Info Lec. Manuscript

7/30/2019 Info Lec. Manuscript

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Chapter 4 - National Health Information System

Chapter 5 Patient Information Management System

Chapter 6

Computer Hardware

Submitted by:

Raisa Nur J. Anam

Fatima Erika J. Dalawis

Juvie Lois Z. Frivaldo

Fatima Yusra M. Bebio

April Grace Evangelista

Brylynn Jane Z. Asmad

BSN II-B

Submitted to:

Mr. Roderick P. Go

Date submitted: April 30, 2013


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Chapter 4

National Health Information System

To begin with, lets define first what an Information System is. According to Steven Alter,

Information System is a particular type of work system that uses information technology

to capture, transmit, store, retrieve, manipulate or display information, thereby

supporting one or more other work systems. A work system in Alters definition refers to

any unit or system itself that produces output for internal or external customers through

a process performed by human participants with the help of information technology.

With the above explanations, we can now say that National Health Information System

is a work system wherein the countrys hospital information technology is being

developed by which it holds the important information and supports other work systems

related to health and helps public health workers to monitor the nations health a nd

wellness state.

Recognizing the important role information technology will play in the health care

industry, the National Institutes of Health Manila (NIH) created the Computer Research

and Information Technology for Health Program (CRIT). As its pioneering project, the

CRIT moved to convene the major stakeholders in the industry and form a study group

to determine standards for health information in the country.

In particular, this work system aims to formulate sets of recommendations for the

standardized method of collection, storage, transmission, and dissemination of health

data throughout the country.


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Implementing the National Health Information Infrastructure

The senate has already initiated the implementation of national health information

infrastructure through the development of hospital information technology. National

Health Information System links all practices and health practitioners as well as

students in the country through the use of computer-based communication channels.

These communication systems generally aid organizations in their communication

needs among different subgroups and levels of the organization. The electronic health

record system, hospital information system, clinical information system, patient

information management system, healthcare information system and others are

integrated through a central database system that are controlled and protected by a

government health institution such as Department of Health. To have an overview of

these systems, Patient Information Management System is a typical patient health

record system that provides complete and accurate summary of the health record than

can be accessed in an instance at a specified controlled environment. It provides

necessary details undergone and personal information of the patient similar to the work

of the electronic health record system, whereas clinical information system is also a

computer based system that is designed for collecting, storing, manipulating and

making available clinical information to the healthcare delivery process. Furthermore,

clinical information system and healthcare information systems ultimate objective is to

build a network of interdependent centers that are linked to the national health

information system to be able to provide services to people. For additional information,


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Department of Health or DOH is an executive department of the Philippine government

responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services by all Filipinos through

the provision of quality healthcare and the regulation of all health services and products.

With the hospital departmental computer systems such as laboratory, microbiology, and

pharmacy connected to the network, institutions generally collect and store data in a

central data repository.

Health

Insurance

Public Health

System

General

Public

Industry

Health

Science

Institutions

Government

PharmaceuticalCompany

Hospitals

Physicians

Others

Health

Agencies

Research

Agencies


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The idealistic model shown above, when implemented properly will potentially address a

large number of the serious problems facing our health care system, ranging from error

prevention and reduction in practice variation to reduced administrative costs, enhanced

efficiency and effectiveness of health care system.

Since other work systems are integrated through a central database system which is

controlled and operated by agencies such as Department of Health, the subsystems

play various roles in the national health information system as well and must be

explained further. General Public monitors the countrys specific data and reports on

health status information. Health officials can use the information gathered by to check

for the countrys health status and characterize its overall status and the citizens to

support health planning. Public Health System is once thought of as comprising only

official government public health agencies, but now is understood to include both other

public-sector agencies and private-sector organizations whose actions have significant

consequences for the health of the public. The mission of the PHS includes its goals at

any point in time and how, at the conceptual level, these goals are operated. Health

Insurance is an insurance against the risk of incurring medical expenses among

individuals. By estimating the overall risk of health care and health system expenses

among a targeted group, an insurer can develop a routine finance structure, such as a

monthly premium or payroll tax, to ensure that money is available to pay for the health

care benefits specified in the insurance agreement. Pharmaceutical industry develops,

produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceuticals licensed for use as medications.

