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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN IN ENGLAND AROUND 1750, THE REST OF THE MODERN WORLD REACHED INDUSTRIALIZATION BY 1850
REASONS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INCREASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, GROWTH IN POPULATION, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, NEW MARKETS, CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
JAMES HARGRAVES-SPINNING JENNY EDMUND CARTWRIGHT-WATER POWERED LOOM
JAMES WATT-STEAM POWERED ENGINES HENRY CORT-PUDDLING(PROCESS OF PURIFYING IRON BY OXIDATION)
RICHARD TREVITHICK-STEAM LOCOMOTIVE(THE ROCKET)
ROBERT FULTON-STEAMBOAT(CLERMONT)
INVENTORS
MERCANTILISM NATIONS TRYING TO PROTECT THEIR
INDUSTRIAL SECRETS PASSED A VARIETY OF PROTECTIVE LAWS
PROHIBITED THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION, LIMITED THE MOVEMENT OF SKILLED WORKERS
SAMUEL SLATER-FOUNDER OF AMERICAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
INDUSTRIALIZATION
CLASS BASED ON ECONOMICS-STARTING TO DEMAND POWER TO MATCH ECONOMICS
GROWTH OF CITIES-MODERNIZE, SLUMS-NEW TYPE OF POVERTY,
LABOR-WOMEN, CHILDREN, POOR WORKING CONDITIONS, LOW PAY
SOCIALIST IDEALS: KARL MARX-COMMUNIST MANIFESTO(1848), ROBERT OWEN-COOPERATIVE COMMUNITIES(SCOTLAND, NEW HARMONY, INDIANA) BASED ON MORE’S BOOK UTOPIA, ADAM SMITH(WEALTH OF NATIONS) LAISSEZ-FAIRE
SOCIAL CHANGES
IT HAS BEEN SAID “IF FRANCE SNEEZES EUROPE WILL CATCH A COLD”
THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1800’S CHANGED THE POLITICAL SCENE OF EUROPE
THESE REVOLUTIONS WERE BASED ON: LIBERALISM-A DEMAND FOR THE RIGHTS OF THE
PEOPLE, MORE RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENTS NATIONALISM-PEOPLE DEMANDING TO BE
GOVERNED ON THEIR OWN, TRYING TO PUSH FOREIGN INFLUENCES OUT
REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1800’S
REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1830’S
COUNTRY FRANCE BELGIUM POLAND ITALY
GROUP THE FRENCH PEOPLE
THE BELGUIM PEOPLE
THE POLISH PEOPLE
THE ITALIAN PEOPLE
REASON LIBERALISMREACTIONARY KING
NATIONALISM AGAINST THE DUTCH
NATIONALISM AGAINST RUSSIA
NATIONALISM AGAINST AUSTRIA
OUTCOME NEW MONARCH-LOUIS-PHILIPPE
INDEPENDENT STATE
FAILED REVOLUTION
FAILED REVOLUTION
COUNTRY FRANCE GERMAN STATES
AUSTRIA
GROUPS WORKING CLASS
FRANKFORT ASSEMBLY
NON-GERMANIC PEOPLE
REASON LIBERALISM: JOBS, VOTING RIGHTS, NEW CONSTITUTION
LIBERALISM: INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, VOTING RIGHTS
NATIONALISM: SELF RULE
OUTCOME SECOND REPUBLIC LOUIS NAPOLEON ELECTED PRESIDENT
FREDRICK WILLIAM REFUSED TO BE THE ELECTED KING OF THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE
HUNGARY ALLOWED ITS OWN LEGISLATURE, OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS DEFEATED
REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1840’S
THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1840’S CHANGED THE POLITICS OF EUROPE: OLD ALLIANCES WERE BROKEN AND NEW ONES FORMED
THE CRIMEAN WAR(1853) STARTED AS A CONFLICT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE OTTOMAN TURKS, BUT OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS JOINED THE CONFLICT TO PROTECT THEIR INTEREST
HEAVY LOSSES ON BOTH SIDES LEAD TO AN END TO THE WAR, THE TREATY OF PARIS IN 1856
RESULTS: RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA WERE NO LONGER ALLIES, RUSSIA WITHDREW FROM EUROPEAN POLITICS, AUSTRIA WAS NOW WEAK
NATIONALISM, UNIFICATION, REFORM
NOW WITH AUSTRIA WEAKENED ITALY WAS READY TO MOVE AGAINST THEM AND CREATE A UNIFIED COUNTRY
THE PIEDMONT KINGDOM FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE, THEN PROVOKED A WAR WITH AUSTRIA, WHICH THEY WON
WITH THIS VICTORY SMALL ITALIAN STATES PROPOSED ANNEXATION FROM THE PIEDMONT FOR PROTECTION
