Information Technology Foundations

8/3/2019 Information Technology Foundations

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Page 1

Introduction to MIS

Information Technology

Foundations

Prof. Rushen Chahal


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Outline Are your computers and software out of date?

What are the basic objects that computers process? How docomputers handle music and video?

What are the main components of a computer?

Why is the operating system so important?

How does the Internet change the role of computers?

What are the main software applications used in business?


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Changing Technology

SelectionsDesktop: $400-2,000

Laptop:$600-2,000

PDA:$500

Tablet:$1,000-2,000

Workstation: $2,000-7,000

Cray: $10,000,000+

Enterprise Server:

$10,000-$1,000,000

Cell phone:$200-700


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Trends

Hardware

Size (capacity)

Speed (performance) Reliability

Data Types

Software and Operating System Trends

Original: User/Programmer

Early: Sequential Questions

Easier: Menus

Current: User/Event Driven


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Technology Trends

Cost of workers increasing

Cost of technology decreasing

Capabilities increasing Processing speed

Storage capacity

Types of data text image

sound

video

Quality and reliability


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Page 6

Brief History of Computing

Forerunners

1642 Pascal's mechanical adding machine

1694 Leibnitz' calculator

1750 Industrial Revolution in England

1834 Babbage's analytical engine

1880 Hollerith's punched-card system

1940

1942 Atanasoff Berry Computer

1946 ENIAC electronic digital computer

1949 EDSAC stored program computer

1950 1951 UNIVAC I: U.S. Bureau of Census

1954 IBM 650: popular 1st generation

1960

1965 IBM System/360: 3rd generation

1965 DEC PDP-8: 1st minicomputer


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Computing History

1970

1970 IBM System/370 announced

1975 MITS Altair 8800: micro kit

1976 Cray I shipped supercomputer

1978 TRS-80/I, Apple II introduced

1980

1982 IBM Personal Computer

1984 Apple Macintosh

1988 32 bit microprocessors (I486 & M 68040)

1989 RISC processors, LANs

1990 Rapidly declining cost of small computers

Software integration

The Internet

2000

Ubiquitous computing

Speech recognition


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Page 8

Numbers

Images

Sound

Video

Input Process Output

12 + 8 = 20000001100000001000---------------000010100 20

001000000000000000001000000000000010010110000011000011011011111111111100111111111111111110111111111111111100011111

000001000 000001001 000010100

pitch orvolume o

Timep

0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011

Data Types

8 9 0 5

0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011

0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011

0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011

0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011

Text This is a test 84 104 73 115 This is a test


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Page 9

Application Objects

Primary Objects

Text

Numbers

Pictures

Sound Video

Primary Functions

Cut

Copy

Paste

Edit Save and Retrieve

Align

Object Attributes Functions

All Cut, copy, paste, edit, save,

retrieve, align.

Numbers Precision, scale. Total, calculate, compare.

Text Typeface, size, bold, italic, etc. Search, format, spell-check.

Image Resolution, number of colors

bit-map or vector.

Color and light changes

rescale, rotate, blend, etc.

Sound Sample rate, frequency & amplitude,

MIDI or sample.

Record, playback, frequency and

amplitude shifts.

Video Inherit image and sound attributes

and functions, frames per second.

Record, playback

compress and decompress.


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5.5630.354

+ 6.86412.781

5.560.35

+ 6.8612.77

Precision ROUND Format

function function

Is the displayprecision the same asthe computationprecision?

Internal data formats decimal places

Integer -32,768 to 32767 0

Float +/- 3.4 x 10 38 7

Double +/- 1.797 x 10 308 15

Application Objects: Numbers

Numbers

Attributes Display format

Precision

Value limits

Functions Computations

Aggregation Sorting

Comparisons

5.560.35

+ 6.8612.78

Yes No

Spreadsheet:=Round(5.563,2)


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Page 11

Alphabets

Early U.S. and England ASCII and EBCDIC

127 characters => 7 bits/1 byte

1980s Latin-basedcharacters: tilde,accent, umlaut,

, ,

Code pages and extendedcharacter sets

255 characters => 8 bits/1 byte

1990s+ Asian ideograms,plus any language

Unicode

All modern languages and mostdead languages

1 character => 2 (or 3) bytes

How many letters are there in the alphabet?This is a trick question. You need to ask: Which alphabet?


