INDUSTRY AND URBAN GROWTH

INDUSTRY AND URBAN GROWTH A New Industrial Revolution

Big Business and Organized Labor

Cities Grow and Change The New Immigrants

Education and Culture

A New Industrial Revolution I. Why Industry Boomed after the Civil War a. Discovery of deposits of coal, iron, lead, and copper b. Government gave businesses subsidies- a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector (or institution, business, or individual). 1. land grants to railroads; high tariffs. c. Steel and Oil 1. Bessemer Process- made stronger steel at lower cost. This replaced Iron. a. Pittsburgh becomes the steel-making capital 2. Oil found in Titusville, PA 1859 a. called black gold because it was so valuabled. Railroad Network Systems 1. Answered a need to move people and supplies 2. improved by adding sleeping/dining cars, called Pullmans 3. Big Railroad companies consolidated to eliminate competition a. use of standardized gauge -same width for all rails- allowed trains to move between railroads 4. kept prices high by eliminating competition, by giving rebates (discounts) to best customers, and controlling grain traffic- this angered small farmers

Pullman Car 5. Railroad Problems a.Rebates Big railroads offered secret rebates to large customers to drive smaller railroads out of business.b. Pools Largest railroads divided business amongst themselves and fixed prices to eliminate competition c. Too Many Railroads railroads were the popular get rich quick company and too many railroads were built going to the same place d. Rate Wars rail companies tried to drive their competitors out of business by cutting pricese. Inventors and Inventions 1. Government issued patents- document giving someone the sole right to make and sell an invention 2. Thomas Edison a. Menlo Park, NJ- his research lab b. produced the light bulb, phonograph, motion picture camera c. opened first electrical plant in nation

patents- document giving someone the sole right to make and sell an invention. Issued by the Federal Government

MENLO PARK, NEW JERSEY3. Communications Revolution a. Cyrus Field- underwater communication cable to Europe b. Alexander Graham Bell- telephone Mr. Watson, come here. I want you.-first telephone message c. Christopher Sholes- Typewriter- improved office communication d. George Eastman lightweight camera e. Jan Matzeliger- AA new machine to sew shoes f. Granville Woods- AA-invented way to send telegraph messages between moving trains

Alexander Graham Bells VoiceAlexander Graham Bell

BELLs FIRST PHONE CALL

SHOLES TYPEWRITER4. Transportation Revolution a. Henry Ford mass-produced the automobile 1. assembly line- manufacturing method in which a product is put together as it moves along a belt a. lowered cost by slicing production time in half b. Wilbur and Orville Wright- the airplane 1903 1. Kitty Hawk, NC- first test site 2. lack of interest in airplane until WWI

THE ASSEMBLY LINETHE ASSEMBLY LINEFord's Assembly Line

WRIGHT BROTHERS FIRST FLIGHT

II. Big Business and Organized Labor A. New Ways of Doing Business 1. entrepreneur person who sets up new business for profit 2. corporation business owned by many investors a. sell stocks, or shares, to stockholders 3. Banking- lent large amounts of money to corporations a. J. Pierpont Morgan- banker who became most powerful force in American economy 1. bought stock in troubled corps-eliminated competition and increased profitsB. Growth of Big Businesses 1. laissez-faire (hands off) approach by government 2. This approach allowed for the growth of large corporations and monopolies- a company that controls most or all business in an industry 3. Major Players a. Andrew Carnegie steel industry 1. took over control of steel industry 2. believed in Gospel of Wealth- the rich had a duty to improve society thru philanthropy- desire to promote the welfare of others by generous donations of money to good causesANDREW CARNEGIEMonopoly is a company that controls most or all business in a particular industryAndrew Carnegie entered the steel industry and eventually owned most of the steel in the US.

b. John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil Trust 1. crushed oil competitors by forming a trust- group of corporations run by single board of directors a. many believed trusts killed free enterprise- system by which privately owned businesses compete freely 1. called Carnegie and Rockefeller Robber Barons c. Social Darwinism- philosophy that supported trusts- survival of the fittest among businesses 1. this was how Carnegie and Rockefeller justified limiting competition

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefellerformed the Standard Oil Trust. He controlled the oilbusiness.

A trust is a group of corporations run by a single board of directors. It hurtsfree enterprise by eliminating competitors.

Free enterprise is a system in which privately owned businesses compete freely.