Pharmaceuticals are allowed to deal in generic and/or brand medications and medical

devices. National Health Information System refers to any system that captures, stores,


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manages or transmits information related to the health of individuals or the activities of

organizations that work within the health sector. Other systems mentioned in the above

illustration are also significant in delivering effective health care services. As they are

the tools that aid not just the public health officials but also gives people, who receive

the health care, the awareness of things they must know upon health care thus aiding

them too. These systems are interrelated with each other and the information gathered

and stored at the central database is being monitored by the health agency mentioned.

As an assessment tool, National HIS strengthening must start with a broad-based

assessment of the systems own environment and organization, responsibilities, roles

and relationships; and of the technical challenges of specific data requirements in order

to;

Allow objective baseline and follow-up evaluations assessment findings should

therefore be comparable over time;

Inform stakeholders for example, of aspects of the HIS with which they may not

be familiar;

Build consensus around the priority needs for HIS strengthening, and;

Mobilize joint technical and financial support for the implementation of a national

HIS strategic plan with indications of the priority investments.


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Chapter 5

Patient Information Management System

The Patient information management system is a typical patient health record

system that provides complete and accurate summary of health record that can

be access at an instant in a specified controlled environment.

- Provides medical history, laboratory test, list of medicines taken, room

mapping, drug-drug interaction checking, electronic messaging between

patients and providers, and other relevant information of the patient.

- Facilitates the capture, storage, processing, communication, security, and

presentation of computer-based patient record information.

- Remote accessibility of information online to anyone should have the

necessary electronic credentials to view the information.

Census Taking Process via Patient Information Management System

This is best done at midnight when there is less activity period.

All the data are being transferred accordingly to the main data repository.

This data base system should be capable of handling huge amount of

information without any delay in the process time and should also have the

capability to transfer data from other system.

The data collected is processed in the main processor so that the hospital

census can be established.


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The census processing system should have reporting systems that are

automatically generated by computed program which can interpret results.

All data will be analyzed and subjected to scrutiny of the department involved in

the study.

Results of the census taking process

Period Admission Discharge Admission and

Discharge the

same day

Dead on Arrival

Monday 58 47 4 2

Tuesday 43 40 2 0

Wednesday 23 31 3 1

Thursday 34 28 4 1

Friday 31 21 2 2

Saturday 28 19 3 3

Sunday 19 23 2 1

Total 236 209 20 10


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Patient Mapping

Chapter Activity

1. Identify and discuss the changes in health care and delivery service that informatics

can make.

Improved access to patient records by the departments involved in patient care,

helping to reduce fragmentation of patients information.

Immediate detection of changes in patients condition is possible through

electronic monitoring of patients which automatically capture, store and transmit

patients data without having to manually input these.

Improving communication and health service interaction between health

providers and health care recipients through e-mail, electronic discussion group,

etc.

Public

Room

Private

Room

Laboratory

Ultrasound

OR Recovery

Room

ER Critical

Care


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2. Discuss five specific reasons why Philippines need to implement Hospital information

System.

Implementing Hospital Information System makes it possible to (1) eliminates

error caused by hand writing, (2) enhances information integrity, reduces

transcriptions errors and reduces duplication of information entries, (3) improves

monitoring of drug usage and study of effectiveness which leads to reduction of

adverse drug interaction,(4) easy access to doctors data to generate varied

records, enhances continuity of care, (5) Efficient and accurate administration of

finance, diet of patient, and distribution of medical aids.

3. Discuss factors supporting the need for informatics.

Patient Charting-A patients vital signs, admission and nursing assessments,

care plan and nursing notes can be entered into the system either as structured

or free text. These are stored in a central repository and retrieved when needed.

Staff Schedules- Nurse can self schedule their shifts using scheduling rules

provided in shift modules. The shifts can later be confirmed or changed by a

scheduling coordinator or manager. Shift modules are designed to handle

absences, overtime, staffing levels and cost-effective staffing.

Clinical Data Integration- Here clinical information from all the disciplines can be

retrieved, viewed and analyzed by nursing staff and then integrated into a

patients care plan.


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Decision Support- They provide prompts and reminders, along with guides to

disease linkages between signs/symptoms, etiologies/related factors and patient

populations. Online access to medical resources can also be made available.

4. Briefly discuss the need for nurses to be computer literate.

Nurses need to be computer literate to meet the demands for change, especially

in todays generation, technologies are really more advance. Nurses need the

knowledge, skills and resources to be able to communicate and manage

information effectively and efficiently in an electronic environment and that is with

the use of computers. Also, considering our need to implement Hospital

Information System (HIS), it would be a lot easier if the nurses involve are well

experienced with computer usage.

5. Why is there a need to manage health, hospital and patient information?

Management of health, hospital and patient information are all relevant for

effective rendering of patient care. This is needed to be able to keep track of the

patients registering in a hospital or clinic and the previous hospital or clinics visit

history of any patient. This is also relevant to maintain the list of doctors in the

hospital and can maintain the list of bed or rooms available. Patient

categorization such as In Patients and Out Patients information will also be

organized through this and retrieval of information would be easier.


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6. What examples can you think of which nursing practice can be enhanced with

nursing informatics?

Through nursing informatics, nursing practices such as charting, recording

relevant information about the patient will improve and be more organized and

fragmentation problem in patient information will lessen. Retrieving ofpatients

records will also be easier for census taking process and for any other health

care purposes. Also, monitoring of patients health status electronically such as

vital signs monitoring, blood pressure monitoring and certain exams like MRI, CT

scan and many more health care interventions could give more accurate and

precise results.

7. What implications for nursing does the healthcare informatics have?

The use of modern technology in nursing is changing the way nurses interact

with patients, deliver care and communicate with other health care personnel.

Equipment such as computer terminals on hospital units, computer tablets and

advanced patient monitoring devices are necessary for health care providers to

do their jobs nowadays. Advanced technology, innovations and informatics is an

essential part of healthcare practiceto work collaboratively to improve currentsystems, particularly clinical decision support systems to prevent and detect

errors.


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8. Currently, what computer skills do you possess? What skills do you need to upgrade

to be able to become a nursing informatics competent?

Currently, basic desktop software skills (such as word processing, typing skills

and a little bit of multimedia presentation), and communication skills (such as use

e-mail for communication purposes and of course the use of internet) are the

ones that I posses. Technical and utility skills are needed to be upgraded

because specific nursing informatics competencies include the ability to use

selected applications in a comfortable and knowledgeable way. It is important

that nurses feel confident when they use computers and software in the practice

setting, especially at the bedside, in order to be able to attend to the client at the

same time.

9. Interpret the informatics skills needed by nurses.

A nurse is also expected to know how to use business productivity tools such as

document-creation tools (for example, MS Word), spreadsheets, email systems,

and project tracking tools, among others. (1) Technical/Computer skills is needed

considering the nature of the work a nurse have, he or she is expected to have

some kind of technical aptitude, (2) System maintenance skills to performs basic

trouble-shooting in application to repair failed products or processes.

10. Discuss the key benefits of nursing informatics can do to nursing professions.

Nursing informatics is necessary to educate and compromise with nursing staff to

find a system that both meets their need and is comfortable for them to use.

Nurses can be a powerful ally for implementing new technologies in the medical


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community because they have to communicate between doctors, patients and

administration. Health managers can actively utilize the gathered information

from hospital information system for rational planning and decision making for

knowledge based health care delivery. It could also help to develop a decision

support system to meet nurse managers' info needs for effective resource

management.

CHAPTER 6

What is Computer?

A special machine that performs tasks, such as calculations, data processing and

handling, electronic communication etc., under a control of a set of instructions

called PROGRAM usually reside within the computer and are retrieved and

processed by the computers electronic system.

OPERATING SYSTEM a special program that gives instructions and tells the

computer how to start up and process a specific task. It prompts the user (or other

machines) for input and commands, reports the results of these commands and other

operations, stores and manages data and controls the sequence of the software and

hardware actions.

PROGRAM RUNthe operating system loads the program in the computers

memory and runs the program.


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Information from an input device or from the computers memory is

communicated via the bus to the central processing unit (CPU) which translates the

commands and runs the programs.

Information is stored in a CPU memory location called a REGISTER can be

thought of as the CPUs tiny scratchpad, it temporarily stores instructions or data.

When a program is running, one special register called the PROGRAM

COUNTER keeps track of which program instruction comes next. They locate and

retrieve the next instruction from the memory.

The current instruction is analyzed by a DECODER which determines what the

instruction will do.

The CPU executes the instruction and the results and stored in another register

or copied to specific memory locations via a bus.

This entire sequence of steps is called INSTRUCTION CYCLE.

If several instructions may be in process simultaneously, it is called PIPELINE

PROCESSING.

4 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER

Accepts data

Processes data

Produces output

Stores result


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RANGE OF COMPUTER ABILITY

PROGRAMMABLE COMPUTERS

- Vary enormously in their computational power, speed, memory and physical

size.

- They are used as notepads, scheduling systems and address books.

