Informed Choices (for university)

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Informedchoices

A Russell Gto making dpost-16 ed2011


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4

Preace

The Russell Group

How to use this guide

Introduction

Acknowledgements

Index

Post-16 qualifcations

and how they are organised

Pre-16 qualifcations and

university entry

Making your post-16 subjectchoices

Subjects required or dierent

degree courses

How subject choices can aect

your uture career options

The fve-point plan or making

your post-16 choices

Abbreviations

Links

Informed Choices | Russell Group 2011

!!

Introduction

What you decide to study post-16 can hacan study at degree level. Whether or notyou want to study at university, having theyou more options when the time comes to

This guide aims to help you make an infoyour course for post-16 education. We hoand advisors.

The Russell Group is very grateful to theworlds largest career guidance professio

Gardner, for their very valuable input.

ATTENTION!!

Although there are common themes, e

similar courses) can vary rom one univ

only use this inormation as a general

universities provide more detailed inor

on their own websites or in their prosp

frmer, its essential that you check the

o the most up-to-date entry requireme

Getting your post-16 subject choices righ

towards university but it wont guarantee degree course. Entry to Russell Group unhighly competitive and academic backgroone of several things universities will takeyour application. They will also want to sewell-motivated and passionate about theieven ask you to gain some work experien

The Russell Group

The Russell Group represents 20 leading UK universities which arecommitted to maintaining the very best research, an outstanding teachingand learning experience for students of all backgrounds and unrivalledlinks with business and the public sector.

Visit http://www.russellgroup.ac.ukto nd out more.


To make this document easier to use, the following design elements have

been adopted:

URL links which direct you to websites appear in a different text style,as in domain.ac.uk. These are clickable.

Links which navigate to other sections of the document appear in adifferent text style, as in chapter name.

You can move forwards and backwards between pages by:using the left and right arrow keys on your keyboardusing the left and right buttons on your mouseusing the wheel on your mouse

using the red and yellow arrow in the top-left corner of the page You can go to specic sections by clicking on a link in the list of contents

in the left-hand sidebar.

WARNING!

Text inside this large arrow is o particular importance

!

ATTENTION!!

Text inside this large arrow is VERY important

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The Russell Group


Introduction

Acknowledgements

Index




university entry



degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


Rebecca GaukrogerUniversity of Edinburgh

Fiona BlackUniversity of Glasgow

James BrownUniversity of Glasgow

Lorna RichardsonImperial College London

Andrew HomerImperial College London

Ruth Cawthorne

Kings College London

Martyn AnnisKings College London

Helen ClaphamUniversity of Leeds

Graham ReesUniversity of Leeds

Simon MallerUniversity of Leeds

Gaynor Glover

University of Liverpool

Claire BrownUniversity of Liverpool

Catherine BaldwinLondon Schoolof Economics andPolitical Science

Tim WestlakeUniversity of Manchester

Paul GoveyUniversity of Manchester

Alison CharlesUniversity of Manchester

Acknowledgements

The Director General of the Russell Group, Dr Wendy Piatt, would like tothank the following Russell Group staff members for their work on this guide:

Alex Thompson, Head of Policy (innovation, funding and management)Pippa Cox, Acting Communications and Public Affairs ManagerWill Haydock, Researcher

In preparing this guidance the Russell Group received very valuable inputfrom Andy Gardner at the Institute o Career Guidance. We are very gratefulto Andy and his colleagues at Institute of Career Guidance for their adviceand support.

We are also very grateful for the work of Angela Milln o the University oBristol for her considerable work in compiling the expert advice from the20 Russell Group universities.

We would also like to thank the following admissions managers atRussell Group institutions:

Roderick SmithUniversity of Birmingham

Helen JohnsonUniversity of Birmingham

Angela Milln

University of Bristol

Roseanna CrossUniversity of Bristol

Geoff ParksUniversity of Cambridge

Sarah HannafordUniversity of Cambridge

Helen ReedUniversity of Cambridge

Lizanne Duckworth

Cardiff University

Rhodri EvansCardiff University

Elizabeth ListerUniversity of Edinburgh

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Preace

The Russell Group


Introduction

Acknowledgements

Index




university entry



degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


546 The ve-point

plan for makingyourpost-16

choices

42 How subjectchoices canaffect yourfuture career

options

43 Graduate occupations

44 Professional careers

18 Maksubj

19 If I knowat univeto take

20 What s

options

22 What ifappeal

22 Do univlevel su

23 How dorelate t

25 Choicesin Scot

16 Pre-16

qualicationsand universityentry

28 Subjects requiredfor differentdegree courses

Index

6 Post-16 qualications andhow they are organised

7 Standard and advanced level qualications

8 A-levels

8 Scottish Highers, Advanced Highersand Baccalaureates

9 Welsh Baccalaureate Qualication

10 Advanced Diploma

12 International Baccalaureate Diploma

13 CACHE Diploma in Child Care and Education

14 Vocational options: Applied A-levels,BTEC National and OCR National

0 Preface

0 The Russell Group

0 How to use this guide

1 Introduction

2 Acknowledgements

4 Index
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Standard and advanced level

qualications

A-levels

Scottish Highers, Advanced Highers

and Baccalaureate

Welsh Baccalaureate Qualication

Advanced Diploma

International Baccalareate Diploma

CACHE Diploma in Child Careand Education

Vocational options: Applied A-levels,

BTEC National and OCR National


university entry

Making your post-16 subject

choices


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


Standard and advanced level q

There are different qualication systems UK but there are a lot of similarities in the

You will generally study for your rst qualthis guide we refer to these qualicationsThese standard level qualications includ

GCSEs and IGCSEs

Standard and Intermediate Grades in Sco

Standard Level in the International Bacca

As you progress through your studies, yorange of subjects for advanced level quaqualications include:

AS- and A-levels,

Advanced Diplomas,

Highers and Advanced Highers in Scotla

Higher Level in the International Baccala

In terms of qualications, entry to universbasis of performance in advanced level qin standard level qualications may be tasometimes specic subject or grade requ

Post-16qualicationsand how they

are organised


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qualications

A-levels


and Baccalaureate


Advanced Diploma






university entry


choices


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


from a list of eligible subjects, and undertTwo out of the three courses must be at Aremaining course at Higher level.

