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INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE MIXING
WRITTEN BY AN INDONESIAN BEAUTY VLOGGER,
TASYA FARASYA, IN HER INSTAGRAM CAPTIONS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
WIDI HANDAYANI
Student Number: 154214136
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2019
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE MIXING
WRITTEN BY AN INDONESIAN BEAUTY VLOGGER,
TASYA FARASYA, IN HER INSTAGRAM CAPTIONS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
WIDI HANDAYANI
Student Number: 154214136
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2019
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vii
You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view –until you
climb into his skin and walk around it
Harper Lee
in To Kill A Mockingbird
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The requirements of doing this thesis are commitment and patience.
Luckily, there are many people supporting me in finishing this thesis. Firstly, I
would like to send my deepest gratefulness to Allah Hyang Maha Kuasa for all of
His blessing, love, and everything I need in my life especially during the process
of finishing my thesis. I thank Him for everything He does in my life and without
Him my life would be totally empty.
Secondly, I sincerely express my deepest appreciation to my thesis
advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd M.Hum., for supporting and guiding me. I also thank
my co advisor, Arina Isti‟anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., for patiently correcting my thesis.
Thirdly, I thank my academic advisors F.X. Risang Bagaskara, S. S., M. Hum.
and Dr. Bernadine Ria Lestari, M.Sc., for the supports given to me.
Fourthly, I would like to give a bunch of thanks to my parents, my
grandmother, my brother, and my sisters for their endless loves and supports.
They are the reason why I open my laptop and do my thesis every day. Fifthly, I
thank to Bruder Sarju and Pak Tri of Lembaga Kesejahteraan Mahasiswa Sanata
Dharma University for allowing me to pursue my dreams in this university.
Sixthly, I thank my best friends during my college life, Mitha, Ayu, Vatma, Putri,
and Mbak Uuz for this crazy friendship. I am sure that without them, I would
probably die in the first semester. The last, I want to thank all of my friends that I
cannot mention one by one. I thank them because of their helps and supports.
Widi Handayani
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE OF PAGE .............................................................................................. ii
APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH .............................................................................................................. vi
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................. vii
DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. x
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ xiii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xiv
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ...................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ............................................................................ 6
C. Objectives of the Study ......................................................................... 7
D. Definition Terms ................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................ 9
A. Review of Related Studies .................................................................... 9
B. Review of Related Theories .................................................................. 14
1. Sociolinguistics ................................................................................. 14
2. Code .................................................................................................. 16
a. Code Switching ............................................................................ 17
b. Code Mixing ................................................................................. 18
3. Types of Code Mixing ...................................................................... 19
a. Intra-Sentential Code Mixing ....................................................... 20
b. Intra-Lexical Code Mixing ........................................................... 21
c. Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation .................................. 22
4. Possible Reasons of Code Mixing .................................................... 22
a. Talking about Particular Topic ..................................................... 23
b. Quoting Somebody Else ............................................................... 24
c. Being Emphatic about Something ................................................ 24
d. Interjection ................................................................................... 25
e. Repetition Used for Clarification ................................................. 26
f. Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity..................................... 27
g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor ...................... 27
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C. Theoretical Framework ......................................................................... 28
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 30
A. Object of the Study ............................................................................... 30
B. Approach of the Study .......................................................................... 31
C. Method of the Study .............................................................................. 32
1. Data Collection ................................................................................. 32
2. Data Analysis .................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 38
A. Types of Code Mixing .......................................................................... 38
1. Intra-Sentential Code Mixing ........................................................... 39
a. Noun ............................................................................................. 40
b. Verb .............................................................................................. 42
c. Adjective....................................................................................... 44
d. Adverb .......................................................................................... 46
e. Acronym ....................................................................................... 47
f. Compound Noun ........................................................................... 49
g. Phrases .......................................................................................... 50
2. Intra-Lexical Code Mixing ............................................................... 55
3. Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation ...................................... 58
B. Reason of Code Mixing ........................................................................ 60
1. Talking about Particular Topic ......................................................... 61
2. Being Emphatic about the Products .................................................. 71
3. Being Used for Clarification ............................................................. 73
4. Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity......................................... 75
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 77
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 81
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................ 86
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LIST OF TABLES
No Table Page
1. Table 1. The Example of Data Table 35
2. Table 2. The Example of the Table Distribution of Code Mixing
Data 36
3. Table 3. The Example of the Table Distribution of Code Mixing
Data 36
4. Table 4. The Example of Data Analysis for Types of Code
Mixing 37
5. Table 5. The Example of Data Analysis for Reasons of Code
Mixing 37
6. Table 6. Distribution of Code Mixing Data 39
7. Table 7. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing
(Noun as a Subject) 40
8. Table 8. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing
(Noun as an Object) 41
9. Table 9. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Verb) 43
10. Table 10. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adjective) 45
11. Table 11. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adverb) 47
12. Table 12. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Acronym) 47
13. Table 13. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Compound
Noun) 49
14. Table 14. Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing
(Noun Phrase) 50
15. Table 15. Example Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing
(Prepositional Phrase) 53
16. Table 16. Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Suffix
{-nya} 56
17. Table 17. Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Suffix {di-} 57
18. Table 18. Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Suffix {se-} 58
19. Table 19. Examples of Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation
Code Mixing 59
20. Table 20. Distribution of Code Mixing Data 61
21. Table 21. Example of Topic of Make-up 62
22. Table 22. Example of Topic of Business 68
23. Table 23. Example of Topic of Cosmetic Ingredient 69
24. Table 24. Example of Topic of Social Media 70
25. Table 25. Example of Being Emphatic about the Products 72 26. Table 26. Example of Repetition Used for Clarification 74
27. Table 27. Example of Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity 75
28. Table 28. The Relation between Types and Reasons of Code
Mixing 79
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ABSTRACT
HANDAYANI, WIDI (2019). Indonesian-English Code Mixing Written by an
Indonesian Beauty Vlogger, Tasya Farasya, in Her Instagram Captions.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata
Dharma.
The development of technology nowadays makes most of people have
Instagram account including beauty vloggers. They often share the information
about make-up products that they use in their captions. Sometimes, they mix some
languages in their captions, for example from Indonesian to English. Therefore,
the focus of this research is to analyze the use of Indonesian-English code mixing
done by Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian beauty vlogger in her Instagram captions.
In this research, the researcher tried to answer 2 research questions. First,
the researcher found out the types of code mixing found in the data of the
research. Second, the researcher analyzed the reasons of code mixing done by
Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian beauty vlogger in her Instagram captions.
In order to answer the two research questions, the researcher applied the
theories proposed by Hoffman (1991). The researcher also used sociolinguistics as
the approach of the study. Furthermore, in this research the main sources of the
data were Tasya Farasya‟s Instagram captions written from August until
September 2018. The researcher applied purposive sampling strategy in order to
collect the data. The 7 captions chosen in this research talked about the
endorsement and review make-up products.
Based on the analysis, there were 83 cases of code mixing. The
researcher concluded that there were 71 cases of intra-sentential code mixing and
10 cases of intra-lexical by the addition of Indonesian affixes {-nya}, {di-}, and
{se-}. Besides, there were 2 cases of involvement in a change of pronunciation.
The researcher also came to the conclusion that in the second research question,
there were 74 cases of talking about particular topic, 5 cases of being emphatic
about something, 2 cases of repetition used for clarification, and 2 cases of
expressing group identity and solidarity.
Keywords: sociolinguistics, code mixing, Indonesian, English
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xiv
ABSTRAK
HANDAYANI, WIDI (2019). Indonesian-English Code Mixing Written by an
Indonesian Beauty Vlogger, Tasya Farasya, in Her Instagram Captions.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata
Dharma.
Perkembangan teknologi yang semakin maju saat ini membuat hampir
setiap orang memiliki akun media sosial Instagram, salah satunya para vlogger
kecantikan. Mereka kerap membagikan informasi mengenai produk kosmetik
yang mereka pakai pada keterangan unggahan mereka. Terkadang mereka
mencampur beberapa bahasa dalam keterangan unggahannya, seperti
mencampurkan Bahasa Inggris dalam keterangan unggahan Bahasa Indonesia.
Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, penelistian ini berfokus pada campur kode dari
Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris yang dilakukan Tasya Farasya sebagai salah
satu vlogger kecantikan di Indonesia pada keterangan yang ditulis dalam setiap
unggahannya.
Pada penelitian ini, peneliti menyertakan 2 rumusan masalah. Rumusan
masalah yang pertama yaitu mempertanyakan tentang jenis atau tipe campur kode
yang ditemukan pada data di penelitian ini. Pada rumusan masalah yang kedua,
peneliti mengemukakan alasan penggunaan campur kode yang dilakukan oleh
Tasya Farasya dalam keterangan unggahannya.
Untuk menjawab kedua rumusan masalah, peneliti menggunakan teori
yang dikemukakan oleh Hoffman (1991). Peneliti mengaplikasikan pendekatan
sosiolinguistik di dalam penelitian ini. Data utama dalam penelitian ini adalah
keterangan unggahan yang ditulis oleh Tasya Farasya dari bulan Agustus hingga
September 2018. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik
pengambilan menurut tujuan. Peneliti memutuskan untuk menggunakan 7
unggahan keterangan yang khusus membicarakan pemasaran dan ulasan produk
kosmetik.
Dari hasil analisis, terdapat 83 kasus yang ditemukan. Dalam menjawab
rumusan masalah yang pertama, peneliti menyimpulkan terdapat 71 jenis campur
kode dalam bentuk sentensial, 10 jenis masuk kategori leksikal dengan imbuhan
{-nya}, {di-}, dan {se-}. Selain itu, ada 2 perubahan suara yang ditemukan pada
penelitian ini. Peneliti juga berkesimpulan bahwa pada rumusan masalah yang
kedua, terdapat 74 kasus membicarakan suatu topik, 5 kasus berempati pada
sesuatu, 2 kasus pengulangan dalam memberi penjelasan, dan 2 kasus
mengekspresikan identitas kelompok dan solidaritas.
Kata kunci: sosiolinguistik, campur kode, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Inggris
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is an important part of communication. “Language is
essentially a means of communication among the members of a society” (Sirbu,
2015, p. 405). People communicate to other people not only in the spoken form
but also in the written form. By communicating with other people, they can easily
transfer and also receive information. Moreover, communication gets easier when
both of the communicants and communicators know the language.
Language that exists in a society is different from one place to another
place, especially in a multilingual society. In a multilingual society, there are
many variations of languages and the speakers master more than one language.
According to Skutnabb-Kangas as cited in Mokibelo (2015), the bilingual
speakers have the ability of mastering and using two languages in daily
communication (p. 448). The example of a multilingual society is Indonesia.
Indonesian citizens not only master their mother tongues but also their
second language. Besides, some of them are also fluent in foreign languages,
especially English due to the reason that English is an International language.
According to Roux (2014), English has become the most dominant language in
many aspects such as technology, business, science, and academic (p. 45). It
means that everyone needs to learn this language in order to survive in the era of
globalization and to communicate with other people all over the world.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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The speakers have a tendency to mix the language by mastering several
languages. “A Chinese who speaks both Mandarin and Cantonese in two different
contexts have the tendency to mix both the codes in conversation” (Mahbub-ul-
Alam & Quyyum, 2016, p. 4). An example is given by Rebekawati and Gintings
(2013), Nah, kalau dia tak kenal saya, dia hanya kenal you, apa urusan dia
dengan saya? You bagi dia free itu you punya urusan! Otak you tak center-kah?
(p. 4). The example shows that the speaker combines two languages which are
Malay and English. The speaker combines the languages because s/he masters the
languages.
In linguistics, combining several languages in a communication is
studied in sociolinguistics. In general, sociolinguistics deals with “the relationship
between language and society” (Yule, 2006, p. 205). In other words, it can be said
that language and society cannot be separated, for language exists in society and
in order to survive in a society, people need language to communicate to one
another. Moreover, combining two languages in a conversation is called code-
mixing. Code mixing is a phenomenon that exists in a multilingual society when
the people master at least two languages and apply it in the communication.
According to Suandi (2014), code mixing is when someone applies more
than one language without any interventions inside that speech act situation
demanding the language mixing (p. 139). The combination of the language even
does not require the change of the topic in a conversation and occurs in an
utterance. “Code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to
extend that they change from one language to other in the course of a single
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
utterances” (Wardhaugh, 1986, p. 103). For example, “Andale pues and do come
again” (Translation: That‟s all right then, and do come again) (Gumperz and
Hernández-Chavez as cited in Muysken, 2000, p. 5). This is the example of
Spanish-English code mixing.
Code mixing can also be found in social media. People nowadays use
social media as a tool to get information or entertainment. According to Ghosh,
Das, and Ghosh (2015), the increasing popularity of social media such as
Facebook and Twitter makes the amount of code mixing also high (p. 90). Besides
Facebook and Twitter, people also use Instagram. Most of people nowadays have
an Instagram account. Huang and Su (2018) inform that there are more than 700
million monthly Instagram users in the world (p. 2). Through Instagram, people
can upload pictures or videos. Besides, they can also easily see other people‟s
pictures or videos.
In Instagram, people can write down information about the things which
can be used as a caption before uploading the pictures or videos even it is
optional. In other words, people have the authority to choose whether they want to
add a caption or not in their pictures or videos. It can be found various languages
in their captions such as Indonesian or English. Some of them also combine
English and Indonesian words in a caption for example, “My pretty bride gak
sabar didandanin” (Translation: My pretty bride can‟t wait for the make-over). It
can be said that code-mixing can occur either in written or oral communication.
According to Putra and Yastanti (2018), in this globalization era, it is very
common that the combination of several languages can be found in the form of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
either oral or written (p. 161). In other words, people can have verbal or non-
verbal communication.
People can follow everyone including beauty vloggers in Instagram.
There are several reasons of following their idols such as in order to get an update
of their idols‟ activities or to get information about some products that are
reviewed or promoted by their idols. Besides, the beauty vloggers also write the
information about the products they use or review in the captions so that their
followers can read and have new information as well. Moreover, some of them
mix the language in their captions. One of the beauty vloggers that often mixes the
language, especially from Indonesian to English, is Tasya Farasya.
Tasya Farasya is one of the most famous beauty vloggers in Indonesia
with 1.200.000 total followers in Instagram. Some of her captions are about make-
up products both review and endorsement. However, she still writes many
captions which talk about her daily life and many other topics. In her captions, she
writes many mixing languages and even it is more often rather other Indonesian
beauty vloggers.
The researcher decides to choose code mixing as the topic because code
mixing is a common phenomenon in a multilingual society. Code mixing is “a
common phenomenon in the society where two or more languages are used
together” (Kia, Cheng & Ye 2011, p. 4). Besides, the frequency of the use of code
mixing in social media is often. It is stated by Das and Gamback (2013) rather
than in formal texts, code mixing is more prominent in social media (p. 42). In
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
order to find out the frequency of the use of code-mixing in Instagram captions,
the researcher does a small research.
The small research is conducted by choosing several Instagram accounts
randomly and analyzing the captions written by the owners of the accounts. The
results show that some of them often use code mixing in their captions such as
“Tak terasa sudah lama dia menjadi bagian dari keluarga Sukardi. Happy 7th
birthday Jambulwati.” (Translation: It has been a long time she becomes the part
of Sukardi‟s family. Happy 7th
birthday Jambulwati.), “Selesai ujian refreshing
dulu. GBU.” (Translation: Refreshing after the exam. God bless you), and “Untuk
feed yang lebih aaaaaaeeeeesteeeeeetiiiiik” (Translation: For more aesthetic
feed).
Based on the reasons above, the researcher is interested in analyzing in
depth the types and the reasons of Indonesian-English code mixing written by
Tasya Farasya in her Instagram captions. According to Hoffman (1991), code
mixing has many types such as intra-sentential code mixing, intra-lexical code
mixing, and the involvement in a change of pronunciation (p. 112). Therefore, the
researcher is interested in finding out the types of code mixing in one of
Indonesian beauty vlogger using the theory proposed by one of the experts.
After knowing the types, the researcher is interested in analyzing the
reasons of the Indonesian-English code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s captions
because it is very possible that there are some reasons behind the writing of the
captions. According to Hoffman (1991), there are seven reasons of code-mixing,
namely talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, expressing group
identity and solidarity, and clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor (p.
115-116). Therefore, the researcher is interested in analyzing the reasons of the
occurrence of code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s captions.
Moreover, the researcher is interested in analyzing the occurrence of
code mixing written by Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian beauty vlogger in her
captions because beauty vlogger is a person sharing something related to make-up
or style to other people. People who see her posts would follow her either how she
uses make-up, her style, or even the way she speaks and behaves. Beauty vlogger
is a person “who shape an audience‟s attitude through blogs, tweets, and the use
of other social media” (Freberg, Graham, McGaughey, & Freberg 2010, p. 1).
Therefore, everything they write, use, or do will influence their followers.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background, the researcher formulates two research
questions, they are:
1. What types of Indonesian-English code mixing are found in Tasya Farasya‟s
endorsement and review make-up product Instagram captions?
