THE BRAIN

TEACHER: MILAGROS HERRERA

INTEGRANTS: MENDOZA RODRIGUEZ, ARTURO MENDOZA JAYO, FERNANDO MIRANDA PALOMINO, DAVID OCROSPOMA SANCHES, DANIEL RAMIREZ CONDORI, TATIANA SOCA CHUQUINO, ROXANA VILLENA MAURICIO, CESAR

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL FEDERICO VILLARREAL

FACULTAD DE MEDICINA HUMANAESCUELA DE MEDICINA

THE BRAIN

YOUR BRAIN AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL

EVERYTHING YOU DO, SAY, SEE, HEAR, SMELL

AND FELL.

YOUR BRAIN IS A LARGE,HEAVY ORGAN IN YOUR HEAD, MADE OF TIGHTLY PACKED NEURONS-ABOUT 100 BILLION OF THEM

IN TOTAL.THE BRAIN INTERPRETS WHAT YOU

SEE,HEAR,SMELL,TASTE AND TOUCH,AND SENDS MESSAGES TO OTHER PARTS OF YOUR BODY, TELLING IT WHAT TO DO

YOUR SPINAL CORD IS A COLUMN OF NERVE CELLS THAT RUNS

DOWN YOUR BACK. IT CARRIES MESSAGES TO AND FROM YOUR BRAIN AND THE REST OF YOUR

BODY

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

BRAIN HEMISFERIES

a)LOBESFrontal lobeParietal lobeTemporary lobeOccipital lobe

b.Association's area

Wernicke's area

Broca´s areaPre front area

a)Thalamusb)Hypothalamus

DIENCEPHALON

FUNCTIONS OF DE THE LOBULOSThe brain is composed of 4 lobes.1.- FRONTAL LOBE.- It is located in front of the central sulcus. - Functions.-Reasoning.-Planning.-Emotions and troubles hooting.-Part of language and movement.

Parietal lobe

It is located behind the central sulcus.

Functions.- Localization of visual attention.- Localization of the tactile sense.- Voluntary movements.- Receive the sensations of heat ,

cold pressure and pain.- Understanding and the

formulation of the spake.

Temporal lobe It is located bellow central sulcus.Functions.

- The interpretacion of images and noise surveys.

- In the aspect of the vision.- In the elaboration of thought and

emotion.- Decrypt the electrical impulses of

the sight.

OCCIPITAL LOBEIt is located on the back of the brain , behind the parietaland Temporal lobes.Functions.- The interpretation of images

and noise surveys.- In the elaboration of

thought and emotion.- In the aspect of the vision.- Decrypt the electrical

impulses of the sight.

FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

The main function of the hypotalamus is homeostasis.-Control the diferent behaviors, such as agressivenes, planing, sex, thirst and hunger.-Regulates the dream.-Activates the mechanism of the expression of emotions.- Regulated biological of the body.

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The Brain Diseases

TOXOPLASMOSIS

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite infects most genera of warm – blooded animals, including humans, but the primary host is the felid (cat) family. The parasite can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and neurologic diseases , and can affect the heart, liver, inner ears , and eyes (chorionetinitis).

PITUITAIRY INFARCTIONPituitary or Hipofisis infarction is the death of an area of tissue in the pituitary gland that occurs when the blood supply is reduced. This infarction can be caused by trauma, injury or bleeding due to a benign tumor of the pituitary gland.

Brain MetastasesA brain metastasis is a cancer that has metastasized (spread) to the brain from another location in the body. The tumor spreads when cells break off from the primary tumor and travel through the blood stream to another part of the body.As for example here we see adenocarcinoma metastases of the Dura mater and also Metastasis of ovarian cancer

CEREBRAL INFARCTIONA cerebral infarction is the kind of stroke due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding into the subarachnoid space -the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain. This may occur spontaneously, usually from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm, or may result from head injury.

MENINGIOMAMeningiomas are a diverse set of tumors arising from the meninges, the membranous layers surrounding the central nervous system.Many meningiomas are asymptomatic, producing no symptoms throughout a person's life, and require no treatment other than periodic observation.

TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS

Tuberculous meningitis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and spreads to the brain and the spine from another site in the body

CORTICAL DEMENTIAS

The cortical dementias such as Alzheimer's disease, is characterized by the deterioration of memory, abstract reasoning and, specifically, the praxis of the language.Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and subcortical in certain regions.

