INFORMATION ON THE LAHMEYER INTERNATIONAL O. 54 / … · 2014-04-10 · CFBC boiler, based on the results of the concept study, and Option 2 considers a gas turbine power plant in

INFORMATION ON THE LAHMEYER INTERNATIONAL GROUP, NO. 54 / DECEMBER 2009

SWITZERLAND:OVERALL REHABILITATION OF

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

MALI:RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

CYPRUS:EXTENSION OF POWER PLANT AND OPTIMISED OPERATION

KOSOVO:WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE IN PRISHTINA

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Garri 4 Power Plant in Sudan

Garri 4 power plant with a total capacity of 2x 50 MW is fired with sponge coke – a wasteproduct from the neighbouring refinery. Thecirculating fluidised bed boiler (CFB) is an excel-lent economical and ecological technology touse sponge coke as a fuel. The plant consists oftwo CFB’s burning sponge coke at a tempera-ture of about 930 degree Celsius. The producedsteam actuates the steam turbine generators forelectric power generation. The electric powerwill be transferred into the electric grid via a220 kV substation. The Garri 4 power plant isscheduled to be in operation in 2009.

MA S T H E A D

Publ isher: Lahmeyer Internat ional GmbH,Bad V i lbe l , Germany

Design and L i thography: SaarRepro, Ottwei ler, GermanyPr int : Ottwei ler Druckerei und Verlag GmbH,

Ottwei ler, Germany

Photographic Ev idence: Lahmeyer Internat ional ‘s Photo Archive

© Lahmeyer Internat ional GmbH 12/09

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Mali is one of the poorest coun-tries in the world. The country’sunderdeveloped electricity supplyinfrastructure shows this clearly.Only about 15 % of the populationhas access to electricity which is,however, mainly restricted to thecapital city, Bamako, and a fewMalian cities of significant size.80 % of the Malians live in small vil-lages situated in the rural regions ofthe country where the electrificationrate amounts to only 2–3 %.

The Government recognized thenationwide electricity supply of Malias an important element for thecountry’s economic developmentand for poverty reduction. Since theGovernment does not have the nec-essary funding it strongly relies onprivate investors. Yet, the latter mustbe given financial aid, too, in orderto make profitable the investmentsinto the electricity supply of regionswith poor infrastructure wherepotential clients have a meagreincome.

Therefore, in addition to theMalian utility EDM (Energie du Mali),the AMADER institute (Agence

Malienne pour le Développementde l’Energie Domestique et del’Electrification Rurale) was createdunder the supervision of theresponsible Ministry. Its task is theimplementation of new concepts forthe development of regional elec-tricity networks in Mali’s spaciousrural regions.

The AMADER, with the assist-ance of the World Bank, already setup numerous programs for ruralelectricity supply concepts basedon privately operated sub-networksor isolated networks. This resultedin over 100 privately operated localelectricity supply networks. How-ever, these projects were not sub-ject to a comprehensive strategywith the aim to achieve full coverageelectricity supply.

In this context, Lahmeyer Inter-national recently conceived a mas-ter plan for the rural electrification ofMali, which was ordered by the Mal-ian Ministry for Energy and Infra-structure and financed by the Afri-can Development Bank. Accordingto the master plan the country hasbeen divided into 10 zones. In eachzone one or several concessionsshall be awarded to private inves-tors.

Today, in the frame of anotherproject which was financed by theKfW, the first concessions got offthe ground for two of the zones.Therefore, in the first phase of theproject, a study was worked out inorder to determine the technicaland commercial conditions of sucha concession with the AMADERand to inform potential investorsaccordingly. Hence, for example thegeographic position of the eligiblevillages were recorded by a geo-

Rural Electrification in Mali

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The master plan devides the country into 10 zones. In each zone one or several concessions for ruralelectrification shall be awarded to private investors.

Village in Mali.

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graphic information system (GIS),maps of the villages drafted, thelocal institutions and commercialactivities listed, and the pecuniarycircumstances of the inhabitantsand their savings potential asregards candles and oil lamps iden-tified. The final objective was to cal-culate the potential buying powerand willingness to pay for electricalpower. A list with villages wasdrafted which should be electrifiedin the context of a first priority pro-gram, and the technical parametersfor three different options weredetermined:

• Next to existing medium voltagelines of EDM: realisation of amedium voltage network for oneor a number of villages, supplyto the end users via pole-mounted transformers, low volt-age lines with integrated street

lighting and connections of thesubscribers. The network will befed by the EDM power grid. Theconcessionaire will becomeEDM’s client.

• Away from existing transmissionlines with relatively dense popu-lation: instead of obtainingpower from EDM’s medium-volt-age power grid the concession-aire will install own diesel gener-ators ranging from 25 to 250 kWat a maximum.

• Sparse population: in this caseno electricity supply networkswill be constructed but the indi-vidual households will be sup-plied by battery backed PVinstallations with a capacity of50 – 150 Wp.

The second phase of the projectstarted with the tendering of theconcessions for the two regions of

Mopti and Ségou. The tender docu-ments included a model for a busi-ness plan in the form of an Excelspreadsheet. By entering the invest-ment and consequential cost, creditterms, number and type of sub-scriber’s connections, as well as thesubscriber tariff to be agreed uponwith AMADER, the financial modelpermits to calculate the project yieldand the investor’s necessary equitycapital.

Lahmeyer International providedsignificant assistance to the selec-tion process of the candidates forthe two concessions by the abovedescribed and other activities. InAugust 2009 the project was com-pleted after the successful contractnegotiations between AMADER andthe new concessionaire, an Indian-Malian consortium.

Stefan Bollé

Extension of the 20 MW Diesel Power Plant in Nouadhibou

In the LI aktuell edition No. 51dated February 2006 the rehabili-tation and extension project ofSOMELEC’s 20 MW diesel powerplant in Nouadhibou, Mauritania,has already been reported. Afterfinalisation of the concept study forthe rehabilitation and extension ofthe plant (end of 2005) LI preparedby mid 2006 the tender documents.

The rehabilitation and extension ofthe plant were tendered in two sep-arate lots. The tender documentscould be purchased by interestedbidders in September 2006. InNovember 2006 SOMELECreceived two bids for the extensionand one for the rehabilitation lot.Due to budget constraints the clientdecided to pursue only the plant

extension. The essential rehabili-tation works (diesel gensets) wereawarded by SOMELEC in severalseparate maintenance contractsoutside the project.

Both bids for the extension wereevaluated. Two clarification roundswere undertaken to complete andto clarify the bidder’s offers in line

Concrete works at the fuel farm. Machine hall extension.

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with the tender document require-ments. One bid could not be furtherconsidered since it remained sub-stantially non-compliant with thetender documents. This situationmade the contract negotiations heldwith the remaining bidder in Octo-ber 2007 difficult. The negotiationswere successful and the signedcontract became effective after thesignature by the Mauritanian PrimeMinister.

The contract term for the imple-mentation of two 11 MW heavy fueloil operated medium speed (500rpm) four stroke diesel generatorsets including auxiliary systems, anentirely new fuel storage and supplysystem and ancillary works is 21months.

Detailed Engineering will be pre-sumably completed with somemonths delay by September 2009.The civil works started in October2008, but lie behind schedule dueto material and personal shortageat site. The anticipated project com-pletion delay will be four to fivemonths.

Both 15 MVA medium voltagestep-up transformers, the alter-nators and the diesel enginesalready underwent successfullythe respective factory acceptancetests and were released for ship-ment.

After their commissioning begin-ning of 2010, both diesel generatorsets will cover the entire electric

load from Nouadhibou. Only threeout of four existing diesel units from1978 are operational with reducedcapacity. These units, which haveeach clocked more than 120,000operation hours, are taking theelectric load from Nouadhibou onlyunder severe technical problemsuntil the new units are operational.Thereafter, these units will be usedas reserve and only operate partiallywhen the new units are in mainte-nance.

It is planned to replace in thefuture the existing diesel units oneby one according to the growingelectric power demand of Nouadhi-bou.

Samuel Karres

Concept- and Feasibility Study for Jordan Energyand Mining Limited

Jordan Energy and Mining Ltd.(JEML) has signed a Memorandumof Understanding (MOU) providingthe right to develop the Al Lajjun OilShale Project in the HashemiteKingdom of Jordan. JEML is a com-pany that specialises in the miningand processing of oil shale in theHashemite Kingdom of Jordan.JEML is based in the United King-dom. The Project mainly consistsof:

• an oil shale mine,• a retorting and oil upgrading

plant, and• a power plant.

Lahmeyer International GmbH(LI) was engaged by JEML as aSpecialist Consultant to undertakein the first phase a concept studyand subsequently a bankable feasi-bility study for the implementation ofthe power plant of the Project.

The Project will be locatedabout 120 km south of Amman and15 km to the east of Karak in an ariddesert region towards the centre ofJordan. The power plant shall sup-

ply energy to the Project plants aswell as to the 132 kV Jordaniannational grid.