C. Changes in the Workplace 1. New workers included freed African-Americans 2. Women and Children the majority of workers in some industries like textiles a. sweatshops- manufacturing workshop where workers worked long hours in poor conditions and little pay 3. Dangerous Conditions a. lung diseases from breathing in fibers and dust b. burns or death -no workmans compensationc. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire- 150 mostly young women died trying to escape 1. exits locked to keep workers at their job 2. fire ladders could not reach the fireTriangle Shirtwaist Fire

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory FireTriangle Shirtwaist Fire

D. Workers Organize 1.Unions a. Knights of Labor- PHL clothing workers 1. Terence Powderly- president 2. admitted all workers (skilled and unskilled), women, African-Americans, immigrants 3. Haymarket Square Riot -striking workers held rally; bomb goes off-7 cops killed 4. This violence turned public against unions b. AFL- American Federation of Workers 1. Samuel Gompers- president 2. only admitted skilled workers 3. used collective bargaining -unions negotiate with management for all workers

c. Women in Labor Movement 1. Mary Mother Harris campaigned for unions, supported striking miners, worked for better conditions for child labor. d. Bitter Strikes 1. economic depression in 1893 hurt businesses a. cut production, fired workers, cut pay 2. Pullman Strike- George Pullman, cut his workers pay by 25%, but did not lower their rent a. all railroad workers walked off their jobs b. rail lines shut down c. President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops to end the strike- some protesters killedIII. Cities Grow and Change A. Rapid Growth of Cities 1. urbanization- rapid growth of city populations a. cities attract industry ;industry attracts people b. farmers, immigrants, African-Americans migrated to cities for jobs 2. Growing Up and out a. transportation 1. electric streetcars; elevated trains; subways 2. public transportation and cars led to growth of suburbs b. housing-birth of skyscrapers; elevators

The first skyscraper was built in 1880 in Chicago. It was 10 stories high

THE MAKING OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE B. Problems with Urban Life 1. fire- constant threat in closely-packed cities 2. Tenements-buildings divided into many small apartments- with ONE shared bathroom on a floor- diseases like cholera spread easily 3. Improving City Life a. Mother Cabrini set up clinics and hospitals b. Salvation Army- gave clothes, food, shelter to homeless c. Settlement Houses- centers offering help to urban poor 1. Hull House- Chicago -founded by Jane Addams, a reformer

TENEMENT LIVING

TENEMENT LIVING Tenements were groups of apartments on each floor , usually 2 rooms with sometimes up to 10 people living in each. All apartments used the same bathroom on each floor. This led to the spread of diseases.

C. Excitement of City Life 1. Department stores- one-stop shopping for all different types of goods 2. Leisure Activities a. museums, orchestras, art galleries, theaters were built b. Central Park- planned by Frederick Olmsted provided fresh, outside areas other cities did the same c. Sports- professional sports teams like Cincinnati Reds Stockings; basketball invented by James Naismith in 1891IV. The New Immigrants A. Reason for migration 1. Italys farmland was shrinking 2. Russian Jews-victims of pogroms- government sponsored vicious attacks on Jews 3. Political unrest in countries like Mexico 4. Availability of jobs in US due to industry B. Issues- did not speak English unlike earlier English and Irish immigrants 1. many were Catholics or JewishC. Starting a New Life 1. Trip to America on ships was difficult in steerage a. large compartments that usually held cattle b. Ellis Island- immigrants were checked for diseases; could be sent back 2. New Neighborhoods- immigrants tended to live with people from their homelandsD. Becoming American 1. assimilation- process of becoming part of another culture- easier for children than adults a. language barriers b. education became a priority for immigrantsELLIS ISLANDEllis Island

2. Contributions of Immigrants a. took whatever jobs necessary b. opened small businesses like Chinese laundries c. major contributions by immigrants like Alexander Graham Bell, Andrew Carnegie,E. New Wave of Nativisim 1. native-born Americans disliked new immigrants 2. feared anarchists- person opposed to all forms of government 3. Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882-first law limiting immigration based on race 4. 1917- law passed to deny entry to immigrants who could not read their own language-kept out poor Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act

V. Education and Culture A. educating Americans 1. Compulsory education begins (MA. 1852)- -requirement that children attend school to certain age 2. Freedmens Bureau built grade schools for black and white students in South 3. public school systems emerged after Civil War 4. Adult Education- libraries, guest speakers B. New American Writers 1. realism- writers who tried to show life as it is a. Stephen Crane- Maggie, A Girl of the Streets b. Jack London- wrote about miners and sailors c. Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)- wrote Huckleberry Finn, story of an uneducated boy and Jim, an escaped slave C. Newspaper Boom- due to people being able to read 1. New Kinds of Newspaper a. Joseph Pulitzer- New York World known for sensational headlines. 1. Yellow Kid- comic-strip character of NY World that led to term yellow journalism- sensational reporting style of certain newspapers42

Mark Twains novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, was criticized by parents who felt the character was crude. Today, many critics feel it is one of our greatest novels.Yellow Journalism/Yellow Kid

Pulitzers Yellow Kid comic strip led to the term Yellow Journalism, which was used to describe newspapers that used sensational headlines and stories.