Industrial Tour Report1.Doc (2)

8/3/2019 Industrial Tour Report1.Doc (2)

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During a siege, attackers would employ elephants to crush a fort's gates. Without a level, straightrun-up to gather speed, however, something prevented by this layout, elephants are ineffective

The site is very important in terms of architectural history. Abul Fazal recorded that five hundredbuildings in the beautiful designs ofBengal and Gujarat were built in the fort. Some of the mosthistorically interesting mixing ofHindu and Islamic architecture are found here. In fact, some of

the Islamic decorations feature haraam (forbidden) images of living creatures - dragons,elephants andbirds;, instead of the usual patterns and calligraphy seen in Islamic surfacedecoration.

TAJ MAHALThe Taj Mahal crown of palaces", is a white Marble mausoleum located in Agra, India. It wasbuilt by Mughal emperorShah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The TajMahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universallyadmired masterpieces of the world's heritage.

Taj Mahal is the finest example ofMughal architecture, a style that combines elements fromPersian, Turkish and Indian architectural styles.

ARCHITECTURE:

The tomb

The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal. This large, white marble

structure stands on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan (an arch-

shaped doorway) topped by a large dome and finial. Like most Mughal tombs, the basic elements

are Persian in origin.

Exterior decoratio n

The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal are among the finest in Mughal architecture.[citation needed]

As the surface area changes the decorations are refined proportionally. The decorative elementswere created by applying paint, stucco, stone inlays, or carvings. In line with the Islamicprohibition against the use of anthropomorphic forms, the decorative elements can be groupedinto eithercalligraphy, abstract forms or vegetative motifs.

Throughout the complex,passages from the Qur'an are used as decorative elements. Recentscholarship suggests that the passages were chosen by Amanat Khan

Interior decoration

The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal steps far beyond traditional decorative elements. Here, theinlay work is not pietra dura, but a lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones. The inner

chamber is an octagon with the design allowing for entry from each face, although only the doorfacing the garden to the south is used.

The garden

The complex is set around a large 300-metre (980 ft) square charbagh orMughal garden. Thegarden uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu'l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mughal_emperorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbaghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu'l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mughal_emperorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbaghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_gardens


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buildings, including the extant royal palaces, courts and the Jama Masjid is a popular touristattraction, and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.

Architecture of Fatehpur Sikri

Fatehpur Sikri sits on rocky ridge, 3 km. in length and 1 km. wide, and palace city is surrounded

by a 11 km wall on three side with the fourth being a lake at the time.[16]

Its architect was TuhirDas and was constructed using Indian principles. The buildings of Fatehpur Sikri show asynthesis of various regional schools of architectural craftsmanship such as Gujarat and Bengal.This was because indigenous craftsmen from various regions were used for the construction ofthe buildings. Influences from Hindu and Jain architecture are seen hand in hand with Islamicelements. The building material used in all the buildings at Fatehpur Sikri, palace-city complex,is the locally quarried red sandstone, known as 'Sikri sandstone'.[17][18] It is accessed through gatesalong the five-mile long fort wall, namely, Delhi Gate, the Lal Gate, the Agra Gate, Birbal'sGate, Chandanpal Gate, The Gwalior Gate, the Tehra Gate, the Chor Gate and the Ajmere Gate.

Some of the important buildings in the city both religious and secular are:

Buland Darwaza , Jama Masjid , Tomb of Salim Chisti, Diwan-i-Aam , Diwan-i-Khas, Ibadat

Khana, Panch Mahal,etc.

BULAND DARWAZA:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Fatehpur_Sikrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Fatehpur_Sikrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone


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The Buland Darwaza towers above the courtyard of the mosque. The Buland Darwaza is semioctagonal in plan and is topped by pillars and chhatris. Buland Darwaiosks on the roof, stylizedbattlement and small turrets and inlay work of white and black marble. On the outside a longflight of steps sweeps down the hill giving the gateway additional height. A Persian inscriptionon eastern archway of the Buland Darwaza records Akbar's conquest over Deccan in 1601 A.D.Itis a superb gateway, 40 metres high and 50 metres from the ground. The total height of theStructure is about 54 metres from the ground level.It is the highest gateway in India. It is madeup of real sandstone and decorated with beautiful carvings and inlay work in white marble.Averse from the teachings of Jesus Christ was also included in the inscriptions revealing thereligious tolerance and broadmindedness of Akbar.It is a 15-storied high gateway that guards thesouthern entrance of the city of Fatehpur Sikri.

Buland Darwaza is the highest gateway in the world and an astounding example of the Mughalarchitecture. The Buland Darwaza or the magnificence gateway is made of red and buffsandstone

Tomb of Salim Chishti
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatris


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The Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chishti is famed as one of the finest examples ofMughalarchitecture in India, built during the years 1580 and 1581, along with the imperial complex atFatehpur Sikri. Situated near Zenana Rauza and facing south towardsBuland Darwaza, withinthe quadrangle of theJama Masjid which measures 350 ft. by 440 ft. [1]. It enshrines the burialplace of the Sufi saint,Salim Chisti (1478 1572), a descendant of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti

ofAjmer, and lived in a cavern on the ridge at Sikri.[2]

The mausoleum, constructed by Akbarasa mark of his respect for the Sufi saint, who foretold the birth of his son, who was named PrinceSalim after him and later succeeded Akbar to the throne of the Mughal Empire, asJahangir.[1]

We left Agra in the afternoon of 5 January,2012 to Shimla. On our way we stopped at the divine

Mathura Temple at Mathura to seek the blessings of the almighty

SHIMLA :
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We reached Shimla on the morning of 6 January, 2012 from Agra via Mathura.

Shimla , formerly known asSimla, is the capital city ofHimachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla wasdeclared the summer capital of the British Raj in India. A popular tourist destination, Shimla isoften referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-westHimalayas at an average altitude of 2,205 metres (7,234 ft), the city of Shimla , draped in forests

ofpine, rhododendron, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The cityis famous for its buildings styled in tudorbethan and neo-gothic architecture dating from thecolonial era. Shimla is connected to the city ofKalka by one of the longest narrow gauge railwayroutes still operating in India, the Kalka- Shimla Railway. Shimla is approximately 145 km(90 mi) from Mandi, 100 km (62 mi) from Chandigarh, the nearest major city, and 365 km(227 mi) fromNew Delhi, the national capital. The city is named after the goddess ShyamalaDevi, an incarnation of the Hindu Goddess Kali.

Shimla is located in the north-western ranges of the Himalayas. At an average altitude of2397.59 meters (7866.10 ft) above mean sea level, the city is spread on a ridge and its sevenspurs. The city stretches nearly 9.2 km from east to west. The highest point in Shimla, at2454 meters (8051 ft), is the Jakhoo hill. Shimla is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the

Earthquake hazard zoning of India. Weak construction techniques and increasing populationpose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region. There are no bodies of water nearthe main city and the closest river, Sutlej, is about 21 km (13 mi) away. Other rivers that flowthrough the Shimla district, although further from the city, are Giri, and Pabbar (both aretributaries ofYamuna). The green belt in Shimla planning area is spread over 414 hectares(1023 acres). The main forests in and around the city are that ofpine,deodar, oakandrhododendron. Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every yearwithout the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal

On the way from Shimla to Manali via Kullu we had the opportunity to travel on a perfect GhatRoad and understand the super elevations and other road details on the way. We also understoodthe dangers of travelling on a Ghat road and the necessary precautions that should be taken.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudorbethanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Gothichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi,_Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_(mountain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_hazard_zoning_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutlejhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudorbethanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Gothichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi,_Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_(mountain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_hazard_zoning_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutlejhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron


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KULU MANALIWe left Shimla on the morning of 7 January, 2012 and reached Manali on the same night viaKullu.

Manali at an altitude of 1950m (6400 ft) in the Baes River Valley is an important hill station inthe mountains of Himachal Pradesh , India , near the northern end of the Kullu Valley. It islocated about 250km (160 mi) north of state capital , Shimla. The small town was the beginningof an ancient trade route to Ladakh and from there over the Karakoram Pass on to Yarkand andKhotan in Tarim Basin. The town ranges in elevation from 1800m (5900 ft) to 2000m (6600ft) inthe uppermost Old Manali section.

AMRITSAR :We left Manali on the afternoon of 8 January,2012 and reached Amritsar on the morning of 9January,2012 travelling along the Ghat Roads of Himachal Pradesh to the plain terrains ofPunjab. Here, we visited the Jalianwala Bagh , Wagah Attari Border ant The Golden Temple.

JALIANWALA BAGHJallianwala Bagh is a public garden in Amritsarin the Punjab province ofIndia, and houses amemorial of national importance, established in 1951 to commemorate the murder of peacefulcelebrators on the occasion of the Punjabi New Year on April 13, 1919 in the Jallianwala BaghMassacre. Official British Raj sources placed the fatalities at 379, and with 1100 wounded.[1]

Civil Surgeon Dr. Smith indicated that there were 1,526 casualties.[2] The true figures of fatalitiesare unknown, but are likely to be higher than the official figure of 379.

The 6.5-acre (26,000 m2) garden site of the massacre is located in the vicinity ofGolden Templecomplex, the holiest shrine ofSikhism.

The memorial is managed by theJallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust, which was

established as per theJallianwala Bagh National Memorial Actpassed by the Government ofIndia in 1951.

WAGAH - ATTARI BORDER

Wagah is the only road border crossing between Pakistan and India, and lies on the GrandTrunk Road between the cities ofLahore, Pakistan and Amritsar,India. Wagah itself is a villagethrough which the controversial Radcliffe Line was drawn. The village was divided byindependence in 1947. Today, the eastern half of the village remains in the Republic of Indiawhile the western half is in Pakistan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(person)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(person)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Line


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The Wagah border, often called the "Berlin wall of Asia", is a border crossing on the IndiaPakistan Borderwhere each evening there is a retreat ceremony called 'lowering of the flags',which has been held since 1959. At that time there is an energetic parade by the Border SecurityForce (B.S.F) of India and the Pakistan Rangers soldiers. It may appear slightly aggressive andeven hostile to foreigners but in fact the paraders are imitating the pride and anger. Troops ofeach country put on a show in their uniforms with their colorful turbans. Border officials fromthe two countries sometimes walk over to the offices on the other side for day to day affairs. Thehappenings at this border post have been a barometer of the India-Pakistan relations over theyears.

Samjhauta Express, the train service between Lahore and Delhi, plies twice a week from Attarirailway station, 5 km from Wagah. TheNational Highway of India starts from Wagah Border,and is the transit point for the DelhiLahore Bus service operating within the Punjab betweenAmritsar and Lahore, which was started in 2004 as relations between the two countriesimproved.

GOLDEN TEMPLE

Sri Harmandir Sahib, also known as Sri Darbar Sahib or Golden Temple, (on account of its

scenic beauty and golden coating for English speaking world), is named after Hari(God) thetemple of God. The Sikhs all over the world, daily wish to pay visit to Sri Amritsar and to payobeisance at Sri Harmandir Sahib in their Ardas.

Guru Arjan Sahib, the Fifth Nanak, conceived the idea of creating a central place of worship forthe Sikhs and he himself designed the architecture of Sri Harmandir Sahib. Earlier the planningto excavate the holy tank (Amritsar or Amrit Sarovar ) was chalked out by Guru Amardas Sahib,the Third Nanak, but it was executed by Guru Ramdas Sahib under the supervision of BabaBudha ji. The land for the site was acquired by the earlier Guru Sahibs on payment or free of costfrom the Zamindars (landlords) of native villages. The plan to establish a town settlement wasalso made. Therefore, the construction work on the Sarovar(the tank) and the town startedsimultaneously in 1570. The work on both projects completed in 1577 A.D.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_Borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_Borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagah_border_ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Security_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Security_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Rangershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-Pakistan_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samjhauta_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_1_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Lahore_Bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_Borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_Borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagah_border_ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Security_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Security_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Rangershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-Pakistan_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samjhauta_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_1_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Lahore_Bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region


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Number of

vehicles

210 trains

Train length 4/6 coaches

Technical

Track gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)broad gauge

1,435 mm (4 ft 8 12 in) standard

HISTORY:

An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with

inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes,

resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers,

speeding and reckless driving.To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the

Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)

on March 5, 1995 withE. Sreedharan as the managing director.

CONSTRUCTION:

Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on October 1, 1998.After the previousproblems experienced by the Kolkata Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budgetdue to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was givenfull powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds. The DMRC then consulted theHong Kong MTR on rapid transit operation and construction techniques.As a result, constructionproceeded smoothly, except for one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railwaysforced the system to use broad gaugedespite the DMRC's preference forstandard gauge.

NETWORK:

The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I completed 65.11 km (40.46 mi) of route length,

of which 13.01 km (8.08 mi) is underground and 52.10 km (32.37 mi) surface or elevated. Theinauguration of the Vaishali *Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked thecompletion of Phase I on October 27, 2006. Phase II of the network comprises 128 km (80 mi) ofroute length and 79 stations, and is fully completed, with the first section opened in June 2008and the last line opened in August 2011. Phases III (112 km) and IV (108.5 km) are planned tobe completed by 2015 and 2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) bythen

CURRENT ROUTES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Sreedharanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indraprastha_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakhamba_Road_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Sreedharanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indraprastha_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakhamba_Road_(Delhi_Metro)


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As of August 27, 2011, the whole of Phase-I and Phase-II are complete, with the networkcomprising six lines with 142 metro stations and a total length of 189.7 km (117.9 mi).

LineFirst

operationalLast

ExtensionStation

sLength(km)[

TerminalsRollingstock

RedLine

December24, 2002

June 4,2008

21 25.15DilshadGarden

Rithala23trains[26]

YellowLine

December20, 2004

September3, 2010

34 44.65 JahangirpuriHUDACity Centre

45trains[5]

BlueLine

December31, 2005

October 30,2010

44 49.93 Noida CityCentre

DwarkaSector 21

59 trains

January 7,2010

July 14,2011

8 8.75YamunaBank

Vaishali
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GreenLine

April 3, 2010 15 18.46 Inderlok Mundka

15 trainsAugust 27,

2011 2 3.32 Kirti Nagar

AshokPark Main

VioletLine

October 3,2010

January 14,2011

15 20.04 CentralSecretariat

Badarpur 29 trains

AirportExpress

February 23,2011

6 22.70 New DelhiDwarkaSector 21

8 trains

PLANNED EXTENSIONS:

Several extensions to the Delhi Metro network have been planned under Phase III and IV.

PHASE III:

Phase III is tentatively composed of two new lines and three extensions, covering 67 new

stations and 108 km of new track, with an estimated cost of 30,000 crore (US$5.7 billion). Thefollowing routes have received Delhi Cabinet clearance and final approval given by the Ministryof Urban Development and the Group of Ministers. Fast-tracking its preliminary work of Phase-III, Delhi Metro has invited applications for the design of Overhead Equipment (OHE) systemfor elevated corridors of the ambitious project which is expected to kick off in November2011.When Delhi Metro's Phase-III becomes operational by 2016, trains will run at very shortfrequencies of 2 minutes thanks to an advanced signalling system that would be put in place.

PHASE IV :

Phase IV has a 2020 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar, ReolaKhanpur, Palam,Najafgarh,Narela, Ghazipur, Noida Sector 62, Gurgaon and Faridabad, having atotal length of 108.5 km (67.4 mi).Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have beenmooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will intersectIndraprastha Noida Sector 32 line.The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning to extendDelhi Metro lines deeper into Ghaziabad in three phases, including the extension of the BlueLine from Anand Vihar to Vaishali, and subsequently to Mehrauli via Indirapuram, as well as theextension of the Red Line from Dilshad Garden to the new Ghaziabad bus stand. Theindependently operated Gurgaon Metro, work on which is going on and has a deadline of 2013,will also interchange with the Delhi Metro.

OPERATIONS:

Trains operate at a frequency of 3 to 4.5 minutes between 6:00 and 23:00. Trains operatingwithin the network typically travel at speeds below 80 km/h (50 mph), and stop about 20 seconds

at each station.

ISSUES:

As the network has expanded, high ridership in new trains have led to increasing instances of

overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro.To alleviate the problem, orders for new 6 coach
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trains have been placed and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed.Infrequent,

overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also

been reported as an area of concern.In 2010, severe overcrowding on the Yellow Line, which

connects the north and south campuses ofDelhi University, was reported to be a reason for

students missing or reporting late for classes.

INDIA GATE

TheIndia Gateis the national monument of India. Situated in the heart ofNew Delhi, the India

Gate was designed bySir Edwin Lutyens, inspired by theArc de TriompheinParis. It was built

in 1931. Originally known as the All India War Memorial, it is a prominent landmark

inDelhiand commemorates the 90,000 soldiers of theIndian Armywho lost their lives while

fighting for theIndian Empire, or more correctly theBritish Raj, inWorld War Iand theThird

Anglo-Afghan War. It is composed of red and pale sandstone and granite.

The 42-metre tall India Gate is situated in such a way that many important roads spread out from

it. Traffic passing around India Gate used to be continuous until the roads were closed to the

public due to terrorist threats.
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The India Gate hexagon complex with a diameter of about 625m covers approximately

306000m in area.TheRepublic DayParade starts from Rashtrapati Bhavan and passes through

India Gate to the reach the Red Fort.

Burning in a shrine under the arch of India Gate since 1971 is the AmarJawan Jyoti (the flame

of the immortal soldier) which marks theTomb of the Unknown Soldier. The shrine itself is ablack marblecenotaphsurmounted by a rifle standing on its barrel and crested by a soldier's

helmet. Each face of the cenotaph is inscribed in gold with the words "Amar Jawan" (Immortal

Warrior).

QUTUB MINAR

The Qutub Minar is constructed with red sandstone and marble, and is the tallest minaretin

India,with a height of 72.5 meters (237.8 ft), contains 379 stairs to reach the top, and the

diameter of base is 14.3 meters where as the last store is of 2.7 meters. The Construction was

commenced byQutb-ud-din Aibakin 1192 and completed Iltutmish.The Qutub Minaris

notable for being one of the earliest and most prominent examples ofIndo-Islamic architecture.It is surrounded by several other ancient and medieval structures and ruins, collectively known

asQutub complex
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Qutub Minar in red and buff sandstone is the second highest tower in India, after the Fateh Burj

or "Victory Tower" at ChapparChiri village in Punjabs Mohali district. A projected balcony

encircling the Minar is supported by stone brackets which are decorated with honeycomb

designs, more conspicuously so in the first story. The minaret is made of flutedredsandstonecovered with intricate carvings and verses from the Qur'an. The Qutub Minar

comprises several superposed flanged andcylindricalshafts, separated bybalconiescarried

onMuqarnascorbels.The complex initially housed 27 ancient Hindu and Jain temples,

whichweredestroyed and their debris used to build the Qutub minarThe nearbyIron Pillaris

one of the world's foremost metallurgical curiosities, standing in the famousQutub complex.

The minar did receive some damage because of earthquakes and lightnings During the rule of

Firoz Shah, the minar's two top floors were damaged due to lightning but were repaired by Firoz

Shah.

LOTUS TEMPLE

TheBah' House of WorshipinNew Delhi,India, popularly known as theLotus Templedue

to its flowerlike shape, is aBah'House of Worshipand also a prominent attraction in Delhi. It

was completed in 1986 and serves as the Mother Temple of theIndian subcontinent. It has won

numerous architectural awards and been featured in hundreds of newspaper and magazine

articles.

All Bah' Houses of Worship, including the Lotus Temple, share certain architectural elements,some of which are specified by Bah' scripture .` Abdu'l-Bah, the son of the founder of the

religion, stipulated that an essential architectural character of a House of Worship is anine-sided

circular shape.While all current Bah' Houses of Worship have a dome, this is not regarded as

an essential part of their architecture.Bah' scripture also states that no pictures, statues or

images be displayed within the House of Worship and no pulpits or altars be incorporated as an

architectural feature (readers may stand behind simple portable lecture stands).
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VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

IBRAHIMBAGH, HYDERABAD.

REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL

TOUR

Documents

Industrial Tour Report1.Doc (2)