The concept study for theimplementation of the Al Lajjunpower integration and generation

facility was conducted by LI in theyear 2007. The technical and finan-cial feasibility of an oil shale fuelledCirculating Fluidised Bed Combus-tion (CFBC) boiler based powerproject with a net capacity between100 MW and 300 MW electrical net

Oil shale and overburden.

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output was also evaluated. Theconcept study includes:

• the identification of technicalalternatives,

• the proposal of the most ade-quate technical concept,

• a financial evaluation with esti-mates of capital costs and oper-ational costs, and

• the provision of views on thegeneral suitability of CFBC boil-ers for burning oil shale.

The concept study further high-lights areas for which a deeperinsight is advisable, and wheredetailed studies are recommendedto be performed in a subsequentstep.

In a later phase, JEML retainedLI again in the year 2008 for thepreparation of the feasibility studyfor the same Project. Depending onthe possible available fuel types,two power plant options have now

been taken into account in the fea-sibility study. Accordingly, the twopower plant options considered dif-fer in the technology used. Option 1considers a steam power plant withCFBC boiler, based on the results ofthe concept study, and Option 2considers a gas turbine power plantin either simple cycle or combinedcycle operation.

A combined cycle power plant(CCPP) was identified as the mostsuitable power plant technology forthe Project. The main fuel is a puri-fied high hydrogen-content gas(sweetened gas), a by-product fromthe oil shale retorting plant with arelatively low heating value. Naturalgas from the Jordanian gas grid willbe used as startup fuel and backupfuel.

Taking into account the specificProject parameters, particularly theavailable fuel, a conceptual designfor a 70 MW CCPP has been elabo-

rated. The base case consists ofone heavy-duty gas turbine, onesupplementary fired heat recoverysteam generator and one steam tur-bine.

LI’s services for the feasibilitystudy mainly comprised:

• the identification of the opti-mised technical power plantconcept,

• the review of the basic projectparameters and conditions,

• the power plant conceptualdesign and the implementationstudy,

• the specification of the gridstudy,

• the estimate of capital costs andoperational costs,

• a financial model and tariff cal-culations, and

• the preparation of a tentativeproject implementation plan.

Michael Duerr

Privately Financed Power Plant Rojana

Rojana Power Company Limited(“Rojana Power”) is a Power Pro-ducer operating under the SmallPower Producers Regulation ofThailand. The Combined CyclePower Plant is located at the RojanaIndustrial Park (“Park”) in AyutthayaProvince, approximately 75 kmnorth of Bangkok.

The co-operation betweenRojana Power and Lahmeyer Inter-national GmbH (“LI”) started in1997.

Phase Capacity COD1 122 MW (2 Gas

Turbines + 2 HRSG+ 1 Steam Turbine)

1999

2 43 MW (1 Gas Tur-bine + 1 HSRG)

2003

3 43 MW (1 Gas Tur-bine + 1 HSRG)

2006

4 60 MW (1 Gas Tur-bine + 1 HSRG +1 Steam Turbine)

2009

is taken from the HRSGs and del-ivered to Industrial Users in thePark.

LI acts for Rojana as Owner’sEngineer since the first installationfor the power supply to the Park.The tasks of LI were to review andverify the EPC contract, the designstudy and the Testing criteria.

One part of the guaranteedpower output of the Plant is trans-mitted to the Electric GeneratingAuthority of Thailand (“EGAT”) underthe EGAT Power Purchase Agree-ment dated 19 December 1997.The remaining capacity is utilisedto supply power to adjacent off tak-ers (“Industrial Users”) located inthe Park. In addition process steam

Rojana Industrial Park Ayutthaya.

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Rojana Phase 3+4

Furthermore, LI supervised thesite erection, the plant commis-sioning and the testing activities onsite.

One challenge in the variousphases was to incorporate addi-tional steam production into theexisting system and to utilise itpartially in the existing steam tur-bine.

The extension Project Phase 4was completed successfully in Feb-ruary 2009 and increases the plantcapacity for reliable supply of thecomplete Park with power andsteam.

Adil Errouzi

Garri 4 – Sponge Coke Fired Power Plant 2 x 50 MW

NEC/LI Co-operation

In a time of political and eco-nomic isolation the Sudan nationalenergy industry developed continu-ously according to planning.

New investments on the powerplant sector were expedited and thepower distribution grid was devel-oped. Lahmeyer International (LI)

contributes substantially to this suc-cess.

The co-operation of the NationalElectricity Corporation (NEC) withLahmeyer International (LI) startedin 1978 with the building of dieselpower plant Burri in Khartoum, andcontinued more than 31 years withthe successful implementation ofmany projects. Currently other

investments are in the planningstage which will be realized duringthe next years. From this long co-operation a close and friendly rela-tion has developed which includesall hierarchy levels in both organiza-tions. Unrestricted mutual confi-dence has become the basic pre-supposition for our good andsuccessful co-operation.

Preparations of the project

The power plant Garri 4 is an im-portant milestone for the Sudaneseenergy industry, because it introducesthe changeover from oil-fired to car-bon-fired boilers. With the powerplant Garri 4 the first circulating fluid-ised bed boilers on the African conti-nent were established. “SpongeCoke” a waste product from theneighbouring refinery is burned.

After preliminary investigationsand studies LI has elaborated theTender Specification Documents forthis project. The EPC contract wasassigned to the China NationalMachinery & Equipment Import &Export Corp. (CMEC) in December,2004.

The design was carried out from2006 till the beginning of 2008 byView of Garri 4 with coal transportation.

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Photovoltaic Market Study

A common procedure for theidentification of potential PVprojects is a plot by plot approachfocused on land availability, i.e.

through site visits or offers fromland owners or agents. Althoughpractical and proven, this approachdoes not guarantee the optimal

resource allocation and can beextremely time-consuming espe-cially for large scale plants. It is lim-ited to only few criteria and possibly

CMEC and was approved by LI.During this period 27 design meet-ings have taken place altogether inSudan, China and Germany.

Implementation and Commis-sioning

The site activities started in Feb-ruary 2007. The contractors fulfil-ment of his obligations have had tobe strictly monitored and con-trolled. The scheduled time of con-struction could not be kept due toproblems of planning and deliveringof the suppliers.

The power plant consists of twocirculating fluidised bed boilers witha capacity of 240 t/h steam with apressure of 9.81 MPa and a tem-perature of 540 °C each.

Each steam turbine generatorproduces with a steam flow of 219.5t/h and fresh steam parameters of8.83 MPa and 535 °C in each casea nominal output of 50 MWel.

The whole plant is automaticallycontrolled and supervised by amodern and proved control systemof the type OC 4000. This systemallows the direct presetting of thepower per unit from the load dis-patch centre in Khartoum.

Taking into account the custom-ers demands for the high voltageconnection the establishment of theoutgoing power supply was a bigchallenge. Two 220 kV bus barswere linked to the neighbour powerplant Garri 2 by a 740 m terminaltower arrangement with 39 sup-ports and one bus bar sectionaliser.

These works were additionallycomplicated because the 220 kVgrid of NEC was in operation during

the entire works on site in order toserve the power output for Garri 1and 2. Likewise the protection con-cept had to be adapted for theexisting and the new bus bar pro-tection before energisation.

The Garri 4 power plant couldonly be sufficiently served via thishigh voltage connection.

The commissioning of bothpower plant blocks could begintherefore only after the energisationof one of the two 220 kV transform-ers.

Subsequently the main compo-nents were tested successfully likeboiler feed water pumps, coolingwater pumps, ID fan, primary andsecondary air fans.

In July 2009 the first block wasconnected to the national high-volt-age grid for the first time.

The Garri 4 power plant is tech-nologically considered as a chal-lenge for the Sudanese personnel.Based on the multiplicity of thecomplex subsystems this projectrequires a much higher level of edu-cation and a deeper process under-standing with the local engineersand technicians than with the powerplants pursued up to now in Sudan.

At present NEC prepares theirselves with a team of approximately120 engineers and technicians forthe future operation and mainte-nance tasks.

Hence the Garri 4 power plantrepresents a considerable experi-ence for NEC with special impor-tance for the design, the implemen-tation and the operation of othercoal-fired power plants.

Werner Hils,Burkhard Hofrichter

View of the turbine hall behind the substation.

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leaves out more suitable and lucra-tive options since they are simplyunknown. Other determining factorsare the solar irradiation, availablefeed-in capacity of the power grid,fragmentation of land ownership,acceptance by local authorities andcommunity.

These factors were consideredwhen LI conducted a selectionprocess of priority regions and sitesfor a large scale entry into a new PVmarket for a European energygroup. The aim of the underlyingstudy was the creation of a multimegawatt portfolio based on acomprehensive analysis coveringtechnical, economic but also politi-cal issues on national as well aslocal level.

To achieve the above mentionedobjective, a combination of top-down assessment as well as bot-tom-up analysis was applied. Thetop-down elements include thecountrywide assessment of solarresources, as well as the considera-tion of technical and legal restric-tions. By means of an iterativeapproach this was combined withbottom-up investigation to includepractical experience, e.g. from inter-views with project developers andother market players and extensiveassessment of pre-developed sites.Thus the previously selected coun-trywide data could be verified andcomplemented.

In a first step of narrowing downthe potential regions for PV projectsa countrywide assessment of solarresources based on three solarresource data sets was conducted.By this means selected solar priorityregions more than 60 % of the Bul-garian territory could be excludedas less suitable for further investiga-tion. For the remaining area morecriteria were applied to further nar-

row down the eligible area. On theone hand there are restrictionswhich are obstacles for the devel-opment of PV power plants. Thesecan be physical restrictions such asswamp lands and slope, or legalrestrictions, for example militaryzones and protected areas. On theother hand there are supportingindicators such as land cover indi-cating for example low land pricesor high unemployment rate indicat-ing probable local support. Theexisting infrastructure or the lack ofit (especially of the power networkand roads) could similarly restrict orsupport the PV development.Based on this information the areaof priority region could be substan-tially narrowed down and locationsidentified where on-site investiga-tions were promising.

Finally two priority regions wererecommended. Within these re-gions priority sites were identifiedcarrying out a ranking of sites

through a special criteria catalogue.Along this selection process tenmost suitable sites out of more than24 visited locations were deter-mined. From this ‘long list’ five siteswith a variety of region, project de-veloper and status of project werehighlighted. One most suitable sitewas recommended for fast imple-mentation and good profitability.

Parallel to the countrywideresource assessment and selectionprocess the policy and markettowards renewable energy sourcesin general and PV in particular wereanalysed whether they actually pro-vide suitable conditions for longterm investments. This alsoincluded the analysis of the legalframework for large scale PV powerplants contributing a step by stepplan of the complete permitting pro-cedures with respective timerequirements as well a flow diagramto show the interrelation of the mul-tilayer legal process.

Calculated relative difference between two different solar irradiation data sets.

Process and criteria for selection of priority regions.

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The market entry study con-cluded with a financial analysis of allshort-listed sites providing keyfinancial figures such as internal rateof return and payback period. Previ-ously rated and estimated attributeswere incorporated in the analysis asfar as they could be monetized. Theanalysis also considered additionalrevenues due to the potential quali-fication as Joint Implementationproject under the Kyoto Protocol.The presentation of the short andlong-listed sites were accompaniedby short term recommendations fortheir implementation and long termrecommendations for the overallmarket entry.

Karsten Schmitt, David Lecoufle,Holger Zebner Sample location for large scale PV plant in eastern Bulgaria.

Lahmeyer International GmbHwas appointed by the BancoMillennium and European Bankfor Reconstruction and Develop-ment (EBRD) as Technical Advisorto implement the 50 MW windfarm in Tychowo. This wind farm,an investment of renewable energyinvestor RP Global, is one of thelargest ones in Poland so far.

Tychowo wind farm is the firstconstruction project of LI’s WindEnergy Department in the promisingwind energy market in Poland. Theinstalled capacity in 2008 in Polandamounted to approximately 470

MW. The generated electricity outof wind increased between 2004and 2008 by more than 500 %,representing approximately 0.5 %of Poland’s electric energy con-sumption. Before the financial crisisbegan to inhibit the actual econo-mical growth, the Polish govern-ment estimated 2000 MW to beinstalled by 2010 to achieve 2 % to3 % share of electricity generationout of in the domestic energy con-sumption. To reach this goal, about750 MW need to be installed annu-ally.

LI’s activities for this projectbegan in 2008 with the elaborationof a due diligence study. Since theautumn of 2008 the financial crisisand the uncertainty of marketspostponed the credit agreementnegotiations. Finally, the financialclosing, in which LI also participatedas Technical Advisor, was con-cluded in May 2009. In this monthLI entered the task of constructionmonitoring.

The wind farm of Tychowo islocated in the north-western part ofPoland, approximately in 20 km dis-tance to the Baltic Sea coast. Theproject consists of 20 turbines N902.5 MW type of Nordex. The bal-ance of plant (BoP) work wasassigned to several Polish civil,electrical and telecommunicationcompanies. In order to connect thewind farm to the national grid, aconstruction of a 30/110 kV substa-tion as well as a 10 km overheadline were necessary. The works arebeing executed without delay andthe start of the commercial opera-tion is foreseen by the end of 2009.

Within the scope of the advisoryservices to the financing Banks,Lahmeyer International is responsi-

50 MW Wind Farm in Tychowo

Development of wind energy capacity in Poland.

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ble, among others, for monitoringthe overall construction process

and the relevant part of the projectbudget, inspecting the site on a reg-

ular basis as well as reporting andconsulting on project implementa-tion.

Due to the successful settle-ment of the Tychowo project, Lah-meyer International was appointedto execute comparable work in con-nection with three further Polishwind projects of the Portuguesedeveloper Martifer. Our activities forthese projects will start in theautumn of 2009 with due diligenceservices and will be followed laterby construction and operation mon-itoring. The client in that case is abank consortium of Société Géné-rale, Banco Esprito Santo and Euro-pean Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment.

Ewa ZimmermannTychowo wind farm in Poland.

Strategic Power Plant Expansion and Optimised Operation(of Power Plants)

Due to not existing own primaryresources, the Cypriot electricitysector entirely depends on theimport of fossil fuels. Althoughpotentials for renewable energies(especially biomass, wind powerand solar radiation) are remarkable,they have only been used to a minordegree up to today.

According to an estimate of theMinistry of Trade, Industry and Tour-

ism (comparison: projected netgeneration approx. 5,500 GWh/a)renewable energies will contributeonly 8 GWh to the total energysupply in 2009 with an installedtotal generation capacity of 3 MW.

The Cypriot energy supplier, theElectricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC),faces the challenge to harmoniseexpansion and rehabilitation of itspower plant facilities in a cost opti-

mised way obeying the energy andenvironmental objectives of the EU.

In May 2009, Lahmeyer Inter-national (LI) has been awarded thecontract for the elaboration of thisexpansion plan.

Within the Energy Division thisproject is carried out by the Depart-ment Economics & Energy Effi-ciency.

In cooperation with otherdepartments the following workpackages have been defined:

• the analysis of fuel price devel-opment in the Mediterraneanand the projection of futuretrends;

• the demand forecast of electric-ity as well as load characteris-tics of important consumer seg-ments;

• the evaluation of appropriatepower supply candidates inrespect to technical and eco-Forecasted price development of heavy fuel oil, gasoil and liquefied natural gas in EUR/t.

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Potential Restructuring of DPC – Dhofar Power Company SAOC

On March 17, 2001 the Govern-ment of the Sultanate of Omansigned a Concession Agreement forthe Dhofar Region with the DhofarPower Company S.A.O.G (DPC) to

privatise the Salalah Power System,transferring the ownership of exist-ing assets.

DPC, before starting the Com-

mercial Operation, and as part ofthe Project under the ConcessionAgreement, constructed a NewPower Station comprising six (6)new Gas Turbines, Transmission

nomic as well as regulatory andenvironmental aspects;

• the simulation of the energysupply system for the period2009–2030 and the elaborationof the optimal expansion strat-egy.

In the context of medium andlong term planning for the strategicdevelopment of the conventionalthermal power plants, the followingoptions have been regarded withinthe techno-economic assessment:

• the fuel switch of employed pri-mary energy resources (oil &gas);

• the replacement of old boilerinstallations by more efficientcombined cycle gas turbines for

the supply of base and mid-load;

• the application of power andheat cogeneration systems forenergy supply for covering theheat demand for the envisagedregasification of liquefied naturalgas (LNG);

• the application of flexible gener-ation facilities in order to ensurepeak power supply and theavailability of reserve capacities.

The Cypriot objective for theelectricity generation from Renewa-ble Energy Sources (RES) aims at arapid increase within the next years.Already for 2015 a share of 6 % ofthe annual net electricity generationis projected to be served by RES.This demand is mainly satisfied bymeans of wind energy contributing

approximately 70 % as well as solarenergy (CSP) with approximately 20 %.

For an efficient and cost-opti-mised electricity generation thecharacteristics of the transmissionsystem as well as the effects of fluc-tuating electricity feed-in on thefuture power plant dispatch have tobe taken into account particularly.

LI’s in-house planning softwaresxPLAN combines elements of longterm power system expansion plan-ning with the short term operationplanning. On this basis conventionalthermal generation and generationby means of RES can be analysedand optimised.

Dr. Alexis Bonneschky,Achim Schreider

Simulation of the Electricity Generation System of the EAC – User Interface sxPLAN.

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and Interconnection Facilities, a132 kV Transmission Line and three(3) new Gas Insulated Substations(GIS). Additionally, DPC carried outextensions and enhancements tothe existing T&D system.

On 1st of May, 2003 DPC suc-cessfully achieved the CommercialOperation Date (COD) and sincethen holds the responsibility for theoperation, maintenance, planningand development of the SalalahPower System, according to GoodUtility Practices and compliancewith Customer Service and SupplyStandards (CSSS) for a period oftwenty years.

The service area of DPC is theDhofar region in the South of Oman,approximately 1000 kilometresaway from the capital Muscat.

The Concession Agreementbinds DPC contractually to theOman Power and Water Procure-ment Company SAOC, organismthat became responsible for man-aging this agreement.