2. What are the reasons of using Indonesian-English code mixing in the captions?
C. Objectives of the Study
The occurrence of Indonesian-English code mixing written by Tasya
Farasya in her Instagram captions becomes the focus of this research. This
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
research has two objectives of the study. The first objective of the study is to
identify the types of code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s Instagram captions. After
knowing the types, then the second objective of the study is to identify the
possible reasons of Indonesian-English code mixing found in Tasya Frasya‟s
Instagram captions. The second objective of the study can be attained based on the
finding of the types of code mixing and the context of the topics that are discussed
in the captions.
D. Definition of Terms
There are several terms that are used in this research. In order to avoid
misunderstanding, the researcher provides explanations about the terms that are
used in this research.
Code is a term that refers to the variations of language or style that
people choose to communicate among other people and they cannot avoid it when
they open their mouth and start the communication. Besides, people choose to use
code instead of any other tool for communication and they also occasionally
switch into two different codes or even mix them (Wardhaugh, 2006, p. 88). In
other words, when people communicate to other people, they have to choose what
language, style, or any other of the language particulars and they have the right to
either switch or mix at least two languages they master.
Code mixing means a phenomenon when a speaker of a language mixes
one language to another language in a conversation. Code-mixing also means the
use of two languages in one conversation without “altering the grammar of the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
first language used” (Mabule, 2015, p. 341). Besides, code-mixing is “the change
of one language to another within the same utterance or in the same oral/written
text and it is a common phenomenon in societies in which two or more languages
are used” (Ho, 2007, p. 1).
Beauty vlogger is a person who gives tutorials about make-up or style in
social media platforms. According to Rapp (2016), beauty vloggers are people,
usually young women that make videos about their daily routines. It can be about
the make-up brand they use which includes how to apply the make-up, apply a
hair product and mix and match the clothes (p. 361).
Instagram is one of social media that people use to get entertainment
and everyone can see other people‟s photos or videos there. Besides, people can
also post some videos or pictures. According to Mirsarraf, Shairi, and
Ahmadpanah (2017), Instagram means one of the social media that enables people
to produce both visual and textual impressions and the other users can also react
towards the impressions (p. 978).
Caption can be defined as further information about some pictures or
videos before it is uploaded. “Text data is the caption or short information of the
images uploaded by the user” (Purbey, Lahor, Kulkarni, Walunjkar, &
Shahapurkar, 2017, p. 3401). People can write until 2200 words and maximum of
30 hashtags for each of their captions (Kuncoro & Iswanto, 2015, pp. 7).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter, the main discussions are about review of related studies,
review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Those components are used
in order to support the analysis of the use of code mixing in this research.
A. Review of Related Studies
Review of related studies describes the previous researches which have
the same work or topic. In this research, the researcher reviews four previous
pieces of researches. Those four previous pieces of researches discuss the same
topic as this research which is the use of code-mixing, but with different objects.
The first research has done by Rinakit (2012) entitled “English-
Indonesian Code-Mixing Used by Indonesian Twitter Users as Seen through Their
Tweets.” The data are taken from 100 tweets on Twitter. The approach of this
research is sociolinguistics. The researcher collects the data by using purposive
sampling methods. In this research, the researcher analyzes two research questions
which are the types and the reasons of code-mixing. Rinakit classifies the types of
code mixing using theory by Kachru (1982). Besides, the researcher also applies
the theory stated by Hoffmann (1991), Oksaar (1974), Poplack (1980),
Calsamiglia and Tuson (1984), McClure (1977), and Malik (1994) to find out the
reasons of the use code mixing.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Rinakit comes to the conclusion that there are five types of code mixing
used in the tweets on Twitter; sentence inversion (51%), unit insertion (39,9%),
idiom and collocation insertion (4,2%), unit hybridization (3,5%), and
reduplication (1,4%). There are seven reasons for the use of code mixing in the
tweets on Twitter; habitual experience (23,2%), talking about a particular topic
(11,6%), mood of the speaker (11,6%), emphasizing a point (11,6%), quoting
somebody else (6,2%), being emphatic about something and showing the
speaker‟s desire to be well understood (4,5%), and other reasons (31,2%)
including personalization, giving an educated expression, and random and
spontaneous process.
The second research is written by Puri (2017) entitled “Code Mixing
Used by Chef Talita Setyadi in Presenting Javanese Caramel Cake Recipe in
Junior MasterChef Indonesia Season 1 Episode 11.” The approach of this research
is sociolinguistics. The researcher collects the data by using purposive sampling
methods. The types and the reasons of code mixing are analyzed in this research.
In order to find out the types of code mixing, she classifies five categories of
syntactic structures proposed by Morley. She also uses the theories by Hoffman to
find out the reasons of code mixing.
The researcher comes to the conclusion that there are 14 cases in
morpheme level, 8 cases in word level, 55 cases in phrase level, and 12 cases in
clause level. Besides, there are 72 cases are talking about particular topic, 1 case
that being emphatic about something, 4 cases about interjection, 6 cases for
repetition used for clarification, and 6 cases expressing group identity.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
The third research has done by Mujiono, Wilujeng, and Suharto (2017)
entitled “Code Mixing as a Communication Strategy Performed by Outbound Call
(OBC) Center Agents.” The purposes of the research are to investigate “the types
of code mixing (CM) performing by Outbound Call (OBC) Center Agents and the
reasons influencing of OBC Center Agents implemented CM in their call center
activities” (Mujiono et al, 2017, p. 4). This is descriptive qualitative research and
the researchers get the data by recording the conversation, observing the
conversation, and interviewing the participants. The participants of the study are
OBC Center Agents, Avenger of M2 agency, and the employee in PT. Telkom
Indonesia. In the research, the researchers apply the theory by Musyken about
types of code mixing. For the reasons of code mixing, the researchers apply the
theory from Hoffman and some other theories.
The researchers conclude that the educational background, skill, and
ability influence the different reasons about the occurrence of code mixing. The
reasons are participant roles and relationship, situational factors, message-intrinsic
factors, and language attitudes, dominance, and security. Besides, it is also found
that English code occurs in different situations such as in order to appreciate
customer, to persuade customer, to avoid the weakness of products, to follow-up
new customer, to build the customer belief, and to attract customers.
The fourth research is written by Rohardiyanto (2017) entitled “The
Occurrence of Code Mixing in Indonesian Girl Magazine Kawanku” The research
tries to explain the occurrence of code mixing in the conversation among young
women in society. The purpose of this journal is to describe the occurrence of
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code mixing in magazine Kawanku and try to analyze about the factors that make
the mix in Indonesian slangs appear in the magazine. The researcher uses a
descriptive qualitative method. The data are taken from some column in the
magazine such as soal cowok, kuis, friend fix, and so on. Besides, the researcher
applies different sub levels in analyzing the types of code mixing such as word
level, phrase level, sentence level, reduplication, baster and idiomatic expression
level. The researcher argues that there are two factors influencing the occurrence
of code mixing which are attitudinal factor and linguistics factor.
This research would be different from the four previous researches
because of several reasons. Firstly, it is about the object. The objects of this
research are Tasya Farasya‟s captions, while the previous researches are
magazine, variety show, tweets, and center agents. Actually, captions and tweets
are almost similar because they are uploaded in social media platforms. However,
the captions in this research are only taken from one beauty vlogger, Tasya
Farasya in Instagram while the tweets are taken randomly in Twitter. Moreover,
the captions in this research mostly talk about make-up and the tweets in Rinakit‟s
research talk about daily status of the Twitter‟s users.
Secondly, it is about the theory. The theory applied in this research in
order to analyze the types of code mixing is proposed by Hoffman (1991).
Meanwhile, other researches apply other theories proposed by other experts. For
example, Rinakit (2012) applies the theory of types proposed by Kachru (1982)
and Mujiono, et al (2017) uses the theory proposed by Musyken (2000).
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This research is similar with the four previous researches because of
several reasons. Firstly, it is because of the topic. All of the previous researches
have the same topic which is code mixing. This research also will analyze about
the occurrence of code mixing. Secondly, it is because of the language. The four
previous researches analyze about the occurrence of Indonesian-English code
mixing. In this research, the analysis would also focus on the Indonesian-English
code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s selected captions in Instagram.
Thirdly, it is because of the media. Instagram is the social media that the
researcher uses to gather the data, while in Rinakit‟s research she uses Twitter as
the platform to gather the data. Both Instagram and Twitter are social media
platforms that many people use nowadays either to update some statuses or get
entertainment. Moreover, both of the platforms can be accessed easily by all of
people.
Fourthly, it is because of the theory. Both Rinakit and Puri apply the
theory by Hoffman in order to analyze the reasons of code mixing. In this
research, the researcher will also apply the theory by Hoffman to identify the
reasons of code mixing which are talking about particular topic, quoting
somebody else, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for
clarification, expressing group identity and solidarity, and clarifying the speech
content for the interlocutor.
Fifthly, it is because of the approach. All of the previous researches use
sociolinguistic approach. This research also will use sociolinguistic approach
since code mixing is an aspect that is studied in sociolinguistics. Sixthly, it is
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because of the data collection. Both Rinakit and Puri use purposive sampling
method. The researcher will also use this method to analyze the data in this
research.
The purpose of this research is to develop and to enrich the previous
researches. The researcher wants to find out the occurrence of code mixing in the
other field which is Instagram captions written by one of Indonesian beauty
vloggers. The researcher also tries to find the relation between the theory that will
be used to analyze the types of code mixing and the theory that will be applied in
analyzing the reasons of code mixing.
B. Review of Related Theories
In this research, the researcher applies several theories as the guideline
such as sociolinguistics, code, code switching, and code mixing. After discussing
code switching and code mixing, it is followed by the discussions on types of
code mixing and the possible reasons of code mixing.
1. Sociolinguistics
Analyzing the use of code mixing requires the use of language by the
people in a society. Language is a tool that people use to interact to one another.
The study of the relation between language and society are studied in
sociolinguistics. “The term sociolinguistics is used generally for the study of the
relationship between language and society” (Yule, 2006, p. 205). Besides,
Wardaugh (2006) also states that:
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In this distinction, sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the
relationships between language and society with the goal being a better
understanding of the structure of language and how languages function in
communication; the equivalent goal in the sociology of language is trying
to discover how social structure can be better understood through the
study of language, e.g., how certain linguistic features serve to
characterize particular social arrangements (p. 13).
Through this definition, it shows that language and society are two things that
cannot be separated. Language has the function to build the social relationship so
that it creates a better comprehension among the members of the society.
Another explanation about sociolinguistics is proposed by Herk (2018) as
cited in Putra and Yastanti (2018). “Sociolinguistics is the study of the
relationship between language and society, but that study can take very different
form depending on who‟s doing it and what they‟re interested in finding. It has a
connection between a language used and the society or people” (p. 162). It shows
that an analysis in sociolinguistics will have different results when it is conducted
by different people. It also proves that the condition of a society and the existence
of a language in one place to another are also different. It gives the idea that
“socio” is related to the society or the people. Meanwhile, “linguistics” is related
to particular language that exists in a society.
Language development also brings an important impact to a society.
Putra and Yastanti (2018) state that the development of a language makes the
people in a society have a strong role to be the multilingual society especially
they are surrounded by other people who have different backgrounds. Therefore,
they are possible to change the words into other languages even it is only in the
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form of words or phrases. Besides, they also potentially change the whole
utterances (p. 162).
Through the explanation, it states that people cannot control the
development of certain language in a society. Due to the development of the
language, it makes the people have strong role to be bilingual speakers because in
this era people cannot avoid to have a contact to other people who speak different
languages. Furthermore, the access to know other language is also widely spread
and makes them potentially change the language from one language to another
language.
2. Code
Code is used in certain of society when the people interact to one
another. “In contrast, the „neutral‟ term code, taken from information theory, can
be used to refer to any kind of system that two or more people employ for
communication” (Wardhaugh, 2006, p. 88). Besides, Wardhaugh and Fuller
(2015) reveal that:
When two or more people communicate with each other, we can call the
system they use a code. We should also note that speakers who are
multilingual, that is, who have access to two or more codes, and who for
one reason or another shift back and forth between these languages in
some form of multilingual discourse are also using a linguistic system,
but one which draws on more than one language (p. 3).
This explanation shows that language is also one of the variations of code. The
difference between monolingual speakers and bilingual speakers is that the
monolingual speakers are not able to speak in another language because they only
master their native language. Meanwhile, it is very possible for bilingual speakers
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to speak in several languages in the conversation because they master more than a
language. Furthermore, they are also able to just change the small parts of the
utterances form such as words and phrases in different language. However, they
also can change the whole utterances in other language.
a. Code Switching
The term code switching means the use of more than one language in the
conversation. “Code switching is that it involves the alternate use of two
languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the same
conversation” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 110). One of the purposes by switching the
language is in order to make the communicants understand about the content of
the conversation.
According to Wardhaugh (2006), there are two kinds of code switching
which are called situational code switching and metaphorical code switching.
Situational code switching means the change of the language depends on the
situation of the speakers and the topic change does not involve. Metaphorical code
switching means that people change the language to reformulate the situation such
as from formal to informal, from serious to humorous, official to personal, and
also from politeness to solidarity (p. 104). The example of situational code
switching is when a person gives the explanation about certain topic in Indonesian
and then the discussion that follows is in Javanese. Moreover, the example for
metaphorical code switching is when a person attends a meeting, s/he tends to use
Indonesian because it is in the formal situation while when s/he meets her/his
close friends, then s/he will speak in Javanese because the situation is informal.
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b. Code Mixing
Code mixing means the mixing of two languages in an utterance.
According to Nababan (1993), code mixing means the mixing of two languages in
the same topic. The occurrence of code mixing is within one sentence; a word or
phrase in a sentence is spoken or written in language A while other element is
spoken or written in other language (p. 32). The occurrence of code mixing
according to Muysken (2000) cannot just simply to be assumed that the speakers
lack of vocabularies of certain language or any specific cultural pressure because
the speakers that fluent in two codes also still have the tendency to mix the
language in the conversation (p. 2).
Furthermore, Nababan as cited in Suandi (2014) clarifies that code
mixing is not limited by the situations, but it is just like the habits that everyone
has (p. 139). In the other word, code mixing is more relax and informal. In order
to make the explanation clearer, there is an example which is taken from Dewi
and Ekalaya (2015), “Gaji dia orang di factory lama lebih banyak dari di sini!”
(p. 55). It shows that the situation of the conversation is informal and the speaker
prefers to use the word “factory” rather than “kantor” because it is more familiar.
Both code switching and code mixing can be found in the daily
conversation especially for the bilingual speakers. However, there are some
differences between the two of the code. Stated in the previous paragraph, it can
be concluded that the occurrence of code switching is can be controlled by the
speakers, for the speakers know the situations; formal or informal, serious or
humorous, and so on. Moreover, the occurrence of code mixing cannot be
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19
controlled by the speakers because they just speak the words in their nearest mind.
Poplack (1980), McLaughlin (1984), Appel, and Muysken (1987) as cited in
Hoffman (1991) also review further about the difference between code switching
and code mixing. They state that occurrence of code mixing is in the lexical level
(intra-sentential) within a sentence, whereas code switching means the changes
across sentences (inter-sentential) including tags and exclamations (p. 104).
Furthermore, Thaelender as cited in Suandi (2014) also conveys the idea
about the difference of code mixing and code switching. He argues that the
highest range for code mixing is a clause and the lowest is a word (p. 139). In the
other word, code mixing can occur in the form of words or phrases.
Hoffman (1991) provides an example about English-Spanish code
mixing and code switching in order to make the explanation clearer. “I started
acting real curiosa (strange), you know. I started going like this. Y luego decía
(and then I said), look at the smoke coming out of my fingers, like that. And then
me dijo (he said to me), stop acting silly” (p. 104). Through this example, it shows
that there is one code mix and two code switches.
In the examples above, the word “curiosa” means “strange” in English
and it is considered as code mixing. It happens because the word “strange” is an
adjective and it is in the form of word. In other words, code mixing means the
insertion of another language in an utterance in the form of single words or
phrases. Code mixing can occur only within the sentence or it is called intra-
sentential. Besides, the insertion of another language does not change the
grammar of the first language used. On the other hand, “y luego decía” and “me
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20
dijo” are considered as code switching. They are code switching because they are
in the forms of sentences which consist of subject, verb, and object. Code
switching can occur both in intra-sentential form and also inter-sentential form.
However, the occurrence of code switching changes the grammar structure of the
first language used. In the examples above, the expressions “y luego decía” and
“me dijo” are in Spanish structure while the previous expression uses English
structure.
3. Types of Code Mixing
In this research, the researcher applies the theory proposed by Hoffman
(1991) in order to find out the types of code mixing in the Tasya Farasya‟s
Instagram captions. There are three types of code mixing according to Hoffman
(1991), namely intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and the involvement in a change of
pronunciation (p. 116). The further explanation will be presented below.
a. Intra-sentential Code Mixing
Intra-sentential can be found both in code mixing and code switching.
This type means that the occurrence of code mixing is within a sentence
boundary. Intra-sentential code mixing is also related to syntax, for it occurs in the
form of words or phrases.
An example is provided by Valdés Fallis (1982) as cited in Hoffman
(1991) to make the explanation clearer. The example is an English-Spanish code
mixing. “And all of a sudden, I started acting real curiosa (strange), you know”
(p. 104). The word “curiosa” which means “strange” is added within the sentence.
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Besides, “strange” which is an adjective in English is also a form of word.
Therefore, through this example it is clear that intra-sentential code mixing occurs
in the sentence boundary.
Another example about this type is given by Luke (2015), “Anggota
legislative da ewa “NYARA,” simbol kebebasan, kecerdasan, dan kekuatan serta
punya sifat dinamis” (p. 42). (Translation: The legislators like a horse: a symbol
of freedom, intelligence, strength, and has dynamic personality. Translated by
Luke (2015). This is an example of Indonesian-Pamonanese code mixing. “Da
ewa nyara” in the sentence is added to explain the legislators. Besides, it occurs
within the sentence boundary without changing the topic.
b. Intra-lexical Code Mixing
This type means that the occurrence of code mixing is in the word
boundary. It is also related to morphology, for it deals with one of the aspects of
morphology which is the change of lexical category of the words in the sentences.
In this type, the position of the affixes is either in the initial or in the final position
of the words.
An example is given by Dewi and Ekalaya (2015). In the word “shoppã”
the English word of “shop” is added by a Panjabi plural ending “ã.” Another
example is in the word “kuenjoy.” It is an English word “enjoy” which is added by
a Swahili prefix {ku} and the prefix {ku-} means “to” (p. 54).
In Indonesian structure, there are two types of affixes according to the
function, namely derivational and inflectional. Sneddon, Adelaar, Djenar, and
Ewing (2010) state that most Indonesian affixes are derivational. Derivational
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affix means when the affix is attached to the base, it changes the word to another
class. Meanwhile, inflectional affix does not change into another class when the
affix is attached to the base (p. 29).
According to Sneddon, et al (2010), the function of inflectional affixes
{meN-} and {di-} is to show whether the words are active or passive when they
are attached to transitive verbs. Meanwhile, the example of derivational affix is in
the word “penjahat.” It consists of the affix {pe-} and the word “jahat.” It
changes the class of the word from adjective into noun (p. 29-31).
c. Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation
This type of code mixing is related to phonology, for it deals with the
pronunciation. According to Hoffman (1991), it happens when the speaker of a
language change the pronunciation patterns (p. 112). The example of the
involvement in a change of pronunciation can be seen in the way Indonesian
society pronounces the words.
The example is provided by Luke (2015) in order to make the
explanation clearer. “Io, saking saya smangat, baru sadar, tea da bank di sini” (p.
42). (Yes, because I have new power, I have just realized that there is no bank
here. Translated by Luke (2015). The correct pronunciation is “semangat,” but
here it pronounced to be “smangat.” It is shorter than the actually word is.
However, the hearers still get the point of the word.
Furthermore, another example is given by Dewi and Ekalaya (2015). In
the word “strawberry” it becomes “stroberi” (p. 54). It shows that the Indonesians
modify the pronunciation of English into Indonesian phonological structure.
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Therefore, the pronunciation changes and gets easier for the speakers to
pronounce.
In Indonesian pronunciation, the speakers pronounce the words based on
the letters. According to Muslich (2008), Indonesian spelling is called phonemic
spelling. The phonemic spelling is symbolized by graphemes. It specifies to the
pronunciation system in the form of letters (p. 105). It tells that the phonemes‟
representations in Indonesian tell that what is written is what is read because each
grapheme of the words has its sound. Meanwhile, English pronunciation does not
depend on the spelling of the words. It‟s quite difficult “to learn English language
as there is no one-to-one relationship between the 26 letters of the English
alphabets and the 44 sounds the represent” (Rao, 2018, p. 1).
To conclude, there is a possibility to have the change of pronunciation
when Indonesian speakers pronounce the English words. The change of
pronunciation by Indonesian speakers when they pronounce English words occurs
because they are still affected by their first language. Therefore, they treat English
words as the same as Indonesian.
4. Possible Reasons of Code Mixing
People mix the language in a conversation due to several reasons.
According to Hoffman (1991), there are seven possible reasons of code mixing,
namely talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic
about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, expressing group
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identity and solidarity, and clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor (p.
115-116).
a. Talking about Particular Topic
When describing about particular topic, it is very possible to “cause a
switch, either because of lack of facility in the relevant of register or because of
certain items trigger of various connotations which are linked to experiences in a
particular language” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 115). According to Dewi and Ekalaya
(2015), the speakers speak in other languages which is not their native languages
because they feel free to express their feelings (p. 55). Therefore, the speakers
tend to talk a particular topic in a certain language rather than in other languages.
Besides, Luke (2015) also reveals that talking about particular topic can be
defined as the act of using terms in another language that are also familiar to the
listener (p. 42). In other word, both the speakers and the listeners know the ideas
of the conversation clearly.
The example of talking about particular topic is also stated by Dewi and
Ekalaya (2015). “The case can be found in Singapore, in which English language
is used to discuss trade or a business matter, Mandarin for International “Chinese”
language, Malay as the language of the region, and Tamil as the language of one
of the important ethnic groups in the republic” (p. 55). Through this example, it
shows that the Singaporeans use different language when they talk about
particular topic.
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b. Quoting Somebody Else
Quoting somebody else means the speakers repeat the utterances that
have been talked previously by other people even it is in different language.
According to Dewi and Ekalaya (2015), the quotation can be in the forms of
proverbs, famous expressions, and the sayings spoken by well-known figures (p.
55). According to Luke (2015), this reason means when the speakers quote some
famous quotations in order to prove that they are modern people. Besides, it also
used to show that the speakers are update to the recent information (p. 42). The
example provided here is given by Dewi and Ekalaya (2015).
A: “Bolehkah saya tahu nama anda, Pak? (Translation: May I know
your name, Sir? Translated by Dewi and Ekalaya (2015, p. 55).
B: “What is a name.”
“What is a name” here is a proverb and it is quoted by the speaker when
someone asks his name. The proverb means that the name of a thing does not
matter because the quality of the person or thing is more important. Therefore,
people quote a proverb or other quotation and put it in their utterances.
c. Being Emphatic about Something
This reason of code mixing means that the speakers try to show the
empathy toward other people. According to Luke (2015), this reason means when
someone talks about some topics using his/her second language, then s/he changes
to his/her native language or vice versa in showing the empathic about something.
The speaker can change the language from her/his native language to her/his
second language or vice versa either intentionally or not (p. 42). In other word, the
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rule in showing emphatic about something does not require the change of the
language is from the second language to the native language because it is also can
happen from the native language to the second language. According to Dewi and
Ekalaya (2015), it happens due to the fact that s/he feels more comfortable
expressing the empathy towards other people in certain language either her/his
native language or second language (p. 56).
An example is provided by Luke (2015) when a member of an ethnic
closed group in Facebook called Parata Ndaya change the language from her/his
second language which is Indonesian to Pamona language as her/his native
language. “Iyo Om Robby, turut berduka ungkari kami ri Bali” (p. 42). (Yes,
uncle Robby. Our deepest condolences to you from us in Bali. Translated by Luke
(2015). Through this example, it shows that the speaker changes the language
from Indonesian to the Pamona language as the native language. The change of
the language is to show condolences toward Robby.
d. Interjection
Interjection can be stated as emotional reactions shown by the speakers in
their utterances. It can express the feeling of happiness, sadness, excitement, and
so on. “Interjection are relatively conventionalized vocal gestures (or more
generally, linguistic gestures) which express a speaker‟s mental state, action or
attitude or reaction to a situation” (Ameka, 1992, p. 106). The expressions that be
used for interjection are various such as “ouch, oh, sh, gosh, hello, sir, ma‟am,
yes, or else phrases (secondary interjection) often peculiar construction, such as
dear me, goodness me, goodness gracious, goodness sakes alive, oh dear, by
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golly, you angel, please thank you, good-bye” (Bloomfield as cited in Ameka,
1992, p. 104).
Hoffman (1991) gives an example, “…Oh! Ay! It was embarrassing! It
was very nice, though, but I was embarrassed” (p. 112). “Ay!” here functioned as
the reaction of how embarrassed the speaker is. Interjections expressions are
sometimes do not have any grammatical meaning. Other example is purposed by
Dewi and Ekalaya (2015), “Dompetku ketinggalan di taksi! Shitt!” (My wallet
was left in the taxi. Translated by Dewi and Ekalaya (2015) (p. 56). The
underlined expression really shows the speaker‟s emotion about the money that is
left at the taxi.
e. Repetition Used for Clarification
This reason of code mixing is used by the speakers to clarify the idea
about conversation. According to Dewi and Ekalaya (2015), in a conversation, the
people usually repeat the expressions to give a clarification and it makes the
hearers understand better about the expressions (p. 56). The repetition sometimes
uses other language, for example the conversation is in Indonesian and the words
used for repetition is in English. However, the words share the same grammatical
function. The example is taken from Gumperz (1982) as cited in Dewi and
Ekalaya (2015), “Father calling his small son while walking through a train
compartment. Keep straight. Sidha jao” (Translation: keep straight. Translated by
Dewi and Ekalaya (2015) (p. 56). The expressions “keep straight” and “siddha
jao” actually have the same meaning only spoken from different languages which
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28
are English and Hindi. The function of using repetition is to emphasize the point
that the small son has to keep straight and listen to the father‟s words.
In Indonesian structure, to clarify the message usually the speakers have
to repeat the words. It is called reduplication. Sneddon et al (2010) clarify that
there are 3 types of reduplication in Indonesian structures which are full, partial,
and imitative. Full reduplication is easy to be understood by looking at the root of
the words and it involves the entire word for example, “buku-buku” which means
many books and the root of the word is “buku.” The example of partial
reduplication is “lelaki” and “tetangga.” This type of reduplication only occurs
when the base begins with a consonant. Meanwhile, imitative reduplication means
the reduplication is not identical, for example “sayur-mayur” and “lauk-pauk.”
(p. 18-25).
f. Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity
According to Hoffman (1991), this reason of code mixing means that the
two different groups can make and share the conversation. A group here can be
defined as the group that the people have the same language. Therefore, by mixing
the language then the people from different group can still understand the
conversation. Hoffman also states that it is commonly occur among the
immigrants and teenagers (p. 116).
Besides, Dewi and Ekalaya (2015) explain that academic people in their
disciplinary groups will talk different way to other groups‟ communication (p.
57). An example is stated by Oksaar 91974), Poplack (1980), Calsamiglia and
Tusón (1984) as cited in Hoffman (1991), “belonging to a bilingual community,
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29
like Estonians in Sweden or Puerto Ricans in the USA, and solidarity with such a
group” (p. 116). Through the example, it shows that the Estonians and Puerto
Ricans talk in their ways of communication when they meet other Estonians and
Puerto Ricans in Sweden also in the USA. They talk differently when they meet
the people from similar origin because they try to show their identity and also
solidarity.
g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor
The purpose of this reason of code mixing is to clarify about the context
of the conversation. According to Oksaar (1974) as cited in Hoffman (1991) stated
that
When asked why they had code-switched certain items for which there
existed acceptable Estonian equivalents known to them, her informants
gave her to understand that the Swedish or English they used carried
certain desirable connotations and reflected shared experiences, which
was not the case in the other language (p. 116).
Through this explanation, it can be said that the expressions in one language will
not always exist in other languages. Therefore, the hearers get confused when the
speakers speak an utterance that does not exist in the hearers‟ language. An
example is provided by Hoffman (1991, p. 112). Cristina introduces her younger
brother to one of her friends.
Christina: “This is Pascual” [paskwál]
Friend: “What is his name?”
Christina: “Pascual!” [pǝskwæl]
Friend: “Oh…”
This example shows that Christina‟s friend seems does not catch the
name because she never heard that name. However, when Christina repeats it, her
friend then understands. Therefore, this reason is used to clarify an utterance
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30
spoken by the speakers so that the hearers will understand and the conversation
runs smoothly.
C. Theoretical Framework
The researcher collects the data of the captions written by Tasya Farasya
using theory of sociolinguistics, code, code switching, and code mixing. These
theories are used in order to find the sentences of the captions containing code.
Then, the researcher separates the captions containing code mixing from code
switching.
There are two research questions in this research which are the types of
code mixing and also the reasons of code mixing. In order to answer the first
question, the researcher applies the theory stated by Hoffman (1991). According
to Hoffman (1991), there are three types of code mixing, namely intra-sentential,
intra-lexical, and the involvement in a change of pronunciation. The theories are
applied to find out the occurrence of the code mixing in the captions and then it is
used to classify the types of the code mixing according to the context of the
captions. Therefore, it is very possible to have different types of code mixing in
the same caption, for the occurrence of code mixing can be more than once in a
caption.
In order to answer the second question, the researcher uses the theory
stated by Hoffman (1991). The researcher applies these theories after the
discussion of the types of code mixing. After discussing the types of code mixing
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in the captions, then the researcher tries to analyze the reasons of code mixing
based on the context of the captions.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers several important aspects in order to support the
analysis of the occurrence of code mixing. Those important aspects are object of
the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. The object and the data
used in this research are described in the first part. The second part discusses the
part of the research. The third part is about method of the study which is divided
into 2 parts, namely data collection and data analysis. Data collection describes
how the data is collected while data analysis describes how to analyze the data.
A. Object of the Study
This research was conducted to analyze the occurrence of code mixing
written by Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian beauty vlogger in her selected
Instagram captions. The researcher collected the data from Tasya Farasya‟s
selected captions that were written from August until September 2018. In this
research, the primary data were 7 captions containing Indonesian-English code
mixing. The linguistic elements analyzed in this research were words and
phrases.
The researcher decided to choose captions which talked about
endorsement and review make-up products. There were several reasons of
choosing those specific captions. Firstly, it was about the followers‟ enthusiasm.
Basically, the followers considered beauty vloggers as their role model in many
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ways such as on how they dressed up or how they applied make-up products.
Therefore, through the captions about endorsement and review make-up products
that Tasya Farasya wrote, it made the followers got the information about certain
make-up products. By having the information about the make-up products, then
they chose to buy the products or not.
Secondly, it was because of the occurrence of code mixing. The
occurrence of code mixing in the captions talked about the endorsement and the
review make-up products were many. It was because the captions for those types
were longer rather than the other types of captions which talked about daily life
or random thoughts. Those captions were longer because they explained about
the make-up products in detailed.
B. Approach of the Study
The purpose of this research was to analyze the occurrence of code
mixing in the selected captions written by Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian
beauty vlogger. The discussion of code mixing is related to sociolinguistic
approach since code mixing is “an attribute specific of bilinguals” (Akhtar,
Khan, and Fareed, 2016, p. 3) which means that code mixing only occurs in the
bilingual society because it is difficult for people of monolingual society to mix
the language.
Moreover, sociolinguistics conveys the relation between the language
and the speakers of the language. Holmes (2013) reveals that:
Examining the way people use language in different social contexts
provides a wealth of information about the way language works, as well
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34
as about the social relationships in a community, and the way people
convey and construct aspects of their social relationship in a community
(p.1).
Through this explanation, it is concluded that language and society cannot be
separated. It happens due to the fact that in a society, people have a conversation
through language. Besides, the language that is used in different social context
will be different. This theory can be used to analyze on how the language works in
a society and also to see the social relation among the people in a society.
Moreover, the occurrence of code mixing which means the mixing of more than
one language in an utterance is also related to the use of a language in a society
and the relation among the speakers. Therefore, sociolinguistics is the most
suitable approach for this research.
C. Method of the Study
In this part, it was divided into two smaller units, namely data collection
and data analysis. In the data collection, the researcher displayed how the data
were collected. The researcher analyzed the data in the data analysis.
1. Data Collection
The researcher in this research applied purposive sampling method.
According to Creswell (2007), purposive sampling method means that the
researcher chooses the individuals or sites of the research by her/himself because
the individuals or sites can give some information and understanding of the
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research questions. Moreover, the researcher also decides the total of the data, the
topic of the data, and so on by her/himself (p. 125).
This research used purposive sampling method and the primary data were
selected Instagram captions written by Tasya Farasya as an Indonesian beauty
vlogger. The data used were the captions which talked about endorsement and
review make-up products written in those three months. The population of the
data was 59 captions written by Tasya Farsya from August until September 2018.
The researcher chose the captions because they were the newest captions in
Tasya Farasya‟s feeds.
There were 17 captions talked about endorsement and review make-up
products. However, the researcher only used 7 captions and eliminated 10 other
captions because the captions just displayed or endorsed the products without
reviewing the products. In this research, the captions which were used only
talked about endorsement and review make-up products. Therefore, the captions
which only promoted the products without reviewing the products were
eliminated.
Some of the eliminated captions contain language switch rather than
language mix. The example of the caption which consisted of code switching was
written in August 2018, “I love this product so much! Definisi sempurna, bener2
finishnya kayak kulit asli…” It showed that the first sentence in that example was
code switching. In this research, the focus was only on the occurrence of code
mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s endorsement and review make-up products Instagram
captions. Therefore, in the selected captions that were discussed, the researcher
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ignored the occurrence of code switching and focused only in the occurrence of
code mixing.