MICROCEPHALY

It is a condition in which a person's head is significantly smaller than normal for their age and sex, on the basis of reference tables . Can be given by genetic causes , by congenital infections of the central nervous system, metabolic alterations , by the premature closure of the sutures of the skull (site occurs where the growth of the skull)

PICK’S DISEASEIt is a rare and permanent form of dementia ,people with Pick's disease have abnormal substances (called Pick bodies and Pick cells) within the nerve cells in the damaged areas of the brain.

PINEOCYTOMA

A pineocytoma is a tumor of the pineal gland, a small organ in the brain that makes melatonin, a hormone which regulates sleep.

Medulloblastomas

Medulloblastomas are tumors of rapid growth that is formed in the cerebellum.

CEREBRAL ANEURYSMA cerebral aneurysm is a weak area in the walls of a blood vessel that is swollen, breaks and causes a hemorrhage in his brain. It may be due to congenital weakness of the blood vessels, high blood pressure, blockage in the arteries and other factors.

CHORDOMA

Chordoma is a rare tumor that usually occurs in the spine and base of the skull. It is a malignant tumor that grows fairly slowly. It can spread to other organs, usually the lungs.

EPILEPSY

• Epilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which may vary from a brief lapse of attention or muscle jerks, to severe and prolonged convulsions. The seizures are caused by sudden, usually brief, excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells (neurones).

DEFINITION OF EPILEPSY

Causes• Conditions that affect the structure of the brain, such as cerebral

palsy• Drugs and alcohol misuse• Birth defects• Problems during birth which cause a baby to be deprived of oxygen,

such as the umbilical cord getting twisted or compressed during labour

• Infectious conditions that can damage the brain, such as meningitis • Head injuries• Strokes• Brain tumours

Symptoms• Symptoms vary from person to person. Some people

may have simple staring spells, while others have violent shaking and loss of alertness. The type of seizure depends on the part of the brain affected and cause of epilepsy.

• Most of the time, the seizure is similar to the previous one. Some people with epilepsy have a strange sensation (such as tingling, smelling an odor that isn't actually there, or emotional changes) before each seizure.

Case : Carlos Alberto Santiago Barboza

In this opportunity; I tell you about CARLOS ALBERTO SANTIAGO BARBOZA.When he was 7 months old, he had high fever, do it caused seizures also it have been to hospital after one day, there a doctor told him that he had had epileptic crises with a treatment irregular.When he was 42 years old, he was admitted at hospital, where he had auxiliar exam after he was referred to the psychologyThe sister and the father said that Carlos have been seizures since 7 month´s old and he received irregular treatment, also he doesn´t speak as well as one natural person and he´s depend on other people for changing clothes.

Besides they called that carlos doesn´t have any stimulation or assist to any speciality center.So psychological evaluation begins with the folowing conclusions:Moderate mental retardationDelay in language due to lack

of stimulation as a child of two years: he communicates with short words and signs.

Delayed social maturity like to four year old child

They made an encephalogram and the doctors had a conclusion that he have epilepsy

It prescribes clonazepam and phenytoin he is quoted each month for him control.He answers with medicine but suffers a convulsion sometimes followed by that in months continues.His medication in recent months has not had a seizure in these months, he been language therapy, also he have psychological evaluation and now he has a better quality of life.

TREATMENT

Treatments

Epilepsy

• Doctors generally start by treating epilepsy with medication. If that doesn't work, they may propose surgery or another type of treatment.

DRUGS

• Dilantin or Phenytek• Phenobarbital• Tegretol or Carbatrol• Mysoline• Zarontin• Depakene• Depakote , Depakote ER• Valium and similar

tranquilizers, such as Tranxene and Klonopin

• Felbatol• Fycompa• Gabitril• Keppra• Lamictal• Lyrica• Neurontin• Oxteller XR• Topamax• Trileptal• Zonegran

Classics medications Newer drugs

DRUGS

Side Effects of Epilepsy Drugs

• Fatigue• Dizziness• Weight gain• Loss of bone density• Skin rashes• Loss of coordination• Speech problems

• Surgery is most commonly done when tests show that your seizures originate in a small, well-defined area of your brain that doesn't interfere with vital functions like speech, language or hearing. In these types of surgeries, your doctor removes the area of the brain that's causing the seizures.

SURGERY

• Vagus nerve stimulation

THERAPIES• Ketogenic diet

• Take your medication correctly

• Get enough sleep • Wear a medical alert

bracelet

Lifestyle and home remedies