I I want to apply to university, what do

making my Scottish Higher subject cho

How you approach your choice of Highersubjects may depend on whether you areuniversity or whether you want to study in

Many universities in England, Wales and Highers for entry to their degree program

at Russell Group universities you will alsoso its advisable to check on requirements

If you are looking to progress to a Scottisentry requirements will be expressed in teAdvanced Highers in relevant subject aresecond year of a degree programme a po

When selecting your choice of study for Sthe entry requirements of any universitiesScottish universities traditionally seek brethe rst year of undergraduate study andachievement across four subjects, or mor

Please see separate guidance on subjeinformation to support your choices.

Welsh Baccalaureate Qualifcat

How is it organised?

The Welsh Baccalaureate Qualication co

Coreconsisting of four components, i.e. KWorld; Work-related Education; and Pers

Optionswhich can be chosen from a rangincluding AS/A-levels, VCE (Vocational A

Together, the Core and Options make up the

The Welsh Baccalaureate Qualication isIntermediate and Advanced levels, the Adallows direct entry to university.

A-levels

How are they organised?

A-levels are made up of the AS-level and the A2. Each part makes up50 per cent of the overall A-level grade.

In year 12 (or 13 in Northern Ireland), you will normally study towards fourAS-levels and the following year focus on three of these subjects to worktowards A2.

There are two units in each subject at AS-level and a further two, moredifcult, units at A2 (although this may vary from subject to subject, forexample, Maths and Science have three units at AS-level and three

harder units at A2).

I I want to apply to university, what do I need to think about when

making my AS and A-Level choices?

Your choice of options will be critical in determining the university coursesopen to you. Generally speaking, universities will expect you to be takingfour AS-levels, with three out of the four subjects taken on to A2.

The guidance provided in relation to subject requirementswill helpyou to make informed choices about your AS-level and A2 subjects.

Scottish Highers, Advanced Highers and Baccalaureates

How are they organised?

In your fth year of secondary school (S5) you will normally study towardsfour or ve Highers. Alternatively, you may take a combination of Highersand Intermediate Grades (at a level between Standard Grades andHighers). Highers usually consist of units of work set and marked byteachers and lecturers, and an external examination.

Depending on your performance in S5 and the range of options available inyour school, it is likely that in S6 you will take Advanced Highers, additionalHighers or a combination of both.

Before taking an Advanced Higher, you will normally have studied thesubject at Higher level. Advanced Highers are usually made up of threeunits which are achieved by passing an internal assessment which mayconsist of coursework, tests or practical work. The nal grade is determinedby an external assessment which is usually an examination or project.

There are two Scottish Baccalaureates one in Science and one inLanguages. Students study Mathematics or English/Gaidhlig, two courses


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qualications

A-levels


and Baccalaureate


Advanced Diploma






university entry


choices


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


!


choosing my advanced diploma?

When it comes to subject requirements, bdifferent kinds of university course:

Those which accept students with a widesubject backgrounds and do not assume subject to be studied at university. If you aprogrammes, you should have some exiand any options within it.

Those which do not assume any prior knstudied at university but, in order to make

the programmes learning and teaching stA-level as part of your additional and spe

Those which expect you to have developto be studied before you arrive. Universitiprogramme will have looked in detail at thDiplomas and decided whether or not thisrequirements. For some courses they mayDiploma in a named line of learning (for emay decide to accept any Diploma as lonoffered as part of the additional and specwant a Diploma in a named line of learninpart of the additional and specialist learnisome universities may ask you to includelearning a tailor-made Mathematics for Ebeen developed to satisfy their mathemat

Those which, for a variety of reasons, havAdvanced Diploma. This is most likely to knowledge required for entry to a degreeby studying two or more named A-levels degrees, for example). In some such casethey will consider the Advanced Diploma specialist learning) in combination with an

What A-levels should I consider taking

specialist learning?

If you are studying for an Advanced Diplosection of this guide is a good starting polikely to require A-level applicants to incluchoices, and will also be useful for Diplom

I I want to apply to university, what do I need to think about when

making my Welsh Baccalaureate Qualifcation choices?

Your choice of options will be key to determining the university coursesopen to you. Generally speaking, universities will expect you to be takingtwo or three A-levels (equivalents like BTEC may also be acceptable) aspart of your Welsh Baccalaureate.

Please see separate guidance on subject requirements for additionalinformation to support your choices.

Advanced Diploma


The Advanced Diploma is a new qualication that combines theoreticalstudy with practical experience. Diplomas are available in 14 subject areasor lines of learning.

The Advanced Diploma has three components:

Principal learningfocuses on developing and applying the core skills andknowledge which are relevant to the line of learning you have chosen.

Generic learningincludes personal, learning and thinking skills, at least tendays work experience as well as an extended project, which will encourageyou to work critically, reectively and independently and give you theopportunity to think about how everything you have learned links together.

Additional and specialist learning. You will choose from a wide range ofoptions which might include specialist courses directly linked to yourchosen line of learning (for example, for Engineering, you could decide toconcentrate on Robotics, Medical Engineering, Aerospace, Car orMotorcycle Maintenance) or you could pick up subjects which will help youto secure a university place.

WARNING!

Many universities will ask you to take an A-level in a named subject

as part o your additional and specialist learning.


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qualications

A-levels


and Baccalaureate


Advanced Diploma






university entry


choices


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


!

!


making my IB choices?

The International Baccalaureate is well-ehaving been offered in international schorecent years, a growing number of UK scInternational Baccalaureate as an alternais not as well known in the UK, this oftenacceptability for university admission.