The Oman Power and WaterProcurement Company SAOC (“theOPWP”) is responsible for procuringnew capacity and output in the Sul-tanate of Oman, in accordance withthe requirements of the regulationand privatization of the electricityand related water sector (“the Sec-tor Law”) promulgated by RoyalDecree 78/2004 and the OPWPlicense.

DPC as an integrated utility,having Generation, Transmission,Distribution and Collection obliga-tions under a Concession Agree-ment, currently is being perceivedas an exception to the specificpractice in the North of Oman andthe international practice in general.

The Concession Agreementtherefore has been conceived to beoutside the purview of the SectorLaw and therefore any regulation.

On October 20, 2006 OmanTechnical Partners Limited (OTPL),Malatan LLC and Muscat OverseasLLC, the major shareholders ofDPC, entered into a Memorandumof Understanding (MOU) withOPWP, which sets the principlesbased on which the parties will beworking together in good faith toreview the feasibility of, and if nec-essary, effect the restructuring ofDPC in terms mutually acceptablenot only to the parties of the MOUbut also to the other shareholdersof DPC and the DPC lenders.

The proposed process envis-ages structuring DPC, an integratedutility, in such a way that its trans-mission, distribution and generationbusinesses will be operated andregulated in line with internationalpractice.

The intention of the Parties is toattain the proposed new structurein the best possible time. The keymilestones of this restructuringprocess are described in the MOUand based on the principles issuedby the Authority for ElectricityRegulation, Oman (“the Authority”),which is responsible for the regu-lation of the electricity and relatedwater sector in the Sultanate ofOman.

In order to realize the restructur-ing of DPC in the most efficientmanner, ERNST & YOUNG, withLahmeyer International GmbH as asubcontractor, has been assignedto implement this process.

The objective of the contractedadvisory services is the implemen-

tation of the MOU in lines of theframework and principles containedin the paper issued by the Authorityon July 30, 2006 (‘the Framework’),as per the intent underlying theMOU and equitably for all the stake-holders related to the MOU.

The principle activities to beperformed under this assignment,for which LI has been contractedfrom February 2008 onwards, are:

• Direction of the project, and• Technical Advisory services

concerning:o Financial model audit (verti-

cally integrated company)o Electricity demand forecasto Estimation of generation

capacity, as well as OPEX &CAPEX during the next fiveyears

o Definition of battery limitsbetween generation,transmission, distribution &supply

o Opening balance sheets forgeneration, transmission, dis-tribution and supply

o Pro-forma statements for theseparated businesses

o Positional organization struc-ture with required functionsand job descriptions for theunbundled companies

o Articles of incorporation andagreements (PPA, bulk sup-ply agreement, connection &wheeling agreement, licenseagreements)

o Options for restructuringo Valuation methodologyo Valuation of T&D businesseso Formal restructuring plano Tariff models for the new

companieso Submission of business

cases to lenders

Dr. Horst Finck

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The Kraftwerke HinterRhein AG(KHR), Thusis, operates a group ofthree hydropower plants in theSwiss Alps, consisting of the Fer-rera, Bärenburg and Sils plants witha total installed capacity of approxi-mately 650 MW. The head between1931 m a.s.l. in Valle di Lei and 667m a.s.l. in Sils is exploited to pro-duce electrical power (see picture:General Layout).

Water reaches the Preda catchbasin through a system of intakesand tunnels. From this basin, wateris conveyed to the Valle di Lei reser-voir, which is, with its capacity ofabout 200 million m³, the core piece

of the KHR plants. Almost the entirereservoir, except the dam itself, islocated in Italy.

Water impounded in the Valle diLei reservoir is used for electricityproduction by the three horizontalturbines in the cavern powerhouseof the Ferrera plant (max. head 524m, total discharge 45 m³/s, totalinstalled capacity 180 MW) and isthen conveyed to the Sufers reser-voir. The generators/motors are alsoused for the storage pumps (max.16 m³/s), which can pump the waterimpounded in the Ferrera compen-sating reservoir to the Valle di Leireservoir. Water can also be

pumped from the Sufers reservoirto the Ferrera compensating reser-voir or to the storage pumps by twovertically arranged feeder pumps.

The Sufers reservoir balancesthe inflow fluctuations from the194 km² catchment area. Waterimpounded in the Sufers reservoir isprocessed in the Bärenburg powerplant through four vertical Francisturbines (max. head 321 m, flowrate of 80 m³/s total, installedcapacity 220 MW) and then trans-ferred to the Bärenburg compensat-ing reservoir.

The four vertical Francis turbinesof the Sils power plant (max. head413 m, total discharge 70 m³/s, totalinstalled capacity 245 MW) form thelast step of this cascade of powerplants. Moreover, two one-phaseunits installed in the Sils power plantproduce electricity with a frequencyof 16 ²/³ Hz exclusively for the“Rhätische Bahn” railway.

In addition to the three mainpower plants, KHR also operatesthe Thusis power plant. This plantmakes use of the riparian dis-charge and residual flow remainingin the Hinterrhein river, which isprocessed by two horizontal Francisturbines (max. head 100 m, totalinstalled capacity 6 MW). All theelectricity produced is fed into thevalley’s network.

Most of the KHR power plantshave now been in operation formore than 40 years. Accordingly,the power plant equipment and allfacilities show a pressing need forrefurbishment and rehabilitation.Therefore it was decided that acomprehensive engineering planneeds to be prepared for the com-plete rehabilitation of the plantequipment and the plant structures,including an estimate of the invest-ment needed. This overall rehabili-tation of the power plants will opti-mize and guarantee the reliability,availability and operational flexibilityof the power plants and will pre-serve the substance of the plants.

In October 2007, KHR awardedthe Consortium Lahmeyer Interna-tional GmbH and Ingenieurbüro

Overall Rehabilitation of Water Power Plants of KHR

General Layout of KHR Plants.

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Maggia AG the consultancy serv-ices for the overall rehabilitation ofall elements of the plants. These aremade up of the following twophases:

Part A, “Preliminary DesignStudy“, consists of the following:

− Overall management− Condition assessment and

determination of remaining serv-ice life

− Scheduling of the overall reha-bilitation

− Preparation of the overall reha-bilitation concept, including:• Optimization, minimization of

shut-down time of the plants,respectively.

• Determination of the shortestpossible overall rehabilitationperiod

• Preparation of proposals andvariants as well as identifica-

tion and determination of thedetailed rehabilitation require-ments for all equipment

• Identification of potential forimprovements in efficiency

• Standardized technical solu-tions for all plants

• Optimize follow-up costs foroperation and maintenance

• Preparation of an automationconcept

• Increase of the degree ofautomation

• Inspection and assessmentof concrete quality, especiallyregarding concrete strength,surface condition, carboniza-tion and swelling of concrete

• Planning, coordination andassessment of the requiredconcrete core drilling cam-paign

− Cost estimate of overall rehabili-tation

− Risk analysis

Part B, “Tendering/ConstructionSupervision“ (originally a contractualoption):

− Preparation of tender docu-ments

− Client support during contractaward

− Construction and erectionsupervision

− Acceptance tests− Supervision of commissioning− Organization of construction site− Risk analysis

The decision to carry out therefurbishment and rehabilitationwas made at the end of 2008. TheConsortium was awarded Part B ofthe services in January 2009. Com-pletion of this very complex rehabili-tation project is scheduled for theyear 2016.

Dr. Vladimir Zorc

Heightening of the Roseires Dam

The Roseires Dam located atthe “Damazin Rapids” on the upperBlue Nile in the Southeast of theSudan was completed in the middle

of the 1960s. The dam is situated520 km south-east of the capitalKhartoum and about 150 km fromthe Ethiopian border. Until now the

main purpose of this dam is thestorage of irrigation water, which isneeded for about 1.25 million hec-tares of irrigated land. In addition,the operation of the 280 MW hydro-power plant produced almost halfof the electricity generated in theSudan during the last 30 years.

The accumulation of sedimentfrom the Blue Nile during the last 40years has reduced the capacity ofthe reservoir by some 25 %. TheDams Implementation Unit (DIU),which is also our client for theMerowe Dam Project, decided in2006 to heighten this dam by 10 mand thereby increase its capacityfrom 2.5 billion m³ to 7.3 billion m³.The length of the embankmentswill also increase from their present15 km to a total of 24 km, whichwill require the filling and compact-ing of 18.5 million m³ of earth mate-rials.

The construction contract, witha value of about 400 million US dol-lar, was awarded to the Chineseconsortium CCMD at the beginning

Downstream view of the Roseires Dam.

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Keyal Khwar Hydro-Electric Power Project

In March 2006, Pakistan’s Waterand Power Development Authority(WAPDA) commissioned LahmeyerInternational to lead a joint ventureof consultants studying the feasibil-ity of constructing a high headhydropower scheme on the KeyalKhwar (river) in the country’s NorthWest Frontier Province.

The Keyal Khwar commissionwas another link in Lahmeyer’s longassociation with the development ofPakistan’s power generation andtransmission systems and it com-plemented the ongoing construc-tion supervision of the three neigh-

bouring high head schemes – AllaiKhwar, Duber Khwar and KhanKhwar.