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Application Objects: Text Text

Attributes Typeface

Point size

Color

Bold, italic

Underline . . .

Functions

Spelling

Grammar

Searching

Sorting

Arial 20

Times 22

New Century Schoolbook 16

Typeface Classification

Sans serif

Serif

Ornamental BRAGGADOCIO 18

Brush Script 20

Garamond 24

Courier 18 (monospace)

A72 points,1 inch

leading


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Resolution

32

24

16

12

32/24 = (8/8)*(4/3) 16/12 = (4/4)*(4/3)

Total pixels: 24*32=768 Total pixels: 16*12=192

768 = 4*192

If the rectangles are measured in inches: 4 x 3the resolution is 8 ppi and 4 ppi


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Resolution and Color100 dots per inch6 inches

4 inches

6*100 = 600 dots per line

4*100 = 400 dots per column

400*600 = 240,000 pixels

How many colors per pixel?How many colors can the human eye distinguish?16,000,000: 2^24 = 16,777,216

24 bits = 3 bytes: Red + Green + Blue (RGB)3 bytes per pixel => 3*240,000 raw data bytes = 720,000Double resolution to 200 dpi => 4*720,000 = 2,880,000


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ColorsRGB: Red Green Blue, 1 byte each (0-255 values)

Visualize as lights:255, 0, 0 is all red0, 128, 0 is half green255, 255, 0 is yellow0, 0, 0 = black

CMYK: Cyan Magenta Yellow KeyUsed for printing (Key is black)Expressed as a percentage of pure color.0, 0, 0, 0 = no color (white page)

HSL: Hue, Saturation, LuminosityUsed in video/television.x, 0, 0 = black

Hue

Saturation

Luminosity


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Common Resolution NumbersVideo Pixels

VGA 640 x 480

XGA 1024 x 768

SXGA 1280 x 1024

UXGA 1600 x 1200

WSXGA 1680 x 1050

HDTV 1920 x 1080

Print Size Pixels Per Inch

3 x 4 768

4 x 6 512

8 x 10 307

Method Pixels Per Inch

Fax 100-200

Ink jet 300-700

Laser 600-1200

Typeset 2400

Video Displays

Digital Camera: 7 megapixels3072 x 2304

Printers

Computer displays are based on a 4/3

aspect ratio from the older TV standard.

HDTV uses a 16/9 aspect ratio.

Actual resolution depends on the

physical size of the screen.

Look at what happens to resolution with

the camera prints as the size increases.


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Sample Vector Image

Stored internally as mathematical objects:LinesPointsRectanglesCircles

WMF: Windows Meta File12,430 bytes


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Bitmap Images: Adobe

Photoshop

Emboss(1) Set a light source.

(2) Twirl.Hundreds of tools and options.You can add and delete items from photographs.Professional editing is hard to detect.You need a really good monitor to edit photos.


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Audio: Cakewalk MIDI

MIDI editorsprovidecomplex editingtools for music.

You can assigninstruments,

set musicalfeatures, evenedit individualnotes.

Entire piece (1:39): 17,441 bytes


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Audio capture: Cakewalk

When you captureaudio, you can edit it.

Detailed options existto match conventionalaudio studio facilities.

Or you can editindividual samples.

CD quality audio (44.1 KHz, stereo): 150 KB/sec or 9 MB/min(6 MB/min compressed)


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Audio Samples

time

time

frequency (pitch)

amplitude (volume)

440.01

37.15

How many measurements per second?


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Video: Adobe Premiere

Video captureor animation

Transition

Video overlay

Superimpose text

Audio (2 channels)with volume fade.

