INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS

INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS

Dr Peri Arbak Düzce University School of

Medicine Department of Chest Diseases

CONTENTS

1- HISTORY2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS;

DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL

EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

1- HISTORY

Meuse Valley Disaster (Belgium/1930) Of the several thousands of severely diseased

people, 60 died All the country was covered by a ‘soupy’

mixture of industrial fume and fog along three days

Shortness of breath, hoarseness, persistent cough, foamy sputum resulting in pus like mass expectoration, nausea and vomiting were observed in elderly victims

Deaths due to acute cardiac failure?

Roholm K. The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 1937

1-TARİHÇE Donora Disaster (Pennsylvania, 1948)

Approximately 6000 people (42% of residents) had respiratory problems due to air pollution

Irritation of eye, nose, throat, chest pain, shortness of breath, severe headaches, nausea and vomiting

Acids released from zinc smelter plants (i.e. sulfuric acid) and fog released from steamed locomotives powered by coal were responsible

Helfand WH. Am J Publ Health 2001

1- HISTORYDeath in DonoraI have felt the fog in my throatThe misty hand of Death caress my

face; I have wrestled with a frightful foe Who strangled me with wisps of grayfog-lace.Now in my eyes since I have died. The bleak, bare hills rise in stupid

mightWith scars of its slavery imbedded

deep;And the people still live -- still live – inthe poisonous night.

Folklorist Dan G. Hoffman reported collecting the ballad "Death in Donora" from area resident John P. Clark

1-HISTORY

Quarterly Journal of the Royal MeteorologicalSociety.2006

Fossil fuel consumption together with fog caused at least 4000 deaths and many diseases during 4 days in 1952 (London)

Smoke and sulfur dioxide ratio reached up to 10 folds of normal in the city center

CONTENTS




2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES

Emissions are gases and particules that formed by natural or man made processes

Emissions are classified as greenhouse gases and (cause climate changes) air quality emissions

http://www.mtpc.org/cleanenergy/important/envemissions.htm


GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

CARBON DIOXIDE

METHANE

NITROUS OXIDE

HALOCARBONS AND SULFUR HEXAFLUORİDE


Distribution of greenhouse gases according to the sectors


Air quality emissions

OZONE

CARBON MONOXIDE

NİTROGEN OXIDES SULFUR DIOXIDE

PARTICULATES

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS


Distribution of air quality emissions according to the sectors-

CONTENTS




3-STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

http://www.mtpc.org/cleanenergy/important/envemissions.htmDATA OF GREENHOUSE AND AIR QUALITY EMISSIONS AFTER 2000 IN USA


SECTORSMetalFood and beverageChemistryConstructionPaper, pressWood products

million ton/year

million ton/year

Reference: UNEP - http://vitalgraphics.net/waste/html_file/20-21_manufacture.html

3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY (MANAGERIAL ISSUES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN TURKEY, PANEL/2006, CANER ZANBAK)

DEVELOPED

COUNTRIES

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

DEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES

Waste water treatment, w

aste treatment

/Recycling plants + Infrastructure service+

Training + Supervision + Encouragement

DEVELOPİNG COUNTRIES

En

vir

on

men

tal

sen

sib

ilit

y

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995YEARS

2000

Cu

mu

lati

ve

en

vir

on

men

tal

investm

en

ts

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995YEARS

2000

3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Sektörlere göre yakıtların yanmasından kaynaklanan CO2 emisyonları

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Gg

Elektrik Üretimi Sanayi Ulaştırma Diğer

WORK GROUP ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY/ 2006 STUDY REPORT

CO2 emissions originated from industrial processes according to the type of industry


CH4

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Gg

CH4 emissions originated from industrial processes



N2O

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

16,00

18,00

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Gg

N2O emissions originated from industrial processes



NOx

18,00

19,00

20,00

21,00

22,00

23,00

24,00

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Gg

NOx emissions originated from industrial processes



CO

0

4

8

12

16

20

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Gg

CO emissions originated from industrial processes



SO2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Gg

SO2 emissions originated from industrial processes



NMVOC

0,00

100,00

200,00

300,00

400,00

500,00

600,00

700,00

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Gg

NMVOC emissions originated from industrial processes



Kalkan O. Hava Kirliliği. 2001, www.bsm.gov.tr/makale/makale.asp?sayi=20013


Industry Particulates SO²

Power Plants 3.940.000 1.430.000

Iron-steel 3.330.000

Cement 2.270.000 32.000

Sugar 290.000 49.000

Metal 5.200 30.000

Manure 14.000 30.000

Annual atmospheric S02 and Particulate matter (ton/year) released from industries with contaminant potential in

Turkey (Kalkan O. Hava Kirliliği 2001)


AMOUNT OF CONTAMINANTS RELEASED FROM POWER PLANTS IN TURKEY

Kalkan O. Hava Kirliliği. 2001


Thermal effect 380.000 Kcal/s

SO2 emission 45.000 ton/year

Nox emission 26.000 ton/year

CO emission 750 ton/year

Solid particulates 3.500 ton/year

Hidrocarbons 250 ton/year

Ashes 5.600 ton/year

Contaminant effects of thermal stations (100 MW), Kalkan O, Hava Kirliliği, 2001

CONTENTS




4-THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Carbon Monoxide Carboxyhemoglobin formation

Ozone Sulfur dioxidePM Nitrogen dioxide

Increased asthma exacerbations

Effects on the development of lungs

Increased respiratory tract illness

Decreased lung functionATS, Am J Respir Med, 1996

4-THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

PMAssociated with respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations in adults,Increased cardiovascular mortality,Increased lung cancer

Air pollution Increased health care costs,

Increased school absences

Dockery DW, Environ Health Perspect. 2001

Pope CA, JAMA 2002

McConnell R, Lancet. 2002

4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-OZONE

Adults; Causes airway

inflammation and hiperreactivity,

Decrease in lung function,

Increase in respiratory symptoms,

Increased sensitivity to the exposure of aeroallergens

Molfino NA, Lancet. 1991

Children; Decrease in lung function, Increase in respiratory

symptoms, Increase in asthma

exacerbations, Increase in hospitalizations

and emergency admissions, School absences

Kinney PL, Environ Health Perspect. 1996 Thurston GD, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Tolbert PE, Am J Epidemiol. 2000Gilliland FD, Epidemiology. 2001


The mechanisms of the effects of ozone on respiratory system:

Ozone modulates the airway inflammation by increasing the release of inflammatory mediators from bronchial epithelial cells such as IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, fibronectin

Bayram H, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 Devlin RB, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991

Balmes JR, Respir Rep Health Eff Inst 1997

O3 produces an immediate, dose-dependent increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and in epithelial cell permeability, which could facilitate entry of inhaled allergens and toxins

Kelly FJ, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996


In an animal study it has shown that O3 decreased mucociliary clearance

Schlesinger RB, J Toxicol Environ Health 1987

O3 stimulates bronchial C fibres Beckett WS, J Appl Physiol 1985

O3 exposure enhances responses to inhaled antigens in animals and human

Jorres R, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996

4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-PM

PM pollution causes an increase;

in excess mortality and hospitalizations for cardiac and respiratory diseases,

in allergies and asthma, in chronic bronchitis, in respiratory infections, in hospital admissions


Seaton et al. was the first to suggest that urban particles, especially ultrafine particles,

can penetrate the pulmonary interstitium and cause interstitial inflammation and significant

oxidative stress

Seaton A, Lancet 1995


The injury pathways of PM on lungs:

1. The impairment of macrophage functions and lungdefence by inhaled pollutants

Becker S, J Toxicol Environ Health 1999

2. Endothelial damage could induce oedema formation

leading to impaired gas diffusion and hypoxic stress 3. Air pollution is associated with increased heart rateand with decreased heart rate variability severearrhythmia and mortality

Pope CA, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999 Peters A, Am J Epidemiol 1999

Pope CA, Am Heart J 1999


4. Oxidants can increase the level of blood coagulability and modify the adhesive propertiesof red blood cells increased risk of ischaemic damage. Increased level of plasma fibrinogen is found associated with air pollution

Peters A, Lancet 1997 Pekkanen J, Occup Environ Med 2000

5. A systemic reaction resulting with an increased synthesis of C-reactive protein could occur in human who are exposed air pollutants

Peters A, Eur Heart J 2001

6. Elevated endothelin-1, associated with oxidative stress linked to PM exposure, exacerbate congestive heart failure, precipitate ischaemic heart disease, promote infarct extension, and also affect individuals with conditions involving endothelial dysfunction, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and kidney diseases

Bouthillier L, Am J Pathol 1998

4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-SO2

Exposure limits-ppm Health effects 1-5 Threshold for respiratory response in

healthy individuals upon exercise or deep breathing

3-5 Fall in lung function at rest and increased airway resistance

5 Increased airway resistance in healthy individuals

6 Immediate irritation of eyes, nose and throat

10 Worsening irritation of eyes, nose and throat

10-15 Threshold of toxicity for prolonged exposure

20+ Paralysis or death occurs after extended exposure

150 Maximum concentration that can be withstood for a few minutes by healthy individuals

Baxter, 2000; Nemery, 2001; NIOSH 1981; Wellburn, 1994

4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-SO2

Short-term overexposure causes mucosal inflammation and irritation, cough, difficulty in

breathing and a feeling of chest tightness

Asthmatic individuals may respond to concentrations as low as 0.2-0.5 ppm.

Baxter 2000

Prolonged or repeated exposure to low concentrations (1-5 ppm) may be dangerous for persons with pre-existing heart and lung diseases

**Cholinergically mediated neural mechanism may be responsible

D’Amato G, European Respiratory Society Journals Ltd, 2002

4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-NO2

Relationships between increased nitrogen dioxide and risks of respiratory tract symptoms and asthma exacerbations are reported

Hajat S, Thorax. 1999Lipsett M, Environ Health Perspect. 1997

Nitrogen dioxide causes oxidative injury in airways resulting increased permeability

Kelly FJ, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996

Persistent neutrophilic inflammation in airway epithelium

Blomberg A, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999

Bronchial hyperreactivity to allergens and methacoline and bronchoconstriction

Tunnicliffe WS, Lancet 1994Strand V, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997

CONTENTS




5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS The prevention of harmful effects of

greenhouse gases (The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change-1992 ve Kyoto Protocol-1997)

Kyoto protocol Protocol reflects the parties' commitments to reduce overall emissions of greenhouse gases by 5% below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012

Some countries, including the US, Australia, Turkey have not signed protocol yet

5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

In 2003 Progress Report; In the field of air quality,

legislation needs to be aligned and steps taken to ensure implementation, including

upgrading of the air quality monitoring system

Industrial pollution; No progress on industrial pollution and risk

management As regards industrial pollution and risk

management, full alignment and implementation require further efforts (2006)

5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Industrial pollution; Improper place selection Mismanegement of industrial waste

The main source for Industrial pollution; The type and amount of fuel consumed

Chimney; Short local pollution, High general pollution

Kalkan O. Hava Kirliliği 2001

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INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS