Location(District)

Type of Tourism

Central Java Nusakambangan Island Cilacap Nature Karangbolong Becah Kebumen Beach

East Java Telang Ria Beach Pacitan Beach Goa Gong Pacitan Cave Goa Tabuhan Pacitan Cave Prigi Beach Trenggalek Beach Karangongso Beach Trenggalek Beach Popoh Beach Tulungagung Beach Ngliyep Beach Malang Beach Sendang Biru (Sempu – Island) Malang Beach

West Kalimantan Gunung Nyiut Penrissen Sambas Nature Hutan Wisata Baning Sintang Nature (Forest) Singkawang Beach Singkawang Nature Cagar Alam Raya Pasi/Gunung Poteng Sambas Nature Reserve Riam Canggat Waterfall Sambas Nature

East Kalimantan Taman Nasional Kayan Mentarang Malinau Nature

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V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

71. Based on the screening of baseline environmental parameters along the subproject roads as described in the previous chapter, review of proposed civil works, environmental monitoring reports, and stakeholder consultations, environmental concerns that could be expected from the project are broadly classified into 3 categories during preconstruction, construction and during operation.

(i) Preconstruction

a) Land acquisition issues for new ROW areas

b) Compensation issues for other fixed assets from acquired ROW land areas

(ii) Construction

a) Increased soil erosion, landslides and/or siltation from cut and fill operations, including increased risks to downstream rivers and coastal resources

b) Clearing of right of way, removal of vegetation (trees and shrubs) and disposal of spoils

c) Extraction and transport of construction material from quarry and borrow sites

d) Temporary use of land immediately adjacent to the road for siting of contractor’s yard, asphalt plant mixing plant, and construction camps

e) Reduced air quality and visibility, and/or noise pollution from construction activities, quarry sites, borrow areas, material storage sites, temporary diversion roads, excavations, vehicle and equipment use and asphalt mixing plants

f) Reduced water quality (Water and soil pollution) at bridge rehabilitation sites from improper handling of and disposal of wastes and materials

g) Drainage from construction camps, material stockpiles, excavations and quarry/borrow activities

h) Interruption to smooth traffic flow, increased traffic congestion and public safety problems

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i) Occupational health and safety, community welfare, and social conflicts due to project activities

(iii) Operation

a) Increased traffic volume and related air quality, noise and public safety concerns

b) Road safety and vehicle overloading

72. While perceived benefits from the project includes.

(i) Improved access and economic development

(ii) Reduced soil erosion and landslides due to slope stabilization measures

(iii) Reduced dust due to improvement of existing roads and paving of gravel roads

(iv) Improved road safety due to better geometric designs and installation of safety signs

73. The impacts during construction activities, due to implementation of civil works, do not have major or long-term effects but there can be localized and short-term impacts that will be addressed in the detailed designs and through application of environmental mitigation measures and monitoring programs specified in the environmental management plan (EMP). These construction related impacts can be mitigated by (i) the contractors’ work practices, especially those related to the storage of construction materials and cleanliness of the work sites; (ii) cooperation by the local authorities with the contractor in terms of traffic management and use of public space and utilities; (iii) project management’s strict enforcement of the correct construction practices and standards; and (iv) the incorporation of the mitigation measures identified in the IEE into the bid documents and specifications for civil works.

74. Environmental impacts during project implementation are described in detail along with proposed mitigation measures in the following sections. Environmental mitigation measures have been prepared for all the identified impacts and presented in Table 20.

A. Physical Environment

1. Soils and Materials

75. The main impacts on land during construction are from (i) spoils due to clearing of land for site preparation; (ii) extraction of fill materials from cut section, and/or borrow pits; (iii) excess cut from the landslide areas; (iv) conversion of the existing land uses such as agriculture and plantations to stockpiles of materials; (v) soil erosion in mountainous slope,

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side slope, borrow pits and uncompacted embankments; (vi) excess rocks from the mountain scaling; and (vi) contamination of the land from hazardous and toxic chemicals and construction material spillage.

76. A balanced cut and fill approach will be designed for each road link. Excess cut, if any, will be used to shape the embankment side slopes, strengthening the toe of the high slopes road bench and filling the low lying government lands and for plantation in pre-approved areas. Contractors will submit a spoil plan to project management unit (PMU) for approval. The spoil plan should show the location of any borrow pits to be used, fill location for excess cut, and the measures to be taken to rehabilitate these pits and cuts upon finalization of the Project. Contractors will be encouraged to recycle reclaimed asphalt pavement in cold mixes, aggregate in surface material for subgrade and base layers, and village access road maintenance. The material that cannot be reused will disposed according to the spoil plan. All suitable material obtained from roadway excavation work will be used for construction of embankment/earthen shoulders.

77. The contractors will source construction material under their own arrangements. Uncontrolled sourcing of such materials could lead to environmental impacts such as the loss of topsoil or disfigurements of landscape from borrow pits. Earthen embankments and material stockpiles will be susceptible to erosion particularly during the rains and re-suspension of dust during the dry seasons.

78. Local roads will be damaged during transportation of borrow materials and by the construction equipment. In order to reduce impact on all borrow sites, contractors will water the local roads close to the settlements. Contractors will be encouraged to minimize usage of productive agricultural land and convert them to their original state after completion of civil works. The topsoil (about 15 cm) will be kept and refilled after excavation is over to minimize the impact on productive lands. Embankments shall be monitored during construction for signs of erosion; long-term material stockpiles will be covered to prevent wind erosion.

2. Soil Erosion and Slope Stability Problems

79. Road construction in hilly terrain is expected to cause soil erosion unless precautionary measures are taken. There are also a few slope stability issues in subproject roads that are passing through hilly areas. In addition, construction activities will cause soil erosion due to cut and fill. The impact of soil erosion and unstable side slope are (i) increased run off and sedimentation causing a greater flood hazard to the downstream; (ii) loss of topsoil affects the growth of vegetation that causes ecological imbalances; (iii) destruction of aquatic environment in nearby lakes, streams, and reservoirs caused by erosion and/or deposition of sediment damaging the spawning grounds of fish; (iv) destruction of vegetation by burying or gullying; and (v)) development of unsightly cuts and fills that have been riddled by uncontrolled erosion and gullying.

80. Erosion control and slope stabilization measures will be incorporated in the engineering design, particularly (i) side ditches and berms, rock lining and slope walls will be designed along the road, where appropriate; (ii) design of proper drainage system; and (iii) shrub buffer strips for the sites with high erosion risk. Engineering design will also consider cross drainage and floodwater flows in case suproject roads on elevated fills will obstruct natural drainage.

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81. Retaining structures will be designed for landslides and rock-fall protection. A long-term solution to the slope stability problem is stopping land degradation. Maintaining a vegetative cover in the hilly areas would reduce erosion through run-offs, land and mud slides. The IEE recommends tree-planting and landscaping along the roads. On hill slopes and other potentially erodible places along the roadside, native species of vegetation that retards erosion and other species, e.g., vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), that have been established in the country will be planted, as appropriate. Vetiver grass, which has been grown in Indonesia for 100 years, is being successfully used in Bali under the East Bali Poverty Project to prevent soil erosion and reduce landslides. Applications of vetiver grass in this project include (i) turning previously arid slopes into fertile farmland; (ii) stabilizing road verges; (iii) protecting forest springs; (iv) improving gullies problems, and (v) protecting beach erosion. DGH shall consider Vetiver grass application for landscaping and slope stabilization along the subproject roads.

82. As much as possible, construction activities in hilly areas shall be taken up only during dry season. To the extent feasible, the length and steepness of cut and fill slopes will be minimized particularly at borrow and spoil sites. Silt dikes and runoff ditches will be installed where appropriate to prevent silt from leaving sensitive areas and entering farmland or water bodies.

83. During operation, silt load in the rivers is expected to be reduced due to (i) construction of retaining and slope protection structures; (ii) gabion basket for bank protection; and (iii) vegetation and tree-planting.

3. Water

84. The subproject roads will cross a number of small streams and rivers and could affect the surface runoff flow pattern. During design, all drainage works are to be designed based on the historical flood data and flood forecasting. Designs will include prevention of flooding during closing of rivers and canals. Side drainage structures will be incorporated in designs to divert the stream water at construction sites. In terms of water quality, the Project will increase silt load during construction in bridge sites. Embankments and construction materials (fill, sand, and gravel) are subject to wash out with rainwater. There is the potential for hydrocarbon leakage and spills from storage and mixing plants; discharge of sewerage from work camps to the water resources; or percolation through seepage and contamination of the local water table.

85. To mitigate these impacts, (i) bridges and culverts will be rehabilitated and installations of small drainage structures are to be proposed in the engineering design. In sections streams earths and stones will be disposed properly so that they do not block rivers and streams; (ii) open surface will be covered by grasses and creepers to reduce wash-away material; (iii) hydrocarbons will be stored in secure, impermeable, and bunded compounds away from surface waters and all contaminated soil will be properly handled. As a minimum, these areas will be contained such that any spills can be immediately contained and cleaned up. Any petroleum products used in the preparation of bitumen mixes must also be carefully managed to avoid spills and contamination of the local water table; (iv) construction and work sites will be equipped with sanitary latrines that do not pollute surface waters and contractors will submit a simple sewage management plan; (v) cofferdams, silt fences, sediment barriers or other devices will be included in the design to prevent migration of silt during excavation and boring operations within streams. Dewatering and cleaning of

9

cofferdams will be performed to prevent siltation by pumping from cofferdams to a settling basin or a containment unit. In bridge demolition sites, efforts will be made to avoid "dropping the bridge" into rivers/streams. This will be done by "sawing" appropriate sections of the bridge and using cranes to lift these sections away, or alternatively by construction of a platform onto which the bridge could be dropped; (vi) discharge of sediment-laden construction water (e.g., from areas containing dredged spoil) directly into surface watercourses will be forbidden. Sediment laden construction water will be discharged into settling lagoons or tanks prior to final discharge; and (vii) drainage system will be periodically cleared so as to ensure adequate storm water flow.

86. During operation of the Project, the water quality could be affected by accidents near streams involving vehicles carrying mineral or hazardous substances and clogging of drainage system by grass, shrubs, and earth block due to storm water flow.

4. Air Quality

87. During construction, air quality is likely to be degraded by exhaust emissions from the operation of construction machinery; fugitive emissions from asphalt plants; and dust generated from haul roads, unpaved roads, exposed soils and material stock piles.

88. In order to mitigate these, the following will be implemented: (i) construction equipment will be maintained to a good standard and idling of engines will be discouraged. Machinery causing excessive pollution (e.g., visible smoke) will be banned from construction sites; (ii) the contractor will submit a dust suppression program prior to construction. The plan will detail action to be taken to minimize dust generation (e.g., spraying of roads with water, vegetation cover in borrow sites), and will identify equipment to be used; (iii) construction materials will be stored away from the residential areas and will be properly covered; (iv) the asphalt plants will be located at a minimum of 1 km away from the settlements to avoid direct impact of emissions on local settlements; (v) asphalt plants are also to be located away from forests to avoid any impact on vegetation; (vi) mixing and crushing plants/operations will be equipped with dust suppression devices such as water sprays; and (vii) operators will wear dust masks and ear protection.

89. Based on the available air quality monitoring data in the project districts in Java, TSP is the only exceeded standards. During operations stage, TSP concentrations are expected to be reduced due to improved pavement. The health risk to roadside communities, damage to the biological environment and soil erosion will be reduced by pavement improvement and soil stabilization measures. However in long-term, due to increased traffic, the operation of the subproject roads will lead to emissions of air pollutants such as hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM). The annual emissions for some of the subproject roads are estimated from 2008 traffic data and presented in Table 19.

Table 19: Estimated Annual Emissions from Traffic

Subproject Road Estimated Annual Emission from vehicles (ton)

TSP NOx Dust CO* HC* CO2** Giri Woyo – Duwet 25 74 106 304 87 1,959 Sosok – Tayan 24 119 893 1,303 390 8,171 Singkawang – Tebas 3 6 34 145 46 679 Sambas Bypass 3 6 74 339 109 1,498 Source: URBAIR (1997) Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia, The World Bank, Washington, DC.

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Subproject Road Estimated Annual Emission from vehicles (ton)

TSP NOx Dust CO* HC* CO2** * Bosch, J (1991) Air Quality Assessment in Medan, 2nd Medan Urban Development Project, Medan. ** Jaques, A. P.; Canada's GHG Emissions: Estimates for 1990, Report EPS S/AP/4, December 1992.

5. Noise and Vibration

90. Operation of heavy machinery and rock blasting activities can generate high noise and vibration levels. Health centers, schools, and prayer halls are the sensitive receptors while residential areas, in general, are the major receptors. Strong vibrations by compaction equipment and rock blasting can damage nearby houses and other structures. Noise standards at aggregate crushing plants and bitumen preparation sites will be strictly enforced (55 dBA for residential area during day time while 45 dBA during night time; 75 dBA for commercial, and 80 dBA for industrial area. Maintenance of machinery and vehicles will be enhanced to minimize noise. To prevent noise and vibration, the operation will be restricted between 0600 to 2100 hours within 500 m of settlements and 150 m from sensitive receptors (such as hospitals, etc.). Noise inspection will be done before construction equipment enter the construction sites. Special attention shall be taken to regular maintenance of construction equipment for their best working condition. Protective gear like ear plugs will be provided to operating personnel if they are exposed to noise levels beyond threshold limits. During any blasting activities, local community will be informed in advance on detonation schedule. Blasting will be carried out only with permission of Bapedalda, using a pre-established schedule. All the statutory laws, regulation, rules etc., pertaining to acquisition, transport, storage, handling, and use of explosives will be strictly followed, with blasting taking place preferably during mid-day hours. Blasting will be held only during day time and should be carried out not using high powered explosives. Where possible blasting mats will be used to reduce noise levels when blasting is carried out.

