Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 CHAPTER 7 Wireless, Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce

Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112

CHAPTER 7

Wireless, Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce


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Chapter Outline

• 7.1 Wireless Technologies

• 7.2 Wireless Computer Networks and InternetAccess

• 7.3 Mobile Computing and Mobile commerce

• 7.4 Pervasive Computing

• 7.5 Wireless Security


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Learning Objectives

• Discuss the various types of wireless devices and wireless transmission media.

• Describe wireless networks according to their effective distance.

• Define mobile computing and mobile commerce.

• Discuss the major M-commerce applications.

• Define pervasive computing and describe two technologies that underlie this technology.

• Discuss the four major threats to wireless networks.


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Chapter Opening Case P. 200

http://www.pg.com/en_US/gillette/index.jhtml


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Chapter Opening Case (continued)

Disconnect?

Manufacturers

Retailers


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7.1 Wireless Technologies

• Wireless devices– Devices small enough to easily carry or wear, have

sufficient computing power to perform productive tasks and can communicate wirelessly with the Internet.

• Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) – The standard that enables wireless devices to access Web-

based information and services.

• Microbrowser– Internet browser with a small file size that can work within

the confines of the small screen sizes found on wireless devices and the relatively low bandwidths of wireless networks.


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Browser vs. Early Microbrowser


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Deepfish Microbrowser

• As wireless devices become more powerful, they have browsers with more functionality, such as Deepfish from Microsoft Labs.

http://labs.live.com/Deepfish/


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Apple iPhone with Safari browser

• The Apple iPhone is a wireless device (smart phone) that is powerful enough to run the full-function Apple Safari browser.

http://www.apple.com/iphone

http://www.apple.com/iphone/features/index.html#internet


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Capabilities of Wireless Devices

• Cellular telephony

• E-mail access

• Bluetooth

• Short message service

• Wi-Fi

• Instant messaging

• Digital camera

• Text messaging

• Global positioning system

• Organizer

• MP2 music player

• Scheduler

• Video player

• Address book

• Internet access

• Calculator

• QWERTY keyboard


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Examples of today’s wireless devices

Blackberry Curve Treo 750

http://www.palm.com/us/products/smartphones/treo750/


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Examples of today’s wireless devices (continued)

Motorola QHelio Ocean

http://www.motorola.com/mdirect/q/

http://www.helio.com/#homepage


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Nokia N95

HTC Touch Dual

http://www.nseries.com/index.html

http://www.htc.com/


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Samsung i620 Nokia E90

http://www.nokia.com/

http://www.samsung.com/


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Wireless Transmission Media – Table 7.1 P 204


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Satellite Footprint Comparison


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Satellite Footprint Comparison – Table 7.2 Page 205


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Global Star LEO Coverage

• Global Star is the leading provider of satellite phone service with its low-earth orbit (LEO) constellation of satellites. The image shows the company’s coverage of the earth.

http://www.globalstar.com/


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How the Global Positioning System Works

• GPS is supported by 24 MEO satellites that are shared worldwide.


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Wireless Transmission Media - Radio

• Radio transmission uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers.

• Satellite Radio (digital radio) – offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality music that is beamed

to your radio from space. XM satellite radio and Sirius have agreed to merge as of mid-2007.

http://www.sirius.com/

http://www.xmradio.com/


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Wireless Transmission Media - Infrared

• Infrared light is red light that is not commonly visible to human eyes; common uses are in remote control units for TVs, VCRs, DVDs, CD players.

• You can use the digital camera on your cell phone to see if your TV remote control is working.

A test to see if your TV remote control is working.


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7.2 Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access

• Short-range wireless networks – Generally have a range of 100 feet or less.

• Medium-range wireless networks – Are the familiar wireless local area networks (WLANs).– The most common type of medium-range wireless network

is Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi).

• Wide-area wireless networks – Connect users to each other and to the Internet over

geographically dispersed distances.


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Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access

NETWORK TYPE SUB-TYPE MAXIMUM TRANSMISSION SPEED

MAXIMUM RANGE

Short Range Networks

Bluetooth 2.1 Mbps (megabits per second)

10 Meter

Ultra-wideband (UWB) 100 Mbps 60 Centimeters

Near-Field Communication 424 Kbps ~20 Centimeters

Medium Range Networks

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) 300 Mbps 600 Feet

Wireless Mesh Networks Node dependent Node dependent

Wide-Area Wireless Networks

Cellular Radio 384 Kbps – 2Mbps (3G) 25 miles

Wireless Broadband/ WiMax 75 Mbps 31 miles


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*Short Range Wireless Networks

• Bluetooth– Can link up to eight devices within a

30-foot area and transmit up to 2.1 megabits per second.

• Ultra-wideband– High-bandwidth wireless technology

with transmission speeds in excess of 100 megabits per second.