IN THE SOUTH GARIBALDI FORMED AN ARMY AND CONQUERED THE SOUTHERN KINGDOMS, THEN FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II, GIVING HIM THE SOUTHERN KINGDOMS
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
PRUSSIAN-AUSTRIAN WAR ALLOWED PIEDMONT TO SEIZE VENETIA FROM AUSTRIA (1866)
FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR ALLOWED HIM TO SEIZE ROME FROM FRANCE (1870)
VICTOR MOVED THE CAPITAL TO ROME ITALY WAS OFFICIALLY UNIFIED ON
SEPTEMBER 20, 1870
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
IN 1848 THE FRANKFORT ASSEMBLY VOTED TO MAKE FREDRICK WILLIAM IV KING; HE REFUSED TO BE KING BASED ON POPULAR VOTE
IN THE 1860’S WILLIAM I MOVED TO PRUSSIA A STRONG MILITARISTIC NATION, THE LEGISLATURE REFUSED TO SUPPORT THIS MOVE
WILLIAM APPOINTED COUNT OTTO VON BISMARCK AS CHANCELLOR
BISMARCK BELIEVED IN REALPOLITIK, REFERRED TO AS THE “IRON CHANCELLOR”, GOVERNED WITH WHAT WERE CALLED POLICIES OF “BLOOD AND IRON”
GERMAN UNIFICATION
BISMARCKS GOALS WERE TO MAKE PRUSSIA THE MOST POWERFUL ECONOMIC NATION IN EUROPE THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOST POWERFUL MILITARY ON THE CONTINENT
HE IGNORED PARLIAMENT, IMPRISONED/KILLED OPPOSITION, ENGAGED IN SUCCESSFUL WARS AGAINST AUSTRIA, DENMARK AND FRANCE
THROUGH HIS POLICIES AND THESE EVENTS; ON JANUARY 18, 1871 GERMANY ANNEXES THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE, GERMANY IS UNIFIED AS A NATION
WILLIAM I IS PROCLAIMED KAISER(EMPEROR) OF THE SECOND REICH(EMPIRE) OF GERMANY
GERMAN UNIFICATION
THE NAPOLEONIC WARS OPENED THE DOOR FOR REVOLUTION IN THE AMERICAS
AS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WERE DISTRACTED BY NAPOLEONS ARMIES, LATIN AMERICA TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE SMALL EUROPEAN FORCES LEFT BEHIND TO MAINTAIN THE COLONIES
THE CREOLES LOOKING AT THE EXAMPLE OF THE U.S., AND THE IDEALS OF ENLIGHTENED THINKERS WERE MOTIVATED TO ACT
REVOLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA
HAITI-1804, TOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE STARTED A SUCCESSFUL SLAVE REBELLION ON THE ISLAND OF HISPANIOLA AGAINST FRENCH OFFICIALS, JEAN-JACQUES DESSALINES FINISHED THE CONFLICT AND DECLARED HIMSELF EMPEROR OF HAITI
MEXICO-1810, FATHER MIGUEL HIDALGO STARTED THE REVOLUTION AGAINST SPAIN, THE CONFLICT ENDED IN 1821, AGUSTINE DE ITURBIDE FINISHED THE WAR, THEN DECLARED HIMSELF EMPEROR OF MEXICO
REVOLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA-1810, LED BY SIMON BOLIVAR(GEORGE WASHINGTON OF SOUTH AMERICA) JOSE SAN DE MARTIN
BOLIVAR WANTED TO CREATE THE UNITED SOUTH AMERICAN STATES, BUT LOCAL LANDOWNERS FEARED LOSING POWER
BOLIVAR AND MARTIN LED SEPARATE CONFLICTS LIBERATING INDIVIUAL AREAS THEN IN 1824 THEY UNITED FORCES TO COMPLETE THE DEFEAT OF SPAIN
TO ENSURE NON-INTERFERENCE IN THE AMERICAS BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, U.S. PRESIDENT JAMES MONORE ISSUED THE MONROE DOCTRINE
REVOLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA
ROMANTICISM-WAS AN INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT THAT STRESSED FEELINGS, EMOTIONS, AND IMAGINATION
ARTISTIC WORKS FEATURED 2 THEMES: 1 ART SHOULD REFLECT INNER FEELINGS; 2 ART SHOULD REFLECT WARMTH AND EMOTIONS
CULTURAL CHANGES
BEETHOVEN EMBODIED THE MUSIC OF THE TIME
LITERATURE: SIR WALTER SCOTT-IVANHOE MARY SHELLY-FRANKENSTEIN EDGAR ALLEN POE-THE RAVEN;
HORROR AND SUSPENSE
CULTURAL CHANGES
PHILOSOPHY: SECULARISM-MOVE FROM RELIGIOUS THOUGHT, EMPHASIS ON THE WORLD AND HUMAN PERSPECTIVES
CHARLES DARWIN-ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION(1859); THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871)
CULTURAL CHANGES
AFTER THE 1850’S CULTURE WAS INFLUENCED BY REALISM
REALISM WAS AN EFFORT TO DESCRIBE LIFE AS IT EXISTED
GUSTAVE COURBET WAS CONSIDERED THE LEADER OF REALISM ARTWORK
CULTURAL CHANGES