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Industrialization and Westernization in Africa and

AsiaChapters 26

Unit 5: 1750-1900

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

• Ottomans experienced political and economic decline in the 19thcentury

• Competition with the European goods negatively affected artisans

• Balkan territory lost after revolutions and Russian threat increased

• Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876) introduced western style education, law, and trade

• Sultan Abdul Hamid failed to repeal reforms

• The coup of 1908 reestablished constitution with sultan as figurehead

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Khedives in Egypt

• Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt in 1798 was a watershed

• Muhammad Ali established a European style monarchy and his descendants ruled until 1953

• Egypt’s economy was dependent on cotton exports to Europe

• The Suez Canal increased European interest in the region

• British and French helped Egypt when they experienced financial difficulties

• Fixed cotton prices and purchased shares of the canal

Mahdist Revolt in Sudan• Egypt loosely controlled Nile

River valley through Sudan from base at Khartoum

• Muhammad Ahmed led an Islamist rebellion against Egyptian and British intervention

• British began attacks against the Mahdist forces in 1896 and used advanced weaponry in the Battle of Omdurman in 1898

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Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)

• Manchus from north of the Great Wall founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644

• Like previous dynasties, the Qing adoptedthe civil service administrative system and Confucian ideals

• Qing were the final dynasty with the mandate of heaven

Opium and Imperialism

• British East India Co. traded Indian opium into China

• An estimated 12 million people were addicted to the drug and imports tripled between 1820 and 1840

• Opium Wars (1839-1842): Chinese attempted to blockade ships and destroy the opium trade

• Treaty of Nanjing forced China to open more ports to European trade

• European powers established spheres of influencealong the coast

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Rebellion and decline

• The increased European influence and cost of wars undermined Qing authority

• Taiping Rebellion successfully captured Southern territory in the 1850s and 1860s

• Self-strengthening movement encouraged western industry in the provinces

• Boxer Rebellion in 1900 wanted to expel foreigners from China

• Qing drafted European armies to put down the rebellion