The project is located in thedeeply incised Keyal valley – a sidevalley of the Indus River with accessfrom the Karakoram Highway. TheKeyal Khwar drains a catchmentthat rises to elevations above 5,000m asl. The river has cut deeply intothe parent rock leaving a steepalpine-like topography and hugevertical walls of rock.

The permanent population ofthe Keyal valley (some 12,000

persons) all belong to a single clan– the Keyal clan which is unique tothe Keyal valley. This clan is a com-munity of interrelated men, womenand children with the same origins,the same language and close familyties. The clan people still live byvery traditional rules and customsbased on a strong belief in individ-ual independence, respect forelders and neighbours, consensusand community work. During thetwo year study period, the Lah-meyer’s engineers and environ-mental scientists interacted closelywith many of the clan members.Several of our staff became well

Embankment dam cross section with pressure relief wells.

of 2008. Similar to the Merowe DamProject, the majority of the cost ofthis project is being financed bydevelopment banks from the Arabicworld. The construction design andthe site supervision will be carriedout by SMEC and Lahmeyer Inter-national (LI), whereby LI will beresponsible for the embankmentdams. LI will employ an average of5 embankment dam experts in theSudan for the quality control on thesite during the planned constructionperiod of 4 years.

The main challenge is less theheightening itself but rather theproper design and supervision ofthe complex foundation conditions.

The embankment dams in mostareas are founded on the so-called“Black Cotton Clay”, which is ahighly plastic clay which swells andshrinks greatly due to seasonal wet-ting and drying, leading to pro-nounced shear plains.

Additionally, high storage waterlevels in the reservoir during thedry seasons have producedincreased artesian water pressuresunder the watertight clay layerslocated in the foundations of thedam. This reduces the structuralstability to a minimum during theconstruction phases. The plannedpressure relief wells, which will bearranged systematically down-

stream of the dam, as well as thelarge areas of filter blankets, willcontrol the uplift in the dam founda-tions.

According to the constructiontime schedule, the heightening ofthe embankment dams will be com-pleted by the year 2012.

Egon Failer,Thomas Ehrhardt

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known faces during drilling and sur-veying work.

As well as geological and topo-graphic site investigations, ourservices also covered assessingthe impact of the proposed projecton the lives of the valley inhabitants– men and women alike. Localcustom dictates that all majordecisions are made by the seniormale members of the clan families,but Lahmeyer’s strong relationshipswith the clan successfully broughtlocal women into the process.

The hydropower project itselfwill be a high head scheme that willsupply Pakistan’s national grid withbase load during the high flow sum-mer season and peak load duringthe low flow winter season. Theproject exploits a head differencebetween the Keyal Khwar and theIndus River of over 700 m. A 37 mhigh concrete gravity dam will cre-ate a reservoir in the Keyal valleysufficient to assure 24 hour basegeneration during the summer sea-son and four hours generation dur-ing the evening peak in winter. Theunderground waterways will com-prise a desander, a 7 km long head-race tunnel, an inclined surge tun-nel, a 600 m deep pressure shaftand a short tailrace tunnel. Two Pel-

ton turbine-generator units, each of61 MW installed capacity, will behoused in an underground cavernlocated deep in the right valley flankof the Indus River. A 132 kV doublecircuit transmission line will connectthe Keyal Khwar switchyard to the

National Grid at the switchyard ofthe Duber Khwar hydropowerproject.

The hydropower scheme bringssignificant impacts to the KeyalValley but also great benefits to thesurrounding region. It exploits arenewable energy source. It will notdeplete Pakistan’s reserves ofnatural resources, it will notincrease the nation’s dependenceon imported fossil fuels and itsoperation will not produce harmfulgases. Indeed the hydropowerscheme will be credited with dis-placing the emission of just over200,000 tonnes of CO2 per yearthat would otherwise be releasedinto the environment by a thermalpower plant.

Construction of the scheme,which will take some four years, isscheduled to commence in 2011and will provide employment andcareer opportunities for severalhundred local people. The improvedvalley access road will greatlyimprove the transport link betweenthe Upper Keyal Valley and theKarakoram Highway. This in turnwill stimulate local trade and greatlyimprove the quality of life of theclan communities in the Keyal val-ley.

Dr. Robert Walker

Keyal Khwar valley access road below dam site.

Keyal Khwar valley at the proposed dam site.

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The Uttarakhand Jal VidyutNigam Ltd. (UJVNL) is one of thelargest hydropower generatingcompanies in India with an annualgeneration of about 3,500 GWh,which could be increased to wellabove 4,000 GWh by modernisa-tion and upgrading of existingplants.

After some twenty and moreyears of continuous duty the sixhydropower plants Chibro, Khodri,Dhakrani, Dhalipur, Kulhal and Tilothapproach a stage where rehabilita-tion of structures and equipmentbecomes necessary to restoreoperational reliability and to adjustthe plants to the current state-of-the-art.

In order to illustrate the sizeof the six power plants, the maindata are herewith given as follows:

– Chibro HEPP: Installed capacity4 x 60 MW at 110 m head

– Khodri HEPP: Installed capacity4 x 30 MW at 57.9 m head

– Dhakrani HEPP: Installedcapacity3 x 11.25 MW at 19.8 m head

– Dhalipur HEPP: Installedcapacity3 x 17 MW at 30.5 m head

– Kulhal HEPP: Installed capacity3 x 10 MW at 18 m head

– Tiloth HEPP: Installed capacity3 x 30 MW at 147.5 m head

Within the framework of a studyfinanced by Kreditanstalt für

Wiederaufbau (KfW), LahmeyerInternational GmbH was awardedthe consultancy services formodernization and upgrading (M&U)of the six power plants. The objec-tives of this M&U study are essen-tially to:

– conceive the most cost effectivemodernisation and upgradingconcept for the six plants,

– secure an efficient operation ofthe power stations for the next25 years,

– achieve or exceed the formerdesign capacity and energy pro-duction,

– investigate the potential ofuprating of the plants in view ofintended peak power produc-tion,

– optimize the conjunctive opera-tion of the five plants in cascadeon the Tons/Yamuna rivers (Chi-bro, Khodri, Dhakrani, Dhalipurand Kulhal), and, ultimately, to

– enable the remote control of theplants.

In order to reach these objec-tives the study was separatedinto three self-contained projectphases, comprising the followingactivities:

Phase I – Inception Study:• Plant audit• Proposals for testing of plant

and equipment

Phase II – Feasibility Study:• Tests and additional surveys• Studies on hydrology, sedimen-

tation, geology, power genera-tion, and socio-economic &environmental impact

• Clean development mechanism• Power sector study• Development of M&U options• Economic and financial analyses• O&M training course I

Phase III – Tender Documents:• Technical specifications and

tender design• Construction schedule• Cost estimate and cash flow• O&M training course II

The study’s holistic approachmakes extraordinary demands onall persons involved in the projectand requires interdisciplinary cere-bration at the highest level, because– apart from the modernisationproper of the structures and elec-tromechanical equipment – also theconjunctive operation of the hydro-power plants in the system has tobe optimized regarding the provi-sion of strongly needed peak loadenergy.

Phase II of the study is presentlybeing completed. Completion of thestudy is expected for the beginningof 2010.

Gonzalo de la Fuente

Chibro HEPP (240 MW), Ichari Dam, view from upstream.

Modernization and Upgrading of Six Hydropower Plants

Chibro HEPP (240 MW), damaged runner,view from downstream.

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Irrigation Projects

Cross-drainage culvert under construction.

Lahmeyer’s involvement inSudanese irrigation dates back tothe early 1990s, when investiga-tions, designs and tender docu-ments for a 3000 ha extension wereprepared for the Sennar SugarCompany.

In 2003, work started on the400,000 ha Merowe IrrigationProject, located in the Nile Valleyapproximately 400 km north ofKhartoum, between the 3rd and 4thCataracts downstream of theMerowe dam. Following full cover-age of the area by ortho-photomaps at a scale of 1:20,000 undera separate Lahmeyer contract, aprioritisation process at pre-feasi-bility level was based on technical,agricultural and economic criteriafor a set of various gravity supplyand pump alternatives. Feasibilitystudies concentrated on the plan-ning of the conveyance, distributionand on-farm irrigation system.

Further tasks included geo-technical and semi-detailed soilsurveys of an extended projectarea of 1.7 mio. ha. Studies coveredthe feasibility of improving sustaina-ble agricultural production throughirrigation, as well as livestock andagro-industrial production and theneed for support in marketing,mechanisation services, input sup-ply, and extension services.

Subsequent tender designs anddocuments for construction of theirrigation and drainage infrastruc-ture, comprising a mixture of tradi-tional and commercial systems,were prepared in 2005/06 for380,000 ha of agricultural land,based on new 1:5,000 scale ortho-photo mapping.

The project envisages the con-struction of over 4,000 km of canalsand 9,000 associated structures. Itincludes two fully concrete-linedmajor conveyors on both bankssupplied from the Merowe Dam.The project also includes a 1,460m-long aqueduct across the Nile,as well as eight pump stations.

