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Infection Control
I. Vocabulary
Microorganism (microbe) Small, living organism that is not visible
to the naked eye Pathogen
Microbe that causes infection and disease
Nonpathogen Microbes that are beneficial for certain
body processes
Example
E. coli can be beneficial in one system, but pathogenic in another
II. What do microorganisms need?
Warm environment (body temp) Darkness Source of food and moisture Aerobic-need oxygen,
Anaerobic-do not need oxygen
The body is a perfect place for microorganisms to live and reproduce!
III. BACTERIA-One celled organisms
Cocci Round shape
Diplococci: Bacteria in pairs Gonorrhea, meningitis, pneumonia
Streptococci: Bacteria in chains Strep throat, rheumatic fever
Staphlococci: Bacteria in clusters or groups Pus-producing Boils, Urinary tract infections, wound infections,
toxic shock
BACTERIA-One celled organisms
Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria Occur singly, in pairs, or in chains Flagella (tail to move with) Form spores which are hard to kill Diseases:
Tuberculosis, tetanus, whopping cough, botulism, diptheria, typhoid
BACTERIA-One celled organisms
Spirilla-Spiral or corkscrew shape Diseases include syphilis and cholera
Protozoa
One-celled animal-like organisms Found in decayed materials, animal
feces, insect bites, and contaminated water
Many have flagella to swim Diseases:
Malaria, amebic dysentery, African sleeping sickness
V. Fungi
Plantlike organisms Live on dead organic matter YEASTS and MOLD Diseases:
Ringworm, athlete’s foot, yeast vaginitis, thrush
VI. Rickettsiae
Parasitic microorganisms Can’t live outside their host Found in fleas, lice, ticks, mites Transmitted to humans by bites Diseases:
Typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
VII. Viruses Smallest microorganisms Can’t reproduce unless inside a cell Spread by blood and body secretions NOT AFFECTED BY ANTIBIOTICS Mutate quickly Diseases:
Cold, mumps, measles, chicken pox, herpes, warts, influenza, polio, west nile virus, SARS, HIV, H5N1 (avian bird flu)
Important Viruses-Hepatitis B
HBV virus Transmitted by blood, serum, or other
body secretions Affects liver Vaccine is available (3 shots)
Important Viruses-Hepatitis C HCV virus Transmitted by blood and blood-
containing body fluids (can remain active in dried blood for several days)
No symptoms or mild symptoms like flu
Can cause severe liver problems Difficult to kill
Important Viruses-AIDS
Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Supresses immune system Can’t fight off cancers and infections
that a healthy person easily fights No cure, no vaccine (in development)
VIII.Helminths-Parasitic organisms
Worms and flukes Humans ingest eggs or larvae in
contaminated food (some penetrate skin)
Examples: Hookworms-attach to small intestine, can
get to heart and lungs Tapeworm-attaches to small intestine,
crawls out anus
IX. Types of Infection
Pathogen produces toxin (poison) Cause allergic reaction Attack and destroy living cells they
invade
Types of Infection
Endogenous: infection or disease originates within the body
Exogenous: Infection or disease originates outside the body
Nosocomial: Acquired by an individual in a health care facility
Opportunistic: Occur when the body’s defenses are weak
X. Chain of Infection Causative Agent: pathogen Reservoir: Place to live Portal of Exit: A way to escape the reservoir
(feces, urine, mucus, etc) Mode of transmission:
Direct contact, Indirect contact Portal of Entry: A way to get into new host Susceptible host
XI. Body Defenses Mucous membranes Cilia Coughing and sneezing Hydrochloric acid Tears in eyes Fever Inflammation Immune response
X. Aseptic Techniques-Vocabulary
Asepsis: Absence of disease-producing pathogens
Sterile: Free from all organisms (pathogenic or nonpathogenic)
Contaminated: Pathogens present
Aseptic Techniques Antisepsis: Antiseptics prevent or inhibit
growth of pathogens (not effective against spores & viruses)
Disinfection: Process that destroys or kills pathogenic organism (not effective against spores & viruses) Can irritate or damage skin, used on objects
Sterilization: Process to destroy all pathogens (includes spores & viruses)
XII. Common Aseptic Techniques
Handwashing Good personal hygiene Use of disposable gloves when
contacting body secretions Proper cleaning of instruments