The researcher also analyzed the captions which talked about giving a
giveaway. There were some reasons for the selection. Firstly, it is because the
total of the captions were reasonable to be analyzed. The total of the giveaway
captions were only 2 from August until September 2018, so it was still capable
for the researcher to analyze them. Secondly, it was because of the length. The
two captions were long and the occurrences of code mixing were also many.
Besides, one of the giveaway captions also reviewed and endorsed the product.
Therefore, the researcher decided to analyze the giveaway captions.
There were some steps done by the researcher in collecting the data.
Firstly, the researcher read the captions written from August until September
2018. Secondly, the researcher separated the captions which talked about
endorsement and review make-up products from other topics of the captions.
Thirdly, the researcher took screenshots of the captions containing code mixing
that fulfilled the criteria. Fourthly, after the captions which contained code mixing
were found, then the researcher classified the data in the form of table. The
purpose of using table was to make the data easier to be classified.
2. Data Analysis
The purpose of this research was to analyze the occurrence of code
mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s endorsement and review make-up product Instagram
captions. In this research, the researcher applied the theory proposed by Hoffman
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(1991), namely intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and the involvement in a change of
pronunciation to analyze the types of code mixing written in Tasya Farasya‟s
selected Instagram captions. Besides, after analyzing the types of code mixing, the
researcher also applied the theory revealed by Hoffman (1991) in order to find out
the reasons of code mixing in the selected Instagram captions.
To answer the two research questions, the researcher presented all the
data containing code mixing in the form of tables. The tables were divided into
several columns; number, the data, the types, explanation of the theory of types,
and the theory of reasons followed by the explanation of the data. Due to the
length of the captions that were long and to make the analysis easier, the
researcher separated each of the captions which contained code mixing sentence
by sentence and put them into different lines. However, the researcher still put
them in the same number. The researcher used bold words to indicate the code
mixing words discussed in the analysis. Furthermore, the researcher put several
codes for the numbering. For example, /I/EN _RE/AUG/ which means that the
symbol “I” is the number of the caption, symbol “EN_RE” means endorsement
and review, and symbol “AUG” was used to describe the month when the caption
was written. The example presented below.
Table 1. The Example of Data Table
N
o. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Explanation
Reasons of Code
Mixing based on
Hoffman’s
theory
Intra-
sentential
Intra-
lexical
Change
of
Pronun-
Ciation
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In the analysis, the researcher presented the distribution of the data both
types of code mixing and reasons of code mixing in the form of table. There were
three columns in the table, namely number, the types of code mixing or the
reasons of code mixing, and the total number of the occurrence is in the bottom of
the table. Then, it followed by the explanation for each of the categories either the
types of code mixing or the reasons of code mixing. The example of the tables
presented below.
Table 2. The Example of the Table Distribution of Code Mixing Data
No. Types of Code Mixing Number
TOTAL
Table 3. The Example of the Table Distribution of Code Mixing Data
No. Reasons of Code Mixing Number
TOTAL
The researcher also displayed some results found in the selected
Instagram captions based on the theories in the form of table. There were 2
columns in the analysis of types, namely number and data. Meanwhile, there were
3 columns in the analysis of reasons, namely number, data, and types of code
mixing. In other words, in analyzing the types, the researcher presented the 3
theories proposed by Hoffman (1991), namely intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and
involvement in a change of pronunciation. Therefore, the researcher classified the
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results based on the affixes found in the captions indicating intra-lexical and also
classified the results based on the word class such as verbs, nouns, adjectives,
noun phrases, and so on to indicate the intra-sentential code mixing. Besides, the
researcher also displayed the correct pronunciation in the third type. In analyzing
the types, the researcher presented the 7 reasons also proposed by Hoffman
(1991). The researcher also explained some of the results displayed. The example
of the tables presented below.
Table 4. The Example of Data Analysis for Types of Code Mixing
Number Data
Table 5. The Example of Data Analysis for Reasons of Code Mixing
Number Data Types of Code Mixing
However, due to the length of the captions, the researcher decided to use
only some parts of each of the captions in displaying the results that represented
the theories on both types and reasons of code mixing. In other words, not all of
the parts of the captions were displayed in the analysis, only the parts that suitable
to the theories.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESEULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the results of the analysis. There are 2 parts in this
chapter, namely the types of code mixing based on Hoffman‟s theory and it is
followed by the discussion of the reasons of code mixing based on Hoffman‟s
theory. In each of the parts, the researcher presents the detail explanation on each
of the classifications.
In this analysis, the data were taken from the captions written by Tasya
Farasya‟s Instagram captions. The data that are used basically about endorsement
and review make-up products. The captions are written from August until
September 2018. From the research, there are 7 captions found, 4 in August and 3
in September 2018. There are 62 code mixing cases in the 4 captions written in
August and 21 code mixing cases in the 3 captions written in September.
Therefore, the total of the data is 83 code mixing cases. All of the cases are
analyzed using the theory of types and reasons by Hoffman (1991).
A. Types of Code Mixing Based on Hoffman’s Theory
In this research, the theory that is used to analyze the types of code
mixing is the theory proposed by Hoffman (1991). According to Hoffman (1991),
there are 3 types of code mixing, namely intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and
involvement in a change of pronunciation. In the first type which is intra-
sentential, the code mixing can be in the form of words and phrases. In the second
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type which is intra-lexical, the code mixing occurs when the English words are
added with Indonesian affixes. The third type which is involvement in a change of
pronunciation is the change of the pronunciation of the words into the
phonological Indonesian structure. The results show that there are 71 cases of
intra-sentential code mixing, 10 cases of intra-lexical code mixing, and 2
involvement in a change of pronunciation.
Table 6 Distribution of Code Mixing Data
No. Types of Code Mixing Number
1. Intra-sentential 71
2. Intra-lexical 10
3. Involvement in a change of pronunciation 2
TOTAL 83
The analysis will be started with the most frequent type of code mixing
which is intra-sentential. After explaining about intra-sentential code mixing, the
analysis will be continued on the discussion about intra-lexical code mixing.
Involvement in a change of pronunciation will be discussed after discussing intra-
lexical code mixing. To make the analysis clearer, the researcher also provides the
data in the form of tables.
1. Intra-sentential Code Mixing
The first type is intra-sentential code mixing. This type is related to
syntax. The occurrence of the code mixing in this type is within the sentence
boundary. The data of this research show that there are 71 cases of Indonesian-
English code mixing found in Tasya Farasya‟s review and endorsement make-up
products. It shows that this type has the highest number for the types of code
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mixing compare to the other 2 types. In this research, the researcher analyzes this
type into several variations. In other words, this type consists of words including
nouns, verbs, or adjectives and can be in the form of phrases called noun phrases
and prepositional phrases. The other forms of word formation also found in this
research such as acronym and compound noun.
a. Noun
According to Crystal (2008), noun means “a term used in the
grammatical classification of words, traditionally defined as the name of a person,
place, or thing” (p. 333). In this research, several nouns are found. Some of the
results are displayed below.
Table 7 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Noun as a Subject)
Number Data
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalau di tengah hari makeup kalian mulai ilang2an
tinggal tap2 dikit.
/III/EN_RE/SEP/ Giveaway berakhir Minggu 23 September 23:59
Malam 12:00 Siang
The table above shows the function of a noun is as a subject. There are 2
data presented in the table. The first noun is in the word “make-up.” Hornby
(2010) reveals that the word “make-up” refers to substances often used especially
by women or actors in order to change their appearances (p. 932). In this case, the
word “make-up” in the data functions as a subject. It occurs after the adverb of
time, “kalau di tengah hari.” Besides, it is directly followed by the verb, “mulai
ilang-ilangan.”
The second noun is in the word “giveaway”. The meaning of the word
“giveaway” means “something that a company gives free, usually with something
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else that is for sale” (Hornby, 2010, p. 633). In the table above, the word
“giveaway” functions as a subject because it occurs in the first sentence and it is
followed by the explanation about it. The explanation is about the time when the
“giveaway” ends.
Table 8 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Noun as an Object)
Number Data
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalo lagi males pake liquid foundation tinggal tap2
langsung dapet coverage yg ga kalah sama liquid
foundie!
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Btwww disini ku pake beberapa product dari
@mabcosmetic yg waktu itu w unboxing!
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Giveaway:
Repost foto giveaway yang akan diupload oleh
@mobcosmetic mengenai product terbaru @MOB,
yaitu Pro Brow Sculptor
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Sertakan hashtag #TasyaFarasyaMOBCosmetic
#ProBowSculptor
/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Di bibir kalian yg kering kalian bisa pakein
lipbalm dulu sebelum pake lipstiknya biar hasilnya
lebih smooth!
/II/EN_RE/SEP/
Lalu lalu laluuu kalau mau dapet voucher 300ribu,
ikutan seru2an di “bit.ly/VitEQuiz” yaa caranya
gampang dan hadiahnya untuk 10 pemenang!!
#POPOFHYDRATION
/III/EN_RE/SEP/ NIH YG MINTA TUTORIAL MAKEUP DI
FOTO SEBELAH, Yg penasaran lipgloss extra
bechek w apa silahkan nonton ya!
The table above shows that the nouns function as the object. There are 7
results presented above. The first result is the word “coverage.” It functions as an
object because it describes the result of tapping liquid foundation. The second
noun is the word “product.” Hornby (2010) declares that “product” means
something that is produced (p. 1211). The word “product” above functions as an
object because it explains the things that are used by Tasya Farasya as the writer
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of the caption. After the word “product” then it is followed by the link to the
account where she buys the product.
The third noun is the word “giveaway.” It also functions as the object
because it clarifies about the type of picture the audience should repost which is
the giveaway picture. It is also followed by the explanation that the giveaway
picture will be uploaded by @mobcosmetic. The fourth data is the word
“hashtag.” This term means “the symbol (#), especially one on a telephone”
(Hornby, 2010, p. 711). In this case, the word “hashtag” also functions as an
object because it is written after the word “sertakan” as the verb which means
“attach.” It is also followed by the name of the “hashtag” which is
“#TasyaFarasyaMOBCosmetic #ProBowSculptor” which the function is also as
an object.
The fifth word is “lipbalm.” The word “lipbalm” in the sentence above
shows that it functions as an object. It occurs after the verb “pakein” and after the
word “lipbalm” it is followed by the adverb of time. The sixth word is “voucher.”
It is defined as an object of a sentence because it is used to explain the action
“kalau mau dapet.” It occurs after the subject “kalian” and also the verb “kalau
mau dapet.” Although the subject is not written in the sentence, it still gives the
idea that the subject is Tasya Farasya‟s followers in Instagram. The seventh word
is “make-up.” The word “make-up” also functions as an object, for it explains the
action “minta” as the verb. After that, it is followed by the adverb of place, “di
foto sebelah.” It occurs in the middle of the sentence after the subject and verb.
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b. Verb
Verb is a word expresses certain action. Crystal (2008) states that verb is
“a term used in the grammatical classification of words, to refer to a class
traditionally defined as „doing‟ or „action‟ words” (p. 510). In this research,
several verbs are found. Some of the results are displayed below.
Table 9 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Verb)
Number Data
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalo lagi males pake liquid foundation tinggal tap2
langsung dapet coverage yg ga kalah sama liquid
foundie! Kalian harus cobain swatch di tangan kalian
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Tag @mobcosmetic dan 5 orang teman kalian, ajak
mereka untuk ikut dan jawab warna apa yang paling
mereka sukai dari Pro Brow Sculptor –
/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Finishnya powdery matte jd pas aku blend di mata dia
ga creasing lagi.
/II/EN_RE/SEP/ We‟re Back! Kali ini kita mau review
The NEW Vitamin E Gel Moisture Cream from
@thebodyshopindo
/III/EN_RE/SEP/ Comment dibawah produk favorit kalian dari
@esqacosmetics
In the table above, it shows that there are 5 verbs in the data. The first
word is “swatch.” In this case, the word “swatch” functions as a verb. Forbes
(2016) argues that it refers to the act when someone tries a certain make-up
product in her/his hands (p. 83). It is an infinitive since the data is “kalian harus
cobain swatch” which is translated into “you must try to swatch.” Azar (1999)
states that infinitive can use the expression of “in order to.” However, “in order”
is often omitted. Therefore, it consists only “to” which followed by a verb and it
functions to express certain purpose (p. 326). In this case, the purpose is to ask the
followers to swatch the product.
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The second word is “tag.” This word means “to add a set of letters or
symbols to a piece of text or data in order to identify it or show that it is to be
treated particular way” (Hornby, 2010, p. 1574). In this case, the word “tag”
means attaching someone in a post particularly in social media so that s/he can see
the post. The word “tag” here is a verb even it is located at the beginning of the
sentence. It happens because the caption in the first data is about giving a
giveaway. Therefore, there are some requirements that should be done by the
audience and one of them is tagging @mobcosmetic and five other friends.
The third word is “blend.” Hornby (2010) states that the word “blend”
means mixing several things together (p. 147). This word is a verb because it
describes the act that the subject is doing. In the table above, it shows that the
subject of the sentence is “aku.” Besides, it is followed by the adverb of place
which is “di mata.” The fourth word is “review.” It means “something to
carefully examine or consider something again, especially so that you can decide
if it is necessary to make changes” (Hornby, 2010, p. 1312). It also functions as a
verb because it explains about the activity that the subject does. In this case, the
activity is reviewing vitamin E gel moisture cream from certain brand.
The fifth word is “comment.” Hornby (2010) reveals that “comment”
means declaring opinions about something (p. 298). It functions as a verb even
though it is located at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, it is an
imperative sentence since the definition of imperatives is “language forms that we
use to tell people to do things” (Djenar, 2003, p. 167). It shows when the subject
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asks the audience to comment on their favorite products from @esqacosmetics in
the comment column section.
c. Adjective
According to Crystal (2008), adjective means “a term used in the
grammatical classification of words to refer to the main set of items which specify
the attributes of nouns” (p. 11). In other words, an adjective is modified noun or
pronoun. In this research, the researcher reveals several adjectives. Some of them
are presented below.
Table 10 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adjective)
Number Data
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalau di tengah hari makeup kalian mulai ilang2an
tinggal tap2 dikit langsung flawless lagi!
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Jd kalian cusss cek di store makeover atau e-commerce
favorite kalian! #complexionmastery #makeoverid
#setyourbase
/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Btw skin longwear weightless foundation ini ada yg
bentuknya cream juga dan AKU CINTA DUA2NYA
GA LEBAY ASLI!
/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Di bibir kalian yg kering kalian bisa pakein lipbalm
dulu sebelum pake lipstiknya biar hasilnya lebih
smooth!
/I/EN_RE/SEP/
Favorite semua orang adalah glass skin makeup look,
dan produk favorite buat dapetin look kayak gini
adalah Maybelline liptint no 07, dan fashion brow
mascara “dark brown”
There are 6 adjectives found in the data above. The first adjective is
“flawless.” The word “flawless” is an adjective because it modifies the word
“make-up” as the subject. The word “flawless” means “without flaws and
therefore perfect” (Hornby, 2010, p. 568). Therefore, the word “flawless” explains
the results of tapping the make-up again. The second adjective is the word
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“favorite.” The word favorite means “liked more than others of the same kind: It‟s
one of my favorite movies” (Hornby, 2010, p. 540). In this case, the adjective
“favorite” modifies the noun “e-commerce.” In other words, the audience is
requested to go to their favorite e-commerce in order to buy the stuff promoted in
the caption.
The third adjective is the word “cream.” The word “cream” means “pale
yellowish-white in colour” (Hornby, 2010, p. 356). In the table above, the word
“cream” functions as an adjective because it modifies the noun “skin longwear
weightless foundation.” It uses to explain to the audience that one of the textures
of “skin longwear weightless foundation” is cream. It proves when Tasya Farasya
declares that she loves both of the textures of the foundation.
The fourth adjective is the word “smooth.” It is included as an adjective
because the meaning of it is “completely flat and even, without any lumps, holes
or rough areas” (Hornby, 2010, p. 1456). The word “smooth” here modifies the
results of using lip balm for the dry lips. The fifth adjective is the word “favorite.”
The word “favorite” is also an adjective. In this case, the word “favorite” modifies
the word “produk” as the noun. It is followed by the objects of the sentence
which are “Maybelline liptint no. 07 and fashion brow mascara dark brown.”
d. Adverb
According to Crystal (2008), adverb means the words that the function is
to specify the action of the verbs (p. 14). In other words, adverb means an
additional information that occurs in a sentence, for example quickly, kindly, and
very. Besides, Claudia and Martin (2011) state that adverb can be used
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specifically to describe time, place, or manner. For example, “the children played
in the kindergarten.” It shows that the adverb of place “in the kindergarten”
describes the place where the children played (p. 1391). To make the explanation
easier, the researcher provides some of the data below.
Table 11 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Adverb)
Number Data
/III/EN_RE/SEP/ NIH YG MINTA TUTORIAL MAKEUP DI FOTO
SEBELAH, Yg penasaran lipgloss extra bechek w
apa silahkan nonton ya!
In the table above, it shows that there is 1 datum consists of an adverb in
the caption. The datum is the word “extra.” This word functions as an adverb. The
word “extra” means “in addition; more than is usual, expected or exists already”
(Hornby, 2010, p. 539). In this case, the word “extra” functions as an adverb
because it emphasizes the explanation that the texture of the lipgloss is extremely
“becek.”
e. Acronym
In the previous explanation, it is mentioned that in this research the
researcher also finds other word formation in this research. In this research, the
researcher finds an acronym of an English word. According to Crystal (2008),
acronym means “the everyday sense of this term has been refined in linguistics as
part of the study of word-formation, distinguishing several ways in which words
can be shortened” (p. 1). The data in the table below show the acronym of an
English word that is inserted in sentences.
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Table 12 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Acronym)
Number Data
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Jangan mentang2 korean look harus pake liptint yha
w bosen wkwkwkw btw disini ku pake beberapa
product dari @mabcosmetic
/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Gimana yha w bingung mau bilang apa lagi tp kalo
kalian udah ada juga yg coba foundie ini PLIS
KOMEN DI BAWAH!!! Btw skin longwear
weightless foundation ini ada yg bentuknya cream
juga dan AKU CINTA DUA2NYA GA LEBAY
ASLI!
The 2 data above have the same acronym in each of the sentences which
is “btw.” The term “btw” is an abbreviation of “by the way.” In this case, it is
used to connect one thing to another thing. It shows that in the first data, the term
“btw” is used to connect the expression that Korean look does not always use lip
tint and tell the fact about the product Tasya Farasya wears is from
@mabcosmetic. In the second data, the term “btw” is used to connect the
expression of requesting the people who have already tried the foundation to
comment in the comment column section and telling the people that skin longwear
weightless foundation has the cream version. Besides, Tasya Farasya also tells
how amazed she is to the foundation.
The term “btw” is usually found in informal writing such as text
message. The purpose is to make it simple but still does not lose the meaning.
Usually, it is often used by the youth. “When texting, adolescents and young
adults demonstrating considerable creativity in maximizing meaning while
minimizing effort” (Watt as cited in Kent and Johnson, 2012, p. 52). It is usually
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used because it is shorter. The term “btw” is shorter to be written because it only
consists of 3 letters.
f. Compound Noun
In this research, the researcher finds intra-sentential code mixing in the
form of compound noun. The result will be presented in the table below.
Table 13 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Compound Noun)
Number Data
/I/EN_RE/SEP/
Favorite semua orang adalah glass skin make up
look, dan produk favorite buat dapetin look kayak
gini adalah Maybelline liptint no 07, dan fashion
brow mascara “dark brown”
Crystal (2008) argues that compound noun consists of two or more free
morphemes for example, “bedroom, rainfall, and washing machine” (p. 96).
Another example of a compound noun which consists of more than two free
morphemes is “dog food box.” In the example of “dog food box,” the head of the
compound noun is “box” while “dog food” function as the modifier. It is
considered as an endocentric compound noun because the key of the meaning is in
the head. According to Crystal (2008), endocentric refers “to a group of
syntactically related words where one of the words is functionally equivalent to
the group as a whole” (p. 169). In other words, it means one word which functions
as the head represents the whole meaning. In this case, the meaning of “dog food
box” is that a box that is used for the dog food.
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In the table above, it shows that there is 1 datum consists of a compound
noun. The datum is “glass skin make-up look.” To make the explanation clearer,
the researcher provides a diagram below.
Figure 1 Example of Intra-sentential Code Mixing
(Compound Noun) N
N
N
Adj N N N
glass skin make-up look
In this case, this datum is considered also as exocentric because the
meaning of the compound noun is not carried by the head. According to Crystal
(2008), exocentric means “a group of syntactically related words where none of
the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole” (p. 177). In other
words, the meaning of the compound is non-literal meaning. In this case, the head
of the compound noun is the word “glass.” The head is in the left position and it is
and adjective. The meaning is not literally that the make-up look is glass skin.
However, the meaning is make-up look which is dewy make-up look.
g. Phrases
The researcher also finds intra-sentential code mixing in the form of
phrase. To make the explanation clear, the researcher provides the data in the form
of table below.
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Table 14 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Noun Phrase)
Number Data
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalo lagi males pake liquid foundation tinggal tap2
langsung dapet coverage yg ga kalah sama liquid
foundie!
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Jd kalian cusss cek di store makeover atau e-
commerce favorite kalian! #complexionmastery
#makeoverid #setyourbase
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Jangan mentang2 korean look harus pake liptint yha
w bosen wkwkwkw
/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Ini aku pake lipstick matte dari @colorepvblic untuk
di mata, pipi, dan bibir
There are 4 noun phrases presented in the table above. Sneddon et al
(2010) reveal that a noun phrase has the same functions as a noun because it
contains a single noun in a clause or sentence. A noun phrase always has a noun
as the head of the phrase (p. 131). Furthermore, Inusah (2015) argues that a noun
phrase means an element of clause which functions as a subject, object, or
complement (p. 79).
Besides, the other part of a noun phrase is called modifier. Crystal (2008)
reveals that modifier means “a term used in syntax to refer to the structural
dependence of one grammatical unit upon another, but with different restrictions
in the scope of the term being introduced by different approaches” (p. 308). In
other words, modifier means a group of words that are used to modify another
group of words. Sophya (2014) argues that there are two types of modifier,
namely pre-modifier and post-modifier. Pre-modifier takes place before the head
while the position of post-modifier is after the noun (p. 179). Leech, Deuchar, and
Houngenrad (1981) as cited in Sophya (2014) clarify that pre-modifier can be in
the form of determiner, enumerator, adjectives, nouns, and genitive phrase. For
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example, is “qualitative approach.” It shows that the modifier is an adjective and it
is used to modify the head “approach.” Meanwhile, post-modifier can be in the
form of a prepositional phrase and a relative clause (p. 180).
The first noun phrase in the data above is “liquid foundation.” This noun
phrase tries to specify that the texture of the foundation is liquid. In this noun
phrase, the head of the phrase is “foundation” which is in the form of a noun.
Meanwhile, the adjective “liquid” is the pre-modifier which has the function to
modify the noun “foundation.” It appears in the middle of the sentence and
functions as the object. It is followed by the explanation that the coverage of the
other type of the foundation as the same as the liquid foundation.
The second noun phrase is “e-commerce favorite.” The structure of the
phrase contains the noun word “e-commerce” which functions as the head and
also the modifier “favorite.” The word “favorite” is a form of an adjective which
functions to modify the head “e-commerce.” In this case, the noun phrase
functions as the object of the sentence. It tries to provide the details information to
the audience that if they want to buy a certain product they can directly go to their
favorite e-commerce.
The third noun phrase is “Korean look.” In the data above, the head of
the phrase is the noun word “look” and the word “Korean” functions as a pre-
modifier modifier. It functions as an object of the sentence. The modifier
“Korean” is used to clarify the head of the phrase that the type of the look is
Korean look.
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The fourth noun phrase is “lipstick matte.” The noun phrase means that
the texture of the lipstick is matte. Therefore, it needs to be clarified that the
lipstick is matte, not glossy or tint. The noun phrase functions as an object of the
sentence. The head of the phrase is “lipstick” and the adjective word “matte” is
the modifier. Furthermore, after the noun phrase, it is followed by the adverb of
place which is @colorepvblic.
In the table above, it is clearly seen that the noun phrases “e-commerce
favorite” and “lipstick matte” are not written in the correct English structure. The
correct forms of the two noun phrases above are “matte lipstick” and “favorite e-
commerce.” In other words, however, they are still considered as noun phrases
because they contain the heads and modifiers. Therefore, it can be concluded that
“favorite” and “matte” are pre-modifiers because their position should be before
the head. The two noun phrases above are written in Indonesian structure.
Sneddon et al (2010) argue that in Indonesian structure of a noun phrase, the
adjective immediately follows the noun. For example, in the phrase “rumah
besar” the noun word “rumah” as the head directly followed by the adjective
word “besar” as the modifier (p. 150). Therefore, it can be said that Tasya
Farasya uses the Indonesian structure in writing the two noun phrases in her
captions.
Table 15 Examples of Intra-sentential Code Mixing (Prepositional Phrase)
Number Data
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Dalam rangka ulang tahun yg ke 8 nya
@makeoverid, Makeover lagi ada banyak promo juga
guys. Jd kalian cusss cek di store makeover atau e-
commerce favorite kalian!
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Number Data
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Repost foto giveaway yang diupload oleh
@mobcosmetic. Lalu ceritakan di caption apa warna
yang paling kamu sukai dari Pro Brow Sculptor
/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Btw skin longwear weightless foundation ini ada yg
bentuknya cream juga dan AKU CINTA DUA2NYA
GA LEBAY ASLI! Cus ke counter bobbi brown
terus kalian cobain pake dimuka kalian bilang
disuruh tasya cobain WKWKWKWK #bobbibrownid
#alldaysmile
The table above shows that there are 3 data function as prepositional
phrases. Crystal (2008) argues that phrase is “a term used in grammatical analysis
to refer to a single element of structure typically containing more than one word
and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses” (p. 367).
Furthermore, Sneddon et al (2010) mention that a prepositional phrase contains a
prepositional and a noun phrase (p. 194).
The data above consist of Indonesian preposition {di} which followed by
nouns. Sneddon et al (2010) clarify that {di}, {ke}, and {dari} are considered as
locative prepositions. Locative prepositions mean prepositions that are used to
indicate direction or position (p. 194-195). The first data is “di store.” It consists
of Indonesian preposition {di} and the noun “store.” The data “di store” can be
translated into “in the store” in English which consist of “in” as the preposition
and “the store” as the noun phrase. The preposition {di} is a locative preposition
which functions to show the position of a certain place. In other words, it shows
the position of the promo from brand @makeover.
The second data is “di caption.” It also consists of Indonesian preposition
{di} and the noun “caption.” It is translated into “in the caption” in English which
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consist of “in” as the preposition and “the caption” as the noun phrase. The
preposition {di} is also a locative preposition because the function is to show the
position of a certain place. It describes the position for the audience to share their
thoughts about their favorite color about a product named Pro Brow Sculptor.
The third data is “ke counter.” It consists of Indonesian preposition {ke}
and the noun “counter.” It is translated into “to the counter” in English which
consists of “to” as the preposition and “the counter” as the noun phrase. The
preposition {ke} is also considered as a locative preposition because the function
is to show the direction of a certain place. In other words, it tells the audience
about the direction to try skin longwear weightless foundation as the product.
2. Intra-lexical Code Mixing
This type of code mixing is related to morphology. The occurrence of the
code mixing in this type is in the word boundary. In other words, the English
words are added with the Indonesian affixes. The data of this research show that
there are several cases of Indonesian-English code mixing found in Tasya
Farasya‟s review and endorsement make-up products on this type. This type is the
second high of the occurrence of code mixing in this research.
According to the data, there are 3 Indonesian affixes found in this
research which are {se-}, {di-}, and {-nya}. The functions of the Indonesian words
addition are varied. The functions are as the third possessive adjective, the tool to
change a sentence into passive voice, and a tool to point the position of a thing. To
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make the explanation easier, the data of the research are presented in the table
below.
Table 16 Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Suffix {-nya}
Number Data
/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Definisi sempurna, bener2 finishnya kayak kulit asli,
coveragenya bagus, dipake seharian dengan wudhu2 pun
tetep stay bagus.
/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Nama lipsticknya adalah matte up! Lip eye and cheek
guys. Ada 3 warna yg kalian bisa pake di mata, bibir, dan
pipi kalian. Finishnya powdery matte jd pas aku blend di
mata dia ga creasing lagi.
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalian harus cobain swatch di tangan kalian. Coveragenya
bener2 amazing dan finishnya matte tp flawless!
/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Lipstick matte dari @colorepvblic untuk di mata, pipi, dan
bibir. Nama lipsticknya adalah matte up! Lip eye and
cheek guys. Ada 3 warna yg kalian bisa pake di mata,
bibir, dan pipi kalian.
The 4 data above contain intra-lexical code mixing with the suffix {-nya}.
However, in the first 2 data, the words are similar which is in the word “finish.”
The word “finish” in both of the data functions as a noun. The word “finish” as a
noun means “the last part or the end of something” (Hornby, 2010, p. 557). The
function of the addition of the Indonesian suffix {-nya} here is as possessive
adjectives.
Besides, the function of the addition of the Indonesian suffix {-nya} also
can be as the definite article „the.‟ Djenar (2003) states that the suffix {-nya} is
used to refer to something already known or understood from context (p. 136). In
the table above, the suffix {-nya} can refer to the definite „the‟ because the data
are definite. Therefore, the word “finish-nya” in the first data can be translated
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into “its finish” and “the finish.” It refers to the finish look of a certain make-up
product that is perfect and similar to the real skin.
The word “finish-nya” in the second data can be translated into “its
finish” and “the finish.” It refers to the finish look of a certain make-up product
which is powdery matte. The next data is the word “coverage-nya.” In this case,
this data means “its coverage” and “the coverage.” In this case, this data means
that the coverage of the product is really amazing. However, in the fourth data, the
suffix {-nya} only functions as definite article „the‟ and it becomes “the name of
the lipstick.” It refers to the matte up as the name of the lipstick.
Table 17 Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Prefix {di-}
Number Data
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Syarat: - Tinggal di Indonesia –Akun tidak diprivate
– Bukan akun khusus giveaway.
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Giveaway:
Repost foto giveaway yang akan diupload oleh
@mobcosmetic mengenai product terbaru @MOB,
yaitu Pro Brow Sculptor.
The first data is the word “di-private.” It consists of the word “private”
which functions as an adjective and {di-} as an Indonesian prefix. The data “di-
private” here changes the functions into verb due to the addition of {di-} as an
Indonesian prefix. The meaning of the word “private” as an adjective in this
context means “belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group”
(Hornby, 2010, p. 1165).
The sixth data is “di-upload” which means “it is uploaded.” In this case,
the Indonesian prefix {di-} is functioned as passive voice. Sneddon et al (2010)
argues that when the focus of the attention is the object, then the construction is in
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passive voice (p. 255). In this case, the data is considered as a passive voice
because the focus is in the object which is “foto giveaway.”
According to Sneddon, et al (2010), the actor of the passive voice is the
third person such as “dia” or “mereka.” Besides, this passive is also used if there
is no actor mentioned (p. 256). Based on the data, the actor of the data is
@mobcosmetic because it is indicated with the word “oleh.” The formulation of
passive voice is “subject (patient) + di-verb + (oleh) + agent (actor)” (Sneddon, et
al, 2010, p. 256). In this case, the subject is not mentioned.
Table 18 Examples of Intra-lexical Code Mixing Prefix {se-}
Number Data
/III/EN_RE/AUG/ MAAF! Kalo keseringan bahas foundienya
@bobbibrownid skin longwear weightless
foundation! Tp aku se obsess itu bgt kalo kalian
belom menyadari aku sadarin lagi skrg!
In the table above, there is 1 datum which consists of Indonesian suffix
{se-} and the root word “obsess.” Sneddon, et al (2010) mentions that prefix {se-}
means „at the most [base]‟ and the base is usually adjective words. For example,
in the word “selebihnya” it means “at most” (p. 58). In this case, the word
“obsess” is already in the form of adjective and the addition of Indonesian prefix
{se-} makes the meaning of the word becomes “at the most obsessed.” Tasya
Farasya clarifies that she is extremely obsessed with the foundation from
@bobbibrownid called skin longwear weightless foundation. The word “se-
obsess” can be translated into “that obsessed” in English to show someone‟s
obsession towards something.
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3. Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation
The third type of code mixing proposed by Hoffman (1991) is called
involvement in a change of pronunciation. This theory is related to phonology. It
deals with the pronunciation change from one language to phonological structure
of another language. The example of this type is provided by Luke (2015) in the
word “semangat” changes into “smangat” (p. 42). It shows that the Indonesian
pronunciation change into Pamonanese phonological structure. According to the
data of this research, there are 2 cases of Indonesian-English code mixing found in
Tasya Farasya‟s review and endorsement make-up products in this type. The
results of the data are presented below.
Table 19 Examples of Involvement in a Change of Pronunciation
Code Mixing
Number Data
/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Gimana yha w bingung mau bilang apa lagi tp kalo
kalian udah ada juga yg coba foundie ini PLIS
KOMEN DI BAWAH!!!
/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Gimana yha w bingung mau bilang apa lagi tp kalo
kalian udah ada juga yg coba foundie ini PLIS
KOMEN DI BAWAH!!!
Through the table above, it is seen that there are 2 data of involvement in
a change of pronunciation in the data. The first data is “plis.” The correct spelling
of this word is “please.” The pronunciation of this word change from /pli:z/ into
/pli:s/. According to Muslich (2014), it is impossible to have the voiced sound /z/
in the coda in the Indonesian language (p. 123). Indonesian speakers tend to ease
the pronunciation because there are not many Indonesian words end with /z/.
The second data is “komen.” The right spelling of the word “komen” is
“comment.” Therefore, due to the incorrect spelling, it causes the wrong
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pronunciation as well. In this case, the pronunciation of the word “komen”
becomes /komen/. Meanwhile, the correct form of the pronunciation is /kɒment/.
It is written “komen” and pronounced /komen/ because in Indonesian
phonological structure, the vowel /ɒ/ does not exist. Therefore, Tasya Farasya
pronounces the vowel /ɒ/ becomes /o/. Besides, the pronunciation of the word
“komen” is also easier.
The table above shows that the graphemes of the words are wrong. It
happens because Tasya Farasya follows the Indonesian structure of the spellings.
Due to that reason, Tasya Farasya also pronounces those words in a wrong way. It
shows in the videos that are uploaded in her YouTube channel.
B. Reasons of Code Mixing
After discussing the types of code mixing, the researcher would like to
dicuss the possible reasons of code mixing found in Tasya Farasya‟s Instagram
captions. In analyzing the reasons of code mixing, the researcher applies the
theory proposed by Hoffman (1991). Hoffman (1991) states that there are 7
reasons of code mixing, namely talking about particular topic, quoting somebody
else, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for
clarification, expressing group identity and solidarity, and clarifying the speech
content for the interlocutor.
The researcher comes to the conclusion that there are 4 reasons of code
mixing found in the analysis. The 4 reasons of the occurrence of code mixing are
talking about particular topic, being emphatic about the products, repetition used
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for clarification, and showing identity and solidarity. The total of the data is 83
cases of code mixing found in Tasya Farasya‟s captions. The results of the
analysis show that there are 74 cases of talking about particular topic, 5 cases of
being emphatic about something and in this case it is about the product, 2 cases of
repetition used for clarification, and 2 cases of expressing group identity and
solidarity. To make the explanation clearer, the researcher presents the
distribution of the data in the form of table below.
Table 20 Distribution of Code Mixing Data
No. Reasons of Code Mixing Number
1. Talking about particular topic 74
2. Being emphatic about the product 5
3. Repetition used for clarification 2
4. Expressing group identity and
solidarity
2
TOTAL 83
The discussion in this part will be started with the common reason of
code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s captions which is about talking about particular
topic. It follows with the discussion about being emphatic about something. After
discussing about being emphatic about the product, it will be continued with the
discussion on repetition used for clarification and also expressing group identity
of solidarity.
1. Talking about Particular Topic
The table above shows that the first reason of code mixing is talking
about particular topic. This reason refers to the condition when a speaker speaks
some terms in a different language which is not her/his native language.
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According to Dewi and Ekalaya (2015), the reason of mixing some terms using
other languages is to express their feelings (p. 55). In other words, the speakers
can express themselves freely without any hesitation in speaking in other
languages terms.
The researcher provides an example for this reason. The example is the
term “hashtag” which means “tanda pagar” in Indonesian. This term means “the
symbol (#), especially one on a telephone” (Hornby, 2010, p. 711). This term is
familiar to social media‟s users because it is widely used by society nowadays
because of its function. “Hashtags can function as descriptive elements in the
image, or can be related to its caption, explaining its content better” (Ibba, Orrù,
Pani, & Porru, 2015, p. 280). In other words, “hashtag” helps the users to explain
the content of the pictures or videos better.
The other reason why this term is familiar to most of social media‟s users
is because it helps people to find some information easily by writing the # symbol
followed by the topics. Bruns and Burgess (2014) as cited in Ibba et al (2015)
state that “hashtag” allows the users to react towards some topics or issues quickly
(p. 280). Therefore, the users use it as a way to keep update towards some related
topics every day. To conclude, the term “hashtag” is familiar to the social media‟s
users due to the fact that it can be seen every time they operate their social media.
Therefore, when someone says this term the hearers will understand.
In this research, the researcher finds that the topics in the captions are
varied such as talking about make-up, business, and social media. Besides, the
researcher also finds a topic about a cosmetic ingredient in the caption. In order to
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make the data easier to be understood, some of the data are presented below
followed by the analysis.
Table 21 Example of Topic of Make-up
Number Data Types of Code Mixing
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalau di tengah hari makeup
kalian mulai ilang2an tinggal
tap2 dikit langsung flawless
lagi!
Intra-sentential
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalo lagi males pake liquid
foundation tinggal tap2
langsung dapet coverage yg ga
kalah sama liquid foundie!
Intra-sentential
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalian harus cobain swatch di
tangan kalian
Intra-sentential
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Coveragenya bener2 amazing
dan finishnya matte tp flawless!
Intra-sentential
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Coveragenya bener2 amazing
dan finishnya matte tp flawless!
Intra-sentential
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalo lagi males pake liquid
foundation tinggal tap2 langsung
dapet coverage yg ga
kalah sama liquid foundie!
Intra-sentential
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Ini Korean glass skin look! Intra-sentential
/III/EN_RE/AUG/ Gimana yha w bingung mau
bilang apa lagi tp kalo kalian
udah ada juga yg coba foundie
ini PLIS KOMEN DI
BAWAH!!!
Intra-sentential
/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Jadi waktu aku bikin makeup ini
banyak bgtt yg nanya pake apa
blush on dan lipstiknya!
Intra-sentential
/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Finishnya powdery matte jd pas
aku blend di mata dia ga
creasing lagi.
Intra-sentential
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Number Data Types of Code Mixing
/I/EN_RE/SEP/
Favorite semua orang
adalah glass skin make-
up look, dan produk
favorite buat dapetin look
kayak gini adalah
Maybelline liptint no 07,
dan fashion brow
mascara “dark brown.”
Intra-sentential
There are 11 data presented in the table above. The first data is “make-
up.” This term means “substances used especially by women to make their faces
look more attractive, or used by actors to change their appearance: eye make-up”
(Hornby, 2010, p. 932). The second data and the sixth data are actually the same.
The difference is only in the style. In the second data, Tasya Farasya as the writer
of the captions writes in the complete name which is “liquid foundation.”
Meanwhile, in the sixth data, she writes “liquid foundie.” The definition of this
term is “another type of makeup cosmetics that is able to change the skin color as
desired, bringing skin luster and cover up those spots and freckles. In particular,
the foundation is used to protect skin from ultraviolet radiation that causes dry,
burn, wrinkle, and cancer” (Kanlayavattanakul & Lourith, 2012, p. 583).
The eighth data is actually also the same as the second and the sixth data.
In the other hand, however, in the eight data Tasya Farasya does not specify the
type of the foundation. There are several types of foundation such as liquid and
matte. According to Kanlayavattanakul & Lourith (2012), “foundation” refers to
another type of cosmetics which functions to cover the spots and freckles on the
faces. Besides, it helps to change the skin color as the people want depending on
the shade of the foundation (p. 583).
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The third data is “swatch.” Forbes (2016) states that swatch refers to the
activity when the influencers color their hands with the make-up products (p. 83).
In other words, they swatch the colors to let their followers know the texture or
the quality of the product of the products. The fourth data is the word “matte.”
According to Hornby (2010), this word refers to thing such as surface, colour, or
photograph that is not shiny (p. 916). In other words, the word “matte” is the
opposite of the word “glossy.” The fifth data is the word “flawless.” The word
“flawless” means “without flaws and therefore perfect” (Hornby, 2010, p. 568).
The seventh and eleventh data actually share the same terms which are
“Korean make-up look.” However, the word “Korean” is not written in the
eleventh data while “make-up” is also not mentioned in the seventh data. Agustina
and Lukman (2017) reveal that the term “Korean make-up look” refers to make-
up look that is youthful looking, simple, fresh, natural, and innocent (p. 260). The
ninth data is “blush on.” This term means “a coloured cream or powder that some
people put on their cheeks to give them more colour” (Hornby, 2010, p. 155). The
tenth data is “blend.” The word “blend” means “to mix two or more substances
together” (Hornby, 2010, p. 147). In this case, Tasya Farasya blends some make-
up products which have powdery matte as the result.
All of the data above explain about make-up as the topic. Tasya Farasya
tends to use the terms “make-up” in the first data, “liquid foundation” in the
second data, and “blush on” in the ninth data in English rather than in Indonesian
because the terms are familiar to everyone. Luke (2015) conveys that the speakers
can freely convey their thoughts or ideas using some terms in other languages as
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long as the terms are familiar to the hearers. Therefore, there will be no conflict or
misunderstanding among the speakers (p. 42). She is a beauty vlogger and of
course her contents are about something related to beauty including make-up. It
can be said that her followers mostly also know about the make-up terms since
one of the purposes of following her is to keep update about skincare, make-up,
etc. Therefore, the 3 terms in the table above are familiar to her followers.
Through the data above, “liquid foundie” in the sixth data and “foundie”
in the eight data actually share the same term which is foundation. In the other
hand, however, the difference is only in the part of speech. “Liquid foundie” is a
noun phrase while “foundie” is a noun. In this case, the focus is in the term
“foundie.” This term actually does not exist in both English and Indonesian. In
English, this term is called “foundation” while in Indonesian is called “alas
bedak.”
The term “foundie” is used by Tasya Farasya when she reviews some
products or gives make-up tutorial. Eisenstein, O‟Connor, Smith, and Xing (2014)
state that new creative forms in written language such as emoticons, phonetic
spellings, abbreviations, and other neologisms are the results of the demands in
synchronous conversation (p. 1). It shows that all of people have their own style in
writing including Tasya Farasya. In this case, she uses this term because it is a
part of her style in reviewing the products or giving tutorials. According to
Verdonk (2002), style refers to a distinctive expression of using certain language.
Besides, there are some purposes of using the language as a style (p. 5).
Specifically, this term is used by Tasya Farasya as a part of her style to shorten the
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term so that she can write or speak it quickly. In other words, the term only
consists of 2 syllables while the original term “foundation” consists of 3 syllables.
Tasya Farasya tends to use the terms “Korean glass skin look” in the
seventh data and “glass skin make-up look” in the eleventh data because both of
the data are make-up trend nowadays. “Trends in beauty change over the course
of time. The transition of fashion would be the transition of makeup because the
trends in makeup and fashion are mutually interrelated” (Blackman as cited in
Tagai, Hitomi, and Nittono, 2016, p. 2). It shows that make-up trends always
change. The names of the make-up trends are also different. Therefore, Tasya
Farasya uses this term because it refers to the name of the make-up trend which is
Korean look. In other words, when she refers to another make-up trend then she
uses other terms such as natural make-up look or no make-up make-up.
The words “swatch” in the third data and “blend” in the tenth data above
are specifically used by Tasya Farasya when she deals with something related to
make-up either giving tutorials or reviewing the products. The purpose of giving
tutorials or reviewing products is “primarily meant to be received by the audience
as informative/instructional texts which aim at teaching how to realize a certain
makeup look” (Riboni, 2017, p. 193). The tenth data shows that by using the word
“blend,” she tries to give the information to her followers that the product has
powdery matte as the result.
Meanwhile, the word “swatch” is related to instructional text type.
Riboni (2017) argues that instructional text type focuses on what the audience
must do to recreate the look rather than on what the influencers do in applying the
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make-up (p. 197). It shows that in third data, Tasya Farasya asks her followers to
try swatching the product in their hands. It is an instruction that is given to her
followers so they know the quality of a certain product. It shows that the words
“swatch” and “blend” above are related to reviews or tutorial make-up products.
In the other hand, however, the functions of the words whether as informative or
instructional texts depend on the contexts of the captions.
The words “matte” in the fourth data and “flawless” in the fifth data
above are used by Tasya Farasya when she deals with reviewing or endorsing
make-up products. Basically, the words “matte” and “flawless” are used to
evaluate the results of certain make-up product. “Evaluation tends to take the form
of evaluative adjectives” (Riboni, 2017, p. 196). It proves that the 2 data above are
in the form of adjectives. Both of the data explain the quality including the
coverage and the finish of a make-up product. Moreover, the words “matte” and
“flawless” above are often used by Tasya Farasya to build a good relation with her
followers. “Evaluative devices are fairly common, and they represent a typical
language strategy which enables makeup content creators to build rapport with the
audience” (Riboni, 2017, p. 196). In other words, she shares everything related to
the product including the texture, coverage, or finish to her followers in order to
make them have the knowledge towards the product.
Table 22 Example of Topic of Business
Number Data Types of Code Mixing
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Jd kalian cusss cek di store
makeover atau e-commerce
favorite kalian!
#complexionmastery
Intra-lexical
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Number Data Types of Code Mixing
/II/EN_RE/SEP/ Lalu lalu laluuu kalau mau
dapet voucher 300ribu, ikutan
seru2an di “bit.ly/VitEQuiz”
yaa caranya gampang dan
hadiahnya untuk 10
pemenang!!
#POPOFHYDRATION
Intra-sentential
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Jd kalian cusss cek di store
makeover atau e-commerce
favorite kalian!
#complexionmastery
#makeoverid #setyourbase
Intra-sentential
There are 3 data displayed in the table above. The first data is “di store.”
This data is added by Indonesian preposition {di} and the noun “store.” The word
“store” refers to “a large shop that sells many different types of goods” (Hornby,
2010, p. 1471). The second data is “e-commerce.” This data is the abbreviation of
“electronic commerce.” Nanehkan (2013) mentions that the term “e-commerce”
refers to “electronic data exchange for sending business documents such as
purchase orders and voices electronically” (p. 190). The third data is “voucher.”
This data means “a printed piece of paper that can be used instead of money to
pay for something, or that allows you to pay less than the usual price of
something” (Hornby, 2010, p. 1665).
The 3 data above are talking about particular topic which is business.
Tasya Farasya uses the 3 terms above when she deals with endorsement and
review make-up products. Anand and Singh (2011) reveal that knowledge is the
result as a response to new processes or technologies in the market place (p. 929).
It shows that endorsement or review products make her becomes familiar with the
terms since those activities are always related to other people who are the shop‟s
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owners or certain brand‟s owners. In Tasya Farasya‟s case, she gets the
knowledge because she uses it in her business activity. Therefore, she gets
familiar with it.
Nowadays, people including Tasya Farasya can get sources of certain
knowledge easily. Anand and Singh (2011) explain that knowledge can be gained
from outside sources (p. 928). In other words, knowledge can be gained from
many sources such as reading or sharing with other people. In this case, she gets
the knowledge about the 3 terms above because she often deals with activities
related to the use of those terms such as endorsement or review products. It is
proven by 17 captions of endorsement or review products that she does in August
until September 2018.
Table 23 Example of Topic of Cosmetic Ingredient
Number Data Types of Code Mixing
/II/EN_RE/SEP/
Nah pas nyoba ternyata yang
paling aku suka dari p
roduk ini adalah teksturnya
yang ultra-lightweight and
refreshing, udah gitu ada
kandungan hyaluronic acid
yang bagus untuk kulit
Intra-sentential
The table above shows that there is 1 datum that explains about a
cosmetic ingredient. The data is “hyaluronic acid.” This data means “a main
component of the extracellular matrix in connective, epithelial, and neutral tissues
and is known to play an important role in the tissue hydration and water transport”
(Smejkalova, Angeles, & Ehlova, 2015, p. 606).
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The term “hyaluronic acid” is used by Tasya Farasya when she explains
about the ingredients of a certain product. She uses this term because she has
knowledge about it. As a beauty vlogger, she uses many make-up products and
some of them contain this ingredient. She can find this term in some sources such
as the packaging of the products, books, or articles. Therefore, she gets familiar
with it. “When we use the term this way, we are referring to a body of knowledge
that has been articulated and captured in the form of books, papers, formulas,
procedure manuals, computer code, and so on” (Anand & Singh, 2011, p. 928). It
shows that someone can be familiar with certain terms because s/he can easily get
the knowledge through the media that are provided.
Table 24 Example of Topic of Social Media
Number Data Types of Code Mixing
/II/EN_RE/AUG/ Repost foto giveaway
yang diupload oleh
@mobcosmetic
Intra-lexical
/III/EN_RE/SEP/ T&C:
Harus berdomisili di
Indonesia
Harus follow instagram
@tasyafarasya
@esqacosmetics
Intra-sentential
/III/EN_RE/SEP/ Comment dibawah
produk favorit kalian dari
@esqacosmetics
Intra-sentential
There are 3 data in the table above. The first data is “di-upload.” This
data consists of Indonesian affix {di-} and the root word “upload.” The word
“upload” refers to “something (computing) to move data to a larger computer
system from a smaller one” (Hornby, 2010, p. 1641). The second data is “follow.”
This word means “to come or go after or behind somebody/something” (Hornby,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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2010, p. 579). The third data is “comment.” This word is used “to express an
opinion about something” (Hornby, 2010, p. 287).
The 3 data above are used by Tasya Farasya when she deals with the
social media topic. Agam (2017) clarifies that Instagram provides some features
such as leave “comment” in people‟s posts and “upload” photos or videos.
Besides, the users also can “follow” other people so that they can see their posts
(p. 86). In other words, those terms are familiar to the users. Tasya Farasya
operates her Instagram account actively. Therefore, she is familiar with the terms
because “comment” in someone‟s post, “upload” photos or videos, and “follow”
other people are the main activities in Instagram.
Besides, Rosenberg, and Garcia (2017) mention one of the components
of knowledge is cognitive which means the knowledge that the person has (p.
308). It shows that she uses the terms because she has the knowledge about them.
In other words, she uses those terms when dealing with social media topic.
2. Being Emphatic about the Product
This reason of code mixing means when a speaker expresses her/his
feeling. Sometimes, in expressing the feelings, s/he tends to mix a language to
another language in order to make her/him feels comfortable. The change of the
language can be from the native language to the second language or vice versa.
The table below presents the occurrence of code mixing which shows about being
emphatic about something.
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Table 25 Example of Being Emphatic about the Product
Number Data Types of Code Mixing
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Coveragenya bener2 amazing
dan finishnya matte tp flawless!
Intra-sentential
/III/EN_RE/AUG/ MAAF! Kalo keseringan bahas
foundienya @bobbibrownid
skin longwear weightless
foundation! Tp aku se obsess
itu bgt kalo kalian belom
menyadari aku sadarin lagi skrg
Intra-lexical
/I/EN_RE/SEP/
Favorite semua orang adalah
glass skin make up look, dan
produk favorite buat dapetin
look kayak gini adalah
Maybelline liptint no 07, dan
fashion brow mascara “dark
brown”
Intra-sentential
The 3 data above are found in Tasya Farasya‟s captions. The first data is
the word “amazing.” This word means “very surprising, especially in a way that
makes you feel pleasure or admiration” (Hornby, 2010, p. 44). The second word is
in the word “obsess.” The word “obsess” means “completely fill your mind so that
you cannot think of anything else, in a way that is not normal” (Hornby, 2010, p.
1050). The third word is in the word “favorite.” This word means “Liked more
than others of the same kind” (Hornby, 2010, p. 560). In other words, “favorite”
means when someone admires a certain kind of thing better than other things.
In this case, Tasya Farasya writes the 3 data above in order to show her
emphatic toward the products. She declares her feeling that she is amazed by the
coverage of the product. She also tells how obsessed she is of the foundation from
@bobbibrownid. Moreover, she also clarifies that many people including her
really like glass skin make-up look.
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Tasya Farasaya uses the words “amazing, obsess, and favorite” because
those words represent what she feels toward the coverage of the product, the
coverage of a certain product, and the make-up look. “The words we use in daily
life reflects what we are paying attention to, what we are thinking about, what we
are trying to avoid, how we are feeling, and how we are organizing and analyzing
our worlds” (Tausczik & Pennebaker, 2010, p. 30). Through this explanation, it
shows that “amazing, obsess, and favorite” really represent Tasya Farasya‟s
feelings. Besides, in this case, she also tries to show her followers about what she
pays attention to and what she thinks about the coverage of the product, the
coverage of a certain product, and the make-up look.
3. Repetition Used for Clarification
This reason means when a speaker repeats the information. The purpose
of repeating the word is to clarify the information so that the hearers understand
clearly the meaning of the word. The repetition sometimes uses another language.
Based on the data, there is 1 occurrence of repetition written by Tasya Farasya in
her caption. In order to make it clear, the researcher presents the data in the form
of table below.
Table 26 Example of Repetition Used for Clarification
Number Data Types of Code Mixing
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Kalau di tengah hari makeup
kalian mulai ilang2an tinggal
tap2 dikit langsung flawless
lagi!
Intra-sentential
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The word “tap” above refers to the activity of pressing gently on the face
area when someone tries to retouch her make-up. Based on the theory, the
meaning of this reason is when a speaker repeats an utterance in a different
language. However, in the data above, the repetition still uses the same language
which is English and it is share the grammatical function which is in the form of
verbs. In this case, Tasya Farasya repeats the word “tap” becomes “tap-tap”
because she follows the Indonesian structure which is “tepuk-tepuk.”
Sneddon et al (2010) clarify that reduplication can occur in the form of
verbs and it is called reduplication of verbs. Unlike reduplication of nouns,
reduplication of verbs also occurs when the bases are repeated. It is used to
indicate that the action happens continually either it is done in a period of time or
the action is performed repeatedly, for example “berteriak-teriak.” Reduplication
of verbs can also function to indicate that the action is done in leisurely way, for
example “duduk-duduk.” (p. 23).
Therefore, the word “tap-tap” is considered as full reduplication of verbs
and the root of the word is “tap.” In this case, the word is repeated in order to give
the clear idea that the product should be tapped for several times in a period of
time until the product is well blended. Moreover, when Tasya Farasya only says
“tap” without repetition, then the meaning is different because it becomes pressing
the product to the face harshly and only once.
The function of number “2” after the word “tap” is in order to make it
short. Varnhagen, McFall, Pugh, Routledge, MacDonald, and Kwong (2010) as
cited in Kent and Johnson (2012) state that new languages or forms in the instant
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messages as a variation of an experiment in developing written communication (p.
52). In other words, it is just a part of the style that everyone has including Tasya
Farasya in writing captions in social media.
4. Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity
The other reason of code mixing is expressing group identity and
solidarity. It means when the speakers use 2 languages in a conversation, other
people from a different group will also understand the topic of the conversation.
In other words, this reason means when a speaker tries to show his/her solidarity
and identity to other speakers. To make the explanation clear, the data are
displayed in the table below.
Table 27 Example of Expressing Group Identity and Solidarity
Number Data Types of Code Mixing
/I/EN_RE/AUG/ Dalam rangka ulang tahun yg
ke 8 nya @makeoverid,
Makeover lagi ada banyak
promo juga guys
Intra-sentential
/IV/EN_RE/AUG/ Nama lipsticknya adalah
matte up! Lip eye and cheek
guys. Ada 3 warna yg kalian
bisa pake di mata, bibir, dan
pipi kalian.
Intra-sentential
The table above shows that Tasya Farasya often uses the term “guys” in
her captions. This word refers to “a group of people or either sex: Come on, you
guys, let’s get going!” (Hornby, 2010, p. 693). This expression is usually used in
an informal situation, such as with friends or family. The Indonesian term of this
word is “teman-teman.” However, in her captions, she uses the term “guys.” This
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term is often used by Tasya Farasya rather than the Indonesian term because it is
shorter. It only consists of 1 syllable rather than the expression “teman-teman”
which consists of 4 syllables. Therefore, by choosing this expression she can
speak or write it faster.
Akram and Kumar (2017) reveal that one the positive effect of social
media is to socialize or make friends with other people so that the people can
exchange the ideas and learn something new (p. 350). It shows that Tasya Farasya
tries to socialize with her followers in order to exchange information about the
products. She wants to involve her followers to a certain topic by addressing
them. In other words, by addressing them she tries to interact with her followers
that she cannot greet one by one. She greets her followers to show the solidarity
that she respects them.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This chapter presents the final results of the analysis based on the 2
research questions. The first research question is the types of code mixing in
Tasya Farasya‟s endorsement and review of make-up products. Meanwhile, the
second research question is the reasons of code mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s
endorsement and review of make-up products. Hoffman‟s theories are used in
order to find the types of code mixing and the reasons of code mixing.
The data are taken from Tasya Farasya‟s Instagram captions which are
written from August until September 2018. The captions used in the analysis talk
about endorsement and review of make-up products. There are 7 captions used in
the analysis. Based on the analysis, the numbers of the data are 83 cases of code
mixing.
The researcher comes to the conclusion that 3 types of code mixing are
found in this research. The first type is intra-sentential code mixing. The
researcher finds 71 cases of code mixing in this type. In this research, this type has
the highest number among the other types of code mixing. The second type is
intra-lexical code mixing. There are 10 cases of code mixing found in this type.
The third type is involvement in a change of pronunciation. There are 2 cases of
code mixing found in this type.
In this research, the researcher finds that there are 4 reasons of code
mixing. The first reason is talking about particular topic. There are 74 cases of
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code mixing which are talking about particular topic. This reason has the highest
number among the other reasons of code mixing in this research. The second
reason is being emphatic about the products. Based on the analysis, there are 5
cases of code mixing for this reason. The third reason is repetition used for
clarification. There are 2 cases of code mixing for this reason. The fourth reason is
showing identity and solidarity. There are 2 cases of this reason found in the
analysis.
Based on the analysis, Tasya Farasya as a beauty vlogger also often does
the mixing language from Indonesian to English because of several reasons.
Firstly, it is because of the knowledge. The knowledge that she has influenced the
way she uses the language. The more she develops her knowledge through reading
or sharing with other people, the more knowledge she will get. Therefore, she can
apply the knowledge in the daily conversation. Moreover, the access to get new
knowledge nowadays is easy by the development of the technology. Due to that
reason, she can enrich her knowledge every day.
Secondly, it is the use of common terms. Using common terms allow her
to communicate with her followers easily. She uses the common terms to her
followers in order to avoid misunderstanding among them. It makes the
communication runs smoothly. The terms are common to her followers who
interested in make-up as well. Thus, people who are interested in it will be
familiar with the terms. For example are the terms blush-on and lipstick. Everyone
knows those terms rather than “perona pipi” and “gincu.”
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Thirdly, it is about the style. Everyone has her/his own style as well as
Tasya Farasya. She has her own style in speaking or writing the captions. It shows
when she clips the word, the word does not exist either in Indonesian or English.
For example, the word “foundation” becomes “foundie.” The style of course
makes her can express the feelings freely and comfortably. The researcher comes
to the conclusion that the relation between the types and reasons of code mixing in
this research is seen clearly during the analysis of the reasons of code mixing. To
make the explanation easier, the researcher provides a table below.
Table 28 The Relation between Types and Reasons of Code Mixing
No Reasons of
Code Mixing Number
Types of Code Mixing
Intra-
sentential
Intra-
lexical
Change of
pronunciation
1. Talking about
particular topic
74 61 12 2
2. Being emphatic
about something
5 4 - -
3. Repetition used
for clarification
2 2 - -
4. Expressing
group identity
and solidarity
2 2 - -
TOTAL 83 69 12 2
The relation between the theories of types and reasons of code mixing is
that talking about particular topic can be in the 3 forms of types of code mixing
which are intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and the involvement in a change of
pronunciation. Moreover, in the 3 other reasons of code mixing only can be in the
form of intra-sentential code mixing.
The main reason why talking about particular topic is the highest reason
of code mixing in this research is because of the data of the research. The data
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chosen in this research are captions which talking about endorsement and review
of make-up products. Besides, the captions are written by Tasya Farasya as one of
the Indonesian beauty vloggers. Therefore, her captions mostly talk about make-
up products either review, endorsement, or tutorial. It gives the clear idea of why
talking about particular topic becomes the main reason of code mixing.
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APPENDIX
Appendix. The Occurrence of Code Mixing in Tasya Farasya‟s Endorsement and Review Make-up Products Instagram Captions
from August until September 2018
No
. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
1. /I/EN_RE/AUG/ Wagelasehh
Powerstay Matte
Powder Foundation
baru dari
@makeoverid!
Bener2 perlindungan
di kala emergency!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Emergency refers to a particular
condition that often dangerous or
serious and it requires an action
immediately.
2. Kalau di tengah hari
makeup kalian mulai
ilang2an tinggal tap2
dikit langsung
flawless lagi!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Make-up refers to cosmetics such
as foundation, lipstick, or powder
that is applied to the face.
Therefore, someone will get
different look.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing
based on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation Explanation
3. Kalau di tengah hari
makeup kalian mulai
ilang2an tinggal tap2
dikit langsung
flawless lagi!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Reduplication used for
clarification.
It refers to an action of
pressing in gentle manner of a
certain thing. This term is also
often used by the beauty
vloggers when they put the
make-up on their faces.
4. Kalau di tengah hari
makeup kalian mulai
ilang2an tinggal tap2
dikit
langsung flawless
lagi!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Talking about particular
topic.
It refers to the condition when
a thing is perfect and has no
flaw. It can be used when
people talking about particular
topic for example make-up.
5. Kalo lagi males pake
liquid foundation tinggal tap2
langsung dapet
coverage yg ga kalah
sama liquid foundie!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
phrase. It is a
noun phrase.
Talking about particular
topic.
Liquid foundation refers to one
kind of make-up products that
is applied on the face and the
texture of the foundation is
liquid.
87
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No
. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
6. Kalo lagi males pake
liquid foundation
tinggal tap2
langsung dapet
coverage yg ga kalah
sama liquid foundie!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Reduplication used for
clarification.
It refers to an action of pressing
or putting certain thing. This term
is also often used by the beauty
vloggers when they put the make-
up on their faces.
7. Kalo lagi males pake
liquid foundation
tinggal tap2
langsung dapet
coverage yg ga kalah
sama liquid foundie!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the condition of a
thing is protected from any
damage. It can be related to
business or make-up.
8. Kalo lagi males pake
liquid foundation
tinggal tap2 langsung
dapet coverage yg ga
kalah sama liquid
foundie!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
phrase. It is
an adjective
phrase.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the characteristics of
the foundation which is liquid. It
is usually used as the base make-
up before applying powder and
other products.
88
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
9. Kalian harus cobain
swatch di tangan
kalian
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to an activity of applying
a sample of product to the surface
of the skin to test the product.
This term is usually used by
beauty vloggers when they want
to tell a new product to their
audience.
10. Coveragenya bener2
amazing dan
finishnya matte tp
flawless!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun and
affix “-nya”.
Being emphatic about
something.
It refers to the condition of a
thing is protected from any
damage. It can be related to
business or make-up.
11. Coveragenya bener2
amazing dan
finishnya matte tp
flawless!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the quality of certain
thing that is incredibly fantastic.
It can be used when the people
talking about particular topic for
example make-up.
12. Coveragenya bener2
amazing dan
finishnya matte tp
flawless!
Intra-lexical:
finish as a
verb is added
affix “nya”
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the last part of
something. It is used to talk about
particular topic.
89
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
13. Coveragenya bener2
amazing dan
finishnya matte tp
flawless!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Talking about particular topic.
Matte refers to a characteristic of
certain thing that is flat and
without a shine. The example of
product with matte characteristic
is lipstick matte.
14. Coveragenya bener2
amazing dan
finishnya matte tp
flawless!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the condition when a
thing is perfect and has no flaw.
It can be used when people
talking about particular topic for
example make-up.
15. Tersedia 8 shade
pula.
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the color of certain
thing especially about how light
or dark the thing or the product
is. It can be used to some topics,
for example make-up. It uses to
classifies the color of the make-
up products.
90
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
16. Dalam rangka ulang
tahun yg ke 8 nya
@makeoverid,
Makeover lagi ada
banyak promo juga
guys
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Expressing group identity and
solidarity.
It is a nickname that commonly
used when referring to friends or
family.
17. Jd kalian cusss cek di store makeover atau e-commerce favorite
kalian!
#complexionmastery
#makeoverid
#setyourbase
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adverb.
Talking about particular topic.
Store refers to a place that sells
certain product such as make-up,
food, and so on. This term is used
to talk about business.
18. Jd kalian cusss cek di
store makeover atau
e-commerce favorite
kalian!
#complexionmastery
#makeoverid
#setyourbase
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
phrase. It is a
noun phrase.
Being emphatic about
something.
It refers to business activities of
selling or buying through the
internet. It used to talk about
online business.
91
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
19. /II/EN_RE/AUG
/
Ini Korean glass
skin look!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
phrase. It is a
noun phrase.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the variation of make-
up look that looks so dewy,
smooth, and fresh. It used to talk
about make-up.
20. Jangan mentang2
korean look harus
pake liptint yha w
bosen wkwkwkw
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
phrase. It is a
noun phrase.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the variation of look
which is originally from Korea.
The characteristics of this look
are dewy, light, and simple. It is
related to make-up.
21. Jangan mentang2
korean look harus
pake liptint yha w
bosen wkwkwkw
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Lip tint refers to one kind of
make-up products that is applied
on the lips. It usually slight and
pale when it is applied. It can
create gradient effect on the lips.
It is one of Korean make-up
products. This term is related to
make-up.
92
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
22. Btwww disini ku
pake beberapa
product dari
@mabcosmetic
It is the
acronym of
by the way.
Talking about particular topic. This expression is used to
connect one topic to the other
topics. In other word, it is used as
the conector.
23. Btwww disini ku
pake beberapa
product dari
@mabcosmetic Yg
waktu itu w
unboxing!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Product refers to the things that
are produced by a company. The
product will be sold to the
customers and of course to sell
the product, a company has
certain strategy. It is related to
business.
24. Btwww disini ku
pake beberapa
product dari
@mabcosmetic Yg
waktu itu w
unboxing!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the activity of
removing some products from the
packaging. For example, in social
media they usually show to the
audience when they do it.
93
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
25. Dan skrg di ignya
@mobcosmetic lagi
ada giveaway
#TasyaFarasyaxMO
BCosmetic
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Giveaway refers to the action of
giving free gift to other people
after they win certain
competition. This term is used in
social media.
26. Giveaway:
Repost foto giveaway
Yang akan diupload
oleh @mobcosmetic
Mengenai product
terbaru @MOB,
yaitu Pro Brow
Sculptor
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Giveaway refers to the action of
giving free gift to other people
after they win certain
competition. This term is used in
social media.
27. Giveaway:
Repost foto
giveaway
Yang akan diupload
oleh @mobcosmetic
Mengenai product
terbaru @MOB,
yaitu Pro Brow
Sculptor
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
Repost refers to the activity of
posting certain thing once again.
In social media, this activity is
often found when someone is
reposting someone‟s status,
videos, or pictures in order to
make it widely spread.