In 2009 construction of cross-drainage culverts under the futureleft bank canal commenced underLI supervision. The main projectwas tendered mid 2009.

Since 2007, studies and designshave been in progress for theKenana and Rahad II IrrigationProjects to the north of RoseiresDam on both banks of the Blue Nilebeyond Wad Medani, which wouldbe made partially possible throughthe raising of the dam (work inwhich Lahmeyer is also currentlyinvolved). The resulting increase inlive storage would be sufficient fordry season irrigation of some

400,000 ha. More than 1 mio. ha ofirrigable soils (mainly Vertisols) arecommandable from the RoseiresDam, within a study area of some15,000 sq. km, equivalent to abouthalf the size of Belgium.

Studies included options forcombinations of command areaswith water supplied by gravity feedfrom Roseires dam or by pumpingfrom the Blue and White Niles. 24options (12 gravity feed and 12pumped options) were evaluatedand presented in the Kenana andRoseires-Dinder-Rahad II Develop-ment Plans. The pumped optionswere found to be less viable thangravity supply options.

Tender designs are in processfor the irrigation of this area, whichincludes two major canals. Part ofthe project would depend for itsfunctionality upon the constructionof additional storage in the rivercatchment or within the irrigationarea. Project development is envis-aged in three stages over a periodof minimum 15 years.

Environmental and social stud-ies of significant scope are beingcarried out in parallel with the devel-opment planning and design. Theseinclude screening and scoping,preparation of an Environmentaland Social Impact Assessment(ESIA), Environmental ManagementPlans (EMP), and Settlement Plans(SP) for settling within the irrigation

Water distribution at the lowest level.

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Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage

The KfW-financed project“Municipal Water Supply andSewerage (Prishtina, Kosovo VII)”is divided into three different phasesand aims at the rehabilitation of thepresent water supply and wastewater disposal systems on a long-term basis, thus also improving theliving conditions in the city ofPrishtina and preserving the naturalresources. The project executingagency is the Regional Water Com-pany Prishtina (RWCP).

The Overall Project

In August 2009, Lahmeyer Inter-national was awarded the works ofPhase I as Consulting Engineer in aJoint Venture with Hidroing-DK(Kosovo) with a total duration of 46months. Phases II and III are sched-uled to be completed in the years2020 and 2030, respectively.

As far as water supply is con-cerned, the short-term objective(Phase I) consists in improving the

population’s supply with qualitywater from presently 12 hrs/day to22 hrs/day and simultaneouslyincreasing the urban population’ssupply rate by reducing significantlythe technical losses as well as thehigh specific consumption. Therequired water production will beclearly reduced by the envisagedtechnical and administrative meas-ures and water availability will thusbe stabilized, especially regardingthe Batllava dam. In the medium-term (Phase II) a further reduction ofthe technical water losses will beachieved by implementing meas-ures such as restructuring andrehabilitating the distribution net-work; moreover, a further decreaseof the specific consumption tomake it reach Western Europeanlevel will be carried out, aiming at acontinuous water supply withregard to quantity and quality. Thesupply system will be extended inthe long-term perspective (Phase III)and the status quo reached will bemaintained by reinvestments espe-cially in installations (pumping sta-tions ) and the water treatment plantas well as by the replacement ofnetwork’s parts on the basis of rou-tine leak detection.

As for waste water disposal, theshort-term objective consists inminimizing the population’s healthrisks by cleaning of the main watercollectors and thus reducing theConfluence point of the sewer main collector.

schemes inhabitants of the areathat will be inundated by the raisingof the Roseires dam.

The ESIA comprises collectionof baseline data, assessment ofproject impacts and preparation ofoutline mitigation and monitoringmeasures with a strong focus in theareas of population/social economy,public health and flora and faunahabitats. Public consultation andparticipation plans are also beingprepared to take account of theinterests of legitimate stakeholders.The work is complex, and includes

studies of existing rainfed agri-culture as well as continued utilisa-tion of the area by nomadic herds-men.

In order to undertake theseworks, Lahmeyer has occupied afour-storey office building in Khar-toum near the international airportsince the end of 2004. The officehas over 60 workplaces and isequipped with a modern Local AreaNetwork (LAN), allowing the com-puters in the system to share dataand applications for efficient pro-duction of reports, documents and

drawings. An integrated team ofnational, together with internationalspecialists from various countrieswork together in Khartoum and inthe field under Lahmeyer’s leader-ship.

The Dams Implementation Unitof the Government of Sudan, withwhom Lahmeyer enjoys a long-standing relationship, is the clientand implementing agency for theworks on the Kenana and Rahad IIand the Merowe Irrigation Projects.

Michael Chegwin

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Application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) forIntegrated River Basin Development

GIS is now considered a stand-ard tool for integrated river basindevelopment. Lahmeyer Interna-tional can look back at a long tradi-tion of using these technologies.

Ethiopia is often referred to asthe “water tower” of Eastern Africa.The summer monsoon rains in theEthiopian Highlands feed no lessthan 12 rivers basins, from whichthe water is carried to the ripariancountries of many East African riv-ers. The Nile alone receives 80 % ofits water from Ethiopia.

The Ethiopian Government hasbeen engaged in the systematicdevelopment of the country’s majorriver basins to harness the underuti-lised water resources for more than25 years. While priority is given tothe development of hydropower, irri- Ethiopia’s 12 major river basins. Water rich basins contrast with arid and dry basins.

risks of partial flooding during highintensity rainstorms. The medium-term objective consists in imple-menting further rehabilitation meas-ures in the sewerage system andincreasing the urban population’sconnection rate to at least 85 %. Afurther objective is to preserve theexisting water resources by con-structing sewer lines and small sew-erage treatment plants in the respec-tive areas. In the long-term, thecollected waste water will be treatedaccording to European standards.

The Project Phase I

The tasks of LI during Phase Iencompass the detailed design ofthe investment measures and theelaboration of the tender docu-ments including contact negotia-tions, construction supervision untilend of the defect notification periodand the complete institutionalstrengthening. These tasks can bedescribed as follows:

1. Improvement of the water sup-ply by a significant reduction of

technical losses from presently46 % to 30 % and safeguardingthe water supply from the placeof production to the city byrehabilitation of the main trans-port pipelines and replacementof the distribution networks inthe oldest urban district ofTophane, as well as renovationof house connections and con-struction of a clear water reser-voir at WTP Badvoc;

2. Improvement of the drinkingwater quality by replacement ofthe filter medium within the WTPBadvoc;

3. Significant reduction of watermisuse by installation of 20,000water meters and complemen-tary accompanying measuresregarding invoicing and publicrelations;

4. Safe sewerage disposal in resi-dential areas by cleaning of theexisting two main sewer collec-tors (see photo);

5. Supplying of the employer withequipment and material forproper calibration and mainte-nance of the water meters;

6. Rehabilitation of a boosterpumping station to be able toabandon water supply of part ofthe population with tank trucks;

7. Advising the employer regardingpublic relations, improved billingand accounting and implemen-tation of a Management Infor-mation System in order toreduce administrative losses;

8. Elaboration of a developmentscheme for the protection of thewater resources (Batlava andBadvoc dams) including calcula-tion of the groundwater’s pollu-tion load and elaboration of a listof measures (action plan);

9. Elaboration of a Long TermInvestment Plan in order to guar-antee feasible water supply andsewerage disposal on a long-term basis (Phases II and III).

After completion of ProjectPhase I, approximately 410,000inhabitants will be connected to thewater supply network, which corre-sponds to a connection rate ofapprox. 95 %, compared to thepresent connection rate of 80 %.

Reinhard Vogt

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gation and water supply, masterplans have been prepared with theaim of developing all resources of ariver basin in an integrated and opti-mal manner.

The Ministry of Water Resourcesis in charge of river basin develop-ment and commissioned LahmeyerInternational to prepare an Inte-grated Master Plan for the Genale-Dawa River Basin between 2003and 2008. The study was financedby the African Development Bankand required the application of aGeographic Information System(GIS) capable of storage, analysisand visualisation of a vast array ofdata and information from multiplesectors.

The Genale-Dawa River Basin islocated in the southern part of Ethi-opia. With an area of 173,000 km² itis the country’s third largest riverbasin and almost half the size ofGermany. Major rivers descendfrom the afro-alpine plateau of theBale Mountains over 4,000 m to thearid bush- and grasslands border-ing Kenya and Somalia. They mergeat the border with Somalia, fromwhere the Juba River conveys theirwaters to the Indian Ocean nearKismayo.

With a population of 4.5 million,the area is very sparsely populatedand, except for a few cities, littledeveloped. The economy is charac-terised by rainfed agriculture in thetemperate highlands, extensive ani-mal husbandry in the savannahmidlands and pastoralism in the aridand hot lowlands. Gold and miner-als are mined at a few locations.

The GIS was set up in severalsteps over the full duration of theproject. The hardware comprises ageo-data server, four workstations,together with laser and large-formatprinters in a networked environ-ment. ESRI’s ArcGIS was used asthe core software product.

Today, the geodatabase con-tains more than 250 layers fromalmost every physical, political andeconomics domain. A digital topo-graphic map was produced for thewhole basin. To support thematicmapping and hydrological and ter-

rain analyses, a basin-wide mosaicof Landsat satellite images and adigital elevation model utilising datafrom the Shuttle Radar TopographyMission (SRTM) were created. Con-siderable effort was invested in thecollection of data through field sur-veys or digital conversion from avail-able sources.

A core application of the GISwas the creation of a hydrologicalriver basin model to simulate wateruse and allocation over a period of50 years (using the Danish Hydrau-lic Institute’s MIKE BASIN software).The simulations have shown thatthe master plan, even if fully imple-mented, would not cause anysevere regional or transnationalconflicts over water use.

The final master plan has 3,600pages and contains an album with1:250,000 scale maps for geology,hydrogeology, soils and land use.Ninety thematic maps at a scale of1:2 million complement the report.

At the end of the study, the GISand all data, models and mapswere handed over to the client. TheMinistry of Water Resources is nowresponsible for its continuation andintegration with GIS data from otherriver basins.

Klaus Köhnlein

Satellite image mosaic.

Digital elevation model of the Genale-Dawa River Basin.

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The Felderhalde Tunnel and the4 km long Isny city by-pass roadwere completed in July 2009 after aconstruction period of four years.

The Felderhalde Tunnel, with atotal length of 760 m and a con-struction cost of around 19 millionEuros, is the central structure of thenew Isny city by-pass road B12.From the total tunnel length of 760m, 550 m were excavated by con-ventional drill and blast methodsand 210 m were constructed usingthe cut & cover method.

The tunnel and its operationalequipment were built according tothe new German National DesignGuideline for Road Tunnels (RABT2006). The ventilation is providedlongitudinally along the length of thetunnel. The operation building andthe settling pond are situated at thewest portal.

The federal road B12 is a part ofthe Euro Route E61 and the mostimportant west-east connection inthe Allgäu region. Until the comple-

tion of the by-pass road it ranthrough the centre of the city ofIsny. To reduce the disturbance ofthe citizens of this recreational city,Lahmeyer International was in 1988awarded the planning contract bythe Tuebingen Regional Council.Lahmeyer International was involvedin the realization of these works forover 15 years, including the supervi-sion of geotechnical investigations,the preparation of an expertise onthe technical aspects of the tunnelworks, the design of the tunnel con-struction and the tunnel equipment,the preparation of noise and airquality reports and the completionof the tender documents for thetunnel in the year 2006.

This project highlights Lahmey-er’s International holistic approach tocomplex tunnel engineering tasksthat enables us to cooperate suc-cessfully with public – sector clients.

Roland Albert

Felderhalde Tunnel in Isny, Allgäu

East portal.

Construction pit at the west portal.

Scheibengipfel Road Tunnel near Reutlingen

“The City of Reutlingen willfinally get the long awaited bypass,including the Scheibengipfel Tunnel.Financing through the German sec-ond economic stimulus package issecured and the ground-breakingceremony can be held”.

This good news for the City ofReutlingen was announced in Feb-ruary 2009 by the German FederalMinistry of Transport. After nearly15 years of planning, constructionof the 1,910 m long road tunnel willfinally commence in 2010.

The bypass on the east side ofReutlingen is expected to relievecongestion in the inner city and tofurther improve the inter-regionaltraffic network. The core part of the3.0 km long by-pass is the 1,910 mlong Scheibengipfel Tunnel, 1,620 mof which will be constructed by

underground tunnelling, while theremaining 290 m will be con-structed using the cut-and-covermethod. It is a two-lane tunnel withbi-directional traffic. The cross sec-tion is 9.50 m wide and 4.50 m high.

In 1994 Lahmeyer Internationalwas contracted with the final designof the tunnel. Our services includeda geotechnical interpretive reportand studies for the mitigation ofnoise and vibration. However, the

project was put on hold due toright-of-way issues and the resultinglegal proceedings.

The tunnel ventilation systemwas amended completely followingthe new release of the GermanNational Design Guideline for RoadTunnels in 2006 (RABT 2006). In thecourse of this amendment, the ven-tilation system was changed to alongitudinal system with a dedi-cated ventilation duct in the tunnel

Longitudinal

Profile

Scheiben-

gipfel Tunnel.

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Metro Athens, Pireos Turning Device

Attiko Metro S.A. successfullycompleted the route extensions thatwere necessary for the 2004 sum-mer Olympic Games and is cur-rently planning a systematic exten-sion of its Metro network in order toprovide public transport for most ofthe municipalities in the Attica region.

Line 3 extension, from the sta-tion of Haidari to the City of Pireos,has top priority for the Ministry ofEnvironment, Planning and PublicWorks. This extension will have atotal length of 8.2 km, with six newstations interconnected by double-track tunnel sections with a totallength of 7.3 km. It will serve both thewestern suburbs of the Attica basinand the City of Pireos. Funding willcome from the Greek Governmentand from the EU Cohesion Fund.

The original alignment of the lineextension within the City of Pireoshad to be re-designed. The originalalignment beyond the station “Dim-

otiko Theatro” was both unaccepta-ble to the public and a constructionchallenge and thus non economical.The construction of Evangelistriastation in particular, with up to 40 mdeep construction pits in an archeo-logically sensitive area, as well asconstruction of the triple-track tun-nel under existing residential build-ings in soft marine sediments, wasdeemed to involve unacceptablecosts and risks. The variant finallychosen is more economical andproduces fewer disturbances to thepublic during construction.

In February 2008, LahmeyerInternational was assigned with thepreparation of the design and tenderdocuments of the turning device(turnaround) area. This station is con-nected to the new “Dimotiko Thea-tro” end station. This section con-sists of a double-track and atriple-track tunnel section, eachapproximately 220 m in length, aswell as two shafts up to 35 m deep

for ventilation and TBM dismantling.All structures are located in adensely built-up area, with the tun-nels passing under seven-storeybuildings. This new design will beincluded in the existing tender doc-uments of the second phase of thetender procedure for the extensionof Line 3.

The services awarded to Lah-meyer International include geotech-nical exploration, laboratory tests,geotechnical evaluation report, col-lection of existing utility networkdata, alignment of the turning devicearea, structural design of the TBM,NATM and transition tunnels, includ-ing 2 shafts, noise and vibrationstudy, modification of the existingEnvironmental Impact Study, prelim-inary E&M design of the lighting,power distribution and earthing forthe “Dimotiko Theatro” station andfinally the tunnel ventilation study.

It is anticipated that end of 2009the nominated contractor will startwith the construction work. In 2014the Line 3 extension is scheduled togo into operation.

This project is yet another exam-ple, where Lahmeyer Internationalcontributes successfully to the goalof sustainable mobility in urbanareas, especially in the Athens Met-ropolitan Region.

Adalbert Gering

Triple-trackNATM Tunnel,FEM Analysis.

ceiling and a separate emergencyventilation system.

Lahmeyer International wascommissioned in the middle of2007 to prepare tender documentsand supervise a supplementarygeotechnical investigation program,including an update of the existinggeotechnical interpretive report.These activities were completed bythe end of 2008.

Lahmeyer International wasawarded the tender design of thecivil works in May 2009 on the basisof the amended final design. A sep-

arate contract for the completion ofthe final design of the E&M tunnelsystems was also awarded to Lah-meyer International. The tenderdesign of the civil works has to becompleted by mid of December2009, in order to enable construc-tion to start in 2010. The opening ofthe completed by-pass to road traf-fic is scheduled for 2016. The costestimate for the tunnel constructionis 65 million €.

Special features of the tunnellingworks include the provision of heavyfore poling with grouted anchors atthe tunnel portals, as well as pass-

ing the tunnel under ten residentialbuildings. The civil works are partlyto be constructed in a protectedrecreational area under strictenvironmental protection regula-tions.

This project continues the longhistory of successful cooperation ofprojects in the region by LahmeyerInternational and demonstrates ourcapabilities for the benefits of theclient to perform complex tunnelengineering tasks.

Roland Albert,Adalbert Gering

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Since its completion the“Mittlerer Isar Kanal“ (MIK) operateswithout an appreciate break since1929. It is now operated by E.ONWasserkraft GmbH, Landshut.

Hydroprojekt Ingenieurgesell-schaft mbH, Munich obtained theorder to recondition all watercon-tacted buildings such as side walls,side slopes, base and powerplantsin association with Bau+PlanGmbH, Munich.

The channel runs from his extrac-tion building – the weir in Oberföhringnear München – to Moosburg (sketch-map) over a length of about 54 km.The maximum discharge is 150 m³/s.Five powerplants produce rotatingcurrent for the regional and nationalsupply as well as alternating currentto supply the German railways. Thetotal head is about 88 m. The con-

struction of the channel changesseveral times from dam to trenchand reverse. Though the MIK has tobe shut off to allow the recondition-ing works the surrounding net of ar-tificial and natural waters have to becharged to sustain the usual flowand to allow the further operating ofthermal power plants which needcooling water from the MIK.