In practice, the vast majority o univer

a lot o experience o assessing IB aphappy to accept it or university entry

If you are studying for the IB, your choicebe key to determining the university coursprovided in relation to subject requiremcourses are likely to require an advanced subject. For IB applicants this guidance ccourses most likely to require you to havehigher level within the IB.

It is less usual for universities to require plevel within the IB although you should al

carefully before applying to be certain of

CACHE Diploma in Child Care a

The CACHE Diploma in Child Care and Efocusing on knowledge and understandineducation, awarded by the Council for AwEducation.

I I want to apply to university what are

CACHE Diploma in Child Care and Educ

While this course enables you to becomeworker, it is also a route to some universitgrades and the relevant GCSE passes do

If a course generally requires an A-level or equivalent in a certain subject(e.g. Biology) this is an indication that the university needs to know that youhave sufcient background in that subject to cope at university. In manycases, universities will ask you to take the A-level concerned as part ofyour additional and specialist learning. In some specic cases, you may beable to satisfy the subject requirement by choosing a certain subject forspecialist learning. For example, a Mathematics for Engineering modulehas been specically developed within the Engineering Diploma to coverthe mathematics background for many (but not all) Engineering courses.

Entry Proles in the UCAS Course Search will provide detailed informationon subject requirements for specic programmes.

International Baccalaureate Diploma


The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma programme comprises:

Six subjects, chosen from across the different subject groups

Three studied at higher level (courses representing 240 teaching hours)

Three studied at standard level (courses representing 150 teaching hours).

Three compulsory core components

An extended essay

A course on the Theory of Knowledge

A component called creativity, action, service which requires thatstudents actively learn from the experience of doing real tasks beyondthe classroom.

WARNING!

Although it is possible to seek certifcation o individual subjects

studied, many universities require completion o the ull Diploma or

admissions purposes and will not accept individual IB certifcates.

P
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qualications

A-levels


and Baccalaureate


Advanced Diploma






university entry


choices


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


!!

!

ATTENTION!!

It is extremely important that you are

university courses these vocational qu

considered to be suitable.

Some important issues to consider:

If you do an Applied A-level (Double Awagrades indeed plus a high grade in an e

by most Russell Group universities.

Some universities consider these vocatiocircumstances but the circumstances do important to check requirements with ind

You will still need certain GCSEs or otherDoing a vocational course will not exemp

Entrance requirements of individual univea general guide, applicants with these voto study for a degree in Management at aencounter the following entrance require

Applied A-level (Double Award): In manyonly when combined with other qualifca

to achieve AA in the Double Award, plus

BTEC National Diploma: Some universitiecombined with other qualications. Howeto achieve high grades, for example, threeand one Merit.

limited number of) courses at Russell Group universities, such as ChildhoodStudies, Sociology and Subjects Allied to Medicine, for example Nursing.Where this is possible, there is very often some sort of link between thecontent of the CACHE course and the intended degree course, forexample CACHE contains Sociology which would be relevant to a degreein Sociology.

WARNING!

When applying to university we would advise you to check with

Admissions sta to see i the CACHE Diplomameets the entry

requirementsor your chosen course.

Vocational options: Applied A-levels, BTEC National andOCR National

Applied A-levels provide a broad introduction to a single vocational area(for example, Applied Leisure Studies, Applied ICT). Students can studyfor an AS-level, an AS (Double Award), an A-level or an A-level (DoubleAward).

BTEC qualications and OCR Nationals are particular types of work-relatedqualications, available in a wide range of subjects. They are available at

various different levels.I am thinking about taking an Applied A-level (Double Award) or BTECNational Diploma or OCR National, what are the issues when it comesto university application?

Let us imagine you are in year 11 and instead of considering a four AS-levelpackage, you are looking at doing a two-year course in a vocational eldsuch as Business. You could do an Applied A-level (Double Award), or aBTEC National, or an OCR National. You may nd the information on the

Advanced Diploma useful.

If you are going to be studying Business in sixth form or college, you maybe considering studying Business or Management at university.


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university entry


choices


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


When applying to a competitive university acourse at a competitive university, it is imaspects of the entrance requirements, inclevel requirements.

Universities may ask for a specic numbeFor example, a number of medical courseA* grades.

GCSE English or another standard level eGrade C at least. At many universities, thifor any course. Mathematics is only slightOccasionally, a university will require a focourse, for example, University College Lrequirement from 2012 entry.

For many courses a B grade at least in GCand engineering courses in particular oftesuch as Business and Psychology, whichnecessarily strong mathematicians, commoand, in some cases, sciences.

A number of institutions ask that grades aat one sitting. Some do not accept re-sitqualifcations. If you think this might affeis not clear from its published admissionswith Admissions staff before applying.

The GCSE or other standard level entrandegree courses is quite varied. In some cis required at standard level if it isnt being

The summary below gives an idea of somyou might come across for certain degreeare only examples. Its important to checkrequirements before applying.

Applicants to study Medicine are usually results in Maths, Science, and English.

For a degree in English, universities oftenGCSE in a modern or classical language.

For a Business degree, a grade B in GCS

A grade B in Maths and sometimes Sciein Psychology.

To study a science subject at university (i

Physics) applicants who are not offering need to have achieved a grade C in Math

Pre-16qualicationsand university

entry

P


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university entry


choices

If I know what I would like to study

at university, what subjects do I

need to take at advanced level?

What subjects can give me the

most options?What if the facilitating subjects dont

appeal to me?

Do universities prefer certain advanced

level subjects over others?

How do certain subject combinations

relate to university courses?

Choices for entry to universities

in Scotland


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


Three reasons you may want to continue level are:

You have been good at and have enjoyed

You need this subject to enter a particula

You have not studied the subject before bthink it will suit your strengths.

Three further considerations should be ta

Some subjects are distinctly more difcustandard level.

