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IndustrializationIndustrialization a review of Chapters 19 & 21
What was the enclosure movement?
What was the enclosure movement?
It was the process that rich landowners used to take over and consolidate land formerly shared by peasant farmers … land they then started farming in a more scientific, efficient manner.
Who or what was Jethro Tull?
Who or what was Jethro Tull?
He was a man who invented a mechanical device called a seed drill, which deposited seeds in rows rather than scattering them inefficiently over the ground.
Why are the enclosure movement and the seed drill important to industrialization?
Why are the enclosure movement and the seed drill important to industrialization?
They were two of the important innovations in an agricultural revolution that led to increased population, which in turn provided the labor force for factories in cities.
What invention kicked off the Industrial Revolution … and who’s responsible for it?
What invention kicked off the Industrial Revolution … and who’s responsible for it?
The steam engine … a new and practical version of which was patented by James Watt in 1765.
What country was first to What country was first to industrialize … and why?industrialize … and why?
What country was first to industrialize … and why?
Britain … because it had abundant natural resources (coal and iron ore, most notably), private property protections, available capital and overseas colonies it could exploit.
What industry was first to convert to machine-powered production?
What industry was first to convert to machine-powered production?
Textiles
What was the “putting-out system?”
What was the “putting-out system?”
A cotton cloth industry that entrepreneurs organized prior to the industrialized factory system. Raw cotton was distributed to peasants in their cottages, where they spun and wove the material into cloth.
Why is Eli Whitney a name you should know?
Why is Eli Whitney a name you should know?
He’s the dude who invented the cotton gin, a machine that separated the seeds from raw cotton. Soon after this was patented in 1793, cotton production skyrocketed.
As production of machine-made goods increased, how was the transport of these goods facilitated?
As production of machine-made goods increased, how was the transport of these goods facilitated?
A transportation revolution took place. Some capitalists invested in turnpikes, private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a fee called a toll. There was a boom in canal building in the early 1800s. Then the canal era gave way to the era of steam-powered locomotives and railroads.
What is urbanization?
What is urbanization?
It’s the movement of people to cities. This happened because of the changes to farming (the enclosure movement), soaring population growth and the ever-increasing demand for factory labor.
Describe the conditions for the working class during the early years of industrialization.
Describe the conditions for the working class during the early years of industrialization.
They had to work long hours in often dangerous environments (poor lighting, poor ventilation, etc.) doing repetitive jobs. Some of these people were children younger than 10. In crowded, polluted cities, they lived in crowded tenements (multistory buildings divided into apartments).
How did workers respond to these conditions?
How did workers respond to these conditions?
They formed labor unions, or groups of workers who wanted to initiate reforms such as better pay. These were illegal at first, but over time they won the right to collectively bargain with employers for better pay and working conditions.
Were there any good results of industrialization?
Were there any good results of industrialization?
Of course, and you’ve been enjoying them all your life. More and more jobs were created, wages rose and an increasingly large middle class emerged that could afford to buy all the new technological wonders that were coming down the pike.
What is laissez-faire capitalism?
What is laissez-faire capitalism?
Capitalism is an economic system that allows the market – the laws of supply and demand – to operate freely … so that the owners of private property and capital can earn a profit. The laissez-faire approach to this is to emphasize a “hands-off” approach with regards to the government (i.e., regulation of businesses should be nearly non-existent). Its most notable proponent was Adam Smith, who wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776).
What in the world is utilitarianism?
What in the world is utilitarianism?
It is the philosophy that all laws or actions should be judged by their “utility.” With regards to society, utilitarianism holds that the goal should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.”
What is socialism?
What is socialism?
It is the idea that the people as a whole rather than private individuals should own and operate the means of production – the farms, factories, railways and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods. It is one of the responses to the early challenges of industrialization and a rejection of laissez-faire capitalism.
Who were the Utopians?
Who were the Utopians?
They were a group of early socialists who tried to establish communities in which all work was shared and all property was owned in common. They believed that if there were no differences between rich and poor, conflicts between people would disappear. The most famous Utopian community was set up by Robert Owen in New Lanark, Scotland.
Why is Karl Marx a world history VIP (very important person)?
Why is Karl Marx a world history VIP (very important person)?He was a German philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto (with Friederich Engels) in 1848, theorizing that there was a history of class struggle between the “haves” (bourgeoisie) and “have nots” (proletariat, or working class), and eventually the proletariat would take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society in which a small elite would control all economic and political life.
How did Britain try to protect its head start in the Industrial Revolution?
How did Britain try to protect its head start in the Industrial Revolution?It tried – ultimately unsuccessfully – to enforce strict rules about exporting inventions. But Belgium soon industrialized, followed by France, Germany and the United States (the last two rivaled Britain by the late 1800s). The slowest to industrialize were southern and eastern Europe, including Russia.
What did Henry Bessemer invent?
What did Henry Bessemer invent?
In 1856 he invented a process that reduced the time needed to smelt steel from 8 days to 30 minutes. Steel – lighter, harder and more durable than iron – quickly became the metal of the Industrial Revolution’s “second wave.” It was used in everything from tools and machinery to bridges, railroads and skyscrapers.
What did he invent?
Thomas Edison
What did he invent?
Thomas Edison
What did he invent?
Michael Faraday
What did he invent?
Michael Faraday
What did he invent?
Guglielmo Marconi
What did he invent?
Guglielmo Marconi
What did he invent?
Alexander Graham Bell
What did he invent?
Alexander Graham Bell
Define the terms “corporation” and “stock.”
Define the terms “corporation” and “stock.”
A corporation is a large business owned by many investors who buy stock, or shares of ownership, in the company.
Define the terms “monopoly” and “cartel.”
Define the terms “monopoly” and “cartel.”
A monopoly is a huge corporate structure that controls an entire industry, and a cartel is a group of corporations that join forces to fix prices, set production quotas or control markets in one area of the economy. Both were common features of early industrialization before governments moved in to regulate the economy and outlaw such entities.
Who was Louis Pasteur?
Who was Louis Pasteur?
He was a chemist who demonstrated a clear link between microbes and disease, thus confirming the germ theory of disease. He also discovered a process that killed disease-carrying microbes in milk.
Suffrage is
a. what Florida Gator football fans went through last season.b. what Mr. Rosselle experiences when he grades essays.c. the right to vote.
Suffrage is
a. what Florida Gator football fans went through last season.b. what Mr. Rosselle experiences when he grades essays.c. the right to vote.
What was the goal of the temperance movement?
What was the goal of the temperance movement?
Its goal was to limit or ban alcoholic beverages. Leaders of this movement – many of them women – believed this would strengthen family life and make for a more productive and efficient workforce.
Who was Charles Darwin … and why was he known to his friends as “Hip Dawg Chuckie D?”
Who was Charles Darwin … and why was he known to his friends as “Hip Dawg Chuckie D?”
He argued that all forms of life, including human beings, had evolved into their present state over millions of years through a process of natural selection. As for the nickname … well, just look at him.
Artistic styles
Romanticism, Realism or Impressionism?
Artistic styles
Romanticism, Realism or Impressionism?
Artistic styles
Romanticism, Realism or Impressionism?
Artistic styles
Romanticism, Realism or Impressionism?