PORTABLE LAPTOP AMD NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS AND DESKTOP PCs

- Typically used in businesses/at home to communicate on computer networks,

for word processing, to track finances and for entertainment.

- Have large amounts of internal memory to store hundreds of programs and

documents.

- Equipped with keyboard, mouse, trackball, or other pointing device.

WORKSTATIONS

- Similar to personal computers but have greater memory and more extensive

mathematical abilities and are connected to other workstations.

- Typically found in scientific, industrial, and business environment especially

financial ones such as stock exchanges.

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

- Have more memory, speed and capabilities than workstations and are usually

shared by multiple users through a series of interconnected computers.


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- They control businesses and industries facilities and are used for scientific

research.

- SUPERCOMPUTERS are the most powerful mainframe computer. Processes

complex and time consuming calculations, such as those used to create

weather predictions.

MAIN COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL COMPUTER

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

- Microprocessor BRAIN of the computer

MEMORY

- Fast storage and used to hold data.

- Has to be fast because it connects directly to the microprocessor.

TYPES:

RAM used to temporarily store information that the computer is currently

working with.

ROM permanent type storage used by the computer for important data

that does not change.

BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System) a type of ROM used by the computer

to establish basic communication when the computer is turned on.

CACHING storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM.

VIRTUAL MEMORY space on a hard disk used temporarily to store data

and swap it in and out of RAM as needed.


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MOTHERBOARD

- Main circuit board that all of the other internal components connect to.

POWER SUPPLY

- An electrical transformer regulates the electricity used by the computer.

HARD DISK this is large-capacity permanent storage used to hold information

such as programs and documents.

OPERATING SYSTEM basic software that allows the user to interface with the

computer.

INTEGRADED DRIVE ELECTRONICS (IDE) CONTROLLER primary interface

of the hard drive, CD-ROM and floppy disk drive.

PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT (PCI) BUS the most common

way to connect additional components to the computer, PCI uses a series of

slots on the motherboard that PCI cards plug into.

SMALL COMPUTER INTERFACE SYSTEM (SCIS) is a method of adding

additional devices such as hard drives, scanners to the computer.


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ACCELERATED GRAPHICS PORT (AGP) a very high speed connection used

by the graphics card to interface with the computer.

SOUND CARD used by the computer to record and play audio by converting

analog sound into digital information and back again.

GRAPHICS CARD this translates data from the computer into a format that can

be displayed by the monitor.

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

a. DIGITAL all modern computers are digital. This refers to the processes in

computers that manipulate binary numbers (0s or 1s) which represent

switches that are turned on or off by electrical current.

b. ANALOG refers to circuits or numerical values that have a continuous

range. Both 0 and 1 can be represented but so can 0.5, 1.5 or a number like

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BASIC COMPUTER TERMINOLOGIES

CURSOR - a visual indicator (usually represented as a blinking line in programs

or an arrow) on the screen that lets you know where your mouse is positioned.

DESKTOP the view on the monitor that you usually see after starting the

computer and after the Windows screen has loaded. It displays your icons and

shortcuts.


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DRIVE- any part of the computer where disks reside and operate, temporarily

and permanently.

MONITOR the screen where you see you work, whether in color grayscale or

black and white. Color monitors can show from 16 to over a million colors.

CPU (Central Processing Unit) also known as the processor, is the brain of the

computer. This does all the binary calculations to make programs run.

HARD DRIVE/HARD DISK a special storage device in the computer that

contains all the information needed to operate the computer such as programs,

data created by a computer user and the operating system.

RAM (Random Access Memory) also referred to as computer memory. This is

where the computer does short term tasks.

ROM (Read Only Memory) in which information is saved once and can never

be altered.

CD-ROM DRIVE computer drive that reads compact disks similar to the one

you can play in the stereo.

HARDWARE the physical components of a computer, including the cables,

keyboard, the CPU, monitor, etc.

PERIPHERALSare devices connected to the computer, which arent part of the

computer. Examples are mouse, speakers, keyboard, printers, scanners etc.

MONITOR or DISPLAY the television-like screen where the results of the

computers tasks are displayed.

MOUSE a device that is used to control the computer. It is normally in teardrop

shaped gadget with buttons at one end.


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KEYBOARD contains all the letters of the alphabet and numbers one through

nine. It operates like a typewriter keypad, but instead of moving an arm which

strikes the paper, it sends an electronic impulse to the computer, which displays

a character on the monitor.