Make sure you get your facts straight. Thabout subjects required for courses and c

Dont take an uninformed risk. What is th

The most important thing that your teachersyour choices is evidence: either evidence ththe subject at advanced level, or evidencein a subject to take it at advanced level if

Another factor to consider if you are aimicourses at university, such as Medicine, ishigh performance in standard level qualito date match your ambition?

It is important that your decisions are takeinformation and clear thinking. Whatever yto certain directions at university and permuch as you may wish to remain cool abo

I I know what I would like to stsubjects do I need to take at ad

Subject requirements

If you know what you wish to study at unisubjects you will need to have studied in detailed information on each universitys eUCAS website. This section will give you

Making yourpost-16 subjectchoices

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university entry


choices






appeal to me?






in Scotland


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


!!!

Subjects that can be viewed as facilitatin

Mathematics and Further Maths

English

Physics

Biology

Chemistry

Geography

History

Languages (Classical and Modern)

WARNING!

I you wish to study Music or Art at unive

qualifcations in Music or Art are usually

courses may require both Mathematics

You will probably have many other subjeclevel but, unlike the facilitating subjects listo be required for any particular degree codoesnt increase your options at university

By choosing facilitating subjects at advan

much wider range of options open to you aqualication in any facilitating subject willof degree courses. At some universities, ais a requirement for entry to the course. Anot be a requirement for the course, but w

Of course, by choosing facilitating subjecapplying for degree courses which requireeven if you study three facilitating subjectstill be able to apply to study Law at univedo not require any specic advanced levefacilitating subjects you are keeping open

For information about the different degrewith each of the facilitating subjects listedUCAS website and university websites. F

degree courses, you can also refer to thedierent degree courses.

Some degrees will be open to you whatever subjects you choose to studyfor your advanced level qualications or at Higher Level (for IB or Scottishstudents). Just try to make sure that you stick to the ive-point plan.Also some courses will be happy with a subject at a lower level (forexample, at AS-level instead of A-level or at Standard Level rather thanHigher Level in the IB). This will be something to check before you apply.

Some popular degrees will normally be open to you without any specicsubject background. These include:

Accountancy, Anthropology, Archaeology, Business Studies, History of Art,Law, Management Studies, Media Studies, Philosophy, Politics, Psychology,Religious Studies, Sociology, Surveying.

ATTENTION!!

Although they may not be specifed as required subjects, many

successul applicants to the above courses do have advanced level

qualifcations in at least t wo o the acilitating subjects (see below).

Some o these courses may still have a preerence or some o the

acilitating subjects and one o r two universities may be more

prescriptive in their subject requirements check the Entry Profles

on UCAS Course Search.

For a general guide as to the likely requirements for different degreecourses, you can refer to subjects required or dierent degree courses.

What subjects can give me the most options?

Many courses at university level build on knowledge which you will gainwhile still at school. Where this is the case, universities need to make surethat all the students they admit have prepared themselves in the best wayto cope with their chosen course. For this reason, some university coursesmay require you to have studied a specic subject prior to entry, others maynot. However, there are some subjects that are required more often thanothers. These subjects are sometimes referred to as acilitating subjects.

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university entry


choices






appeal to me?






in Scotland


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


!!

!!

for example: Media Studies, Art and DesiStudies. However, there is no set denitio

Generally speaking, students who take onportfolio of subjects do not experience anGroup university.

ATTENTION!!

I you plan to take more than one percei

may be needed.

Critical Thinking and/or General Studies an extra, rather than as one of the advanuniversity application will be relying.

One of the best ways to keep your optionyour advanced level subjects from the listIf you are not sure of what to study at unitwo favourite subjects from the facilitating

what subjects can give me the most

How do certain subject combin

courses?In considering your advanced level subjecconsider the broad ways in which certain level tend to relate to broad groups of uni

For those studying for AS and A-levels, thdescribed in detail below. The issues for sHighers are similar but the structure of ththere is less pressure to focus on a relativ

The scientist

A student who is good at science often cMathematics and Physics. This will keep options at university.

ATTENTION!!

I you decide not to choose some o the acilitating subjects at

advanced level, many degrees at competitive universities will

not be open to you.

What i the acilitating subjects dont appeal to me?

If you are thinking of taking more than two subjects which are not,

acilitating subjectsplease do consider the following:

In many countries all 16- and 17-year olds have to study Mathematics,their home language, a science and a foreign language.

Have you considered why you do not wish to study a facilitating subject?Are you looking for a change? Or are you trying to avoid a challenge?In other words, have you thought your decision through carefully?

The jump between standard and advanced level qualications can bedemanding, even in subjects that you have studied before. If you arestarting a particular subject from scratch, you are taking a risk that youwont enjoy the subject, or will nd it particularly difcult. Take morethan one new subject and you multiply the risk.

Many specialist courses at advanced level take the majority of their coursecontent from acilitating subjects(for example, Sports Studies is based

heavily on Biology). If you choose to study the facilitating subject ratherthan the specialist subject you will still learn the specialist informationbut you will also gain greater exibility in your university choices.

Do universities preer certain advanced level subjectsover others?

There are many rumours about subjects being regarded as hard or softand different people will have differing opinions on the matter.

In general, subjects referred to as being hard are more traditional andtheoretical subjects, for example: English, History, Physics and Chemistry.In fact all the acilitating subjectslisted earlier can be considered hardwith the addition of others such as Economics and Politics.

Soft subjects are usually subjects with a vocational or practical bias,

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university entry


choices





most options?

What if the facilitating subjects dont

appeal to me?






in Scotland


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


Lets imagine that you do History, Englishat advanced level. Your degree at universof these subjects you could do a degreLiterature or Sociology.

You could also do a degree in another artexample, Philosophy). Or you could do a d(for example, Psychology). Or you could dvocational (for example, Law or Managemyou will have many options open to you.

The linguist

Some students will emphasise their lingutwo foreign languages. Students that studafter by universities for language degreescomponent.

The artist

If you have talent in music you may well wIf so, it is important that you take Music toperformance grades).

If you have a talent in art you may well becourse as a precursor to a degree prograan advanced level qualication in either Athese will provide you with the basis for yto gain entry to an art foundation course.

For drama and dance courses, entry doesthe relevant subject. For a few courses (ptheoretical base) Theatre Studies may puuniversities advise that you take subjectsout of interest, with entry to higher educadependent on performance at an auditioncan be gained from many different out-ofdance groups within school and, of coursqualications themselves.

For the sake of maintaining a wider outlook on life, however, many studentsin this category will replace one of the sciences with an arts/humanitiessubject or a social science (indeed, some universities encourage this).Students who are very good at maths may well do Further Mathematics(this is often now done in the same option block as Mathematics).

So, often the choice will look more like this: Chemistry, Mathematics,Physics with an arts/social science/humanity/creative subject as an AS/IBstandard level subject or to broaden the range of Scottish Highers studied.

The person who made this choice, however, would have to look at theimplications of not doing Biology AS (or equivalent). When consideringsuch implications, it is worth noting that, in the science eld at university,many degrees fall into one of two camps: Biological/Life Sciences and

Physical Sciences.

Biological/Lie Sciences are degrees based on Chemistry and Biology. Aslong as you choose these two subjects at advanced level, a huge range ofdegrees will be open to you. These include degrees leading to a denitecareer path (for example, Medicine, Dentistry, Veterinary Science,Pharmacy, Dietetics) and degrees based on research (for example,Biochemistry, Biomedical Materials Science, Pharmacology).

Physical Sciences involve the practical application of Mathematics andPhysics. As long as you take these two subjects at advanced level a hugerange of degrees will be open to you, such as: Engineering (mechanical,electronic/electrical and civil), Physics and Materials Science.

If you are a very talented scientist/mathematician, it is important that outof the four available sciences Biology, Chemistry, Maths (which includesboth Mathematics and Further Mathematics) and Physics you shouldchoose three. If you know you are inclined towards the life sciences thenyou should choose Chemistry and Biology. If you know you are on theengineering side you should choose Mathematics (and possibly FurtherMathematics) and Physics.

Essays, essays, essays

The majority of students fall into the essay category, where all their subjectchoices will be in the arts/humanities and social sciences (with perhapsone creative/talent-based subject). A large range of university degrees inthe arts/humanities, social sciences and business elds will be open tothese students, but not normally degrees in the mathematics/scienceseld.

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university entry


choices





most options?

What if the facilitating subjects dont

appeal to me?






in Scotland


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


Choices or entry to universities in Scotland

Scotland has two Russell Group institutions the University of Glasgowand the University of Edinburgh.

If you are looking to study in Scotland, the following information aboutthe Scottish university system may be helpful.

The Scottish degree structure differs signicantly from that in the restof the UK. Typically, students in Scottish universities study for four years togain an Honours degree. In years one and two, students take a wide rangeof subjects, only then having to decide which subject or subjects to studyduring their nal two Honours years.

The Scottish degree structure may appeal to you if you are not quite readyto narrow down your studies to a single subject area, or if you would likethe opportunity to put your degree subject into a wider academic context.

The key aspects of Scottish higher education are exibility and choice many subjects can be studied without previous school qualications,students can often change the nature of their degree as they progressthrough a course, and advanced entry into second or even third yearof a degree is also possible.

Because of this broad-based degree structure, in order to be admitted toa Scottish university, you will usually be expected to demonstrate breadthin your studies at school or college. By developing different academicskills and knowledge, you will be well prepared for university-level studyin a range of subjects.

There are exceptions to the traditional broad-based Scottish degree. Most

vocational and professional courses Engineering, Dentistry, Medicine,Veterinary Medicine and Architecture, for instance offer only limited exibilityand opportunities for personal choice. Some professional subjects andsome science degrees take more than four years to complete.

For the subjects most likely to be required for entry to a Scottish universitysee section I I know what I would like to study, what subjectsdo I need?

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Abbreviations

Links


!!

You will see below the advanced level suessential requirements for different degre

ATTENTION!!

I you know you want to apply or a certa

these essential subjects at advanced lev

o gaining a place at a competitive unive

to choose one or more o the other use

in question.

Please note that the entrance requiremencourses will vary and this list covers only every course is available at Russell Groupadvised to use this guide in conjunction won the UCAS website, and on university w

Accountancy (also Banking/Finance/In

ESSENTIAL ADVANCED LEVEL QUALIFICATIONS

Usually none although one or two univers

USEFUL ADVANCED LEVEL QUALIFICATIONS

Mathematics, Business Studies (AGCE, Nand Economics.

Actuarial Science/Studies


Mathematics


Further Mathematics, Economics, Busine(AGCE, National and Diploma).

Aeronautical Engineering


Mathematics and Physics.


Further Mathematics, Design Technology

Subjects requiredfor different degreecourses

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university entry


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Abbreviations

Links


Biochemistry


Always Chemistry and some degrees willwell, while some will say Chemistry plus oBiology. Doing Chemistry, Biology and Maall Biochemistry courses open to you.


Biology, Mathematics, Further Mathemati

Biology


Biology, Chemistry.


Mathematics or Physics.

Biomedical Sciences (including Medica


Normally two from Biology, Chemistry, MaChemistry is essential for some courses.


Mathematics, Further Mathematics, Biolo

Business Studies


NoneUSEFUL ADVANCED LEVEL QUALIFICATIONS

Mathematics, Business Studies (AGCE, Nand Economics.

Chemical Engineering


Chemistry and Mathematics and sometim


Physics, Biology, Further Mathematics.

American Studies


Requirements vary but English and/or History are often asked for.


Politics

Anthropology


None


A small number of courses like a science AS-level such as Biology.Sociology is also very relevant.

Archaeology


None


Geography, History or science subjects can all be useful.

Architecture


Some courses say they want an arts/science mix. Some may require Art.


Art, Mathematics, Design Technology and Physics. AGCE or NationalArt and Design may also be useful at some universities. Do note thata portfolio of drawings and ideas may be asked for.

Art and Design


Art or Design Technology including AGCE/National (to give you theportfolio to get onto an Art Foundation Course, though sometimesAGCE/National Art and Design applicants go straight onto a degree).


Design Technology, Art & Design. Do note that most entrants onto Artand Design degrees will have done a one-year Art Foundation Courseafter completing year 13.

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Abbreviations

Links


Dietetics


Chemistry, Biology.


Mathematics

Drama


Some courses require English Literature English and/or Theatre Studies.


English Literature, English Literature and

Economics


Usually Mathematics.


Economics

Education

See Teacher Training

Electrical/Electronic Engineering


Mathematics, Physics.


Further Mathematics, ICT, Design Techno

Engineering (General)


Mathematics and Physics.


Further Mathematics, Design Technology

Chemistry


Chemistry and occasionally Mathematics. Most courses require Chemistryand would like Mathematics and one other science subject (for example,Physics or Biology).


Mathematics, Further Mathematics, Physics, Biology.

Childhood Studies


None


CACHE, Psychology, Sociology, AGCE/National/DiplomaHealth and Social Care.

Classical Studies


For Classics courses Latin or Ancient Greek are required. For ClassicalStudies and Classical Civilisation courses most subjects will be considered.


Modern foreign language, English Literature, History.

Do note that there are some Classics courses which will allow youto start Latin and/or Classical Greek from scratch.

Computing


For some courses, Mathematics.


Mathematics, Further Mathematics, Computing, Physics, Philosophy, ICT.

Dentistry


Chemistry and Biology for most courses, but some requireMathematics or Physics as well.


Mathematics, Physics, Further Mathematics.

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choices


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


Geology/Earth Sciences


Usually two from Mathematics, Physics, C


Geography, Geology.

German


German (a handful of universities offer thfrom scratch, without German A-level).


Another modern foreign language, Englis

History


Most degrees require History.


Economics, English Literature, PhilosophyReligious Studies, a modern or classical l

History o Art


None

Useful advanced level qualicationsArt, English Literature, History, Theology/German, Spanish, Italian.

Italian


Italian or another language such as Frenc


Another modern foreign language, Englis

English


English Literature/English Literature, Language (some courseswill accept English Language).


History, Religious Studies, a foreign language.

Environmental Science/Studies


Many courses will ask for two from Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics,

Physics and Geography.USEFUL ADVANCED LEVEL QUALIFICATIONS

Another facilitating subject, particularly a science.

European Studies


A modern foreign language.


Another modern foreign language, English Literature, History, Politics.

French


French



Geography


Most degrees require Geography.


Some Geography BSc (science) degrees prefer one from Biology,Chemistry, Mathematics or Physics.

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choices


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


Media Studies (including Communication


A few courses ask for English or Media S


English, Media Studies, Sociology, Psycho

Medicine


If you do Chemistry, Biology and one fromkeep all the medical schools open to you.you will keep open the vast majority. If yo

Mathematics and Physics you will limit yo


Further Mathematics or a contrasting (no

Music


For most traditional courses, Music and G


Some universities have a preference for aessay-based subject.

Nursing and Midwiery


Usually Biology or another science.


Biology, CACHE, Soc iology, Psychology, C

Occupational Therapy


Some courses ask for Biology.


Psychology, Physical Education, Sociolog

Law


Usually none, although a few universities require English.


History; other facilitating subjects.

There really are no essential subjects for Law. Maybe one choice shouldinvolve essay/ report writing. History gives you good relevant skills forLaw but is not essential.

Management Studies


Sometimes Mathematics.


Mathematics, Economics, Business Studies (AGCE, National and Diploma).

Materials Science (including Biomedical Materials Science)


Normally two from Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Biology(also Design Technology for some universities).


Chemistry, Design and Technology, Further Mathematics.

Mathematics


Mathematics and sometimes Further Mathematics.


Further Mathematics, Physics.

Mechanical Engineering




Further Mathematics, Design Technology.

Mechanical Engineering departments may have a preferencefor Mathematics A-levels with a strong mechanics component.

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choices


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


Physiotherapy


Most courses will consider you with just Brequire a second science from Chemistry


Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Psycho

Politics


None


Politics, History, Philosophy, Law, Sociolog

Psychology


A few courses ask for one from Biology, C


Biology, Mathematics, Psychology, Sociolo

Religious Studies/Theology


None


Religious Studies/Theology, Philosophy, E

Sociology


None


Sociology, Psychology, Geography.

Optometry (Opthalmic Optics)


Two from Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics or Physics (some courses preferBiology as one of the choices).


Further Mathematics.

Orthoptics


Biology


Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics.

Pharmacy


Chemistry and one from Biology, Mathematics and Physics keeps thevast majority of courses open to you. Some courses like to see Chemistry,Biology and Mathematics. Doing Chemistry and Biology keeps mostcourses open.



Philosophy


None


Mathematics, Classical Civilisations, Philosophy and ReligiousStudies/Theology.

Physics




Further Mathematics, Chemistry.

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choices


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Abbreviations

Links


Teacher Training (Primary and/or Second


(THOSE BEST FOR PRIMARY TEACHING SHOWN IN ITALICS

At least one from Art , Biology, CACHE, CDrama (Theatre Studies), English, FrenchItalian, Mathematics, Music, Physics, Phys(Theology), Spanish.

CACHE meets the entry requirements foa large number of Primary Education Tea


Another of the subjects listed above.

Veterinary Science


You should do Chemistry and Biology anso that you have all universities open to y


Further Mathematics

Spanish


Spanish (some degrees will also consider French, German or Italian).



