Industrial Revolution

Chapter 22Sec 1

Origins

• Agricultural Revolution– Before 1600’s:

• 1600’s Enclosure Movement– Fenced off plots or holdings combined later with larger,

more efficient holdings• Effects:– Large land owners added to their holdings– Small-plot holders become tenant farmers– Common lands gone, individuals could do their own

land experiments

• Jethro Tull – invented seed drill to plant seeds in a straight row without all the waste

• Crop rotation – Charles Townsend found out if you plant different crops in the fields, the soils could still rebuild its nutrients

• Iron Plows replaced wooden ones• Plows with replaceable blades• Farm machines replaced laborers• Laborers moved to the cities

Industrial Revolution

• Rapid industrial development• Great Britain had all the factors of production

needed– LAND – natural resources• Coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors

– LABOR – large population– CAPITAL – tools, machinery equipment, inventory,

money

Textile Industry

• Cloth• Higher population, higher demand• Mechanization – automatic machinery

increases production quickly, more effectively• Each invention improved upon the previous

invention to keep up with supply and demand

• Factory system develops– Workers put in a certain number of hours per day

at a fixed rate

• Cloth needs cotton• Eli Whitney invents cotton gin– Takes out seeds from fiber of cotton to produce

more– Increases slave labor

STEAM

• More efficient because not all factories would need to be built buy a river

• Steam more efficient• Iron couldn’t hold heat, steel could but making

steel is expensive– Bessemer Process• Cheaper• Inject air into molten iron to clean impurities

Other Industrialization

• Shoes, clothing, ammunition, furniture, printing, paper-making, lumber, food processing

• Charles Goodyear – – Vulcanization, made rubber less sticky

• Transportation– Stone roadways, canals– Robert Fulton – 1st profitable steamboat across

Hudson River in New York– Travel across Atlantic in 17 days

• Communication– Battery, Alessandro Volta– Samuel Morse – telegraph connected country

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Spread of Industry

• Great Britain – primed and pumped• France – WARS• Germany – lacked strong central government

until around 1870• United States– Strong central government– Rich natural resources– Increasing population/increasing market– Transcontinental Railroad

Section 2

Factory System

• Employers wanted people to do simple tasks– didn’t want skilled workers? – Women and children work for less pay

Wage System

• Varied based on supply and demand– The less demand, less pay

• Factory work• Parliament passes laws to protect children– By 1915 in United States

• Middle class emerges– Respected– Not nobility– politics

Women’s roles• Come out of the house• Women’s “jobs” emerge– Secretaries– Teachers– Switchboard operators

• Higher education– All female colleges

Section 3--Capitalism

• Capitalism – economic system in which individuals or corporations, rather than governments, control the factors of production– Commercial capitalism – merchants who bought

and sold goods– Industrial capitalism – production and

manufacturing of goods

Division of Labor

• Division of Labor – divided manufacturing process into steps

• Eli Whitney– Invented machines that made parts the same– Interchangeable parts

• Assembly Line– System of producing large numbers of identical items– Different parts made elsewhere then brought

together to produce in a plant/factory

Anderson Toy Company

• Want a job? Need a job? Anderson Toy Company is

• a thriving company in London; it creates paper dolls for the young girls of London to play with. Little experience or education is needed.

• If you are hired, you will be part of a team of dedicated workers.

• Apply for a job.

• Henry Ford – saw great potential in the assembly line

• Corporations – groups formed by businesses and allowed people to buy stock

• 1901 – J.P. Morgan founded U.S. Steel Corporation– One of the first billion dollar corporations

• Monopoly – corporations gained almost complete control of production or sale of a single good or service

• Cartel – several corporations that combined to control every stage of entire industries

• Business cycle – pattern of alternating periods of prosperity and decline

Section 4 – Living & Working Conditions

• Economic Theories– Physiocrats believed natural laws should be left to

govern economic life• Free-Enterprise– Economic forces worked automatically and

naturally• Justified competition unrestricted by laws, regulations,

or government controls

• Laissez-Faire– Buy labor as cheaply as possible– Government does not regulate the operations of

business: HANDS OFF POLICY– French for “let it be” or “leave things alone”

Reformers

• Humanitarians – people who work to improve the conditions of others– Urged reform

• Utilitarianism – argued laws useful and therefore good– Greater happiness for the greatest number of

people– People should be educated– Reform in justice and prison systems

• Reform Laws– Shorter works hours– Improved conditions– Children• Still allowed to work • Shortened number of hours

• Difficult to enforce

Wages?

• Strikes– workers stop working• List of demands

• Unions– Organized worker associations• Collect dues to pay workers when on strike

• Collective Bargaining– Process of negotiation between companies and

workers

Section 5: Socialism

• In Socialism, governments own the means of production and operate for the benefit of all people, rich and poor

• Laissez-faire/capitalism– Some very wealthy– Many remained poor

Some thought not the best form of government

Karl Marx

• Believed capitalist system should be destroyed• Friedrich Engels and Marx published – “The Communist Manifesto” – 1848– Said the working class (Proletariat) would have to seize

power by force against capitalists and revolt– Communism – complete class-less society

• Authoritarian Socialism

• Democratic Socialism – people retain partial control over economic planning through election of government officials