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InductionSeptember 2010
Theoretical approaches to group work
Discuss the importance of group work at PG level
Gain an understanding of group processes
Identify common problems within groups
Group Definition: “A group exists when two or more people define themselves as members of it and when its existence is recognised by at least one other Brown R. 1988Group analysis:
Activities: physical or mental tasks undertaken by the group members
Interactions: what and how do they communicate
Sentiments: day to day emotions, feelings and attitudes
Norms: informal rules.
3 external factors: Physical, technological and cultural.
Groups specially formed for a purpose
Consciously planned
Time limited
Defined membership – open / closed
Defined size
Assessment
Support
Personal development
Social Development
Cognitive understanding
Social exchange
Alleviating isolation
Problem solvingBrown 1984Preston-Shoot 1995
Vary in character and type
Long or short term
Open or closed
Involves leadership
Usually between 3-15 people
Designing teams:
1. Pre -work:management to identify tasks and objectivesdecisions made about level of authority.
2 Creating Performance Conditionsmanagement ensures the necessary resources are available
3 Forming & Building a teamforming boundaries (clarifying group membership)commitment to task ( different expectations)clarifying expected behaviours (which team members responsible for which task)
4. Providing on- going help:help with group problems to achieve a high level of functioning (replacement of non -contributing members, replenishing non human resources) Hackman (1987)
Team Development: (B. Tuckman 1965)
Forming: Testing, polite, impersonal, guarded, watchful.
Storming: Infighting people, managing conflicts,opting out, difficulties, losing team members, demotivation, feeling stuck.
Norming: Doing, getting organised, developing skills, establishing systems/procedures, giving feedback, task oriented, confronting issues, competence assessment
Performing: Identity, closeness, maturity, resourceful, flexible, open,effective, supportive, sharing, tolerant.
Much social and work life is experienced through groups
Mutual support
Promote social and learning interaction
Every member is a potential helper
Economical
Problems with confidentiality
Resource issues
Group dynamics
Not beneficial for all people
Task Oriented
Maintenance Oriented
Self Oriented
Role modelling Explanation Reflecting Clarifying Confronting and giving feedback Summarising Observation and listening Promoting discussion Addressing task, maintenance of behaviours and
progress
Scapegoat
Silence
Dominant members
The clown / joker
Sub-groups
Dependency
Conflict
Social Loafing
Planned non-intervention
Indirect responses
Direct implicit responses
Direct explicit responses
Contact outside of group
How would you deal with group members?
Tutor’s responsibilities when planning group work
Your responsibilities as a student
Your responsibilities as a group member