Speech Therapy


Some degrees want a science such as Biology, Chemistry or Physics.Some specify Biology, but some degrees will consider candidates withnone of these.


A modern foreign language (for example, French, German, Spanish, Italian),English Language (and Literature), Psychology.

Sports Science/Physical Education


Many courses want to see one from Biology/Chemistry/Mathematics/Physics (some courses will treat Physical Education as a scienceequivalent).


Physical Education, Psychology.

Surveying


None


For some types of Surveying i.e. Building Surveying, Mathematics andPhysics could be helpful. For Estate Management (General PracticeSurveying) most A-level combinations will be considered.

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Graduate occupations

Professional careers



Abbreviations

Links



In the 1960s, 70s and 80s graduates reppercentage of the school-leaving populatthan forty per cent. Being a graduate no lelite and taking advanced level qualicatineed to think about what sort of graduate

There are now ve major types of gradua

Traditional graduate occupationsThere are established professions for whroute has been via an undergraduate deg

Barristers, Doctors, Engineers, Higher EdTeachers, and Research Scientists.

Modern graduate occupationsThe newer professions, particularly in mancareers, are areas which graduates have expansion in the 1960s. Examples are AcPrimary School Teachers, and Journalists

New graduate occupationsAreas of employment, many in new or exroute into the professional area has recenvia an undergraduate degree programme. Physiotherapists, and Computer Games D

Niche graduate occupationsOccupations where the majority of incumb

which there are stable or growing speciallevel skills and knowledge. Examples are Managers, Nursing, and Retail Managers.

Non-graduate occupationsAll jobs that do not fall into the previous fnon-graduate occupations. This does noappropriate for a graduate to be doing thenjoy a fullling job. It means that, in the mto enter these occupations.

How subjectchoices can affect

your future career

options

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university entry


choices


degree courses




Professional careers



Abbreviations

Links


!

qualications you will need to achieve in oengineer.

For many professionals, a university degrentering their chosen profession. In termsthere are often advantages to doing a decertied by the relevant professional bodyprovide a recognised fast-track route to poffer exemptions from certain profession

ATTENTION!!

Not all degree courses are accredited

body. I you are hoping to do a degree

qualifcation you are advised to check

proessional body itsel to see which

accreditation rom the proessional bo

If you are hoping to enter a profession, yothat your choices for post-16 education wpreparation for the degree and professionfor your chosen career.

More information about professional careon the Total Professions website and on t

1 Elias, P, and Purcess, K. Researching GOn, Research Paper No. 6, SOC (HE): A for studying the graduate labour market,

WARNING!

While you may be aware o the subject requirements o a well-known

career such as Medicine, other career-related requirements may be

less well-known. Did you know, or example, that some o the new

graduate occupations such as Computer Games Design can preer a

acilitating subject such as Maths, as well as a Design subject?

If you have some career ideas already, you should check entryrequirements both in related degree subjects on the UCAS websitein the Course Search section, and in the Connexions Jobs4u website.

See also the Best Course 4 Me website for advice on careers anduniversity courses.

Proessional careers

As explained above, a wide range of graduate occupations are inprofessional areas.

A profession is a job or an occupation that requires a certain level ofspecialist training. People working in each profession (called professionals)are required to demonstrate expertise and specialised knowledge, as wellas ethical behaviour. Professions are almost always regulated in some way,either by law or through membership of a professional body. Professionsoffer some of the highest graduate earnings, as well as the opportunity toenjoy a challenging career in an area where youll become a recognised

expert.Some of the most well-known professionals are doctors, solicitors andaccountants but in fact there are several hundred different professionscovering a huge range of sectors including building, engineering, business,education, technology, hospitality, sciences, the environment, nance,research, information, health, and culture.

If you already have some idea of the business or industrial sector you wantto go into, you are advised to explore the options it offers for a professionalcareer. If you want to enter a profession this may inuence your choice ofdegree course, and possibly also your choice of advanced levelqualications.

For example, if you are interested in engineering, you could learn moreabout the many different disciplines within engineering, the various routesinto the engineering profession, and the academic and professional

!!

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http://www.totalprofessions.com/homehttp://www.ucas.ac.uk/http://www.ucas.ac.uk/students/coursesearch/http://www.connexions-direct.com/jobs4u/http://www.bestcourse4me.com/http://www.bestcourse4me.com/http://www.connexions-direct.com/jobs4u/http://www.ucas.ac.uk/students/coursesearch/http://www.ucas.ac.uk/http://www.totalprofessions.com/homehttp://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/


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university entry


choices


degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


!!

!

1. Know what you want to study? Che

If you have a university course which you the relevant university website orUCAS cthis course requires certain subjects at ad

WARNING!

I you are considering the Advanced

the additional and specialist learnin

you or the Diploma entry requireme

are considering at university?

2. Not sure yet? Keep your options op

If you are not sure about what course youyou tried to choose at least two acilitaPhysics, Biology, Chemistry, Geography, H

ATTENTION!!

These acilitating subjects (Maths, Engl

Geography, History, Languages) are the s

or preerred or entry to degree courses

more options open to you at university.

To get a rough idea of the options the difyou in applying to university, you can lookwebsites, or guidance on subjects reqcourses.

3. GCSEs and other standard level qua

Make sure you understand the GCSE oor entry to a competitive university.

Are you on track to achieve the standard course/courses that you want to do at adcourse that you may choose to do?

The ve-point planfor making yourpost-16 choices

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university entry


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degree courses





Abbreviations

Links


4. Think balance

Do you have a balance of subject choices that reect your abilities,strengths and interests?

Have you considered how certain subject combinations relate touniversity courses?

5. Make sure you know WHY

If you want to take a subject that you have not studied before, can you talkfor a minute on what this subject is about? Try and unpick why you wish tostudy this subject. Its not enough to say Its interesting, I think Ill like itor It will be fun.

You may also nd it useful to refer to guidance on making your post-16subject choices, and how your choices will aect your uture careeroptions.

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Abbreviations

Links


Abbreviations

AGCE Applied General Certicate o

BTEC Business and Technician Edu(merged into Edexcel in 199

CACHE Council for Awards in Care, H

GCSE General Certicate of Secon

IB International Baccalaureate

ICT Information and Communicat

IGCSE International General Certic

IT Information Technology

NVQ National Vocational Qualica

OCR Oxford Cambridge and RSA

S5 Fifth year of secondary schoo

S6 Sixth year of secondary scho

UCAS Universities & Colleges Adm

VCE Vocational Certicate of Edu

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Abbreviations

Links


Links

The following organisations can provide amaking decisions about their post-16 ed

Connexions post-16 choices

http://www.connexions-direct.com/index.c

Conservatoires Admissions Service (UK

http://www.cukas.ac.uk

Directgov

Careers Advicehttp://www.careersadvice.direct.gov.uk/

University and higher education

http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAnd

UniversityAndHigherEducation/index.htm

Its your choice: options ater 16http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAnd

OptionsAt16/index.htm

1419: your lie, your optionshttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAnd

LearnDirect

http://www.learndirect.co.uk/

National Apprenticeship Service

http://www.apprenticeships.org.uk/

Skills Funding Agency

http://skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk/

Student Awards Agency or Scotland

http://www.saas.gov.uk/

Student Finance in England

http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAnd

UniversityAndHigherEducation/StudentFin

Student Finance NI

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http://www.connexions-direct.com/index.cfm?pid=7http://www.cukas.ac.uk/http://www.careersadvice.direct.gov.uk/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/UniversityAndHigherEducation/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/UniversityAndHigherEducation/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/OptionsAt16/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/OptionsAt16/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/index.htmhttp://www.learndirect.co.uk/http://www.apprenticeships.org.uk/http://skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk/http://www.saas.gov.uk/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/UniversityAndHigherEducation/StudentFinance/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/UniversityAndHigherEducation/StudentFinance/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/UniversityAndHigherEducation/StudentFinance/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/UniversityAndHigherEducation/StudentFinance/index.htmhttp://www.saas.gov.uk/http://skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk/http://www.apprenticeships.org.uk/http://www.learndirect.co.uk/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/OptionsAt16/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/OptionsAt16/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/UniversityAndHigherEducation/index.htmhttp://www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/UniversityAndHigherEducation/index.htmhttp://www.careersadvice.direct.gov.uk/http://www.cukas.ac.uk/http://www.connexions-direct.com/index.cfm?pid=7http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/


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Abbreviations

Links


http://www.studentfinanceni.co.uk/portal/page?_pageid=54,

1265897&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL

Student Finance Wales

http://www.studentfinancewales.co.uk/portal/page?_pageid=56,

1274359&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL

Total Proessions

www.totalprofessions.com

UCAS

http://www.ucas.ac.uk/

Young Peoples L earning Agency

http://www.ypla.gov.uk/

The following resources may be useful fowith responsibility for advice or guidance

Admissions to Higher Education: Advis

https://www.ssatrust.org.uk/community/hi

AHEAD.aspx

Applying to Higher Education: Advisers

https://www.ssatrust.org.uk/community/hi

Adviserscertificate.aspx

Preace
http://www.studentfinanceni.co.uk/portal/page?_pageid=54,1265897&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALhttp://www.studentfinanceni.co.uk/portal/page?_pageid=54,1265897&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALhttp://www.studentfinancewales.co.uk/portal/page?_pageid=56,1274359&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALhttp://www.studentfinancewales.co.uk/portal/page?_pageid=56,1274359&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALhttp://www.totalprofessions.com/http://www.ucas.ac.uk/http://www.ypla.gov.uk/https://www.ssatrust.org.uk/community/highereducation/Pages/AHEAD.aspxhttps://www.ssatrust.org.uk/community/highereducation/Pages/AHEAD.aspxhttps://www.ssatrust.org.uk/community/highereducation/Pages/Adviserscertificate.aspxhttps://www.ssatrust.org.uk/community/highereducation/Pages/Adviserscertificate.aspxhttps://www.ssatrust.org.uk/community/highereducation/Pages/Adviserscertificate.aspxhttps://www.ssatrust.org.uk/community/highereducation/Pages/Adviserscertificate.aspxhttps://www.ssatrust.org.uk/community/highereducation/Pages/AHEAD.aspxhttps://www.ssatrust.org.uk/community/highereducation/Pages/AHEAD.aspxhttp://www.ypla.gov.uk/http://www.ucas.ac.uk/http://www.totalprofessions.com/http://www.studentfinancewales.co.uk/portal/page?_pageid=56,1274359&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALhttp://www.studentfinancewales.co.uk/portal/page?_pageid=56,1274359&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALhttp://www.studentfinanceni.co.uk/portal/page?_pageid=54,1265897&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALhttp://www.studentfinanceni.co.uk/portal/page?_pageid=54,1265897&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALhttp://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/


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Abbreviations

Links


Notes The Russell Group

10 Carlton House TerraceLondon SWY 5AH

www.russellgroup.ac.uk

[email protected] 7969 5330

A company limited by guarantee,registered in England and Walesunder company number 6086902

Designedandproducedbycrescentlodge.c

o.u

k

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http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/


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degree courses





Abbreviations

Links

http://www.crescentlodge.co.uk/http://www.soton.ac.uk/http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/http://www.qub.ac.uk/http://www.ox.ac.uk/http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/home.aspxhttp://www.liv.ac.uk/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/index.aspxhttp://www.gla.ac.uk/http://www.ed.ac.uk/homehttp://www.cardiff.ac.uk/http://www.cam.ac.uk/http://www.bris.ac.uk/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/index.aspxhttp://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/

Documents

Informed Choices (for university)