91. Based on the available noise monitoring data, noise quality exceeded the standards in subproject roads in Central Java. During operation, noise levels along these roads will be reduced because of the pavement condition improvement. However in the long term, due to the higher traffic volume, noise levels will be increased. Noise monitoring is recommended near all the subproject roads in Central Java during operation stage. Based on the noise monitoring results, noise mitigation measures such as prohibiting blowing of horns near schools, hospitals and other sensitive areas, reducing vehicle speeds near traffic intersections, and establishing sound barriers are to be considered.

6. Quarry and Borrow Sites

92. Quarry and borrow sites are the major sources of environmental impact due to dust and noise pollution, loss of biodiversity, and generation of spills. Management plan to be followed for quarry and borrow sites are: (i) priority must be given to the use of existing quarry and borrow sites, if they are available and suitable; (ii) quarry and borrow sites must be selected amongst those offering the highest ratio between extractive capacity (both in terms of quality) and loss of natural state; (iii) quarry and borrow sites lying close to the alignment, with a high level of accessibility and with a low hill gradient, are preferred; (iv) quarry and borrow exploitations should be avoided in areas of importance for natural resources, such as natural wooded and riparian vegetation areas as well as areas which significantly provide food and shelters for birds and other animals; (v) it is preferable to avoid or reduce the sections of quarry and borrow sites located on river bed. If it is not possible to

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locate quarries/borrow areas out of river beds, sites lying on small rivers and streams should be avoided. Alluvial terraces or alluvial deposits which lie on the river beds but not covered by water in normal hydrological conditions, are preferred; (vi) the excavation of quarries concern area strictly necessary for the material supply; and (vii) in the case of quarries located in the mountainous or hilly areas, or wherever the slopes are important, terraces are to be implemented. The maximum gradient after refurbishment of each borrow/quarry slope should not exceed as average value of 1 is to 3. After implementing terraces and drainage system, a vegetative cover shall be provided by seeding grass and planting bushes and trees. Vegetation maintenance will be required in the first two years after plantation.

B. Ecological Environment

1. Forests and Vegetation

93. About 14 km of subproject roads are passing through protection forests, and another 76.1 km are passing through production forests. These forests consist of rubber tree and oil palm plantations. No land acquisition and tree cutting are required in such forests. Workers will be trained regarding nature protection and the need to avoid unnecessary cutting of trees (i.e., outside of protection and production forests) during construction. Contractors will be responsible in supplying appropriate fuel in work camps to prevent fuel-wood collection. Construction camps, asphalt mixing plants, and material storage sites will not be allowed to be located in the forest areas.

94. A short-term impact on ecology along the rehabilitated roads is likely to occur in and around the quarry and borrow sites, material stockpiling areas, and workforce camps during construction period due to minor vegetation clearance and workers’ potential illegal harvesting of forest resources. A tree-cutting and replanting scheme will be prepared within the first four months of the start of civil works. Appropriate training will be provided to the workers and penalties will be imposed on the contractor for cutting firewood and non-compliance to the provision of cooking fuel in work camps.

95. Stripped vegetative cover described above will be kept for landslide and slope protection. Contractors will be responsible for putting new vegetation. Approvals are to be taken from the District Forest Office (DFO) for clearing of any forest vegetation. No trees will be removed without prior approval of Bapedalda. Construction vehicles shall use temporary roads constructed for the purpose to minimize damage to agricultural land and local access roads. Where local roads are used, they will be repaired to their original condition after the completion of work. Construction vehicles will operate within the corridor of impact, i.e., approximately within ROW, to avoid damaging soil and vegetation. It will be most important to avoid soil compaction around trees. Generally the rule will be to avoid driving heavy equipment or trucks anywhere into the 'drip-line' of a tree (defined as imaginary line around a tree where rainwater falls freely to ground unimpeded by the tree's foliage). Workers will be trained regarding nature protection and the need to avoid falling trees during construction. Contractors will be responsible for supplying appropriate fuel in the work camps to prevent fuel-wood collection. Contractor will take all precautions necessary to ensure that no vegetation along the line of the road outside the area of the permanent works is affected by fires arising from the execution of the civil works. The Contractor will suppress the fire, if it occurs in the natural vegetation or plantations adjacent to the road for any reason.

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2. Illegal Logging

96. Implementation of the Project is not expected to encourage any illegal logging activities as the road development in these provinces is only improvements to the existing roads while the new alignments will be located in agricultural areas where no forests or densely vegetated areas exist. The contractor will not use or permit the use of wood as a fuel for the execution of any part of the civil works, including but not limited to the heating of bitumen and bitumen mixtures, and to the extent practicable shall ensure that fuels other than wood are used for cooking, and water heating in all his camps and living accommodations. Contractor shall not buy or use wood from the illegal sources (that come from the illegal logging).

3. Fauna

97. The potential impacts from construction worker camps are poaching of edible animals and birds of the locality, in spite of prohibitions. The contractors’ environmental health and safety manager will be responsible for providing adequate knowledge to the workers regarding the protection of fauna and shall undertake necessary monitoring to ensure that hunting is not undertaken by workers.

4. Fish, Fisheries, and Aquatic Biology

98. The main potential impacts to aquatic flora and fauna in the watercourses from the proposed project are increased suspended solids from earthworks erosion and bridge construction, sanitary discharge from work camps and hydrocarbon spills. The implementation of mitigation measures mentioned above to protect water quality and soil stability will minimize impacts. Bridge construction will be scheduled to avoid adverse impact on fishery and aquatic biology.

C. Socioeconomic Environment

1. Compensation Plan

99. A resettlement and compensation framework has been prepared for RRDP. Any required land acquisition will be conducted in accordance with GOI regulations and ADB requirments.

2. Construction Camps

100. Campsites for construction workers are the important locations that could have considerable impacts to the surrounding environment as well as to the health and safety of nearby communities. The majority of the workforce (especially the semi-skilled and skilled) is expected to be recruited from out-station areas and hence temporary accommodation shall be provided in the vicinity of the construction site. The construction camps shall disturb a substantial area that would be required to house buildings and other facilities. Therefore the occupancy of lands outside of the ROW could result in land resources infringement and payment of inequitable compensation.

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101. The potential implications associated with housing a large number of immigrant workforce include adverse water quality impacts arising from discharge of partially treated or untreated sewage and refuse, public health impacts through the possible introduction of diseases not prevalent in the surrounding areas and promotion of disease vector habitats within the temporary housing areas, social-cultural conflicts arising from religious, cultural and behavioral discords between immigrants and local residents, and promotion of un-aesthetic practices.

102. Such impacts, if they materialize, will generally be short-term and tolerable. However, long-term adverse impacts on individuals and communities as a whole cannot be discounted. Hence, specific safeguards are required to be taken to quell potential adverse environmental, public health and socio-cultural impacts. Local authorities responsible for health, religious and security shall be duly informed on the set up of temporary accommodation facilities so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters. The site on which the construction camps are established shall be adequately drained and have provisions for the management of refuse and sewage generated.

3. Community Impacts

103. Construction worksites may place stresses on resources and infrastructure of nearby communities. This may lead to antagonism between residents and workers. To prevent such problems, the contractor will provide temporary worksite facilities such as health care, eating space, and praying places. In addition, a mechanism will be established that allows local people to raise grievances arising from the construction process. Labor intensive construction and the use of local labor during the construction will increase benefits to the local community and resolve such conflicts. Traffic jams during construction will be relieved through better coordination between the contractor, DGH and the police. Contractors will communicate to the public through community consultation and newspaper announcements regarding the scope and schedule of construction, as well as certain construction activities causing disruptions or access restrictions.

4. Health, Safety, and Hygiene

104. Construction sites are likely to have public health impacts. Contractors will ensure that no wastewater is discharged to local water bodies and that no site-specific landfills will be established at the construction camps. There will be a potential for diseases to be transmitted, exacerbated by inadequate health and safety practices. Each contractor will therefore be required to recruit an environmental, health, and safety manager (EHSM) to address such concerns in the work sites and liaise/work with the nearby communities. Mitigation measures include: (i) provision of adequate health care facilities within construction sites; (ii) an environment, health and safety manager, appointed by the contractor for each site, and first aid facilities will be made readily available; (iii) training of all construction workers in basic sanitation and health care issues (e.g., how to avoid transmission of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS), general health and safety matters, and on the specific hazards of their work; (iv) personal protection equipment for workers, such as safety boots, helmets, gloves, protective clothing, goggles, and ear protection; (v) clean drinking water to all workers; (vi) adequate protection to the general public, including safety barriers and marking of hazardous areas; (vii) safe access across the construction site to people whose settlements and access are temporarily severed by road

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construction; (viii) adequate drainage throughout the camps to ensure that disease vectors such as stagnant water bodies and puddles do not form; and (ix) septic tank and garbage box will be set up in construction site, which will be periodically cleared by the contractors to prevent outbreak of diseases. Where feasible, the contractor will arrange the temporary integration of waste collection from work sites into existing waste collection systems and disposal facilities of nearby communities.

5. Culturally and Religiously Sensitive Locations

105. Graveyards and holy places are the cultural and religious relics involve in this project and these will be protected and respected. Awareness campaigns for the education of road users on the importance of the culturally sensitive sites normally help to preserve them. Improved road signage and awareness display boards will be placed at the religiously sensitive sites: the cemetery and religious places located along the subproject roads. These will alert construction workers and road users. During construction, extreme precautions will be taken to ensure that cemetery and religiously sensitive places are protected and respected. Contractors shall consult with local people during civil works close to these sites to ensure that concerns are addressed.

6. Transport of Hazardous and Toxic Materials

106. There might be potential chances for spills from transport of hazardous and toxic materials during accidents. To address these issues, DGH will prepare a spill contingency plan or emergency plan with a set of measures to be followed to minimize the potential adverse effects of a spill of harmful substances that pollute the environmental resources such as soil and water.

107. In order to rapidly and successfully respond to such spill, personnel responsible for containing and cleaning up the spill must know the steps that need to be followed during and after such event. Contingency plans or emergency response plans describe information and processes for containing and cleaning up of any spill of harmful substances that occur in a defined geographic area. Well-designed contingency plans assist response personnel in their efforts to contain and clean up spills by outlining the steps that should be taken before, during, and after an emergency. When used properly by trained personnel, a well-designed contingency plan enables spill response efforts to proceed smoothly and effectively, minimizes danger to cleanup personnel, reduces the overall costs of cleanup by avoiding unnecessary effort, and ensures that sensitive habitats are protected.

7. Proper Construction Practices

108. Contractors’ conformity with contract procedures and specifications during construction will be carefully monitored. Prime contractors tended to use sub contractors without ensuring that they conform to general construction guidelines (good engineering practice and good working practices). Such practices degrade the quality of construction as well as the benefits of the project. Contractors will be made to follow standard construction practices, monitored and supervised by construction supervision consultants employed under the Project.

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8. Road Safety Measures

109. Road safety under RRDP will be improved by proper geometric engineering design (appropriate vertical and horizontal alignment) and traffic control facilities, including roadside concrete barriers, sidewalks, road signs, and street lights within settlements. Provision of safe pedestrian facilities e.g. shoulders, foot paths and bus bays. During construction, the contractor is responsible for ensuring that all construction vehicles observe speed limits on the construction sites and on public roads and to provide adequate signage, barriers, and flag persons for traffic control. All vehicles shall be fitted with audible warning devices when reversing.

110. RRDP includes a road safety component which will provide road safety awareness program for communities along the subproject roads, and will also address gender issues related to road safety. To support the implementation of the new road traffic law enacted in June 2009, this component focuses on three major aspects, (i) road safety audit; (ii) road safety awareness for communities in the project areas; and (iii) support for road safety enforcement activities.

9. Tourism

111. The Project will improve the tourism industry in the area since it will provide easier access to tourist sites such as limestone caves, cultural, historical heritage, picturesque beaches and sites with rich natural and wildlife resources. According to the statistical year books of project provinces, nearly 1.8 million tourists visited project districts in Java in 2006 and nearly 0.8 million tourists visited project districts in Kalimantan in 2006.

10. Cumulative and Induced Impacts

112. RRDP will directly benefit over 0.3 million people located within immediate vicinity of the roads and other 4 million people located in the Project districts in following ways: (i) Increased and reliable travel services leading to greater mobility of people and goods and comfortable traveling; (ii) Improved access to markets in larger villages and town will help rural farmers to get better prices for their agricultural produce that eventually generate larger rural incomes; (iii) Traders and shop keepers have easier and generally cheaper access to wholesalers in the major towns and cities; (iv) If road improvement significantly increases the amount of up-road traffic passing through, and a production of the increased traffic stops in the village to purchases goods, this can increase economic activity; and (v) The delivery to rural people of health, education and agricultural extension services available in major towns can be improved in the region temporary employment during construction where previously graveled roads are sealed; communities universally report improvements to health and personal lifestyle as a consequence of the reduction in dust from the road. Improved roadside drainage also reduces the extent of local flooding in villages adjacent to road. Labor-intensive construction will generate employment opportunities of unskilled and semi-skilled positions, including laborers, truck drivers, cleaning and catering etc. The borders with Malaysia will improve trade in the region.

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VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION

A. Stakeholder Consultations

113. The IEE process included stakeholder participation and consultation to help DGH achieve public acceptance of the Project. A total of 31 consultations were conducted from September 2008 to August 2011 involving about 275 people. These activities were conducted in accordance with ADB’s requirements on public consultation and participation. The consultation involved affected people, community leaders, NGOs, and national and provincial government officials. Several other consultations were held in all project provinces during social and environmental field studies. A summary of all these consultations is presented in Annex A. The results of the consultations were positive, with people considering that the road will bring significant economic benefits to the region.

B. Consultation Process and Documentation

114. A notice of formal public consultation held in 19 January 2011 was published in the provincial daily news paper, Borneo Tribune, prior to consultation. In addition, invitation letters were also sent to all the community leaders, provincial, district and sub-district government agencies, and NGOs informing purpose and details of consultations. The consultation was held in Pontianak, West Kalimantan.A project brief and questionnaire were shared among the participants and their comments were requested. During the consultations, the Consultant made presentations about RRDP, discussed the potential environmental and social impacts, and introduced the proposed environmental management plan. News paper advertisement of the consultation is included in Annex B while the summary of the formal public consultation is in Annex C.

115. Recommendations made by the participants during consultations are the following: (i) continued community consultations (socialization) during land acquisition and construction; (ii) transparency in land acquisition and compensation process; (iii) design of bridges and other drainage structures should consider flood forecasting studies; (iv) mitigation measures should be implemented to: avoid or minimize dust emission, noise pollution, flooding, water pollution as well as accidents and traffic congestion during construction, prevent usage of illegal wood during bridge construction, avoid damage by overloaded vehicles of oil palm companies, and protect public infrastructure like water supply facilities during design and construction; (v) quality construction and proper engineering practices during construction; and (vi) active involvement of the local community during construction as labor. The environmental management plan prepared for the project addresses the various environmental impacts associated with the Project. Relevant recommendations made in the consultations are to be included in the engineering designs.

C. Information Disclosure

116. DGH shall be responsible for ensuring that all environmental assessment documents and environmental monitoring reports are properly and systematically kept as part of the project record. DGH shall make these documents available in a form, language and at a location in which they can be easily accessed by stakeholders.

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117. Based on ADB requirements, the following will be posted on ADB website:

(i) The final IEE, upon receipt;

(ii) a new or updated IEE, if prepared, reflecting significant changes in the project during design or implementation;

(iii) corrective action plan prepared during project implementation to address unanticipated environmental impacts and to rectify non-compliance to EMP provisions; and

(iv) environmental monitoring reports.

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VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

118. A grievance redressal cell (Figure 12) chaired by the DGH through the Directorate of Planning, shall be set up to register grievances of the people regarding technical, social and environmental aspects. The process will designed to be transparent, gender responsive, culturally appropriate and commensurate to the risks and adverse impacts of the project, as well as readily accessible to all segments of the affected people. Affected people are to be informed about the mechanism through media and public outlets. This participatory process shall ensure that all views of the people are adequately reviewed and suitably incorporated in the design and implementation process.

119. A Local Consultative Group (LCG) will be formed at each provincial level. The LCG will be represented by persons from the women’s groups, NGOs, and local communities. The LCG’s role will be very crucial during the planning and implementation of subproject activities. The group will be consulted during construction works and informed about the modality of project implementation. Their views will be considered in every stage of project implementation. During implementation LCG will observe/monitor the works carried out by the contractor/s and participate in grievance resolution procedures. As shown in Figure 12 the affected person/community will submit grievances/complaints to the LCG for resolution. If the grievance cannot be solved at LCG level, LCG will forward the complaint to the Road and Bridge Design and Supervision Unit (P2JJ). If the grievance cannot be solved at P2JJ level, this will be referred to Balai Besar (DGH’s implementing agencies at regional level) for resolution. The Balai Besar, with the assistance of DSC Environment and/or Resettlement Specialist/s will coordinate with LCG and the complainant to resolve the grievance. If the grievances cannot be solved by the Balai Besar, it will be referred to the DGH.

Figure 12: Grievance Redress Mechanism

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VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Mitigation

120. The anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures discussed in the previous section is presented in Table 20. The table also shows who will be responsible for implementing the mitigation measure and for the conduct of monitoring activities.

121. Table 20 shows that most mitigation activities during construction stage are responsibility of the contractors while during operation stage, the local government (Dinas PU) is responsible for the conduct of maintenance or repair works. To ensure implementation of mitigation measures during construction perion, contract clauses for environmental provisions and the EMP provisions on mitigation measures will be part of the civil works contracts. Contractors’ conformity with contract procedures and specifications during construction will be carefully monitored.

Table 2: Environmental Mitigation Measures Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to

Implement Persons to

Monitor (Order of

Responsibility) Construction Phase 1. Soil and Material Utilization of productive land

Loss of fertility of arable land

(i) At construction sites and other areas affected by project activities, the topsoil (about 15 cm) will be kept and refilled after excavation is over to minimize the impact on productive lands. (ii) It may be necessary to construct new access roads to aggregate sites, and place them through agricultural lands. These temporary roads will be made along existing farm tracks so as to avoid losses to agricultural lands. (iii) Contractors shall present proposed construction road alignments and hauling schedule for approval by the DSC before construction is to commence. (iv) In unavoidable circumstances, suitable compensation will be paid to people whose land will be temporarily acquired for the duration of the operations. The compensation will cover for loss of income for the duration of acquisition and land restoration. (v) Contractors shall avoid as much as possible, usage of productive agricultural land. If such land is used, the contractor shall restore them to their original state after completion of civil works.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

20

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

Reclaimed pavement

Generation of spoils/solid waste

(i) Contractors will be encouraged to recycle reclaimed asphalt pavement in cold mixes or aggregate in granular or stabilized surface material for subgrade and base layers and village access road maintenance and to use recyclable materials as much as possible. The material that can not be reused will be taken to specific official waste dumping sites approved by the Bapedalda. (ii) All suitable material obtained from roadway excavation work will be used for construction of embankment/ earthen shoulders.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

Soil erosion High suspended solid contents of river, sedimentation.

(i) Erosion control and slope stabilization measures shall be provided such as: (a) side ditches and berms, rock lining and slope walls along the road, where appropriate. (b) proper drainage system (c) shrub buffer strips sites in areas of high erosion risk (d) cross drainage to accommodate floodwater/run-off in case subproject roads are on elevated fills that will obstruct natural drainage. (ii) On hill slopes and other potentially erodible places along the roadside, appropriate vegetation that retards erosion will be planted. (iii) On sections with filling and cutting, the slopes will be protected by mild slope and planted with appropriate vegetation. (iv) As much as possible, construction activities in hilly areas are to be undertaken during dry season only.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

Spoils Disposal and stockpiling of construction materials

Damage to productive land, deterioration of water quality and obstruction of watercourses

(i) Spoils shall only be disposed to areas approved by local authority. (ii) Spoil disposal shall not cause sedimentation and obstruction of flow of watercourses, damage to agricultural land and densely vegetated areas. (iii) The spoils disposal site shall be located at least 50 m from surface water courses and shall be protected from erosion by avoiding formation of steep slopes and grassing. (iv) Water courses (rivers, canals, etc.) shall be kept free of excavation spoil and construction debris, floating and submerged. (v) Spoil and construction

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Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

materials stockpile area shall be located away from waterbodies and under no circumstances will these materials be dumped into watercourses.

Slope Stability Erosion and landslides

(vi) A balanced cut and fill approach will be designed for each road link. Excess cut, if any, will be used to shape the embankment side slopes, strengthening the toe of the high slopes road bench and filling the low lying public lands and for plantation in pre-approved areas. (vii) Embankments shall be monitored during construction for signs of erosion; long-term material stockpiles will be covered to prevent wind erosion. (viii) Retaining structures will be constructed for protection of slopes from landslides and existing vegetation cover shall be left undisturbed during construction whenever possible. (ix) Removal of vegetation and cutting of trees will be done judiciously and limited to minimum possible extent. (x) Vegetative cover shall be provided on slopes by planting grass and creepers on erosion and landslide prone sections. (xi) To the extent feasible, the length and steepness of cut and fill slopes will be minimized particularly at borrow, quarry and spoil sites. (xii) Silt dikes and runoff ditches will be installed where appropriate to prevent silt from entering farmland and water bodies.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

2. Water Construction of bridges/drainage structures in streams/rivers

Flood, inundation, mudflow, pollution, and adverse effects on runoff flow pattern

(i) Drainage works shall be constructed as designed based on the historical flood data and flood forecasting (ii) Ensure bridge works shall not cause obstruction of river flow and flooding of adjacent area. (iii) In sections along rivers and streams, earth and stones will be properly disposed of so that they do not block rivers and streams, resulting in adverse impact on water quality and flow regime. (iv) slope stabilization measures (e.g., planting of fast growing native species of grass and shrubs, etc.)

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

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Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

shall be implemented on exposed surfaces along river embankments to reduce material wash-away material. (v) Cofferdams, silt fences, sediment barriers or other appropriate devices shall be provided during bridge works to prevent migration of silt during excavation and boring operations within streams. Dewatering and cleaning of cofferdams will be performed to prevent siltation by pumping from cofferdams to a settling basin or a containment unit. (vi) In bridge demolition sites, efforts will be made to avoid "dropping the bridge" into rivers/streams. This will be done by "sawing" appropriate sections of the bridge and using cranes to lift these sections away, or alternatively by construction of a platform onto which the bridge could be dropped;

Siltation Deterioration of surface water quality

(i) Provide slope stabilization measures on exposed surfaces by planting grass and creepers and implementation of other suitable measures to reduce washing away of materials. (ii) Construction materials containing fine particles, e.g. limestone or laterite, shall be stored in an enclosure such that sediment laden water does not drain into nearby watercourses, but rather percolates slowly into the soil. (iii) Sediment laden construction water will be discharged into settling lagoons or tanks prior to final discharge. (iv) Construct retaining structures such as gabion baskets, rip-rap, etc. for river bank protection.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

Spills from Bitumen Plants

Contamination of water table or surface drainage - could come from spilled bitumen or petroleum products used to thin the bitumen. Bitumen is stored in drums which may leak or which are often punctured during handling after long periods (> 6 months in the elements) of storage.

(i) Bitumen shall not be allowed to enter either running or dry streambeds and nor will be disposed of in ditches or small waste disposal sites prepared by the contractor. (ii) Bitumen storage and mixing areas as well as storage areas for other petroleum products used in the preparation of the bitumen mixture shall be protected against spills and all contaminated soil must be properly handled according to national and local regulations. As a minimum, these areas must be

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

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Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

provided with concrete flooring and surrounded by an embankment to readily contain and clean-up spills.

3. Air, Noise, and Vibration Air pollution Gaseous and dust

emissions causing health hazard to workers and nearby residents.

(i) The contractor will submit a dust suppression program prior to construction. The plan will detail action to be taken to minimize dust generation including specific locations, schedule, etc. (e.g., spraying of roads with water, vegetation cover in borrow sites), and will identify equipment to be used. (ii) Construction equipment will be maintained to a good standard and idling of engines will be discouraged. Machinery causing excessive pollution (e.g., visible smoke) will be banned from construction sites. (iii) All construction equipment and vehicles shall have valid certifications indicating compliance to vehicle emission standards. (iv) Siting of asphalt plants will be more than 1 km of settlements and other sensitive receptors (schools, hospitals, etc.) (v) Necessary environmental clearance shall be obtained prior to establishment and operation of asphalt mixing plants. (vi) On rainless day undertake watering, at least twice per day, on dusty and exposed areas at construction yards, materials stockpile, construction sites, access roads, quarry areas, borrow sites and other project areas where residential sites and other sensitive receptors are located nearby. (vii) Mixing and crushing plants/ operations will be equipped with dust suppression devices such as water sprays. Operators will wear dust masks and ear protection. (viii) Tightly cover trucks transporting construction materials (sand, soil, cement, gravel, etc.) to avoid or minimize spills and dust emission. (ix) Impose speed limits on construction vehicles to minimize dust emission along areas where sensitive receptors are located (houses, schools, hospitals, etc.).

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

Noise and Disturbance/nuisance (i) As much as possible, locate Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA,

24

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

vibration from construction activities

to settlements and other sensitive receptors.

high vibration generation sources over 50m from residential sites and other structures. (ii) Regularly maintain and repair construction machinery and vehicles to keep these in good condition. (i) Noisy construction activities shall be stopped from 21:00 to 06:00 in areas where sensitive receptors such as settlements, hospital, etc. will be affected. (ii) Inspection will be done before construction equipment enter into construction sites to ensure that these are in good condition and are fitted with suitable noise suppression devices. (iii) Impose speed limits on construction vehicles to minimize noise emission along areas where sensitive receptors are located (houses, schools, hospitals, etc.). (iv) Install noise control walls (3.0-4.5m high, thick materials) at high noise sources that affect sensitive receptors (hospital, schools, etc.). (v) Provide workers near sources of loud noise with protection devices such as ear plugs.

DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

Rock blasting Explosion and noise (i) Blasting will be carried out only with permission of Bapedalda and other concerned agencies , using a pre-established schedule. (ii) All the statutory laws, regulation, rules etc., pertaining to acquisition, transport, storage, handling and use of explosives will be strictly followed. (iii) The timing will be made available to the local people within 500m of the blasting site in all directions, depending on the total charge used. (iv) Blasting will be held only during day time and shall be carried out not using high powered explosives. (v) Where possible blasting mats will be used to reduce noise levels when blasting is carried out.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

4. Quarry and Borrow Sites Operation of quarry and borrow areas

Loss of topsoil and disfigurement of landscape, dust and air pollution, health and safety risks

(i) Obtain necessary environmental approval/permit prior to operation of quarry and borrow areas. (ii) Priority must be given to the use of existing quarry and borrow sites, if they are available and suitable.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

25

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

(iii) Borrow/quarry sites shall not be located in productive land and forested areas. (iv) Quarry and borrow sites must be selected amongst those offering the highest ratio between extractive capacity (both in terms of quality) and loss of natural state. (v) Quarry and borrow sites lying close to the alignment, with a high level of accessibility and with a low hill gradient, are preferred. (vi) During quarry/borrow site operation, provide adequate drainage to avoid accumulation of stagnant water. (vii) Exploitations shall be avoided in areas of importance for natural resources, such as natural wooded and riparian vegetation areas as well as areas which significantly provide food and shelters for birds and other animals. (viii) It is preferable to avoid or reduce the sections of quarry and borrow sites located on river bed. If it is not possible to locate extraction areas out of river beds, sites lying on small rivers and streams shall be avoided. Alluvial terraces or alluvial deposits which lie on the river beds but not covered by water in normal hydrological conditions, shall be preferred. (ix) In case of quarries and borrow areas located in mountainous or hilly areas, or wherever the slopes are important, terraces shall be implemented. (x) The maximum gradient after refurbishment of each borrow/quarry slope shall not exceed as average value 1:3. After implementing terraces and drainage system, vegetation cover shall be provided by seeding grass and planting both bushes and trees. (xi) .Upon completion of extraction activities, quarry and borrow pits shall be dewatered and fences shall be installed, as appropriate, to minimize health and safety risks. (xii) Quarry areas and borrow pits will be left in a tidy state with stable side slopes and proper drainage in order to avoid erosion (xiii) To avoid drowning when pits become water-filled, measures such as fencing, providing flotation

26

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

devices such as a buoy tied to a rope, etc. shall be implemented.

5. Hazardous Substances Waste Storage of hydrocarbon, toxic, and explosive chemicals

Contamination from harmful and toxic chemicals (paints, fuel and lubricants, oils and explosives).

(i) Hydrocarbon, toxic material and explosives will be stored in designated sites. Vehicle maintenance and refueling will be confined to areas in construction sites designed to contain spilled lubricants and fuels. (ii) Spill waste will be disposed at approved disposal sites. (iii) Adequate precaution will be taken to prevent oil/lubricant/ hydrocarbon contamination of channel beds. Spillage if any will be immediately cleared with utmost caution to leave no traces. (iv) All areas intended for storage of hazardous materials will be quarantined and provided with adequate facilities to combat emergency situations complying with all the applicable statutory stipulation. (v) The personnel in-charge of these sites will be properly trained and these areas will be access controlled and entry will be allowed only under authorization. (vi) Store fuel and hazardous substances in paved areas with roof and embankment. If spills or leaks do occur, undertake immediate clean up. (vii) Ensure availability of spill clean up materials (e.g., absorbent pads, etc.) specifically designed for petroleum products and other hazardous substances where such materials are being stored. (viii) Segregate hazardous wastes (oily wastes, used batteries, fuel drums) and ensure that storage, transport and disposal shall not cause pollution and shall be undertaken consistent with national and local regulations. (ix) Ensure all storage containers are in good condition with proper labeling. (x) Regularly check containers for leakage and undertake necessary repair or replacement. (xi) Store hazardous materials above flood level. (xii) Equipment maintenance and refueling areas shall be provided with drainage leading to an oil-water

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

27

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

separator that will be regularly skimmed of oil and maintained to ensure efficiency. (xiii) Discharge of oil contaminated water shall be prohibited.

Solid waste from contractor’s yard and construction camps

Contamination from solid waste

(i) Solid wastes/garbage will be collected in bins and disposed of regularly to sites approved or licensed by local authorities, according to a brief and basic waste management plan prepared by the contractor and approved by DSC, prior to the commencement of civil works. (ii) Prohibit burning of construction and domestic wastes. (iii) Do not permit disposal of solid wastes into canals, rivers, other watercourses, agricultural field and public areas. Disposal shall only be to areas approved/licensed by local authorities. (iv) Properly collect and segregate solid wastes at worker camps and construction sites. Use rubbish bins for containing domestic solid wastes (v) Segregate reusable and recyclable wastes. (vi) All worn out parts, equipment and empty containers of hazardous substances (oil, paint, lubricant, bitumen, etc.) must be removed from the site to a proper storage location designated by PMU/DSC. (vii) There will be no site-specific landfills established by the contractors. All solid waste will be collected and removed from the work camps and disposed in local waste disposal sites.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

6. Ecological Environment Flora Damage to

vegetation (i) A tree-cutting and replanting scheme will be prepared within the first four months of the start of civil works to compensate for cleared areas during construction. (ii) Orientation will be provided to the workers on proper implementation of mitigation measures to protect the environment. (iii) The contractor shall prohibit cutting of trees for firewood and for use in for construction-related activities (iv) Vegetative cover (e.g., grasses and shrubs) stripped from the construction sites will be used for landslide and slope protection.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

28

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

(v) Construction vehicles will operate within the corridor of impact, i.e., approximately within ROW, to avoid damaging soil and vegetation. It will be most important to avoid soil compaction around trees. Generally the rule will be to avoid driving heavy equipment or trucks anywhere into the 'drip-line' of a tree (defined as imaginary line around a tree where rainwater falls freely to ground unimpeded by the tree's foliage). (vi) No trees will be removed without prior approval of Bapedalda. (vii) The contractor will not use or permit the use of wood as a fuel for the execution of any part of the Works, including but not limited to the heating of bitumen and bitumen mixtures, and to the extent practicable shall ensure that fuels other than wood are used for cooking, and water heating in all his camps and living accommodations (viii) Contractor shall not buy or use wood from the illegal sources (that come from the illegal logging) (ix) No construction camps, asphalt mixing plants, material storage sites are to be located in the forest areas. (x) Contractor will take all precautions necessary to ensure that damage to vegetation is avoided due to fires resulting from execution of the works. The Contractor will immediately suppress the fire, if it occurs, and shall undertake replanting to replace damaged vegetation.

Fauna Impact on Fauna (i) Workers shall be prohibited from hunting wild animals. (ii) As much as possible, bridge works will be scheduled in dry season to minimize adverse impacts to fishery, river water quality and other aquatic resources.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

7. Socio-economic Environment, Health and Safety of Workers and the Public Local road Traffic obstructions,

disturbance and damage to local road, irrigation canals and other community facilities

(i) In coordination with local traffic officials, schedule transport of materials to avoid congestion, set up clear traffic signal boards and traffic advisory signs at the roads going in and out the road and bridge construction sites to minimize traffic build-up. (ii) As much as possible, schedule

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

29

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

delivery of construction materials and equipment during non-peak hours. (iii) Provide safe vehicle and pedestrian access around construction areas. (iv) Provide adequate signage, barriers and flag persons for traffic control. (v) Provide sufficient lighting at night within and in the vicinity of construction sites. (vi) Inform the public (e.g., through community consultation and newspaper announcements, etc.) regarding the scope and schedule of construction, as well as certain construction activities causing disruptions or access restrictions. (vii) All existing roads will be maintained in traffic worthy condition and uninterrupted movement of traffic will be maintained. (viii) If necessary, traffic will be diverted for safe and smooth movement of vehicles (i) to ensure smooth traffic flow and minimize accidents, traffic hold ups and congestion. (ix) The diversion signs would be bold and clearly visible particularly at night. (x) Safe access to all the roadside properties will be provided and properly maintained along construction sites. (xi) Temporary bypasses will be constructed and maintained (including dust control) during the construction period particularly at bridge crossings. (xii) A grievance redress committee will be formed in association with affected population before starting the civil work and advance notice must be given to the community about the construction schedule. (xiii) Access roads damaged during transport of construction materials and other project-related activities shall be reinstated upon completion of construction works at each section. (xiv) Damaged irrigation canals and other community facilities shall be immediately repaired and/or adequate compensation paid to affected parties.

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Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

Compensation for land use and trees

Social instability and deforestation

Fair and timely compensation shall be implemented based on the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan prepared in accordance with GOI and ADB requirements. In the approaches to villages and settlements, road side vendors will be advised in advance the schedule of construction.

DGH DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

Community involvement

Stresses in the community

(i) The contractor will provide temporary worksite facilities such as health care, eating space, and praying places. (ii) Establish grievances redress committee. (iii) Contractors shall make use of local labor, as much as possible.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

Cemetery and Graveyard

Social grievances (i) Graveyards and holy places are the cultural and religious relics involve in this Project and these will be protected and respected. (ii) Awareness campaigns for the education of road users on the importance of the culturally sensitive sites normally help to preserve them. Improved road signage and awareness display boards will be placed at the religiously sensitive sites. These will alert construction workers and road users. During construction, extreme precautions will be taken to ensure that cemetery and religiously sensitive places are protected and respected. It is highly recommended that contractors consult with local people during civil works close to these sites. (iii) Alert concerned district or provincial authorities on discovery of any objects of possible archaeological significance that may be uncovered during construction. (iv) Immediately suspend construction activities affecting the area of the find until a qualified site assessment has been made and contractors have been given permission by the concerned authority to proceed. (v) Any material of historical importance found during the clearing operations, like treasure trove, slabs with epigraphical evidence or edicts, or sculptures, will be handed over to the government.

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

Contract procedures and

Faulty construction (i) Contractors’ conformity with contract procedures and

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC,

31

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

specifications specifications during construction will be carefully monitored. (ii) Main contractors are responsible for ensuring that subcontractors conform to general construction guidelines (good engineering practice and standard good working practices). Other wise, the quality of works subcontracted will be poor. (iii) Contractors will be made to follow standard construction practices, monitored and supervised by construction supervision consultants.

Bapedalda,

Health and safety of workers and the community

Health and safety risks

(i) Prior to initiating site works, the contractor will present a simple sewage management plan to the DSC for approval. (ii) All toilet facilities will be at least 300m from water sources or existing residences. (iii) Discharge of untreated sewage shall be prohibited. (iv) Conduct orientation for construction workers regarding health and safety measures, emergency response in case of accidents, fire, etc., and prevention of HIV/AIDS and other related diseases. (v) Provide first aid facilities that are readily accessible by workers. (vi) Provide fire fighting equipment at the work areas and at construction camps. (vii) Provide adequate drainage at all construction areas and workers camps, to avoid creation of stagnant water bodies and accumulation of water in old tires, etc. (viii) Provide adequate housing for all workers at the construction camps. (ix) Provide reliable supply of potable water that meets national standards for drinking water. (x) Provide separate hygienic sanitation facilities/toilets and bathing areas with sufficient water supply for male and female workers. (xi) Establish clean canteen and cooking areas. (xii) Ensure proper collection and disposal of solid wastes consistent with local regulations. (xiii) Contractor will not hire children. (xiv) Provide construction personnel with necessary self-protection

Contractor DGH/PMU/SDEA, DSC, CTC, Bapedalda,

32

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

devices, such as safety helmet, earplug, safety shoes, goggles and other appropriate safety protection devices. (xv) Set up enclosures at construction sites, excavation areas and other dangerous places to restrict public access. (xvi) Ensure reversing signals are installed on all construction vehicles. (xvii) Transport and storage of explosives shall be consistent with national regulations. (xviii) Blasting shall be under careful and strict management of properly trained and licensed personnel. (xix) In blasting operations, confirm that the quantity of explosives is rational and set safe and warning distances as per quantity of explosives. (xx) Observe proper warning and precautionary measures to ensure safety of residents, pedestrians, motorists and structures during blasting.

Contamination and odor from sanitary waste.

(i) construction and work sites will be equipped with sanitary latrines that do not pollute surface waters and contractors will submit a simple sewage management plan; All work sites will be equipped with latrines. (i) The construction camps will have rationing facilities particularly for kerosene/LPG so that dependence on firewood for cooking is avoided to the extent possible

Operational Phase 1. Natural Environment Dust and Air Pollution

Air Pollution (i) Maintain and clean roads properly. (ii) Replace roadside tree plantations lost to construction and encourage afforestation and landscaping projects. (iii) Emission testing of vehicles and enforce servicing of ill maintained vehicles.

Dinas PU SDEA, Bapedalda

Noise Noise pollution (i) Based on the noise monitoring results during operation, noise mitigation measures such as noise barriers, preventing blowing of horns near schools, hospitals and other sensitive areas, and reducing vehicle speeds near traffic

Dinas PU SDEA, Bapedalda

33

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation measures Persons to Implement

Persons to Monitor

(Order of Responsibility)

intersections shall be considered. Road Safety Road accidents,

vehicle over loading (i) Traffic control facilities like, roadside concrete barrier, sidewalks, road signs, and street lights will be provided near the settlements (ii) Study road accidents properly, identify the causes and implement measures to prevent these from occurring (iii) Properly maintain road signs and markings, information display board and streetlights. (iv) Installation of weigh bridges

Dinas PU DGH, Bapedalda,

2. Ecological Resources Planting and landscaping

Afforestation along the roads.

(i) Greening and landscaping designated areas by local governments, with involvement of local community, along the road is recommended. PMU will assess this option at the later stage of the implementation and develop a plan.

Local governments

Dinas PU, SDEA, Bapedalda,

Notes: DSC = Design and Supervision Consultants; P2JJ = Road and Bridge Design and Supervision Unit; Dinas PU = provincial public works agency; PMU = project management unit; Bapedalda = Local Environmental Impact Management Agencies; CTC = Core Team Consultants; SDEA = Sub-Directorate of Environmental Affairs (under DGH)

B. Monitoring

122. Environmental monitoring is a very important aspect of environmental management during construction and operation stages of the Project to safeguard the protection of environment. A program of monitoring will be conducted to ensure that all parties take the specified action to provide the required mitigation, to assess whether the action has adequately protected the environment, and to determine whether any additional measures may be necessary. During construction, environmental monitoring will ensure the protection of landslide, side slopes, embankment from potential soil erosion, borrow pits restoration, quarry activities, siting of work sites and material storages, siting of asphalt plants, preservation of religiously sensitive locations, community relations, and safety provisions. During operation, air, noise, and surface water quality monitoring, greening and landscaping of subproject roads will be important parameters of the monitoring program.

123. The contract documents will contain the EMP specifically a listing of all required mitigation and monitoring measures and a time frame for the compliance monitoring of these activities. The monitoring will comprise surveillance to check whether the contractor is meeting the provisions of the contract during construction and the executing agency during the operation of the Project.

1. Compliance Monitoring

124. Environmental compliance monitoring will be carried out at five levels:

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(i) ADB will monitor the compliance of the EA with the environmental provisions in the loan agreement by (i) reviewing regular progress reports, and (ii) by periodic supervision missions;

(ii) The GOI Ministry of Environment, as the principal environmental regulator will monitor implementation by the Project of any conditions imposed on construction through the Indonesian environmental approval system;

(iii) The contractors’ senior staff will undertake (i) internal quality control procedures, (ii) frequent site inspections, and (iii) the direct supervision of workers, in order to implement appropriate HSE practices on site.

(iv) The Project Management Unit (PMU) and the SDEA, with assistance from the design and supervision consultants (DSC), will monitor the work of the contractors responsible for the physical works, which will include health, safety and environment (HSE) provisions as specified in Table 20 and Table 21. The DSC shall prepare monthly environmental monitoring reports and submit these to PMU/SDEA and Core Team Consultant (CTC).

(v) CTC shall assist PMU/SDEA in preparing semi-annual reports on EMP implementation (mitigation measures, ambient monitoring, etc.) based on the monitoring reports submitted by DSC.

2. Impact/Effects Monitoring

125. The DSC shall also undertake establishment of ambient baseline date (air quality and noise, water quality, etc.) before site works and ambient monitoring during construction based on the environmental monitoring plan (Table 21). The DSC shall prepare monthly environmental monitoring reports and submit these to PMU/SDEA and Core Team Consultant (CTC). DGH/Dinas PU will retain a recognized organization for environmental monitoring and will ensure that the roads are monitored regularly for the first three years of operation.

Table 21: Environmental Monitoring Activities Aspect Location Parameters Means of

Monitoring Frequency Guideline Values/

Standards/ Indicators

Construction Phase Quarries and borrow operation

Quarry and borrow sites

Undertaken in designated areas duly licensed/approved by concerned authority

Visual inspection to ensure fill is only obtained from licensed designated sites

Monthly by DSC Environmental permit/approval from concerned agency, Activities shall be limited to licensed designated areas only

Quarry and borrow sites

Implementation of erosion control

Visual inspection

Monthly by DSC (i) No evidence of water ponding or presence of fresh gullies. (ii) No increased visual turbidity of

35

Aspect Location Parameters Means of Monitoring

Frequency Guideline Values/ Standards/ Indicators

surface waters. Quarry and

borrow sites Proper site closure as specified in the environmental mitigation plan.

Visual inspection

Monthly by DSC (i) Pre-quarry conditions (ii) Site left in a tidy state with stable side slopes, proper drainage and provided with vegetation cover. (iii) DSC’s report testifying to completion of restoration work.

Material Storage Sites

Project alignment, construction yard

Compliance with requirements

Visual inspection.

Monthly by DSC (i) Activities shall be limited to designated areas only. (ii) Materials management procedures implemented. (iii) No visible puddles of oil or oil contaminated soil.

Erosion Project alignment

Implementation of erosion control

Visual inspection of erosion prevention measures and occurrence of erosion

Monthly by DSC (i) Erosion control design parameters. (ii) No increased visual turbidity of surface waters.

Landslide/ Rock fall

Active landslide/ rock fall sections and steep mountainous slopes

Vegetation cover is maintained.

Visual Inspection

Monthly by DSC (i) Identified areas during detailed design phase. (ii) Adequacy, quality and specifications of planting. Survival rate of plants.

Slope stabilization engineering structures (all susceptible areas shall be protected by either temporary or permanent stabilization works)

Slope stabilization measures, landslide/rockfall protection measures

Visual inspection

Monthly by DSC Adequacy, quality and specifications of landslide/rock fall protection measures.

Hydrocarbon and chemical storage

Construction camps

Compliance with environmental mitigation requirements

Visual Inspection of storage facilities

Monthly by DSC Provision of adequate storage facilities.

Waste Management

Construction camps

Cleanliness of workers’ camps

Visual inspection

Monthly by DSC Proper collection, storage and disposal of solid waste. Provision of clean and adequate

36

Aspect Location Parameters Means of Monitoring

Frequency Guideline Values/ Standards/ Indicators

sanitiation facilities Proper site closure Visual

inspection Monthly by DSC (i) Timely and

effective waste disposal. (ii) Site appearance restored. (iii) DSC’s report testifying restoration of site.

Surface Water Quality

Bridge construction sites

Local surface waters are protected

Visual inspection of water management

Monthly by DSC (i) Project activities do not cause turbidity/siltation and flow obstruction of surface waters. (ii) Adequacy, quality and specifications of protection measures provided against washouts.

All bridge construction sites – upstream and directly downstream of major rivers or after a pollution event

(i) Total suspended solids (TSS), (ii) oil and grease, (iii) turbidity, (iv) pH

Water sample collection and analyses by accredited laboratory

By DSC, once before commencement of construction works (baseline) and subsequently after a reported pollution event and/or complaints)

Standardization of River Categories II base on Governmental Regulation No. 82 of 2001

Air Quality Sensitive sites such as major settlements, schools, hospitals, etc., close to construction sites and other project-related facilities where emission of high dust levels occur.

(i) TSP (ii) PM10

Air sample collection and analyses by accredited laboratory

By DSC, Once before commencement of construction works and subsequently 1 time a year

The Control of Air Pollution, Government Regulation No. 41 of 1999

Asphalt Plant Designated areas Visual inspection to ensure asphalt plant is located > 1 km from residential areas

Monthly by DSC Environmental approval/permit from concerned agency. Activities shall be limited to designated areas only

Dust Compliance with required mitigation measures

Visual inspection to ensure dust suppression work plan is being implemented

Monthly by DSC (i) Measures, location and schedule for dust suppression activities (ii) Air pollution control equipment

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Aspect Location Parameters Means of Monitoring

Frequency Guideline Values/ Standards/ Indicators

installed on vehicles. (iii) No complaints from local residents.

Noise Sensitive areas

Noise levels in dBA Noise meter By DSC, once before commencement of construction activities and subsequently 2 times a year

(i) The Control of Air Pollution, Government Regulation No. 41 of 1999. (ii) Complaints from local residents

Vibration Sensitive areas (i) Compliance with required mitigation measures

Visual inspection

Monthly by DSC Complaints from local residents

Landscaping/ Reforestation

Project alignment

(i) Progress of reforestation activities

Visual inspection

Monthly by DSC (i) Adequacy, quality and specifications of planting (ii) Survival rate of plants (iii) Watchman on site.

Community Project alignment

(i) Consultations (ii) Information disclosure

Consult with government and community groups along the alignment to monitor environmental concerns

On-going by DSC (i) Number of public consultations conducted; (ii) Recipients of project-related documents; (iii) Number of complaints

Traffic Management

Project alignment

(i) Number of complaints; (ii) Number of traffic enforcers in-place, (iii) Number of traffic and warning signs in place

Visual inspection to strict adherence to applicable environmental mitigation measures

Ongoing by DSC (i) Number of complaints and accidents

Operational Phase Noise Sensitive areas

and major settlements – one locations per subproject in all project roads in Central Java

Noise levels in dBA Noise meter By Dinas PU twice annually for 3 years.

(i) The Control of Air Pollution, Government Regulation No.41 of 1999 (ii) Number of complaints

Air Quality Major settlements - one location per subproject

(i) TSP (ii) PM10

Air sample collection and analyses by in-house laboratory or accredited 3rd party laboratory

By Dinas PU 2x annually for 3 years.

The Control of Air Pollution, Government Regulation No.41 of 1999

Road Safety Project alignment

Number of road accidents

Collect road accident data

By Dinas PU 2x annually for 3 years

% increase/decrease

Landscaping/ Project Number of planted Ongoing By Dinas PU 2x % survival of

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Aspect Location Parameters Means of Monitoring

Frequency Guideline Values/ Standards/ Indicators

Reforestation alignment trees and vegetation

monitoring of reforestation activities

annually for 3 years

planted trees and vegetation

126. Table 22 presents the indicative budget for implementing the environmental monitoring program, mitigation measures and environmental training under the Project.

Table 3: Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Cost of the Project

Item Unit

Unit Cost, US$

Quantity

Total Cost, US$

A) Environmental Costs during Construction Air Quality Monitoring1 (by DSC) Site 500 75 37,500 Water Quality Monitoring2 (by DSC) Site 1,000 106 106,000 Noise and Vibration Monitoring1 (by DSC) Site 600 75 45,000 Chemical Storage Compound3 (to be included in civil works contracts) Site 1,000 18 18,000 Dust Suppression Measures4 (to be included in civil works contracts) Day 125 4,745 593,125 Provision of Health, Safety, and Env. Manager5 (to be included in civil works contracts) MM 3,000 156 468,000 Maintenance of Slopes of Vegetation (in hilly areas) (to be included in civil works contracts) km 2,500 120 300,000 Construction Camps Maintenance6 (to be included in civil works contracts) site 500 18 9,000 Landslide/Rock fall Protection Structures - To be included in Engineering Estimate Total A' 1,576,625 B) Environmental Costs during Operation (DGH/Dinas PU Budget) Air Quality monitoring (TSP)7 Site 100 84 8,400 Noise and Vibration7 Site 600 42 25,200

Road Safety Campaign LS 50,00

0 1 50,000 Total 'B' 83,600 C) Environmental Management Training i. Budget Capacity Building Program (to be undertaken by CTC) 40,000 Total 'C' 40,000 Grand Total (A+B+C) 1,700,225 1According to Environmental Monitoring Activities (Note: (i) 1 sampling site per subproject road = 18 sites; (ii) 18 monitoring sites @ 2 times sampling event (baseline and annual, as well as additional sampling to validate complaints) in sensitive areas (houses, schools or hospitals, etc. close to construction sites and/or project-related facilities where emission of high dust levels occur) 2 53 reconstruction bridge sites, 2 times (Note: (i) once during pre-construction and after a reported pollution event – for budgeting purpose, assume 1 pollution event per bridge site; and (ii) actual location and number of monitoring sites will be determined prior to site works) 3 One site per one subproject road 4 18 subproject roads @2 years of construction @dry periods 5 18 subproject roads @12 months 6 Safe drinking water, proper drainage, solid waste disposal, health care and other facilities per subproject road) 7 Subproject roads that traverse sensitive receptors @ 2 times in a year @ 3 years

C. Reporting

127. DGH shall submit the following environmental reporting documentation to ADB:

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(i) Baseline Monitoring Report: The Baseline Monitoring Report shall be submitted to ADB prior to commencement of civil works, baseline environmental data(including data collection locations, parameters), relevant standards and data collection responsibilities.

(ii) Environmental Monitoring Reports: The environmental monitoring reports will include environmental mitigation measures undertaken, environmental monitoring activities undertaken, details of monitoring data collected, analysis of monitoring results, recommended mitigation measures, environmental training conducted, and environmental regulatory violations. The environmental monitoring reports will be submitted to ADB twice annually during the construction period and annually for three years after completion of construction.

(iii) Project Completion Environmental Monitoring Report: Three years after completion of construction, a Project Completion Environmental Monitoring Report to ADB which will summarize the overall implementation of the EMP.

D. Implementation Arrangements

1. Institutional Framework

128. Several national and provincial level agencies (“Road Staff”) will be involved in the RRDP implementation as shown in Figure 13. The role of each organization in terms of project implementation and environmental management is explained in Table 23. DGH will be the executing agency responsible for the overall RRDP implementation. A project management unit (PMU) established within DGH will facilitate land acquisition, resettlement, and environmental protection measures and will ensure that local concerns are addressed adequately. The unit will be headed by a project manager, who will oversee day-to-day physical implementation activities and prepare progress reports. The PMU shall work with the Sub-Directorate of Environmental Affairs (SDEA) under DGH with regard to implementation and monitoring of EMP provisions. DGH has sufficient technical capability to implement the Project, and together with the Core Team Consultant (CTC) and Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC) will oversee EMP implementation during civil works. Full assistance will be provided in these areas under the CTC and DSC consulting services.

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Directorate of Technical

Affiars

Directorage of Road &

Bridge West Region

DINAS (Public Works)

Directorate of Planning

BALAI (DGH

Regional Office)

DGH

Province

SDEA

PMU

(Project Managemt

Unit)

CTC (Core Team

Consultants)

P2JJ (in Province)

Contractor

DSC(Design and

SupervisionConsultants)

RRDP Civil Works Implementation

BAPEDALDA (Env. Agency)

_______ Command Line- - - - - - - Coordination Line

Figure 13: Project Implementation Organizations (Road Staff)

Table 23: Roles and Responsibilities on EMP Implementation Agency Role ResponsibilitiesDirectorate General of Highways (DGH)

Executing Agency , Overall project management, Planning and programming of project roads

Direct and supervise the Project Management Unit (PMU)

Ensure that sufficient funds are available to properly implement the EMP

Ensure that EMP provisions are implemented for the entire Project regardless of financing source.

Ensure that Project implementation complies with the GOI and ADB's environmental policy principles and requirements

Ensure that tender and contract documents include the EMP

Establish a grievance redress mechanism as described in the IEE

Submit semi-annual monitoring reports on EMP implementation to ADB

Sub-Directorate of Environmental Affairs (SDEA)

Environmental and Social Monitoring

Set procedures for environmental management and monitoring based on GOI and ADB requirements.

Coordinate with PMU to ensure that the EMP is implemented properly and that required monitoring and reporting are undertaken as required in the EMP.

Provide training to provincial and Kabupaten officials on the environmental and social management system for road projects.

Coordinate with Bapedalda offices at the Kabupaten, Kota, and Provincial Levels with regard to compliance

41

Agency Role Responsibilitiesof the Project to GOI environmental requirements.

Project Management Unit

Day-to-day management and implementation of the project

Include the EMP in tender and contract documents Ensure that EMP provisions are strictly implemented

during various project phases. Undertake monitoring of the implementation of the

EMP (mitigation and monitoring measures) with assistance from DSC.

Ensure that DSC prepared monthly reports environmental monitoring reports for submission to PMU/CTC.

With support from CTC, prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring reports for submission to ADB.

Core Team Consultants (CTC)

Project Management Support to PMU with a representative in each Balai office.

Prepare semi-annual reports on EMP implementation (mitigation measures, establishment of ambient baseline data baseline, ambient monitoring, etc.) based on the monthly monitoring reports submitted by DSC. The semi-annual environmental monitoring reports shall be submitted to ADB through DGH/PMU.

Implement the environmental capacity building/training program proposed in the IEE. The training shall be conducted for SDEA, Dinas PU, P2JJ, and DGH staff at provincial and district offices, and environmental staff at the provincial (provinci) and district (kabupaten) local governments through training workshops on ADB's environmental safeguards requirements and international best practice on environmental management and monitoring.

Develop an environmental auditing protocol for the construction period for DSC’s guidance.

Design and Supervision Consultants (DSC)

Oversee the design of project roads and Construction supervision of civil works

Undertake regular monitoring of the contractor’s implementation of the environmental mitigation measures specified in the EMP.

Prepare monthly environmental monitoring reports for submission to DGH/PMU and CTC. Such reports shall be the basis for the semi-annual environmental monitoring reports to be prepared by CTC for submission to ADB.

Engage an accredited/licensed laboratory or institution to undertake establishment of baseline data on air quality, noise and surface water quality prior to commencement of site works based on the EMP. Prepare corresponding reports for submission to DGH/PMU and CTC.

Engage an accredited/licensed laboratory or institution to conduct sampling during construction phase and in response to complaints or when there are pollution events. Prepare corresponding reports for submission to DGH/PMU and CTC.

Review and approve the specific environmental management plans (Dust Suppression Program, Sewage Management Plan, Solid Waste Management Plan) to be prepared by the contractors as specified in the EMP.

Provide on-the-job training to SDEA, Dinas PU, P2JJ staff, provincial and district DGH staff as well as to provinci and kabupaten environmental staff on monitoring of contractor's environmental performance and preparation of monitoring reports.

Supervise civil works to ensure compliance with the

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Agency Role ResponsibilitiesEMP.

Contractor Implementation of civil works

Recruit an environment, health and safety manager who will be responsible in ensuring that environmental mitigation measures specified in the EMP are implemented properly.

Implement and provide sufficient funding and human resources for proper and timely implementation of required mitigation measures in the EMP

Provincial Public Works Agencies (Dinas PU)

Responsible for operation and maintenance of national roads which do not cross provincial boundaries after completion of construction

Implement EMP monitoring during operation

Bapedalda (Environmental Impact Management Agency)

Lead role for environmental management, monitoring and consultations in their administrative area.

Review and approve environmental assessment reports required by the Government.

Undertake monitoring of the project’s environmental performance based on their mandate

129. Implementation of mitigation measures presented in Table 20 during the construction stage will be the responsibility of the Contractor. Environmental Specialists of DSC and representatives of respective government agencies will supervise the monitoring of implementing mitigation measures during the construction stage. The following measures will be taken by DGH/PMU to provide an environmental compliance monitoring program during project implementation:

(i) The tender and contract documents will clearly set out the contractor’s obligations to undertake environmental mitigation measures set out in the Table 20 (appended to Contract Specifications).

(ii) The recommended environmental mitigation cost shall be included as an item in the Bills of Quantities. This will ensure that there is specific environmental mitigation budget and will be implemented as required. During the procurement, contractors will be encouraged to include these costs in their rates and present the mitigation cost as a line item in the Bills of Quantities. There will be an identified extra payment in the contract to ensure measures are costed and carried out.

(iii) Each contractor will recruit an environment, health and safety manager, who will be responsible for implementing the contractors’ environmental responsibilities, and liaising with PMU/SDEA. The manager will also be responsible for health and safety aspects of work sites.

(iv) DGH/PMU shall ensure that Dinas PU will retain a recognized organization for environmental monitoring and ensure that the road is monitored regularly for the first three years of its operation.

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2. Institutional Analysis and Strengthening

130. The country's current framework and process for decentralization provides the opportunity for Provincial and Kabupaten Governments to plan and manage their own programs. It will also provide widespread opportunities for these provinces and Kabupaten to determine their own priorities and be directly involved in environmental management and monitoring aspects. Preparation of environmental assessment of national roads is the responsibility of DGH, while for preparation of EIA for provincial and districts roads Institutions is the responsibility of respective public agencies. Bapedalda at respective levels is responsible for evaluation and approval of EIA reports.

131. DGH’s provincial planning and implementing agencies do not have any social and environmental staff to prepare and monitor safeguard issues of road projects. Hence they have very limited experience, resources and equipment for environmental management and monitoring. SDEA5, with its entire staff located in Jakarta, is the only responsible agency at both the national and provincial level to prepare and monitor safeguard issues. Hence it will be very difficult for SDEA to efficiently supervise monitoring of the environmental issues of all road projects handled by DGH. DGH should consider providing social and environmental staff at P2JJ to work under direct supervision of SDEA. Provincial Bapedalda's role in environmental monitoring of road projects is mostly limited to review of the monitoring reports submitted by the implementing agencies.

132. All implementing and supervision agencies of RRDP require capacity building measures for a better understanding of road-related environmental issues and strengthen their role in implementation of mitigation measures and subsequent monitoring. Training for these agencies is crucial for proper environmental monitoring addressed in the IEE. The primary focus of training is to enable the staff to carry out environmental monitoring, implement the EMP, and conduct impact assessments. After participating in such training, the participants will be able to make brief environmental assessments for their respective projects, conduct monitoring of environmental plans, and incorporate environmental features into future project designs, specifications and tender/contract documents.

133. A review of institutional assessment and strengthening measures recommended by the earlier studies are discussed here. Based on review of these studies and consolations held with various implementing agencies, a capacity building program in environmental and social impact assessment and management has been prepared for RRDP.

a. KRNDS Study

134. Recommendations made by KRNDS study for institutional strengthening are (Kalimantan Road Network Development Study, 2008): (i) close coordination amongst the institution concerned in environmental management transport projects, such as Public Works Agency, Bappeda (Regional Development Planning Board), Bapedalda, Forestry Agency, and Cultural and Tourism Agency in provincial and regencies or city levels; and (ii) adequate training for Bapedalda staff related to respective division, such as environmental pollution 5 As of May 2010, SDEA has 19 personnel of which 10 are technical staff (9 engineers and 1 social). All have received certification on AMDAL-level preparation and trainings on environmental assessment and monitoring.

44

control, toxic and hazardous substances waste management, and other environmental management.

b. SRIP Study

135. Recommendations from SRIP study (Strategic Roads Infrastructure Project, 2006) include (i) during project implementation, it may be necessary to provide various types and levels of assistance to the Bapedalda to support their role of implementing key elements of the Environmental Social Assessment and Management Plan (ESAMP). Some of the specific activities that some Bapedalda may need additional assistance on to help meet overall project and ESAMP requirements include: Improving coordination and consultation with all related institutions at Provincial and Local government, particularly Bapedalda and BPN (national land agency); (ii) holding regular meetings with all related institutions at provincial and local governments to improve the process of project planning and coordination; (iii) improving coordination and consultation with concerned NGOs and stakeholders; (iv) reporting to their respective local government on their activities and conclusions to support improved project implementation, environmental management and monitoring; (v) environmental Management Workshops will be held at appropriate intervals during the project to give involved staff and contractors an understanding of proper environmental management procedures to be used during project implementation. Staff of each Field Supervision Team and of each Contractor will be required to attend these workshops; (vi) in order to implement ESAMP, such training program is proposed at regional level to disseminate all safeguard policy of The World Bank and GOI containing environmental and social requirements such as AMDAL, UKL/UPL, Land Acquisition and Resettlement Framework and Procedures and also the document required. The training participants are personnel from the provincial, Kabupaten, and Kota governments.

c. EIRTP-2 Study

136. Recommendations made by EIRTP-2 Study (Eastern Indonesia Region Transport Project, 2004) include: (i) environmental management shall be undertaken in close association with Bapedalda who will benefit through their increased involvement in the activities necessary to implement the EMP. During the course of the program, Bapedalda will take on increasing responsibilities as counterpart staff becomes familiar with the requirements and activities; and based on actual Bapedalda project needs, training may include: (i) screening procedures; (ii) public consultation procedures; (ii) supervision of EMP implementation; (iii) monitoring of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and; (iv) other needed subjects. Recommended training programs are:

(i) On the job training/ training by doing: This is particularly applicable to the more mechanical and technical activities connected with the road environment and is less applicable to staff responsible for decision making and professional activities.

(ii) Training Courses: This is applicable to a range of tasks and activities, both technical as well as the professional tasks and activities. The AMDAL Courses A and C are examples of relevant training courses that last for 2-3 weeks maximum.

(iii) Seminars/Workshops: These tend to be most appropriate to the professional and decision making staff where a good understanding of the total process and objectives are necessary.

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d. RR2P Study

137. RR2P (Road Rehabilitation-2 Project, 2004) proposed a program to SDEA to build its capacity to undertake analysis of environmental and social impacts and to prepare environmental and social impact management plans through a technical assistance and training over a period of 3 months. Provincial subproject management team (Dinas) and Design Field Teams (DFT) consultants are also included in the training program. The scope of the program includes:

(i) reviewing prevailing government regulations and donor guidelines governing the assessment and management of environmental and social impacts of road rehabilitation projects;

(ii) identifying the procedures and tasks required to be performed by SDEA to meet the requirements of these regulations and guidelines;

(iii) reviewing the skills available within SDEA trainers and assessing the need for advance level training to strengthen the capability to review complex EIA problems;

(iv) reviewing the skills of provincial sub-project management, design and field teams and assessing the need for training to establish the capability to meet environmental and social management monitoring requirements;

(v) preparing a short-term staff training plan and associated materials to meet immediate needs;

(vi) undertaking the training through a combination of hands-on assistance, on-the-job training, training workshops, and short-term advance level training in a training institute;

(vii) evaluating the effectiveness of the training provided by measuring improvements in attitudes and skills achieved; and

(viii) prepare outline proposals for the longer-term development of SDEA’s organization and capabilities.

138. DGH is currently procuring consultants to conduct a training program in all provinces of Sumatra and Kalimantan to improve the capability of ‘Road Staff’6 at all levels in carrying out impact assessment and management for ADB’s RR2P Project. A national consulting team consisting of Team Leader, Training Delivery Specialist, Curriculum/Material Development Specialist and other support staff will be procured for 12 months to carry out the following tasks: (i) undertake training needs analyses for road development stakeholders including the implementation/construction personnel; (ii) prepare a staff training plan and associated materials (modules); (iii) deliver the two categories of training; (iv) evaluate the 6 ‘Roads staff’ include those in DGH (SDEA and Directorate of Implementation in the regions), and those in the provinces and projects (P2JJs, Dinas PU Province/Kabupaten, Supervising Consultants, DFTs and Contractors).

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trainings; (v) modify the training modules as necessary; (vi) hand over the amended training modules to the project manager for use in the delivery of the training; and (vii) prepare training reports.

f. Recommended Training Programs under RRDP

139. A capacity building program in environmental and social impact assessment and management has been prepared for RRDP after thorough review of above studies and similar training programs conducted under IBRD’s Eastern Indonesia Region Transport Project (EIRTP) and proposed training programs under ADB's RR2P. The following training component is proposed for the DGH/SDEA/Dinas PU/P2JJ staff and representatives from provinci and kabupaten environmental offices.

140. Objectives of the training program are to: (a) help build capacity and procedures in undertaking systematic environmental assessments in accordance with Government regulations and ADB guidelines, (b) provide training on international best practice on environmental management, monitoring and reporting, and (c) provide guidance on how to effectively incorporate environmental measures into project design and how to incorporate EMP provisions into tender and contract documents.

141. The training is recommended to be conducted within 2 months from start of civil work activities.

142. The training shall be undertaken by the CTC through its international and national environment specialists who are also experienced in delivering environmental training programs. The specialist shall carry out the following tasks:

(i) Undertake training needs analyses and review prevailing government regulations and donor guidelines governing the assessment and management of environmental impacts for road development;

(ii) Review the skills of the SDEA staff, DGH provincial and district staff, Dinas PU, P2JJ staff and environmental staff at the province and kabupaten local government offices. Assess the need for training to establish the capability to meet requirements for preparing environmental assessments, environmental monitoring and implementation of mitigation measures of road development project;

(iii) Prepare the training plan and associated materials (modules);

(iv) Deliver the training which may be through a combination of hands-on assistance, on-the-job training, and training workshops;

(v) Evaluate the effectiveness of the training measuring improvements in attitudes and skills achieved;

(vi) Modify the training modules as necessary;

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(vii) Hand-over the amended training modules to the project manager for use in the delivery of the training; and

(viii) Prepare training reports.

143. The international environmental specialist will be the training organizer with a minimum of 10 years experience in environmental management of road projects and must possess a relevant post-graduate degree preferably doctorate in civil engineering/environmental management. The national environmental specialist will have similar education and experience. The services are expected to be provided over a one-month period.

144. The team will work in association with the PMU and overall supervision will be by DGH. Table 24 shows the indicative cost for the capacity building program. The international environmental specialist will determine the most cost efficient method in delivering the program – all participants to go in one place or the team will go to each province to conduct the trainings.

Table 24: Cost Estimate for the Capacity Building Program Items Unit Unit Cost

($) Cost Estimate

($) Remuneration and per diem - International Environmental Specialist/ Team Leader

1 man-month 20,000 20000

Remuneration and per diem - National Environmental Specialist

1 man-month 3,000 3,000

Travel - International Environmental Specialist/ Team Leader

1 round trip 2,000 2,000

Logistics and Trainees Allowance (Road Staff)

30 participants (SDEA, Dinas PU, P2JJ, DGH provincial and district offices, environmental staff from

province and kabupaten local government offices)

500 15,000

Total 40,000

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IX. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

145. The subproject roads are not located near ecologically sensitive sites. Most of the alignments pass through agricultural areas while those traversing production and protection forests have existing right-of-ways that are wide enough such that cutting of trees in these areas is not necessary. During construction, impacts will be largely temporary and localized in nature such as noise and dust emission from site works and operation of construction equipment. There is also a risk of pollution to water bodies and surrounding areas due to earthworks, establishment of workers’ camps, and other project-related activities. During operation, the project will have overall beneficial impact and will have minor negative impacts that will be carefully monitored and adequately mitigated.

146. The major positive impact of the Project will be economic and better accessibility. The project will directly benefit over 0.3 million people located within the immediate vicinity of the roads and another 4 million people located within the project districts by providing improved access and economic development. The project would also benefit environment in terms of reduced soil erosion and landslides through slope stabilization measures and construction of retaining structures. Dust generation from the damaged roads will be reduced by the improvement of pavement. Health risk to the roadside communities and damage to the biological environment will be reduced due to pavement improvement and soil erosion control measures. Extent of flooding in road side villages will be reduced by the improvement of drains. Road safety will be improved by stabilizing unstable sections, installing road safety barriers including proper traffic engineering signs and display boards.

147. An EMP has been formulated for the Project for implementation during various phases. Implementation of appropriate environmental mitigation and monitoring measures during various phases will minimize the negative impacts of the Project to acceptable levels. To ensure that these plans and mitigation measures are implemented and negative impacts avoided, they shall be included in the tender and contract documents for civil works.

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X. REFERENCES

148. The following are the data sources used for preparation of environmental database for each road link, detailed analysis of existing environmental profile, and screening of potential environmental impacts.

149. Forests and protected areas:

Forests GIS Database, Ministry of Forests, Government of Indonesia

World Database on IUCN Protected Areas

UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory,

World Heritage List, UNESCO, Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage

Data on Coral Reefs, Marine Protected Areas and Mangroves. M. Tupper, A. Tewfik, M.K. Tan, S.L. Tan, L.H. Teh, M.J. Radius, S. Abdullah. ReefBase: A Global Information System on Coral Reefs

Important Bird Areas (IBAs) and Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs). World Bird Data Base (WBDB), 2008 by BirdLife International.

World Intact Forest Landscapes map,

The List of Wetlands of International Importance, Ramsar Sites Information service.

Wetland database of Indonesia, Wetlands International Asia Pacific-Indonesia Programme,

IUCN List of threatened species,

150. Physical resources:

GIS database on World Climate and Digital Elevation Model, ESRI

Digital Elevation Datasets, USGS,

FAO-UNESCO, Soil Map of the World, digitized by ESRI. Soil climate map, USDA-NRCS, Soil Survey Division, World Soil Resources, Washington D.C.

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FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2008. Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.0). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

Geology map of Java, Gazetteer of Hungary, GSGS Map Series No. 186

Groundwater Resources Map of Indonesia, USGS and OCE, MGB – 17665

151. Population:

LandScan 2000 Global Population Database Oak Ridge National Laboratory

National Atlas on Distribution of Indigenous People, Published by Directorate of Indigenous People Empowerment – Directorate General of Social Empowerment, Social Ministry of Republic of Indonesia, 2003

National Statistics Agencies (Badan Pusat Statistik), 2007. National Population Statistics.

152. Natural Hazards

Natural Hazards Data of Tsunamis, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), NOAA Satellite and Information Service,

World Map of Natural Hazards, Munich Re Group,

153. Mineral

Mineralogy Database http://www.mindat.org/

Mineral resources of Indonesia. Minport.com, a comprehensive guide to the world of mining and mineral exploration on the internet.

154. Reports and Data from DGH

Indonesia Roads Management System (IRMS), Director General of Highways, Ministry of Public Works, Govt. of Indonesia

DGH, 2006. Strategic Roads Infrastructure Project – ESAMP, Environmental and Social Assessment Management Plan

DGH 2008 – Eastern Indonesian Region Transport Project- Kalimantan Road Network Development Study

DGH, 2004 – Road Rehabilitation -2 Project, Initial Environmental Examination

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Directorate of Highways (DGH), 2004. Guidelines for Environmental Management of Road Projects.

DGH, 2004. Environmental Management Plan (EMP), Eastern Indonesia Region Transport Project 2 (EIRTP-2).

DGH, 2003. Final Report, Strategic Urban Roads Infrastructure Project (SURIP), Environmental Component (Volume 2, Appendix 4-2).

DGH, 2003. Sumatera Region Road Project - Report on the Bapedalda Action Plan Implementation and other Environmental Oversight Specialist Tasks.

DGH, 2002. Integrated Road Management System (IRMS) and Urban Road Management System (URMS) Base Maps and Data.

155. GOI’s Environmental Decrees.

Number : 17 of 2001 on Types of Business and/or Activity Plans that are Required to be Completed with the Environmental Impact Assessment. Ministry of Environment Republic of Indonesia, Decree of State Minister for the Environment

Number : 2 of 2000 on Guidelines for AMDAL Document Evaluation. Ministry of Environment Republic of Indonesia, Decree of State Minister for the Environment

Number : 08 of 2000 on Community Involvement Openness in the Process of Environmental Impact Assessment. Ministry of Environment Republic of Indonesia, Decree of State Minister for the Environment

Number : 09 of 2000 on Guidelines for Preparation of Environmental Impacts Assessment Study. Ministry of Environment Republic of Indonesia, Decree of State Minister for the Environment

Number : 40 of 2000 on Guidelines for Work System of Evaluator Committee for

Environmental Impact Assessment. Ministry of Environment Republic of Indonesia, Decree of State Minister for the Environment

Number : 41 of 2000 on Guidelines for Establishment of Regencies / Municipal Evaluator Committee for Environmental Impact Assessment.

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Annex A – Summary of Stakeholder Consultations

Place and Date

People Met Summary of consultations

Jakarta Jakarta August 15. 2008

Staff, SDEA, Bina Marga Ms. Jany Agustin, Ms. S. Nirmala, and Ms. Subaiha Kipli,

Details of RRDP Project and its scope of work Criteria for environmental categorisation of each road link Environmental Issues in the project areas Role of SDEA in environmental assessment Review and approval of AMDAL and UKL-UPL documents Road construction and land acquisition in production and protection forests Institutional assessment and strengthening Ongoing capacity building programs on social and environmental management

Jakarta Sep 2, 2008

PMU, Bina Marga: Ms. Ririn, PMU, ENRIP Project, Mr. Rezar, PMU, RR2P Project, Mr. Didik, Project Officer, RRDP Project,

Roles of various agencies (SDEA, Bapedalda, CTC, DSC, P2JJ, Dinas PU) responsible for social and environmental issues during implementation of ADB and World Bank funded road projects. General environmental concerns encountered during execution of ongoing projects are: dust pollution and traffic management during construction

Karang Bolong November 15, 2008

Farmers Mr. Samijan, farmer

Farmers along the project road welcomed the project and requested to choose this particular alignment as it is passing through agricultural area land acquisition is very easy in this area. They are ready to give their land for market prices.

Semarang Nov 19, 2008

Dinas PU, Central Java Mr Joko Surjono

An AMDAL study has been carried out by Dinas PU in 2004 as a part of the South Java Network considering 14 m carriage way with a width of 14m and it was approved by BLHC. Land acquisition is finished for about 10 km for subproject 4 (Adipala – Aya) and 8 (Giriwayo – Glonggong) [NOTE: subproject 4 and 8 have been excluded from the Project Environmental issues are soil erosion due to hill cutting in subproject 5 [NOTE: subproject 5 has been excluded from the Project].

Semarang Nov 19, 2008

BLHC (Provincial Environmental Agency), Central Java Mr D Wahyudi and Nanang Agus

BLHC has a laboratory to carry out water quality analysis, air and noise quality testing equipment. An AMDAL study for South Java Network was approved through decree no 665-1/14/2005 The proposed project will improve environment along the subproject roads in terms of reduced soil erosion and land slide protection in addition to the improved road safety. Environmental monitoring training is required for the staff to supervise road projects

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Place and Date

People Met Summary of consultations

Jakarta, April 30, 2010

Dr. Max Antameng

Need to conduct public consultations at least once to meet with local government.

Central Java Link : Wawar – Congot, May 4, 2010

P2JJ Central Java - (Mr. Barkah and Mr. Abdul Wahab)

Right of Way in Congot-Wawar Bridge has been widened, the land has been acquired. Construction is underway financed from local Budget.

Tambak Mulyo – Wawar, May 4, 2010

Dinas PU Kebumen, - (Mr. Tri Mulyono, Kabid Bina Marga) - Mr. Baharuddin, - Mr. Yudo Wiratmoko

The land for Right of Way is already acquired Farmers still use the land for planting vegetables within the Right of Way in agreement with local government. When the land is already needed for the Project, the farmers will move out.

Tambak Mulyo-Wawar (Puring-Petanahan Segment), August 24 & 25, 2011

District and village officials, local residents

Tambak Mulyo and Surorejan Villages

Sidoharjo Village

Waluyorejo

The Project will result to increased economic growth, especially in the project area as well as increased land prices. Transport cost will be cheaper and travel time will be shorter. Communities and businesses will develop significantly. Land price will increase, not only land along the road section, but also land around project area. This increase will provide advantage to the people, especially those who are directly affected by the project. Improved connectivty of remote villages. The Project will create work opportunity, especially during construction and the villagers will have opportunity to work as labor. The transaction of land is very rare, so it will be difficult for physically displaced persons to find land replacement to build a new house. Construction and operation of the Project will have negative effects due to air pollution, increased noise levels and safety risks (especially among children). Construction may also cause water pollution and flooding. Influx of new comers will affect the socio-economic conditions of the locality. Conversion of agricultural land to residential/ commercial land will occur due to Project implementation Social relation among the community members will be disrupted. Potential threat of illegal drug use by new comers, increased cases of theft (livestock, such as cows)

East Java Surabaya November 20, 2008

Dinas PU and P2JJ, East Java Mr Joko Purwanto, Dinas PU Mrs. Nani, P2JJ

The subproject roads are located in under developed region of East Java. A two lane 3.5 m pavement is enough for present needs. Some sections of the RRDP Subproject 14 requires a new alignment and passing through protected forest. But most of the forest is open land without much vegetation and the forest department has agreed to give land. Written permission is yet to be given by the forest department. [NOTE: subproject 14 has been excluded from the Project Road and bridge construction has been completed in some sections with the provincial budget and looking for national government support to finish the entire link. Land acquisition is very minimal

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Place and Date

People Met Summary of consultations

Roads will help in improving mining, tourism, fishing and agriculture sectors in this region.

Surabaya November 20, 2008

BPLH (Provincial Environmental Agency), East Java Mrs Diah Susilowati

AMDAL studies have been carried out for the proposed roads by Dinas PU in 2006 and AMDALs have already been approved. No karst areas are located in the project area If forest department agrees for land acquisition of forest areas, BPLH has no objection. Dinas PU, P2JJ and contractors require training on environmental monitoring and reporting. Their reporting is very poor.

Link : STA 57.8 – STA 62.5 Bts Malang (Modungan) May 6, 2010

Bappeda Kab. Blitar, (Local Planning Agency) office - Mr. Izul Marom, Sub-head of Infrastructure. - Sutono, Bappeda staff. - Susanto, PU Blitar - Supangat, PU Blitar

The land mostly owned by communities and Ministry of Forestry. The Right of Way already exists and is 24 m wide. Local Government has paid for land (forestry) amount of Rp. 1.015000.000. The amount of rupiah used rolling rate (tukar guling) and for new tree stands (pohon tegakan baru). The receipt of the transaction was shown by Mr. Izul Marom to Consultant.

East Kalimantan Nunukan Regency Dec 10, 2008

Nunukan Regency Officials Mr. Buharuddin, Public Works /Bina Marga Mr. Bambang Bappeda (Regional Development Planning Board ) Mrs Emiliana Social , Transmigration Agency (Nunukan regency) Mr. Boyke Forestry Agency Nunukan regency

Provincial authorities (Dinas PU and P2JJ) have information of the proposed RRDP project as it will be constructed under national budget (APBN). Border road development under RRDP project is included in the District’s proposed Development Plan (RDTR). No Isolated Vulnerable People (IVP) are located close to the project districts. No protected and conservation forests are located in this regency. Most of the production forest is Industrial Plant Forest. Ministry of Forestry will give approval for land acquisition in forest areas. Road development is generally accepted in forest areas. The road development in the border areas will reduce the illegal logging at Surodong through quick mobilisation of enforcement agencies.

Dec 17, 2008

Mr. Mujarrudin, Tatar village – sekatak Bulungan regency

As the existing road condition is very poor, the proposed project will help to reduce travel times and improve public transportation. The road construction will create job opportunities to the local people.

Samarinda Dec 18, 2008

P2JJ East Kalimantan Mr. I. Marpaung, Head

Road connection to the Malaysian border will improve economy of the region and the country.

Samarinda Dec 19, 2008

Forestry Agency of East Kalimantan Province Mr. Ari

Forest department has prepared forest classification maps using GIS and based on the maps or GPS coordinates, the type of forest (conservation forest, protected forest, production forest, etc) can be determined. Land acquisition in forest areas will be done according to the guidelines. No conservation and protected forests are located along the subproject roads.

Samarinda Dec 19, 2008

Bapedalda, East Kalimantan Province Mr. Sofyan, Amdal Division ,

Review of environmental categorisation of subproject roads Institutional assessment of Bapedalda in relation to

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Place and Date

People Met Summary of consultations

environmental assessment and management Soil erosion and landslides are a major environmental concern in northern border areas. Slope protection structures are to be considered in the project.

West Kalimantan Pontianak December 11, 2008

P2JJ, West Kalimantan Mrs Faisal Head Mr Ir Dedy staff

The Project will benefit the border areas. The subproject roads should be considered as national roads instead of provincial/Kabupaten roads to get funding from the national government. Environmental impacts during construction activities are minimal as the population density is very low along the subproject roads.

Pontianak December 18, 2008

NGO TITIAN in West Kalimantan Province Mr Yuyun.

Wood material is being used for road stabilisation in West Kalimantan and most of it comes from Illegal logging. If the project proposed wood material for road works then it should come from legally cut wood. Compensation for land acquisition should be paid only for legal title holders and they are to be identified as many land holders are residing in other islands. Rivers and streams in the project areas are to be protected from dumping of spoils during construction works. Kapuas river basin (Rasaut Kapuas) is a habitat for Crocodile.

Pontianak December 18, 2008

Dinas PU, West Kalimantan Miss Ir Fahraeni, Head

Ready to carry out all required engineering studies if MPW is willing to finance the project Border road development should also consider a parallel road along the western coast (Badau to border) as it provides access to Brunei through the sea and this route has more economic benefits. Identification of road projects should consider regional equality and development rather than only economical aspects.

Pontianak December 19,2008

Forest Department, West Kalimantan Ir. Erwin saragi Kepala Bidang Kehutanan.

Forest types in West Kalimantan and their distribution in the project areas No conservation forests are located in the project areas Staff from forest department are also part of AMDAL review commission and will review environmental assessment reports. Land acquisition, if required in forest areas, will be acquired according to the national guidelines The project will improve the environment of forests through paving of gravel roads

Pontianak December 18, 2008

Bapedalda West Kalimantan Mr Untat Darmawan MM Kabid.

Organisational structure of Bapedalda and proposed training programs by Bina Marga on environmental assessment Environmental issues in the project areas Environmental monitoring budget is to be provided by the project

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Place and Date

People Met Summary of consultations

Pontianak December 12, 2008

Mr Bargowo Head of Transportation in West Kalimantan.

Over loading is a serious problem in this province and causes lots of accidents. Weigh stations are to be constructed to control over loading of vehicles.

Singkwang Dec 12, 2008

Mr Trisno and Mr Hwe teng people living in Singkawang – Tebas

Transparent and fair practices are to be followed during land acquisition. Proper compensation should be arranged all lost assets considering the market price. Ready to work in the construction activities. The project will improve their economy and increase their income.

Sepok Tanjung Dec 13, 2008

Mrs Sumarni peole in Sepok Tanjung village, District Sebawi Sambas Regency in link Tebas- Sambas

Villagers are very supportive to the project. Project will improve tourism in this area. Fair practices are to be followed during land acquisition and compensation

Sosok Dec 16, 2008

Mrs Anastasia, a road site hotel owner in road link Sosok -Tayan

The proposed project will help to increase their income due to improved economic activities They will work in the construction works Construction works may cause little impacts such as dust and noise pollution, but they are manageable.

Desa Ratu Dec 13, 2008

Mr Asmui, Head of the village and Mr Hai Rani the road link Tj.Harapan – Sp.3 Bantaran.

Good procedure and practices are to be followed for land acquisition Market prices should be considered for compensating land acquisition Local villagers are to be given priority for construction works.

Dec 13, 2008

Mrs Hai Rain, a hotel owner in the road link Tj. Harapan – Sp.3 Bantaran

They are aware of the project as the entire road link is released by local government for road construction.

Tanjung Dec 14, 2008

Villagers Mr Hamidi, M Roni, and Mrs. Ramsiah in link Tanjung - Aruk ,

They support the project and want the project to be implemented as quickly as possible as it will provide access to the Malaysian market Main issue for them is land acquisition and they expect fair and transparent practices during land acquisition and compensation.

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Place and Date

People Met Summary of consultations

Link : Tanjung – Sanggau; May 10, 2010

Sanggau District, Accompanied by Bina Marga Pusat and P2JJ (Mr. Hasbi) the Consultant was met with: - Mr. Kukuh, Head of Local Public Works of Sanggau. - Mr. Romulus, Sub Head of Local Public Works of Sanggau.

A 30-m Right of Way exists. Hopefully, the road could be connected to Trans Kalimantan Highway. According to Resettlement Study that has been conducted, the opinion of people that the road was expected. The climate has been change due to land pattern use from forestry to palm oil plantation. Therefore, the traffic in Sanggau is always influenced by the price of palm oil.

Link : Tanjung – Sanggau; May 10, 2010

Mr. Suwartono, Head of Sukagerindu Village.

As a head of communities, he noted that there is no objection from people for the road development within his authority.

Regional Workshops Yogyakarta January 8, 2009

Regional Workshop 40 participants from various provincial and national government agencies

Some of the proposed road projects in RRDP have already been surveyed and designed by the provincial agencies. But in Central Java, there are several road inks proposed by RRDP are not same as they have designs now (like Adipala – Ayah; Ayah – Karangbolong, Karangbolong – Putureja). There were no questions on environmental issues, however suggestion were made to prepare a site specific environmental management plan. Minister of Public Works Regulation Number 10 of 2008 replaced the Minister of Regional Infrastructure and Settlement Decree No. 17/KPTS/M/2003. The consultant should refer the revised document in the IEE report

East Kalimantan

Regional Workshop 20 participants from various provincial and national government agencies

Discussion about the proposed environmental category of each road link. East Kalimantan Bapedalda (Mr. Nazarudin) wants to know about ADB environmental criteria. Provincial agencies have no budget to carry out environmental monitoring activities during construction. Hence RRDP should provide budget for environmental monitoring.

Pontianak, West Kalimantan January 15, 2009

Regional Workshop 20 participants from various provincial and national government agencies

Discussion about ROW, pavement and shoulder widths for proposed RRDP Project. It is suggested 15m ROW with a pavement width of 7m. Further environmental studies in RRDP project

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Place and Date

People Met Summary of consultations

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Annex B – Newspaper Advertisement of the Formal Public Consultation

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Annex C – Summary of the Formal Public Consultation

A formal public consultation was conducted at Pontianak, West Kalimantan on January 19, 2009. Information on public consultation was published in the provincial daily news paper, Borneo Tribune, prior to consultation. In addition, invitation letters were also to all the community leaders, provincial, district and sub-district government agencies, and NGOs informing purpose and details of consultations. 36 participants from the following agencies have attended the meeting:

Representatives of Sambas regency, (Pemangkat, Semparuk, Tebas and Sebawi districts); Sanggau regency (Tayan Hilir, Balai Karangan, Kembayan , Beduai, Sekayam and Entikong districts ) and Singkawang city (Selakau Singkawang Tengah and Singkawang Utara districts)

Representatives of P2JJ, Dinas PU, Bapeda, Bapedalda, and Forest Department

Representatives of NGOs: Titian (on forest issues), AMAN (indigenous people issues), KPA (HIV/AIDS issues), and VPN

The Consultation went very well and effective and the discussions were documented in accordance with the ADB and the Government’s guidelines. Critical issues addressed and recommendations made during consultation are the following: continued comunity consultations (socialisation) during land acqusition and construction; transparancey in land acquisition and compensation process; design of bridges and other drainage structures should consider flood forecasting studies; air, dust and noise pollution during construction activity; traffic problem during construction; usage of illegal wood during bridge construction; road damage by overloaded vehicles of oil palm companies; protection of public infrastructure like water supply facilities during design and constructin; quality construction and proper engineering practices during construction; and active involvement of the local community during construction as labor. The summary of consultatins are presented in the following table.

Participant Suggestion/Comments Response from the Consultants Mr. Usman , Sos Head of Sajingan District- Sambas Regency

Community emphasized the need of socialization and their involvement during project activities. Participants appreciated consultant’s initiative to involve them from the beginning, so the community is convinced to accept the project. They want to get information on land acquisition and compensation mechanism in next consultation meeting.

Community consultations (socialisation) will be held on the next stage also. At present, information is limited only to identification of land acquisition for the feasibility study. The detail survey and LARAP study will be done when the project will require land acquisition.

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Participant Suggestion/Comments Response from the Consultants The community expects that there would be no relocation/resettlement required. The community is usually less satisfied with new location or settlement, because new location is not good and very far from their working/business location and there is not much infrastructure. There is no problem of land acquisition for the link road Galing – Tanjung. But compensations should also be paid to loss of vegetation owned by the community. The Community in general agree to carry out the project and ready to give the land when project started. - Dust and noise pollution will be increased during construction and post construction stage that needs necessary attention.

According to ADB guideline, the project will try to avoid or minimize the resettlement or relocation effects. If resettlement is unavoidable then the bank will help to restore the quality of life and livelihood of those affected person same as before the project constructed. Resettlement plan will also include compensation for trees The IEE document will provide the management plan for reducing the impact of dust and noise pollution during and after construction stage.

Mr. Sabib Public Work Agency of Sambas regency

The land for road development is ready for several road link proposed by RRDP that begin from Tanjung Junction 3 (Simpang 3) until Serawak border, has ROW 17 – 20m. Will there be any affect on the public properties?

The required ROW for RRDP is 14 to 15m. Hence no land acquisition is required in these subproject roads. The subproject roads that require no land acquisition will be considered for the Project.

Mr.Jumeno Head of Separuk District

Bridge development also needs to include in this project. There are 4 bridges (Pemangkat bridge, Besi bridge, Gersik Bridge and Separuk Market bridge), 2 of those need to rise the grade and another 2 (two) bridges need widening. Further community consultations need to be conducted where road development affects their livelihood through loss of business (several cafes and kiosks located along the road side.) In Semparuk district, there are lot of agricultural land and palm oil plantation. Who is responsible to acquire agriculture and plantation land?

Bridge rehabilitation and improvement works will be included in the project design. Consultations will be held during land acquisition. The ADB Policy gives more attention on compensation for livelihood. Generally the provincial government is responsible for land acquisition.

Mr. Hariyanto Head of Tebas district

At the end of Tebas link, there are many small businesses (cafes) along the road owned by the community. Their livelihood will impact if they are moved to other places. Don’t remove them, so that they can continue their economic work.

Loss of business income will also be considered during LARAP study. However this link has 20m ROW and no land acquisition is required. .

Mr. Kukuh T Head of Public Works Agency of Sanggau regency

- Link Sosok – Tayan to Entikong will pass through plantation and residential area. Some villages are closed to the road. Sub-District office can’t conduct public consultation although they know about the road project, because the design is not yet clear to them. Recently at Entikong area, the land price has increased and the community does not want to get low price as their land compensation. Balai Karangan – Entikong link needs widening, because the existing road is not

The government has land acquisition Team who is capable to do proper valuation for land compensation. The Consultant will follow the Land Price Value related regulation. For Balai Karangan - Entikong link, RRDP has proposed to widen the road.

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Participant Suggestion/Comments Response from the Consultants enough to take the load of increasing traffic such as bus from Malaysia to Indonesia This feasibility study should consider several point of link road Tanjung – Entikong that experiences flood with 1.5 – 2 m height. Traffic control should be considered in construction stage to minimize the traffic problem,

Design of drainage structures will consider design discharges based on flood forecasting, and rainfall – runoff studies.. IEE included traffic management measures during construction activities.

Mr. Tedy E Bappeda ( Planning Development Board) of West Kalimantan

Agree and support the road development program at West - Kalimantan. Several roads at Aruk still need improvement and widening. Impacts of environmental study should be presented in a simple tabular form for pre construction stage to post construction stages.

Road improvement is proposed for all road subproject roads. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared in a matrix form for impacts associated with various project stages.

Mr. Sutarni Alloy AMAN NGOs (West Kalimantan IP Networks NGOs)

The Local Government should also participate in the HIV programs organised by UNO and GOI. Indigenous people should be involved in development planning, execution and evaluation of the project to resolve the conflict. Road development at border area is very important to increase economic growth on the country, especially in area that is rich in natural resources.

RRDP project will prepare HIV prevention plan Based on field survey and information from related institution, there is no indigenous people found around the proposed road link.

Yuyun Kurniawan Titian NGOs

How to handle the legal aspect for land acquisition needed in this project? If required for construction works, Contractors should buy wood from legal sources, not from illegal logging. Need to consider health impact of dust during construction stage on the community living along the road side. Necessary drainage structures are to be designed for flood control. Bridge height should consider the flood heights. .

Legal document (like land certificate, agreement of using forest area and others) for land acquisition outside government land will be necessity. Contractor will be prohibited to use wood from illegal logging. Dust suppression measures such as spraying of water and covering of vehicles are considered in EMP. Design of drainage structures will consider design floods,

Any impact on the Nature Reserves like Gunung Nyiut and Gunung Raya Pasi located in the project areas.

Subproject roads are not located in these natural reserves. Based on the GIS maps provided by the forest department, Gunung Nyiut is located about 18 km from the subproject road and Raya Pasi is located about 7 km from the subproject road.

Mrs. Novila Devi Bapedalda West Kalimantan (Environmental Management Agency)

I support and agree with plan of road development at West Kalimantan Has the screening of important impact generated by road development project done according to the rule of Minister of Environment Decree No. 11 of 2006 about AMDAL?

One of the scopes of IEE in RRDP is to carry out screening of each road link for environmental assessment. Screening process followed the environmental regulation of GOI (Minister of Environment

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Participant Suggestion/Comments Response from the Consultants What type of environmental assessment prepared by RRDP?

Decree No. 11/2006 about AMDAL, President Decree No.30/1990 about Protected area and Sensitive area and Regulation of Minster Public Works No.10 of 2008) and ADB guidelines. Result of screening of each link can was categorized as AMDAL, UKL-UPL or SOP based on GOI rule, and A and B based on ADB guidelines. All subproject roads in West Kalimantan are categorised as UKL-UPL and SOP (based on GOI regulation), and B category according to ADB guideline that will require IEE document.

Mrs. Sofwan Provincial Aids Committee ( KPA NGOs)

KPA NGOs opined that proposed road development will not have any impact on HIV/AIDs as the number of cases is already in rise in West Kalimantan. Provincial AIDS Committee leading by the Governor is looking after these issues.

ADB guidelines require HIV/AIDS study for the project.

Mrs. Suhaini Community Leader of Tebas (Sambas regency)

Community of Tebas support and agree with the plan of road development, because it will increase economic growth at Sambas regency.

Mrs. Rudy Rahmad VPN NGOs of Sambas regency

Support the road development project, because existing road condition is not good and people experience difficulty to market their agricultural or plantation products.

Mrs. Hayam Hanik Community Leader of Semparuk Village

Community consultation is necessary to plan the road widening.

This consultation is a part of feasibility study. Another community consultation will be held at the next stage according to ADB guidelines.

Mrs. Solichin Community Leader of Sambas regency

Road development work should start soon, because the existing road condition is not good.

Road works will be implemented from 2010

Mrs. M. Syerly District government of Pemangkat

This public consultation is necessary to continue in the implementation stages and to be organized by the head of district (Camat) and attended by project consultant.

Consultations will continue in all stages of the project

Mrs. Ahind S Tonas Sajuga NGOs

Government of Pemangkat district supports the plan of road development project.

Mrs. Ilhamsyah Sambas government

Community consultation is necessary for the road development project and local community should be involved during construction activity.

Consultations will continue in all stages of the project