Upload
chidi
View
43
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Challenges, Design Principles, and Technical Approaches. Presented By: Jesmin Jahan Tithi Std no: 0409052065 S.M.Arifuzzaman. Outline. WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) Industrial Monitoring Applications of WSN in Industry Challenges & Design Goals - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
INDUSTRIAL WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
CHALLENGES, DESIGN PRINCIPLES, AND TECHNICAL APPROACHES
Presented By:
Jesmin Jahan Tithi
Std no: 0409052065
S.M.Arifuzzaman
1
OUTLINE
WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) Industrial Monitoring Applications of WSN in Industry Challenges & Design Goals Standardized Activities Open Issues
2
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK•consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors
•cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditionssuch as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants
3
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
Sensor
4
APPLICATIONS OF WSN military applications e.g. battlefield surveillance environment and habitat monitoring health monitoring & healthcare applications home automation traffic control industrial process monitoring and control
machine
5
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK AT INDUSTRIES
6
INDUSTRIAL MONITORING AND CONTROLLING
Three types of monitoringProcess monitoringStaff monitoringMachineries monitoring and controlling
companies often use manual labor-intensive techniques. • increases the cost • human errors
7
INDUSTRIAL MONITORING AND CONTROLLING AND SENSORS some monitoring process can not be done by
human beings they are out of reach it is dangerous to monitor them directly ( for
example because of RF interference/Highly caustic or corrosive environments/High humidity levels /Vibrations /Dirt and dust)
Without sensors these types of monitoring are
very difficult or impossible!!
Without sensors these types of monitoring are
very difficult or impossible!!
8
APPLICATIONS OF WSN IN INDUSTRY
Building automation Building access controls , HVAC controls , Lighting
controllers, Thermostat , Lifts / Elevators / Escalators , Remote alarm triggering , Water Management, Electrical blinds
9
APPLICATIONS OF WSN IN INDUSTRY
Industrial process automation Water/Wastewater Monitoring
• Landfill Ground Well Level Monitoring and Pump Counter
• Flare Stack Monitoring• Water Tower Level Monitoring
Vehicle Detection Agriculture
• Windrow Composting• Greenhouse Monitoring
10
Electric utility automation Monitoring device parameters
Automatic meter reading
Inventory management Monitoring the inventory product conditions and
environment
11
APPLICATIONS OF WSN IN INDUSTRY
MACHINE HEALTH MONITORING OR CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE
Condition-based maintenance (CBM)-significant cost savings and enable new functionalities.
US Navy shipboard systems
-reduced manning levels
-automated maintenance monitoring systems.
Inaccessible locations, rotating machinery, hazardous or restricted areas, and mobile assets can now be reached with wireless sensors.
12
WHAT HAPPENS AT INDUSTRY
Wireless tiny sensor nodes are installed on industrial equipment
Sensors monitor the parameters critical to each equipment based on a combination of measurements such as vibration,
temperature, pressure, and power quality
13
WHAT HAPPENS AT INDUSTRY (CONTD.)
Data are then wirelessly transmitted to a sink node that analyzes the data from each sensor
Any potential problems are notified to the plant personnel as an advanced warning system.
This enables plant personnel to repair or replace equipment
before their efficiency drops or they fail entirely.
In this way, catastrophic equipment failures and the associated
repairing can be prevented in advance.14
CHALLENGES, DESIGN GOALS AND STATE OF ART
CONDITIONS OF WSN & IWSN
15
CHALLENGE: RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS
Constraints Battery energy Limited memory Limited Processing Capabilities Bandwidth constraint
16
DESIGN GOAL: RESOURCE-EFFICIENT DESIGN Energy saving with energy-efficient protocols
Energy-aware routing on network layer Energy-saving mode on MAC layer
For certain FEC (forward error correction) codes, hop-length extension decreases energy consumption
Hardware optimizations Sleeping schedules to keep electronics inactive most of the time,
dynamic optimization of voltage, and clock rate System-on-chip (SOC) technology for low power consumption by
integrating a complete system on a single chip ( ZigBee SOC, CC2430, EM250)
• Local data processing 17
DESIGN GOAL: RESOURCE-EFFICIENT DESIGN
Energy Recovery/Acquisition: Energy harvesting techniqueExtracts energy from environment
Some approaches Photovoltaic cell with rechargeable
battery Background radio signal: small energy vibrations, thermoelectric conversion, human
body RF signal transmission: safety issue employing piezoelectric materials
18
CHALLENGE: DATA REDUNDANCY High Density in network topology cause redundant
data in both spatial and temporal domain
Spatial correlation: redundant data possibly from nearby sensors
Temporal correlation: redundant data from consecutive observation
19
DESIGN GOALS: DATA FUSION AND LOCALIZED PROCESSING
Data aggregation and fusion Locally filter the sensed data and transmit only the
processed one Only necessary information is transported to the end-user
Intermediate node checks the contents of incoming data and then combines them by eliminating redundant information under some accuracy constraints
20
CHALLENGE: PACKET ERRORS AND VARIABLE-LINK CAPACITY
Attainable capacity and delay at each link depends on
Location Interference level perceived at the receiver
Varying characteristics of the link over space and time due to obstructions and noisy environment
High bit error rates
21
Broadband interference Generated by motors, inverters, computers, electric-switch
contacts, voltage regulators, pulse generators, thermostats, and welding equipment
Have constant energy spectrum over all frequencies and high energy
Emitted unintentionally from radiating sources
Narrowband interference Intentional and have less Energy
Caused by UPS system, electronic ballasts, test equipment, cellular networks, radio–TV transmitters, signal generators, and micro wave equipment 22
INTERFERENCE
DESIGN GOALS: FAULT TOLERANCE AND RELIABILITY
Sensed data should be reliably transferred to the sink node (specially mission-critical information)
Programming/command and queries should be reliably delivered to the target sensor node to assure the proper functioning
To combat the unreliability, verification and correction on each communication layer are required automatic repeat request (ARQ): not suitable for real time system forward error correction (FEC) hybrid schemes.
23
DESIGN GOAL: FAULT TOLERANCE AND RELIABILITY
Forward error correction (FEC) Improve the error resiliency more than ARQ
Radio-modulation techniques to reduce interferences and improve reliability
Direct- sequence spread spectrum Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
Benefits of SSM:Multiple access Anti-multipath fadingAnti jamming
24
CHALLENGE: SECURITYSecurity for external attacks and intrusion
Passive attacks: eavesdropping on transmissions , traffic analysis, disclosure of message contents
Active attacks: modification, fabrication, and interruption (in case of IWSN, node capturing, routing attacks, or flooding)
External denial-of-service attacks and intrusion
25
DESIGN GOAL: SECURE DESIGN
Low level and high level security should be addressed
key establishment and trust control, secrecy and authentication, privacy, robustness to communication DoS, secure routing, resilience to node capture
secure group management, intrusion detection, secure data aggregation
Security overhead should be balanced against QoS
26
CHALLENGE: DYNAMIC TOPOLOGIES AND HARSH ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
In harsh industrial environments, the topology and connectivity of the network may vary due to link and sensor-node failures a portion of sensor nodes to malfunction
27
DESIGN GOAL: ADAPTIVE NETWORK OPERATION
Adaptability enables to cope with dynamic wireless-channel conditions and new connectivity requirements for new industrial processes
Adaptive signal-processing algorithms and communication protocols are required to balance the trade offs among Resources Accuracy Latency time synchronization requirements
28
CHALLENGE: QUALITY-OF-SERVICE REQUIREMENTS
Accuracy between the data reported and what is actually occurring in the industrial environment
Time sensitive data should be reached in a timely manner
Different IWSNs have different QoS requirements and specifications
29
DESIGN GOAL: APPLICATION-SPECIFIC DESIGN AND TIME SYNCHRONIZATION
Designs and techniques should be based on the application-specific QoS requirements
Existing time synchronization strategies designed for other traditional wired and wireless networks may not be appropriate for IWSNs due to: resource and size limitations lack of a fixed infrastructure dynamic topologies
Adaptive and scalable time-synchronization protocols are required for IWSNs 30
CHALLENGE: LARGE-SCALE DEPLOYMENT AND AD HOC ARCHITECTURE
Large number of sensor nodes
Randomly spread over the deployment field
Need for autonomous establishment of connections and maintenance of network connectivity
31
DESIGN GOAL: LOW-COST AND SMALL SENSOR NODES AND SELF-CONFIGURATION AND
SELF-ORGANIZATION To accomplish large scale deployments feasible hardware cost
should be minimized
Commercial release: Smart Dust motes uAMPS CC2430 and EM250 ZigBee SOC
self-organizing architectures and protocols are required for supporting the dynamic topologies caused by node failure/mobility/
temporary power-down/addition of new nodes large-scale node deployments
32
CHALLENGE: INTEGRATION WITH INTERNET AND OTHER NETWORKS
IWSN needs to provide service for querying the network to retrieve useful information from anywhere and anytime
Should be remotely accessible from the Internet
Need to be integrated with the Internet Protocol(IP) architecture
33
DESIGN GOAL: SCALABLE ARCHITECTURES AND EFFICIENT
PROTOCOLS
• Needs to support heterogeneous industrial applications necessary to develop flexible and scalable architectures to
accommodate the requirements of various applications in the same infrastructure
• Modular and hierarchical systems
• Interoperability with existing legacy solutions such as fieldbus and Ethernet-based systems
34
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: API
Should be accessible through a simple application programming interface
Should make the underlying network complexity transparent to the end users
Should be able to integrate seamlessly with the legacy fieldbus
35
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: OPERATING SYSTEM AND
MIDDLEWARE DESIGN
Operating system should balance the tradeoff between energy and QoS requirements Tiny OS
component-based development flexible platform for implementing new communication protocols supports communication, multitasking, and code modularity
Middleware should provide efficient network and system management abstracts the system as a collection of massively distributed objects enables industrial sensor applications to originate queries and tasks, gather responses and results, monitors the changes within the network
36
SOFTWARE: SYSTEM INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING
During installation, what and where a sensor will monitor, should be indicated
Network management and commissioning tools should be provided by software for example: a graphical user display to show network connectivity
and help to set the operational parameters
Network performance analysis and other management features detecting failed nodes, assigning sensing tasks, monitoring
network health, upgrading firmware, and providing QoS provisioning
37
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE Network should be scalable
Flexible and hierarchical architectures should accommodate the requirements of both
heterogeneous and homogeneous infrastructure
flat single-tier network of homogeneous sensor nodes
Multi-tier heterogeneous approaches (clustering/partitioning) resource-constrained low-power elements are in charge of
performing simpler tasks, such as detecting scalar physical measurements
resource-rich high-power devices (such as gateways) perform more complex tasks 38
CROSS-LAYER DESIGN
IWSNs demandsCross layer optimization (physical, MAC, and routing
layers optimization) due to Technical challenges caused by harsh industrial conditions Application specific QoS requirements
Methodologies to Leverage potential improvements of exchanging information between
different layers of the communication stack
Some form of logical separation of these functionalities should be kept to preserve modularity
39
STANDARDIZATION ACTIVITIES ZigBee
A mesh-networking standard based on IEEE 802.15.4 radio technology
Targeted at industrial control and monitoring, building and home automation, embedded sensing, and energy system automation
Advantages Extremely low energy consumption Support different topologies
Disadvantage Cannot serve the high number of nodes within the specified
cycle time 40
STANDARDIZATION ACTIVITIES
Wireless HART Specifically designed for process monitoring and control
Employs IEEE 802.15.4-based radio, frequency hopping, redundant data paths, and retry mechanism
Utilize mesh networking, both transmission and relay
41
STANDARDIZATION ACTIVITIES UWB
Short-range transmission of very short impulses emitted in periodic sequences
Used in Multimedia and personal area networking, now trying in industries
Advantages:• Good localization capabilities
• Share previously allocated radio frequency bands by hiding signals under noise floor
• Transmit high data rates with low power
• Good security characteristics
• Ability to cope with multipath environments42
STANDARDIZATION ACTIVITIES: UWB (Cont.)
Disadvantage: Not viable for longer distance communication or measuring data
from unsafe zone
Challenges:Hardware developmentHandling MAC and multipath interferenceUnderstanding propagation characteristics
43
STANDARDIZATION ACTIVITIES (CONT..)
IETF6LoWPAN Aims for standard IP communication over low power wireless
IEEE 802.15.4 networks utilizing IPV6
Advantages :• Communicate directly with other IP in wireless sensor devices
• Established application level model and services (e.g., HTTP, HTML, XML)
• Established network-management tools
• Transport protocols
• Support for IP option
44
STANDARDIZATION ACTIVITIES (CONT..)
ISA100 Targeted for reliable communication system for monitoring
and control applications
Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy Ultralow-power technology address very low battery
capacity
45
OPEN ISSUES
To devise analytical models to evaluate and predict IWSNs performance
characteristics, such as communication latency and reliability and energy efficiency
Optimal sensor-node deployment
localization, security, and interoperability between different IWSN manufacturers
46
OPEN ISSUES
To cope with RF interference and dynamic wireless channel conditions in industrial environments
Porting a cognitive radio paradigm to a low power industrial sensor node
Developing controlling mechanisms for channel hand-off
Because of the diverse industrial application requirements and large scale of the network, several technical problems still remain to be solved in analytical IWSN models
47
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
? ?
?48