• Near-field Communications– shortest range of any wireless

network; designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards.

http://www.timedomain.com/

http://www.bluetooth.com/


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Short Range Wireless Networks-Bluetooth

• Can link up to eight devices within a 30-foot area and transmit up to 2.1 megabits per second.

http://www.handcellphone.com/archives/motorola-bluetooth-wireless-headset-built-in-winter-jacket


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Short Range Wireless Networks- Ultra-Wideband (UWB)

• High-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 megabits per second.

• Ultra-wideband has many uses as you can see at the TimeDomain Web site.

• This article discusses the use of UWB in fire-fighting.

http://www.wirelessdevnet.com/channels/wireless/features/timedomain/

http://www.fitsense.com/

http://www.timedomain.com/


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Short Range Wireless Networks-Near-Field Communications

• Shortest range of any wireless network; designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards.

• Near-field communications (NFC) is the enabling technology behind (a) contactless payments with credit cards and (b) the substitution of a cell phone for a credit card (the wave of the future).



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The Nokia 6131 phone

This video shows the Nokia 6131 phone in action.

The Nokia 6131 NFC-enabled phone, which is used in the video

http://www.nokia.com/A4305092

http://www.nokia.com/


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*Medium Range Wireless Networks

• Medium-range wireless networks are the familiar wireless local area networks (WLANs).

• The most common type of medium-range wireless network is Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi).

• Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi)– Wireless access point

• a transmitter with an antenna– Hotspot

• A geographical perimeter with in which a wireless access point provides wireless access for users

– Wireless network interface card



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Diagram of wireless hotspot

• The irregularity of the hotspot is a result of intervening buildings, trees, etc.

• Note the protrusions generally follow streets.


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Diagram of wireless hotspot – 3D View

• Wi-Fi hotspots are three-dimensional and thus, roughly spherical, depending on buildings, trees, etc that weaken the signal.

• This image shows a schematic of a wireless hotspot at the Moscone Convention Center in San Francisco. It is a sphere with a radius of about 100 meters.


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Medium Range Wireless Networks- Wireless Mesh Networks

• Wireless mesh networks use multiple Wi-Fi access points to create a wide-area network that can be very large.

• A series of interconnected local area networks.



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Example of a mesh network

A mesh network from Meraki and one node

http://meraki.com/

http://greatbusinessman.vox.com/library/photo/6a00d414262b7f3c7f00d09e5e4f72be2b.html


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Wide-Area Wireless Networks

• Cellular Radio: use radio waves to provide two-way communication– 1st Generation: analog signals and low bandwidth.– 2nd Generation: digital signals for voice and data

communication up to 10 Kbps.– 2.5 Generation: digital voice and data communication up to

144 Kbps.– 3rd Generation: digital voice and data communication up to

384 Kbps when device is moving at walking pace; 128 Kbps when moving in car; and 2Mbps when device is stationary.

• Wireless Broadband or WiMax: access range up to 31 miles and data-transfer rate up to 75 Mbps.



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Wide-Area Wireless Networks- Cellular Radio Network


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University of Phoenix stadium (IT’s About Business 7.1) P. 212

• The stadium uses a distributed antenna system, where relatively low-power antennas are place throughout the facility, rather than having a few high-powered antennas.


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Wi-Fi and Wi-Max in Rhode Island (IT’s About Business 7.2) P. 212


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7.3 Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce

• Mobile computing– Refers to real-time, wireless connection between a mobile

device and other computing environments, such as the Internet and an intranet.

– Has two major characteristics that differentiate it from other forms of computing:• Mobility

– Users carry a mobile device and can initiate a real-time contact with other systems from wherever they happen to be.

• Broad reach– Users can be reached instantly when they carry an

open mobile device.


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Mobility And Broad Reach

• Create four value-added attributes that break the barriers of geography and time:– Ubiquity: mobile device can provide information and

communications regardless of user’s location.– Convenience and Instant Connectivity: Internet-enabled

mobile device makes it easy and fast to access the Web, intranets, and other mobile devices without booting up a PC or placing a call.

– Personalization: information can be customized and sent to individual consumers (e.g., as a short message service).

– Localization of products and services: knowing a user’s location helps companies advertise their products and services.


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Mobile Commerce

• Electronic commerce transactions that are conducted in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet.

• The development of Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) is driven by the following factors:– Widespread availability of mobile devices– No need for a PC– The “Cell phone culture”– Declining prices– Bandwidth improvement


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Example of Mobile Commerce

• Speedpass is a keychain RFID device.

• When you buy your gas, you simply “wave” your Speedpass near the reader on the gas pump and your credit card is debited.