FLOPPY DRIVE and FLOPPY DISK a floppy drive is a part of the computer

that can read and record onto a special disk, referred to as floppy disk.

FILE/DOCUMENT any single item that is created with an application, this can

be anything that is saved to your computer, such as a paper, a spreadsheet,

pictures, sounds and downloaded programs.

GIG refers to the amount of memory or space, when used to describe data

storage.

ICONS pictures that are shortcuts to programs or files. By clicking on an icon,

you start the program or open the file.

OPERATING SYSTEM refers to the software that your computer uses to

operate and not to a manufacturer or company. WINDOWS 2002, WINDOWS

XP, and OSX (Mac) are common platforms.

SOFTWARE also called an application, this is any information that the

computer uses to perform a task; also, any information saved on a disk.

WINDOWS a graphic way of displaying information on a screen, in windows,

that allow you to view the contents of each window. Another meaning, Windows

refers to a series of operating systems sold by the Microsoft Corporation called

Windows ____.


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TYPES OF COMPUTER AS TO USE

(GENERAL PERFORMANCE LEVEL)

PERSONAL OR MICRO computers for personal use come in all shapes and

sizes from tiny PDA or PC.

SERVERthe term server actually refers to a computers function rather than to

a specific kind of computer. A server runs a network of computers. It handles the

sharing of equipment like computers and communication between computers on

the network.

PROCESSINGis the special ability of computers. This includes calculations,

comparisons, and decisions.

TYPES OF DATABASES

Flat Database

The earliest and simplest databases are flat databases.

A text database is a plain text file where the fields are separated by a particular

character like a vertical bar (|) or a comma, (,) or a semi-colon (;).

A database program can show each record separately in a more readable display.

A spreadsheet can work as a flat database. Each field is in a separate column and each

row is a single record.


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Relational Database

Microsoft Access and Oracle and other relational databases are more advanced and

more efficient. This kind of databases uses a set of tables which are linked together.

Using a well-designed relational database can greatly reduce the amount of data you

must enter each time you add a record. For large numbers of records, a relational

database can search through the records faster.

Queries

You often want to look at just part of the data in a database. You can record or filter

your data using Structural Language (SQL).

Paint

Programs work with pictures on a pixel-by pixel basis, where a pixel is the smallest dot

on the screen. Such programs handle photographs and most clipart. MS Paint is this

type of program.

Drawing

Programs, on the other hand, define images in terms of vectors, that is, equations that

describe geometric shapes. Fortunately, the user doesnt have to do the Math! Drawing

objects in MS Office are vector images.


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A presentation program , also known as presentation graphics, links together a

sequence of slides containing text and graphics a slide show might be used for sales

presentation or for training or to enhance any kind of speech.

A presentation program includes a number of tools for creating graphics that are quite

useful. High-end programs can add sound and video to the slides.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

An FTP program manages the moving of files between computers. When you download

a file over the internet, you are using a FTP program. Programs like word processors

and HTML editors that can upload files to web sites include this ability without having to

use another program.

Chat

In a chat program you join a chat room. You write messages that appear in a window

that shows all the messages being sent in this chat room. Everyone who is logged in to

this chat room can read your messages.

Instant Messaging

An instant messaging program notifies you when your friends are online. Then you can

send them messages, which they can see immediately. Only the one you send the

message to can see it and only you can see the messages that are sent to you, unless

you choose to change to a multiple-user mode. Recent versions of instant messaging


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include the ability to use video conferencing, to play games together with your friends,

and even to make phone calls over the internet.

Project Management

A project management program, like Microsoft Project 2000, tracks all of the people,

tasks, and deadlines in a major project. By linking to the personal scheduling programs

of the people involved, the project management program can see when meetings can

be arranged by looking at everyones scheduled events. It can check for conflicts

between parts of the project and for deadline errors.

PIM programs (Personal Information Management) are a special kind of database. A

PIM will normally include an address book, a calendar to schedule activities and

appointments, and a to-do list where you list chores, calls to make, various things to do.

Contact Manager

An advanced PIM may be called a Contact Manager. Such program is optimized to

make it easy to track who you have talked to or met with and what you did or said.

A contact manager automatically links a name in the address book to names in the

calendar. Clicking on the name in the calendar brings up the full contact information,

including fields for notes about what you did and reminders for what you need to do

after the meeting or conversation. From the address book you can bring up a list of

when you had contacts with this person.


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TYPES OF INPUT

Data is the raw facts given to the computer. Programs are the sets of instructions that

direct the computer. Commands are special codes or key words that the user inputs to

perform a task, like run Accounts. These can be selected from a menu of commands

like Open on the File menu. They may also be chosen by clicking on a command

button.

The Keyboard

This is the first input device. It is used to type information into the computer or input

information. There are many different keyboard layouts and sizes with the most

common for Latin based languages being the QWERTY layout (named for the first 6

keys). The standard keyboard has 101 keys. Notebooks have embedded keys

accessible by special keys or by pressing key combinations (CTRL Command and P for

example). Ergonomically designed keyboards are designed to make typing easier.

Keyboard Symbols

Most characters from any Roman based language can be created on any computer

using the American Standard Code for Information Interchange or ASCII. Most

computers and software are also recognized American National Standards Institutes

(ANSI) formatting standards as well.


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Alphabet Keys

The letters of the alphabet and some punctuation marks are in these three rows. The

order of the keys is called QWERTY form the order of the keys on the top row.

Alt

The Alt key doesnt do anything by itself. But if you hold it down while pressing another

key, the effect of that key may be different from usual.

Arrow Keys

These four keys are used to move the cursor on the screen.

Backspace

The backspace key erases the character on the left of the cursor.

Caps Lock

When this is on while pressing any alphabetic key will result in an upper case letter. The

number and symbol key are not affected.

Control

This key does not do anything by itself. It must be pressed in combination with other

key. When used in combination, the Control key changes the normal effect of a key.


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Delete

The delete key is used to erase the character just to the right of the cursor. Any key

beyond the erased character is moved to the left.

End

The End key is a navigation key. It will send the cursor the end of the current line.

Enter

The enter key is used in several ways. In word processing, it acts like the Return key on

the typewriter by starting a new line. It is also used in place of a mouse click with

buttons and drop-down menu.

Escape

The escape key is used to cancel actions in progress before they finish. Its also used to

close certain dialog boxes.

Function Keys

The function keys are numbered F1, F2, F3,...F12. These are programmable keys.

Programs can assign action to these keys.

Home

It is a navigation key for the cursor. It will move the cursor to the beginning of the

current line.


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Insert

This is a toggle key. That is, repeatedly pressing it will alternate between two effects.

Typing overtypes characters already there

Typing inserts characters in between the characters that are already there.

Numeric Keypad

When the Num Lock is on, these keys are used to enter numbers as with an adding

machine. When the Num Lock is off, the key acts as a navigation keys using the

alternate markings on each key.

Minus

When the Num Lock key is on, the Minus key performs subtraction on the numbers

entered. When the Num Lock key is off, the Minus key will type a hyphen like this

Number/Symbol Keys

On this row of keys you will see two characters, one at the top of the key and one at the

bottom. The upper character is a symbol and is accessed by holding the Shift key down

while pressing the key. Numbers can also be typed from the Numeric Keypad.

Num Lock

When Num Lock is on, the Numeric Keypad responds with numbers, as an adding

machine. When Num Lock is off, the Numeric Keypad responds as navigation keys

using the alternate markings on the keys.


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Page Down

It is a navigation key which will drop the display area down the page one screens worth.

Page Up

It is a navigation key which will move the cursor up the displayed area one screens

worth.

Pause

The Pause key is little used under the Windows. Under DOS it is used to halt action in

progress, often so that the messages on the screen can be read before they scroll off

the screen.

Space bar

It is used to enter blank spaces in text. It can also be used instead of a mouse click on

buttons.

Slash

When Num Lock is on, the Slash key acts as a division sign on the numbers entered.

When the Num Lock key is off, the Slash key types a /.

Shift

It is used in combination with the alphabetic keys to get upper case.

With numeric/symbol key using the Shift key will give the character at the top of the key.


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The Shift key can be used in combination with the Alt and Control keys to change the

effects of another key.

Scroll Lock

This is more useful under DOS where pressing it will stop text on the screen from

scrolling off the top of the screen. This gives you time to read or print it before

continuing.

Plus

When the Num Lock is on, this key performs addition. When Num Lock key is off, this

key prints a +.

Tab

This key is used to move the cursor over to the right to a pre-set point. This is especially

used in word processing to line up text vertically.

Print Screen

This key is more useful under DOS than under in Windows. Under DOS pressing the

Print Screen key immediately sends the contents of the screen to the printer.

Times

When the Num Lock is on, the Times key acts as a multiplication sign on the numbers

entered. When Num Lock is off, the Times key types a *.


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Input Device

Pointing Devices

Mouse

A ball underneath rolls as the mouse moves across the mouse pad. The cursor on the

screen follows the motion of the mouse. Buttons on the mouse can be clicked or

double-clicked to perform task, like to select an icon on the screen or to open the

selected document.

Optical Mouse

There are new mice that dont have ball. They use a laser to sense the motion of the

mouse instead.

Track Ball

Instead of moving the whole mouse around, the user rolls the track ball only, which is on

the top or side. It does not need as much desk space as a mouse. It requires fine

control of the ball with just one finger or thumb. Repeated motions of the same muscles

are tiring and can cause carpal tunnel syndrome.

Glide pad

It uses a sensitive pad for controlling cursor. The user slides finger across the pad and

the cursor follows the finger movement. For clicking there are buttons, or you can tap on

the pad with a finger. The glide pad is a popular alternate pointing device for laptops.


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Game Devices

Cursor motion controlled by vertical stick (joystick) or arrow buttons (game pad). A

joystick gives a more natural-feeling control for motion in games, especially those were

you are flying a plane or spaceship. Both have buttons for special functions than a

mouse and can combine buttons for even more actions.

PDA

A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a handled computer also known as a palmtop

computer. Currently, a PDA has a touch screen for entering data, a memory card slot

for data storage and at least one of the following for connectivity: Bluetooth and/or WiFi.

However, many PDAs may not have touch screen, using soft -keys, a directional pad

and either the numeric keypad or a thumb keyboard for input.

Software typically required for a PDA includes an appointment calendar, a to-do list, an

address book for contacts and some sort of note program. Connected PDAs also

typically include E-mail and Web support.

In healthcare industry, PDA have been shown to aid diagnosis and drug selection and

some studies concluded that theyre use by patients by record symptoms improves the

effectiveness of communication with hospitals during follow-up. It is a faster way that

can be used by the nurses and the healthcare providers to share data and information

resources.


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Touch screen

Make selection by just touching the screen. Its natural to do reach out and touch

something.

Digitizers and Graphic Tables

It converts drawings, photos, etc. to digital signal.

A terminal consists of a keyboard and a screen so it can be considered an input device,

especially some of the specialized types.

Some come as single units.

Display terminals

Video display terminals

A dumb terminal has no ability to process or store data.

It is linked to minicomputer, mainframe, or super computer. The keyboard and viewing

screen may be a single piece of equipment.

An intelligent, smart or programmed terminal can process or store on its own, at least to

a limited extent. PCs can be used as smart terminals

A point of scale terminal (POS) is an example of special purpose terminal. These have

replaced the old cash registers in nearly all retail stores. They can update inventory

while calculating the sale. They often have special purpose keys.


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Multimedia

Multimedia is a combination of sounds and images with texts and graphics. This would

include movies, animations, music, people talking, sound effects like the roar os a

crowd and smashing glass.

Sound input

Recording sounds for your computer requires special equipment. Microphones can

capture sounds from the air at which the sound signal is converted to a computer signal

for easy processing.

Sound effects or videos

For music the best results come from using a musical instrument that is connected

directly to the computer. Software can combine music recorded at different times. You

could be a music group all by yourself singing and playing.

All the voice input systems are now becoming available at the local retail level. You

must be careful to get the right system or youll be very disappointed.

Video input

A digital camera takes still photos but records the pictures on the computer disk or

memory chips. The information contained can be uploaded to a computer for viewing.


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A video camera or recorder (VCR) can record data that can be uploaded to the

computer system.

A web cam is a tiny video camera designed especially to sit on your computer. It feeds

pictures directly into your computer no tape or film to develop.

They use it for video conferencing in the internet. They show the world whats going on

outside their window. They take digital pictures and make movies family, pets, and

birthday parties.

General Devices

Page Scanner- computer peripheral or a stand-alone device that converts

a document, film, graphic, or photograph to a digital image, manipulable through

an appropriate software. When used with an optical character recognition

(OCR) software, a scanner can convert printed, typewritten (and, with

some devices, handwritten) text into a digital file that can be read by a word

processor.

Hand Scanner- a small handheld scanning device used for digitizing images.

While images from a handheld scanner are considered low quality, today's

technology enables full color 24 bit scanning. Depending on the scanner device

type and manufacturer, handheld scanners can also define, translate, and hear

printed text, and can also store and beam text to computers and other devices.


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Bar Code Reader- electronic device that scans a barcode by shining

a laser beam on it. Barcode readers (unlike magnetic-stripe readers) are 'non-

contact' automatic data capture devices, operate only at short distances (a few

inches), and (unlike in radio frequency identification) do not provide 'out of line

of sight' reading. Also called barcode scanner or just scanner.

Optical Mark- the technology of electronically extracting intended data from

marked fields, such as checkboxes and fill-infields, on printed forms. OMR

technology scans a printed form and reads predefined positions and records

where marks are made on the form.

The Major Hardware Components of a Computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for interpreting and executing most of

the commands from the computer's hardware and software. The CPU could be

considered the "brains" of the computer.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (LGU)

This is one of the many components within a computer processor. The ALU performs

mathematical, logical, and decision operations in a computer and is the final processing

performed by the processor. After the information has been processed by the ALU, it is

sent to the computermemory.
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In some computer processors, the ALU is divided into two distinct parts, the AU and the

LU. The AU performs the arithmetic operations and the LU performs the logical

operations.

Control Unit

This is circuitry that directs operations within the computer's processor by directing the

input and output of a computer system. The processor then controls how the rest of the

computer operates (giving directions to the other parts and systems). A control unit

works by gathering input through a series of commands it receives from instructions in

running programs and then outputs those commands into control signals that the

computer and other hardware attached to the computer carry out.

The control unit is basically circuitry inside the CPU, controlling the operations inside the

CPU and "directing traffic" in a sense. The functions a control unit performs can depend

on the type of CPU, since the varying degrees of architecture between all the different

CPUs will determine the functions of the control unit.

Input/ Output Storage

Input Devices- an input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware

equipment) used to provide data to the computer. Input Devices Include the

Mouse, Keyboard, Touch Screen Monitor, Scanner, Track Pad, Microphone,

Joystick, Web Camera.


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Output Devices- An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment

used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by the computer

to the outside world. Output Devices include the Speaker, Printer, Monitor,

Plotter.

Main Memory

Main Memory is a form of Immediate Access Storage also known as primary storage, it

is volatile memory directly accessible to the CPU and is used to store data actively

operated on. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them

as required. Information stored in main memory is lost when the computer is powered

off.

Primary Storage Device

Alternatively referred to as internal memory, main memory, and primary

memory, primary storage is a storage location that holds memory for short periods of

times while the computer running. For example, computerRAM and cache are both

examples of a primary storage device. This storage is the fastest memory in your

computer and is used to store data while it's being used. For example, when you open a

program data is moved from the secondary storage into the primary storage.

Primary Storage Devices:

RAM (Random-access Memory)
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ROM (Read-only Memory)

PROM (Programmable Read-only Memory)

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory )

EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory)

Secondary Storage

Secondary storage differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the

CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage

and transfers the desired data using an intermediate area in primary storage.

Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered off and it is non-

volatile. Secondary Storage Devices Include the Hard Drive, Flash Drive, Memory Card.

Types of Secondary Storage Media

There are several types of secondary storage media used today in the world, each of

these can be compared to each other in terms of portability, speed and capacity. Here

are discussions on some Secondary Storage Devices:

Hard Disk- is the main, and usually largest data storage device in a computer. It

is a non-volatile, random access digital magnetic data storage device. A hard

drive is made up of platters which stored the data, and read/write heads to

transfer data.


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Optical Disk- is an electronic data storage medium from which data is read and

written to by using a low-powered laser beam. It is flat, circular, plastic or glass

disk on which data is stored in the form of light and dark pits. The main two types

of optical disks are: Compact Disk (CD) and Digital Versatile Disk (DVD).

Flash Drive- is a small external storage device, typically the size of a human

thumb that consists of flash memory. USB flash drives are removable and

rewritable reads and writes to flash memory. They are a solid-state storage

medium that's both inexpensive and durable.

Flash Memory Card- is an EEPROM non-volatile computer storage chip. Flash

memory cards have most of the same characteristics of a flash drive in that they

are inexpensive and durable, and are very small. However Flash memory cards

are flat and have a size of about 1 inch. Flash memory cards also have a smaller

version which is used within cell phones.

Operating System

The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every

general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs.

Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from

the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files

and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk

drives and printers.


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Working Storage

The section of computer storage reserved for data to be temporarily stored during

the running of a program.

Computer Communication

Are key infrastructures of the information society with high socio-economic value as

they contribute to the correct operations of many critical services (from healthcare to

finance and transportation).

Documents

Info Lec. Manuscript