Superimpose text

NTSC Video, full screen, 30 fps: 3 MB/sec (compressed)


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Application Objects

Pictures & Video

Attributes

Size & resolution

Colors

Functions Display/Play

Edit

Sound

Attributes

Amplitude/volume

Frequency/pitch

MIDI v samples Functions

Record

Play


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Size ComplicationsObject Raw Compressed LossyText and numbers 5 KB/page 2.3 KB/page N/A

Image (300 dpi, 24-bit color, 4x 6 in.) 1958 x 1128

6.32 MB 2.4 MB 78 245 KB

Sound (44.1 KHz stereo) 352 KB/sec 170 KB/sec 0.01 KB/sec

Video (DV 720 x 480 at 29.97fps, stereo)

25 MB/sec 3.7 MB/sec 1 MB/sec

Compression:Text uses a ZIP folder.

Image is JPEG at high quality (12), low (0) medium (6)Sound is WAV at 44.1 kbps and WMA at 64 kbpsVideo is DV AVI and Microsoft WMV at 6383 kbps


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Data Compression

Storing every single pixel requires a huge amount of space.Compression looks for patterns. For example, instead of storing1000 black dots in a row, it is much shorter to store a note that

says 1000 black dots come next.

The JPEG standard supports lossy compression, whichmatches patterns if they are closesaving more space, butreducing quality.


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Virtual Reality

Hardware

Output 3-D video

Goggles 3-D sound

Input VR Glove

Pressure suits

Software

Limited resolution/speed

Limited business applications


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Workers at LISITT (Laboratorio Integrado de Sistemas Inteligentes y Tecnologiasde la informacion en Trafico) have developed a virtual reality driving simulator(SIRCA) to evaluate driver learning and road safety.

Virtual Reality Photo


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Input Process Output

Secondarystorage

Video monitor

Printer Plotter Process control Voice output Music synthesizers Other computers

Magnetic Disk

Floppy Disk Optical Disk Tape Drive USB Drive

Processor

RAM Device controllers

Keyboard

Mouse Optical scanner Voice input Bar code Touch screen Light pen MICR

Magnetic strips Card reader Other computers

Computer Components

seconds - milliseconds

nanoseconds seconds - milliseconds

milliseconds


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Basic ComputerBoard

Power

supply

Processorunder thefan and

heat sink

Keyboard, video,and other connectors

Disk drives

RAM

Expansionslots

Motherboard

IDE

SATA

GraphicsOnboard and

external


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Page 3

Intel Processor Speeds by Year

Intel Processor Performance

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

400.00

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Multi-coreSysMark 2004


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RAM Costs

0.01

0.1

1

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007$/MB

Cost of RAM

2007: $59 for 1024 MB/800 MHz $0.057/MB

Conclusion: RAM is free.

www.memory-man.comNote log scale


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Parallel Processing

11 24 32 15

+ 27 33 57 84

= ___________________

Are 4 parallel processors four times faster

than 1? Crucial assumptions:

There are multiple processors.

Task can be split into as many parts as there

23 xx+54 +92xx yyy


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Cache

Memory

Processor

Disk Drive

File

Processor is faster than disk drive.

Reads ahead and stores several piecesof the file into cache memory.

Pulls data from cache as needed.

Cache is used as a buffer between twodevices of different speeds. Disk->RAM, RAM->Processor

Fast

Slow

Needed

Might need

Read ahead

Cache MemoryCache on

Processor


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There have been increasing complaints about injuries caused byrepetitive typing tasks. Several manufacturers have experimented withnew keyboard designs (like this one from Microsoft) that are claimed torelieve physical stress.

Input: Keyboards


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Input: Multi-touch

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKh1Rv0PlOQ

Jeff Han Presentation February 2006 time: 9:31


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Input: Scanners

Scanners

Format Hand-held

Page Flatbed

Optical Character Recognition Text and Graphics

Columns

Proportional v Fixed Fonts

Training v Preprogrammed

Gray scale and colors

TextInBitmapPixels

OCR readspixels and convertsto letters and words.But mistakes arise.


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Speak incomplete

sentences

Speak incompletesentences.

Input: Voice Voice

Microsoft Officeincludes a decentvoice input system.

It must be trained sothat it adapts to yourspeech patterns.

It is not perfect, but

is relatively fast. It works best if you

speak in fullsentencesenablin the s stem


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Output: Printers

Quality (resolution: dots per inch)

Ink Jet 300 - 720 dpi

Laser 600 - 1200 dpi

Typeset/offset press 2400 dpi

Speed (pages per minute) Cost Printer Initial Cost

(dollars)Cost Per Page

(cents)Quality

(dots/inch)Speed

(pages/min.)

Laser: B&W 300 50,000 0.6 3 600 1200 4 8 17 100+

Laser: Color 500+ 5 75 600 1200 0.5 8

Ink jet: Color 100 - 500 10 - 150 300 720 0.1 - 4

Check Kodaks strategy (2007) for lower-cost ink.


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Secondary Storage Evaluation of Secondary Storage Capacity Speed Cost

Magnetic Hard Drive 80 G B 1,000 GB [typical PC: 250] 8 - 20 ms access [typical PC: 10] 4200 rpm (old laptop), 5400 rpm, 7200 rpm, 10,000 rpm, 15,000 rpm $0.25 - $1.00 / GB [some large drives are much higher]

Optical Disk 700 M B 30 - 200 ms DVD: 4.77 - 9 GB Blu-Ray: 25-50 GB

USB 2.0 Flash Drive 16 M B-1 GB Read: 8 MB/s Write: 1 - 5 MB/s $10-30/GB (2004 $350/GB, 2007 $10/GB)


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Secondary Storage

Conclusion: Storage is free

Drive Capacity

(gigabytes)Speed

(Write MB/s)Initial Cost

(dollars)Cost/GB

(dollars)

Magnetic hard 80 1,000 30 50 65 500+ 0.28

USB drive 0.5 - 8 4 8 40 200 10

Tape 250 2,000 2 20 300 5,000+ 0.50 1.00

CD-ROM 0.70 2 5 50 0.42

DVD 4.77 (8.5 DL) 2 5 50 100 0.11

Blu-Ray 25 (50 DL) 2 5 700 0.72


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What is a Server?

Reliability

Easy backup Easy maintenance

Multi-user

Scalability

Product family consistency (Sun)

Server Farm (Microsoft)


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What is a Client/Browser?

Display device/standards

User interface

Data collection

New: Wireless

Cell phones (3G)

PDAs

Tablets


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Bal ance Sheet f or 1993

Cash 33, 562 Account s Payabl eRecei vabl es 87, 341 Not es Payabl eI nvent or i es 15, 983 Accr ual sTot al Cur r ent Asset s 136, 886 Tot al Cur r ent Li abi

BondsCommon St oc k

Net Fi xed Asset s 45, 673 Ret ai ned Ear ni ngsTot al Asset s 182, 559 Li abi l i t i es + Equi

Error reading file

Invalid format.

Compatibility

Hardware standards?

Operating systems

Unix Windows-NT

Software & Data

Binary incompatibility

File compatibility & conversion Leading software

Limited standards (e.g., ASCII)


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Software Categories

Operating System

Utilities

Programming Languages and Tools

Application General purpose examples

Word processing

Spreadsheets

Graphics

Single purpose examples Accounting

Tax preparation

Games

CAD-CAM


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Operating Systems

Operating system tasks. Identify user (security).

User interface.

Load applications.

Coordinate devices.

Device drivers for independence.

Input. Process.

Output.

Secondary storage.

Operating System

Devicedriver Device

driverDevicedriver

Device

driver


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Operating Systems: User

InterfaceTask

Graphical user interface

Windows, Macintosh

Command-line

DOS, UNIX, IBM CMS

Start application Click on icon Type the name (memorize)

Copy a file Drag icon while holding CTRL

key

copy file new

List files Graphical explorer dir *.*

Edit file Mouse, keyboard, menus keyboard commands (memorize)

Images, audio, etc. Embedded in system not available

Standards Vendors voluntarily implementstandard actions.

Every program is different.

Strengths Easier to learn.

Multimedia.

Faster for some tasks.

Less overhead (cheaper system).


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Multitasking & Components

Components operate at different speeds

Processor nanoseconds

Input seconds or milliseconds

Output seconds or milliseconds

Secondary Storage milliseconds

Time comparison

1 ns / 1 sec == 31.7 years

1 micro / 1 sec == 11.6 days

1 ms / 1 sec == 16:40 min:sec


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Single Tasking

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3

Multitasking

Multitasking


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Early Computer Languages

1st generation: Machine

1110 1101 get data at 1101

1001 1111 add value at 1111

1101 0111 put result in 0111

2nd generation: Assembly

MOV AX,[011E] get value at 011E

ADD AX,[0100] add value at 0100

MOV [0FEB],AX put result in 0FEB


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Computer Languages

3rd generation: Procedural

Four popular variations FORTRAN

Basic COBOL

C total = net + taxes;

4th generation: Database

SQL: select net+taxes from sales; 5th generation: Not Exist Yet

Artificial Intelligence

Natural Language


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Application Software

Research: Databases

Analysis: Calculations (spreadsheets and

more) Communication: Writing (word processorsand more)

Communication: Presentation andGraphics

Communication: Voice and Mail (e-mailand more)


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Paperless Office?

Paper Production

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Million

metrictons

World

USA

Canada

Paper and PaperboardNote leveling off in the U.S. and Canada.

Source: http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/forests-grasslands-drylands/variable-570.htmlMatches UN FAO data


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Open Software Issues

Operating Systems: Linux (and others)

Applications: Sun StarOffice (and others)

Development: GNU

A bunch of open questions: Total cost?

Service and support? Training?

Upgrades?

Security?


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Technology Toolbox: Voice

Input Install and setup Get a decent headset microphone.

Set aside time to train the system in a quietenvironment.

Within Word (or use the Control Panel): Tools/Speech.

Follow the installation instructions.

Train it by reading several stories.

Using the system

Dictate in complete sentences.

Use the keyboard and mouse to edit.


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Technology Toolbox: Voice

Input Commands

Command Character/Result

period or dotcommanew linenew paragraphopen parenclose paren

force num, pause, digitsspell it or spelling modemicrophonecorrect thatscratch thatgo to top

move upbackspaceselect word

.,EnterEnter twice()

numbers (for several numbers in a row)spell out a wordturn microphone on or offchange or delete the last phrase entereddelete the last phrase enteredmove to top of the document (or bottom)

move up one line (also down, left, right)delete one character to the leftselect a word (several options/phrases)


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Quick Quiz: Voice Input

Use the help system to find the commands for thefollowing:

1. !, ?, #, $

2. Make a word boldface or italic.

3. Print the current page.


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Technology Toolbox: Effective

Charts

Chart Type Purpose Common Mistakes

Bar or Column Show category values Too many seriesUnreadable colors

Not zero-based

Pie Compare categorypercentages

Too manyobservations/slices

Unreadable features/3-D

Poorly labeled

Line Show trends over time Too many series

Poor or missing legend

Not zero-basedScatter Show relationship

between two variablesPoor choice of variables

Not zero-based


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Technology Toolbox: Effective

Charts ExampleRolling Thunder Bicycle Sales

$0

$100,000

$200,000

$300,000

$400,000

$500,000

$600,000

$700,000

$800,000

$900,000

M ountain

M ountain full

Race

Road


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Quick Quiz: Effective Charts

Create the following charts:1. Use the export data form in Rolling Thunder bicycles

to generate sales by state. Create a column chartand a pie chart for this data. Briefly explain why one

chart is better than the other one.2. Using Bureau of Labor Statistics data, plot the

unemployment rate and the hourly wage rate overthree years.

http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?lnhttp://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ec


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Cases:

ComputerIndustry

Annual Revenue

0

10

20

30

40

50

6070

80

90

100

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Billion$

HP

IBM-HW

Dell

Sun

Gatew ay

Net Income / Revenue

-0.35

-0.3

-0.25

-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 HP

Dell

Sun

Gateway

Documents

Information Technology Foundations