To enable this the reach 1 hasto be transformed in a backwardcurrent supported by four pumpstations with a discharge of 10 m³/ssame as a siphon with a possibledischarge of 15 m³/s. This “back-ward current handling” enables thereaches 2 to 5 to be emptied or tobe lowered.

Reach 3 with a length of 6 kmcan be emptied. It is getting a newsealing made of concrete for the

base and the slopes by using aslope finisher with an operatingspeed of 300 m/d.

The lowered reach 2 is getting anew sealing sheeting made of 2 mmPEHD (slopes) and underwater con-crete (base) which is placed by anew developed underwater finisher.

The reaches 4a and 5 are to bereconditioned during the next years.It is intended to recondition thesereaches while the MIK and his powerplants are in use. Therefore the re-conditioning will be executed mainlyunder water. The realisation of a sofar new method allows to do theworks without a groundwater lower-ing.

At the same time to the nowrunning construction works the damcrest lanes and about 40 siphonsand the watertouched concrete ofthe Power plants are to be recondi-tioned by replacement, joint sealingand concrete injection.

The planning team of Hydropro-jekt Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH andBau+Plan GmbH coordinates allexternal designers, additional engi-neering experts and constructionfirms since 2005.

The execution of the construc-tion works of reach 2 and 3 startedin May, 2009. Working under a tightprogress chart, the MIK will restartoperation in November 2009. Thetotal amount of the activities isabout 46 million Euro.

Roland Wach,Hydroprojekt Ingenieur-

gesellschaft mbH

Reconditioning of “Kraftwerkstreppe Mittlerer Isar-Kanal”, Reach 2 to 5

The river Inn at the borderbetween Austria and Germany hasa variable flow regime characterizedby a wide range of discharges anda high sediment transport capacity.

The long-term average of sus-pended sediment load of the riverInn at Wasserburg (Inn km 158.7)amounts to about 2.5 million m³/year.

The reservoirs of the barragesconstructed on the river since theend of the 1st World War are siltedwith fine sediments (fine sands). Thereservoirs are in a dynamic state of

Sediment Management in the Inn River

Surface sheeting and underwater concrete finisher. (Source: Hydroprojekt / Bau und Plan.)

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morphological equilibrium which ismainly influenced by the strong flowfluctuations. At high flows thedeposited sediments are mobilizedand large quantities of fine sand aretransported into the downstreamreservoirs.

Since more than 10 yearsHydroprojekt (HPI) develops andapplies numerical sediment trans-port models to study different kindsof problems in the reservoirs of thebarrages Nußdorf, Rosenheim,Feldkirchen and Wasserburg oper-ated by the E.ON hydropower Com-pany (EWK). These models are spe-cially designed to compute thetransport of suspended sediment inbackwater river reaches and theytake account of important influencefactors like the flow resistance dueto bed forms.

The reservoirs of the Austrianbarrages Kirchbichl and Langkamp-fen are flushed every year in orderto remove the deposited sedimentsand restore the necessary bed ele-vations for complying with the pre-scribed maximum water surfaceelevations and freeboards. The res-ervoir of the downstream barrageOberaudorf/Ebbs will also beflushed regularly in the future. Dueto the flushing large amounts of finesediments are mobilized and trans-ported into the reservoirs of thenext barrages Nußdorf, Rosenheimand Feldkirchen situated down-stream. The sediments could betrapped in these reservoirs andcause undesirable aggradation ofthe river bed.

In order to investigate the sedi-ment transport behaviour in the

chain of barrages and develop ade-quate solutions for management ofthe sediments a team of experts ofthe waterpower companies TIWAG,GWK and EKW, of the waterauthorities of Germany and Austriaand of two engineering consultingcompanies was established inDecember 2007. In the course ofdifferent meetings the expert teamdeveloped an investigation programwhich was mainly carried out by thetwo consulting companies. Thestudies were undertaken applyingmainly numerical transport models.HPI was responsible for the studiesof four of the five reservoirs in thechain of barrages considered fromLangkampfen to Feldkirchen.

Three different solutionapproaches were considered inthe investigations:

– allow the development of a mor-phological equilibrium situationwith aggradation in all reservoirsand stable river bed conditions,

– regular dredging of the sanddeposits in the reservoirs,

– sediment management in allreservoirs with the aim of trans-

porting the suspended sedimentthrough the chain of barrages.

All three companies operatingthe barrages were in favour of thesediment management approach.The model studies proved that it ispossible to transport large amountsof fine sand mobilized by flushing inthe upper reservoirs through theentire chain of barrages, providedthat the flushing procedure is wellplanned and coordinated. Underthese conditions it is also possibleto guarantee a safe flow of thedesign discharge in the lower reser-voirs as well as a temporally storageof large amounts of upstream sedi-ments in these reservoirs withoutreduction of the flood safety condi-tions.

The results of the work under-taken by the expert team were sub-mitted to the German-Austrian trans-border river commission in July 2009.

Dr. Roberto Kohane,Hydroprojekt Ingenieur-

gesellschaft mbH

Company Foundation: Consultancy in Sustainable Building

Sustainable construction hasbecome very fashionable. Buildingowners, investors and occupantshave recognised the added value ofsuch structures.

Sustainable buildings are moreeasily marketed, generate higher

revenues and hold their value bet-ter. The occupants stay satisfiedlonger due to the better social andfunctional qualities of such buildings.

Owners and investors who areengaged at an early stage with themulti-disciplinary overview of the

complete life cycle of a buildingsecure themselves advantages insustainable design. This is a spe-ciality of Lahmeyer Rhein MainGmbH: together with ProfessorDr. Carl-Alexander Graubner, whowas significantly involved in thedevelopment of the “Deutsche

Downstream view ofthe barrage Lang-

kampfen.

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Lahmeyer International Russland

On February 02, 2009 “OOOLahmeyer International Russland”has started operation in their officesin 23, Novoslobodskaya St., Mos-cow.

Over the period of the last 8years LI had maintained a represent-ative office in Moscow which wasnow converted into a fully operativelocal company. Despite the currenteconomic downturn, the ongoingchanges and new developments inthe Russian power sector have setthe requirements for additional wellqualified engineering consultantswith international reputation. Withour representative office we haveachieved to communicate our goodinternational reputation in the powermarket to the Russian clients, so thenew company has a good platformto start its business upon. Our localexpertise in Russia is based on ateam of experienced power engi-neering specialists who had beenworking together over the last threeyears and have joined efforts withrepresentative office colleagues. Ourstaff currently consists of eight peo-ple supplemented by three to fivepart-time employees on projectbasis and supported by the fullexpertise of the mother company.The team is led by Mr. ViktorIstomin, appointed as Director Gen-eral, a power plant engineering spe-

cialist with 40 years of professionalexperience.

The present projects focus ontechnologies and energy economicsin respect of new thermal, mainlycombined-cycle and coal-fired (CFB)power plants. It is envisaged thatservices for renewable energies willbe added to the portfolio on amedium term basis.

We hope not without reason thatdemand in consulting will grow inRussia and LI will actively participatein this process.

The present clients of “OOOLahmeyer International Russland”are TNK-BP Management, Gasprom-

bank, several wholesale (OGC) andterritorial generating companies (TGC).

In March 2009 the companysigned the first contract with JSC“TNK-BP Management” for prepara-tion of a pre-feasibility study fora gas fired power plant with up to600 MW capacity in Eastern Siberia.Some new potential contract awardsare in advanced stage, particularlywith TGC-2 and the non-commercialcompany “Market Council”. It is alsointended to bid as Owner’s Engineerin partnership with Russian compa-nies in some appropriate cases.

Viktor Istomin,OOO Lahmeyer International

Russland

The team of Lahmeyer International Russland.

Gütesiegel Nachhaltiges Bauen”(German Sustainable Building Cer-tificate), and Koenig and HeunischDesign Office, we have foundedLCEE Life Cycle EngineeringExperts GmbH. This is a consul-tancy which specialises in the func-tional, environmental and economicoptimisation of sustainable build-ings.

This consultancy specialises inthe following areas:– consultancy services regarding

to optimisation of sustainablebuildings,

– certification of the sustainabilityof buildings according to “Deut-sches Gütesiegel Nachhaltiges

Bauen” and according to the USAmerican LEED® and the BritishBREEAM,

– analysis of sustainability at earlyplanning stages (Pre-Check),

– evaluation of life cycle costs forthe construction and operationprocess of buildings,

– life cycle analysis accordingto DIN EN ISO 14040 and14044,

– certificate of valuation of sus-tainability.

Large projects in the Rhein-Main area, such as the newconstruction of the “DeutscheBörse” or the “MainTor” are alreadypart of the references of LCEE.

To get in touch with LCEELife Cycle Engineering ExpertsGmbH, please visit www.lcee.deor contact Lahmeyer Rhein-MainGmbH.

Charlotte Baumann-Lotz,Lahmeyer Rhein-Main GmbH

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Lahmeyer International GmbHFriedberger Str. 17361118 Bad VilbelGermany

Tel.: +49 (61 01) 55-0Fax: +49 (61 01) 55-22 22E-mail: [email protected]: www.lahmeyer.de

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