94
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
28. Giveaway:
Repost foto
giveaway Yang akan diupload
oleh @mobcosmetic
Mengenai product
terbaru @MOB,
yaitu Pro Brow
Sculptor
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Giveaway refers to the action of
giving free gift to other people
after they win certain
competition. This term is used in
social media.
29. Giveaway:
Repost foto giveaway
Yang akan diupload
oleh @mobcosmetic
Mengenai product
terbaru @MOB,
yaitu Pro Brow
Sculptor
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb and
affix “di-“
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the transfer of the data
to the system and this term is
related to the internet or social
media.
95
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
30. Giveaway:
Repost foto giveaway
Yang akan diupload
oleh @mobcosmetic
Mengenai product
terbaru @MOB,
yaitu Pro Brow
Sculptor
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Product refers to the things that
are produced by a company. The
product will be sold to the
customers and of course to sell
the product, a company has
certain strategy. It is related to
business.
31. Syarat: - Tinggal di
Indonesia –Akun
tidak di private –
Bukan akun khusus
giveaway
Intra-lexical:
upload as an
adjective is
added affix
“di”
Talking about particular topic.
Private refers to a condition that
is personal and other people
cannot access it. Usually in social
media, it refers to the authority of
the users to either private their
accounts or not.
32. Syarat: - Tinggal di
Indonesia –Akun
tidak di private –
Bukan akun khusus
giveaway
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Talking about particular topic.
Giveaway refers to the action of
giving free gift to other people
after they win certain
competition. This term is used in
social media.
96
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
33. Rules: -Follow
@mobcosmetic
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Rules refer to the obligations and
prohibitions that must be
followed by the people. Rules
can be found everywhere such as
at school, home, social media,
and so on.
34. Rules: -Follow
@mobcosmetic
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
Follow refers to the activity of
monitoring someone‟s activities.
In social media, the term is
popular because by following
someone, the person can see
someone‟s statuses, videos, or
pictures.
35. Repost foto
giveaway yang
diupload oleh
@mobcosmetic
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
Repost refers to the activity of
posting certain thing once again.
In social media, this activity is
often found when someone is
reposting someone‟s status,
videos, or pictures in order to
make it widely spread.
97
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
36. Repost foto
giveaway yang
diupload oleh
@mobcosmetic
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Giveaway refers to the action of
giving free gift to other people
after they win certain
competition. This term is used in
social media.
37. Repost foto giveaway
yang diupload oleh
@mobcosmetic
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb and
affix “di-“
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the transfer of the data
to the system and this term is
related to the internet or social
media.
38. Lalu ceritakan
dicaption apa warna
yang paling kamu
sukai dari Pro Brow
Sculptor –
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adverb.
Talking about particular topic.
Caption refers to further
information about certain video
or photo that will be uploaded in
the social media. Basically,
caption is considered as
something optional which means
that the people can choose
whether they want put it or not.
98
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No. Number Data
Types of Code Mixing
Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation Explanation
39. Tag @mobcosmetic
dan 5 orang teman
kalian, ajak mereka
untuk ikut dan jawab
warna apa yang
paling mereka sukai
dari Pro Brow
Sculptor –
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
Tag refers to the activity of
tagging someone in a status,
caption of a photo, or video in the
social media.
40. Sertakan hashtag
#TasyaFarasyaMOB
Cosmetic
#ProBowSculptor
Hadiah: 3 pemenang
akan mendapatkan 1
set Pro Brow
Sculptor (1 set berisi
4 warna). Goodluck!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Hash tag refers to the hash sign
(#) that is followed by words or
phrases to emphasize certain
messages. It is commonly found
in the social media.
99
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
41. /III/EN_RE/AU
G/
MAAF! Kalo
keseringan bahas
foundienya
@bobbibrownid skin
longwear weightless
foundation! Tp aku
se obsess itu bgt kalo
kalian belom
menyadari aku
sadarin lagi skrg!
Intra-lexical:
foundie
which the
original word
is foundation
as a noun is
added affix
“nya”
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the name of make-up
product which usually used
before applying powder or blush
on. There are several types of it
which are liquid and matte. The
original word is foundation.
42. MAAF! Kalo
keseringan bahas
foundienya
@bobbibrownid skin
longwear weightless
foundation! Tp aku
se obsess itu bgt kalo
kalian belom
menyadari aku
sadarin lagi skrg!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb and
affix “se-“
Being emphatic about
something.
Obsess refers to completely
thinking about something that the
person cannot even think about
anything else. It can be used in
many topics such as life, love, or
dream.
100
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Reasons of Code Mixing based
on Hoffman’s theory Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
43. I LOVVVVEEE
THIS PRODUCT
SOOOO
MUCH!Definisi
sempurna, bener2
finishnya kayak kulit
asli, coveragenya
bagus, dipake
seharian dengan
wudhu2 pun tetep
stay bagus
Intra-lexical:
finish as a
verb is added
affix “nya”
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the last part of
something. It is used to talk about
particular topic.
44. I LOVVVVEEE
THIS PRODUCT
SOOOO
MUCH!Definisi
sempurna, bener2
finishnya kayak kulit
asli, coveragenya
bagus, dipake
seharian dengan
wudhu2 pun tetep
stay bagus
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun and
affix “nya-“
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the condition of a
thing is protected from any
damage. It can be related to
business or make-up.
101
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
45. I LOVVVVEEE THIS
PRODUCT SOOOO
MUCH!Definisi
sempurna, bener2
finishnya kayak kulit
asli, coveragenya
bagus, dipake seharian
dengan wudhu2 pun
tetep stay bagus
Intra-sentential
in the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the position of certain
thing that remains the same. In
other word, it means that someone
spends her/his time in a certain
place with or without other people.
It can be used to discuss about
several topics, for example position.
46. Gimana yha w bingung
mau bilang apa lagi tp
kalo kalian udah ada
juga yg coba foundie
ini PLIS KOMEN DI
BAWAH!!!
Intra-sentential
in the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the name of make-up
product which usually used before
applying powder or blush on. There
are several types of it which are
liquid and matte. The original word
is foundation.
47. Gimana yha w bingung
mau bilang apa lagi tp
kalo kalian udah ada
juga yg coba foundie
ini PLIS KOMEN DI
BAWAH!!!
The
pronunciation
/pli:z/ into
/pli:s/
Being emphatic about something.
Please is used as a polite way to ask
something to other people.
102
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
48. Gimana yha w
bingung mau bilang
apa lagi tp kalo
kalian udah ada juga
yg coba foundie ini
PLIS KOMEN DI
BAWAH!!!
The
pronunciation
/kɒment/ into
/komen/
Talking about particular topic.
Comment means giving an
opinion or criticizing someone. In
social media, this term is often
used when people give their
opinions about someone‟s
pictures or videos in the column
section.
49. Btw skin longwear
weightless
foundation ini ada yg
bentuknya cream
juga dan AKU
CINTA DUA2NYA
GA LEBAY ASLI!
Intra
sentential in
the form of
an acronym.
Talking about particular topic.
This expression is used to
connect one topic to the other
topics. In other word, it is used as
the connector.
50. Btw skin longwear
weightless
foundation ini ada yg
bentuknya cream
juga dan AKU
CINTA DUA2NYA
GA LEBAY ASLI!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the texture of certain
product which is not liquid, but
it‟s creamier. It can be used when
the people talking about
particular topic for example
make-up.
103
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
51. Cus ke counter
bobbi brown terus
kalian cobain pake
dimuka kalian bilang
disuruh tasya cobain
WKWKWKWK
#bobbibrownid
#alldaysmile
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Counter refers to a place that
sells certain products such as
make-up, hand-phone, and so on.
It is related to business.
52. Jadi waktu aku bikin
makeup ini banyak
bgtt yg nanya pake
apa blush on dan
lipstiknya!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Make-up refers to cosmetics such
as foundation, lipstick, or powder
that is applied to the face.
Therefore, someone gets different
look.
53. /IV/EN_RE/AU
G/
Jadi waktu aku bikin
makeup ini banyak
bgtt yg nanya pake
apa blush on dan
lipstiknya!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Blush on refers to one kind of
make-up products that is used to
color the cheeks. This term is
related to make-up.
104
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on Hoffman’s theory
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senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
54. Ini aku pake lipstick
matte dari
@colorepvblic untuk
di mata, pipi, dan
bibir
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
phrase. It is a
noun phrase.
Talking about particular topic.
Lipstick matte refers to one kind
of make-up products that is
applied on the lips and the texture
is matte. This term is related to
make-up.
55. Nama lipsticknya
adalah matte up! Lip
eye and cheek guys..
ada 3 warna yg
kalian bisa pake di
mata, bibir, dan pipi
kalian.
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun and the
affix “-nya”
Talking about particular topic.
Lipstick refers to one kind of
make-up products that is applied
on the lips. It has many types
such as matte, glossy, and tint.
This term is related to make-up.
56. Nama lipsticknya
adalah matte up! Lip
eye and cheek guys..
ada 3 warna yg
kalian bisa pake di
mata, bibir, dan pipi
kalian.
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Expressing group identity and
solidarity.
It is a nickname that commonly
used when referring to friends or
family.
105
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
57. Finishnya powdery
matte jd pas aku
blend di mata dia ga
creasing lagi.
Intra-lexical:
finish as a
noun is added
affix “nya”
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the last part of
something. It is used to talk about
particular topic.
58. Finishnya powdery
matte jd pas aku
blend di mata dia ga
creasing lagi.
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the condition that even
it covers with powder, but the
texture is still matte. It is
basically related to make-up
term.
59. Finishnya powdery
matte jd pas aku
blend di mata dia ga
creasing lagi.
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
Blend means the mixture of some
things so it gets a new
combination. This word is also
related to make-up especially
when beauty vloggers try to tell
the audience that they put the
make-up products in their faces.
106
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
60. Finishnya powdery
matte jd pas aku
blend di mata dia ga
creasing lagi.
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the condition that
appears in the face as a result of
certain expression such as smile
or laugh. It is often used by
beauty vloggers when describing
whether the product easily gets
damaged or not.
61. Untuk dijadikan
blush on ngambilnya
ga perlu banyak2 dan
pake dulu di satu sisi
sebelum aplikasi di
pipi sebelah kalian
biar lipstiknya gak
keburu ngeset!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Blush on refers to one kind of
make-up products that is used to
color the cheeks. This term is
related to make-up.
62. Di bibir kalian yg
kering kalian bisa
pakein lipbalm dulu
sebelum pake
lipstiknya biar
hasilnya lebih
smooth!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to one kind of make-up
products that is applied in the
lips. Usually it is applied before
wearing lipstick. This term is
related to make-up.
107
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Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation Explanation
63. Di bibir kalian yg
kering kalian bisa
pakein lipbalm dulu
sebelum pake
lipstiknya biar
hasilnya lebih
smooth!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the quality of certain
product which is very silk and
soft. It can be used when the
people talking about particular
topic for example make-up.
64. Favorite semua orang
adalah glass skin
make-up look, dan
produk favorite buat
dapetin look kayak
gini adalah
Maybelline liptint no
07, dan fashion brow
mascara “dark
brown”
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
compound. It
is a
compound
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the variation of make-
up look that looks so dewy,
smooth, and fresh. It is used to
talk about make-up.
108
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
65. Favorite semua orang
adalah glass skin
makep look, dan
produk favorite buat
dapetin look kayak
gini adalah
Maybelline liptint no
07, dan fashion brow
mascara “dark
brown”
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Being emphatic about
something.
refers to the thing that someone
likes. In this case, the thing that is
loved by many people is lip o and
mascara by Maybelline.
66. Favorite semua orang
adalah glass skin
makep look, dan
produk favorite buat
dapetin look kayak
gini adalah
Maybelline liptint no
07, dan fashion brow
mascara “dark
brown”
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Look refers to the variations of
make-up. There are many
variations such as Korean look or
bold make-up look. This term is
usually used by the beauty
vloggers when they try to tell
their audience about certain
variation of make-up.
109
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
67. Bener2 chrome
muka basah gangerti
lagi mau bilang apa.
Selain master chrome
highlighter ku pake
mascara Maybelline
hypercurl juga disini.
Yang mau bercahaya
bersama tasya
farasya tinggal
komen dibawah why
u mau glow dan tag u
punya teman nanti ai
kasi u master fairy
highlighter!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the shiny
68. Cuss spamming
comment yg menarik
dan ga julid ya
#maybellineitssquad
#mnyitlook
#maybellineindonesi
a @maybelline
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
phrase. It is a
noun phrase.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to give opinions or
thoughts in someone‟s column
section in social media. The
opinions given are many so that it
is considered as spam. It is
related to social media.
110
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
69. /II/EN_RE/SEP/
We‟re Back! Kali ini
kita mau review
The NEW Vitamin E
Gel Moisture Cream
from
@thebodyshopindo
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers sharing an experience to
the audience after using or doing
certain thing. Nowadays, beauty
vloggers often use this term when
they share their experiences after
using or applying certain make-
up products.
70. Penting nih biar
complexion makeup jadi badaii.
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
phrase. It is a
noun phrase.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to someone‟s skin
appearance, texture, or color after
applying certain make-up. It is
related to make-up.
71. Nah pas nyoba ternyata
yang paling aku suka
dari produk ini adalah
teksturnya yang ultra-
lightweight and
refreshing, udah gitu
ada kandungan
hyaluronic acid yang
bagus untuk kulit
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
phrase. It is a
noun phrase.
Talking about particular topic.
Hyaluronic acid is a type of
molecule that is done of the
greatest components of the
connective tissues and it exists
surround the cells. It is related to
chemistry.
111
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on Hoffman’s theory
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senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
72. NEW Vitamin E Gel
Moisture Cream ini
merupakan
rangkaian produk
Vitamin E yang ada
di video ini, abis
nonton ini kalian cek
videonya
@sarahayu_ ya disitu
ada basic stepping
infornya
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
phrase. It is a
noun phrase.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the basic instruction or
tutorial about certain thing that is
given by a professional.
Therefore, the audience can see
and practice it. The tutorials can
be about many topics, for
example make-up.
73. Lalu lalu laluuu kalau
mau dapet voucher
300ribu, ikutan
seru2an di
“bit.ly/VitEQuiz”
yaa caranya gampang
dan
hadiahnya untuk 10
pemenang!!
#POPOFHYDRATI
ON
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Voucher refers to a coupon or
ticket that is given freely to the
customers or the participants of
the events. Therefore, the
voucher can be exchanged into
goods or money. It is related to
business.
112
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
74. /III/EN_RE/SEP
/
NIH YG MINTA
TUTORIAL
MAKEUP DI FOTO
SEBELAH, Yg
penasaran lipgloss
extra bechek w apa
silahkan nonton ya!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Make-up refers to cosmetics such
as foundation, lipstick, or powder
that is applied to the face.
Therefore, someone gets different
look.
75. NIH YG MINTA
TUTORIAL
MAKEUP DI FOTO
SEBELAH, Yg
penasaran lipgloss
extra bechek w apa
silahkan nonton ya!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Lip gloss is one kind of make-up
products that is applied on the
lips. The texture of this product is
glossy.
76. NIH YG MINTA
TUTORIAL
MAKEUP DI FOTO
SEBELAH, Yg
penasaran lipgloss
extra bechek w apa
silahkan nonton ya!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adverb.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the condition when a
certain thing is really fantastic. It
also can refer to the condition
when a certain thing is really
higher than it supposed to be. It
can be used to talk about many
topics such as salary or make-up.
113
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
77. PLUS ADA
GIVEAWAY untuk
10 pemenang!
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Giveaway refers to the action of
giving free gift to other people
after they win certain
competition. This term is used in
social media.
78. Pemenang akan dapat
full set produk ESQA
divideo ini.
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Talking about particular topic.
It refers to the condition when a
certain thing is really complete or
has no empty space.
79. T&C:
Harus berdomisili di
Indonesia
Harus follow
@tasyafarasya
@esqacosmetics
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
Follow refers to the activity of
monitoring someone‟s activities.
In social media, the term is
popular because by following
someone, the person can see
someone‟s statuses, videos, or
pictures.
114
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
80. Akun tidak boleh
private
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is an
adjective.
Talking about particular topic.
Private refers to a condition that is
personal and other people cannot
access it. Usually in social media, it
refers to the authority of the users to
either private their accounts or not.
81. Comment dibawah
produk favorit kalian
dari @esqacosmetics
83.
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
verb.
Talking about particular topic.
Comment means giving an
opinion or criticizing someone. In
social media, this term is often
used when people give their
opinions about someone‟s
pictures or videos in the column
section.
82. Giveaway berakhir
Minggu 23
September 23:59
Malam
12:00 Siang
Intra-
sentential in
the form of
word. It is a
noun.
Talking about particular topic.
Giveaway refers to the action of g
iving free gift to other people
after they win certain
competition. This term is used in
social media.
115
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on Hoffman’s theory
Intra-
senten-
-tial
Intra-
lexical
Change of
Pronun-
-ciation
Explanation
83. Pemenang akan
diumumkan di account
@esqacosmetics Senin
24 September 12:00
Siang #esqaddicted
Intra-sentential
in the form of
word. It is an
adverb.
Talking about particular topic.
Account refers to an arrangement
that someone has with a bank, shop,
or in the internet. It can be used in
many topics such as business and
internet.
116
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