Car key and the Speedpass

https://www.speedpass.com/forms/frmSpHome.aspx

https://www.speedpass.com/forms/frmSpHome.aspx


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Example of Mobile Commerce


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Mobile Commerce Applications

• Financial Services– Mobile Banking– Wireless Electronic Payment Systems– Micropayments– Mobile (Wireless) Wallets– Wireless Bill Payments

• Accessing Information – Mobile Portal– Voice Portal

• Location-Based Applications– Shopping from Wireless Devices – Location-based Advertising– Location-based Services


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Mobile Commerce Applications - Financial Services

• Mobile Banking: – Many banks now offer access to financial & account information, the

ability to transfer funds, and receive alerts on digital cell phones, smart phones, and PDAs.

• Wireless Electronic Payment Systems: – These systems transfer mobile phones into secure, self-contained

purchasing tools capable of instantly authorizing payments over the cellular network.

• Micropayments: – Electronic payments for small purchase amounts (generally less than $10).

• Mobile (Wireless) Wallets: – Technologies that allow cardholders to make purchases with a single click

from their mobile devices.

• Wireless Bill Payments: – Services provided by banking institutions that allow customers to pay

their bills directly from their cell phones.


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Mobile Commerce Applications - Intrabusiness Applications & Accessing Information

• Mobile Portal: – Aggregates and provides content and services for mobile

users that include news, sports, email, entertainment, travel and restaurant information; community services; and stock trading.

• Voice Portal: – Is a Web site with an audio interface and can also be

accessed through a standard phone or cell phone.


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Mobile Commerce Applications - Location-Based Applications

• Shopping from Wireless Devices – Online vendors allow customers to shop from wireless

devices.

• Location-based Advertising – Marketers know the current locations and preferences of

mobile users, they can send user-specific advertising messages to wireless devices about nearby shops, malls and restaurants.

• Location-based Services – Provide information to customers about local services and

conditions via cell phones.


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Using Google Earth in Location-based Advertising


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Other Mobile Computing - Telemedicine

Telemedicine predicted in 1924 and today


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Other Mobile Computing - Telemetry Applications

• Telemetry is the wireless transmission and receipt of data gathered from remote sensors.– Technicians can use telemetry to identify maintenance

problems in equipment;– Doctors can monitor patients and control medical

equipment from a distance;– Car manufacturers use telemetry for remote vehicle

diagnosis and preventive maintenance.


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Other Mobile Computing - Automotive Telemetry

The OnStar system from GM

http://www.onstar.com/


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The Aware System (IT’s About Business 7.3) P. 218

Telemetry in the trucking industry

http://www.internationaldelivers.com/site_layout/telematics/index.asp

http://www.internationaldelivers.com/site_layout/telematics/index.asp


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7.4 Pervasive Computing

• Pervasive Computing (Ubiquitous computing)– Is invisible “everywhere computing” that is embedded in

the objects around us – the floors, the lights, our cars, washing machine, microwave oven, cell phones, clothes, and so on. (e.g., smart home, smart appliances)

– Two technologies provide the infrastructure for pervasive computing• Radio frequency identification (RFID)• Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)


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Infrastructure For Pervasive Computing

• Radio frequency identification (RFID)– Allows manufacturers to attach tags with antennas and

computer chips on goods and then track their movement through radio signals.

• Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) – Networks of interconnected, battery-powered, wireless

sensors that are placed into the physical environment.

http://www.ekasystems.com/


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Product with bar code and RFID tag

RFID tag

Bar code


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Anatomy of a Universal Product Code (UPC) a.k.a.; Bar Code

• RFID was developed to replace bar codes.


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Various RFID Tags

• One issue with RFID has been the tag cost.– today < $0.10 apiece

• Another issue, size– today typical small

size is 0.4mm x 0.4mm


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RFID Dust by Hitachi

• This image shows RFID tags produced by Hitachi that measure .05 by .05 millimeter. They are so small, that they are called RFID dust.

Human hair


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RFID and Your Privacy


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Small RFID Reader and Tag


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Small RFID Reader and Tag


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Large RFID Reader


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RuBee an RFID Alternative

• RuBee is a wireless networking protocol that relies on magnetic rather than electrical energy.

A RuBee tag

RuBee signals will go through metal and liquids, where RFID signals will not.


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RFID at Selexyz (IT’s About Business 7.4) P. 221

RFID tag on book

RFID reader at Selexyz


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Infrastructure For Pervasive Computing - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

• Networks of interconnected, battery-powered, wireless sensors called motes that are placed into the physical environment.

• The motes send information to a base computer, which connects to the satellite above.

Mote


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Inrix traffic system

http://www.inrix.com/


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7.5 Wireless Security

• Four major threats– Rogue Access Point

• is an unauthorized access point to a wireless network.– War Driving

• The act of locating WLANs while driving around a city or elsewhere.

– Eavesdropping • Refers to efforts by unauthorized users to try to access

data traveling over wireless networks.– RF (Radio frequency) Jamming

• Is when a person or a device intentionally or unintentionally interferes with your wireless network transmissions.


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Chapter Closing Case P. 228

http://www3.wadnr.gov/dnrapp3/webster/

Documents

Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 CHAPTER 7 Wireless, Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce