Industrialization

1750-1914

Basic Concepts

Outcome of scientific activity and invention of 1600’s

New forms of powerNew levels of efficiencyMechanical age

Paradigm shift

Thomas Kuhn-The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Whether in the sciences, or in other aspects of our lives, paradigm shifts seem to have some common characteristics. Paradigm shifts are a necessary part of life. Paradigm shifts can be bad. Paradigm shifts often come from the young. You cannot abandon a paradigm until you have one to put in its

place, because our paradigm is that which allows us to function. It usually takes a long time to effect a paradigm shift - often as

much as 20 years, about the life of a generation.

Preconditions for Industrialization

Technical knowledge and invention; belief in progress

Large un-landed populationNatural resourcesInvestment capitalStable and capitalist government

Belief in Progress Marquis de Condorcet

“Progress of the Human Mind”Change or progress is inevitableHumans on the verge of perfection

Scientific Revolution Enlightenment

Adam Smith-Capitalisman economic system in which

investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, [especially] as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Capitalism

an economic system - in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, [especially] as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Modern Language Association (MLA):"capitalism." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 12 Apr. 2009. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capitalism>.

Natural Resources

Agricultural Revolution 1600s

New farming techniques

Jethro Tull and the seed drill

Enclosure Movement

Displaced workers Cottage Industry

Josiah Wedgewood

Textile Revolution

Water powerNew InventionsThe LudditesFactory

Changes in Demography

Rural to urban migration

Gender, Family, and Social Structure

Stable populations Declining birth and death rates

Children more valued Decline of slavery in favor of spending wage-earners

Consumerism Women and children worked outside the home; cheap labor

Rise of Unions Cult of domesticity

Aristocrats decline in power Power based on wealth

Middle-Class at odds with the working class Peasant protests decline

Less rural isolation Use of market conditions to improve life

Cooperatives, cash crops Children attended school to learn better

techniques

Technological Revolution

James WattAlexander Graham BellHenry BessemerThomas EdisonThe Wright Brothers

Outcomes

Major economic and social changes

Before Industrialization After Industrialization

Agricultural-rural economy Capitalist-urban economy

Family-farm economy Wage-earning economy

Asian-based manufacturing Factory-based manufacturing

Rural-based population Urban population

The End