indian space.rtf

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The Indian Space Research Organisation is the space agency of the Indian

government headquartered in the city of Bengaluru. Its vision is to "harness

space technology for national development, while pursuing space science

research and planetary eploration" It is formed in !#, ISRO superseded

the erstwhile Indian $ational %ommittee for Space Research &I$%OS'(R),

which was esta*lished in !#+ *y the eorts of independent India-s rst'rime /inister 'andit 0awaharlal $ehru and his close aide, and reputed

scientist 1r. 2i3ram Sara*hai. The esta*lishment of ISRO thus institutionalised

space activities in India. It is managed *y the 1epartment of Space, which

reports to the 'rime /inister of India. ISRO *uilt India-s rst satellite,

(rya*hata, which was launched *y the Soviet 4nion on ! (pril in !56. In

!78, Rohini *ecame the rst satellite to *e placed in or*it *y an Indian9made

launch vehicle, S:29;. ISRO su*sequently developed two other roc3ets< the

'olar Satellite :aunch 2ehicle &'S:2) for launching satellites into polar or*its

and the =eosynchronous Satellite :aunch 2ehicle &=S:2) for placing satellites

into geostationary or*its. These roc3ets have launched numerous

communications satellites and earth o*servation satellites. Satellite

navigation systems li3e =(=($ and IR$SS have *een deployed. In 0anuary

+8!>, ISRO successfully used an indigenous cryogenic engine in a =S:2916

launch of the =S(T9!>. On ++ Octo*er +887, ISRO sent its rst mission to the

/oon, %handrayaan9!. On 6 $ovem*er +8!;, ISRO launched its /ars Or*iter

/ission, which successfully entered /ars or*it on +> Septem*er +8!>,

ma3ing India the rst nation to succeed on its rst attempt, and ISRO the

fourth space agency in the world as well as the rst space agency in (sia to

successfully reach /ars or*it.?6@ Auture plans include development of =S:2

/3 III &for launch of heavier satellites), development of a reusa*le launch

vehicle, human spaceight, further lunar eploration, interplanetary pro*es, asolar spacecraft mission, etc. ISRO has conducted a variety of operations for

*oth Indian and foreign clients. It has several eld installations as assets, and

co9operates with the international community as a part of several *ilateral

and multilateral agreements. (s many as 6! foreign satellites have *een

launched *y ISRO-s launch vehicles,?5@ and +7 ISRO satellites have *een

launched *y foreign launch vehicles. /odern space research in India is most

visi*ly traced to the !+8s, when the scientist S. C. /itra conducted a series

of eperiments leading to the sounding of the ionosphere *y application of

ground *ased radio methods in %alcutta.?7@ :ater, Indian scientists li3e %.2.

Raman and /eghnad Saha contri*uted to scientic principles applica*le inspace sciences.?7@ Dowever, it was the period after !>6 which saw

important developments *eing made in coordinated space research in India.

?7@ Organised space research in India was spearheaded *y two scientists<

2i3ram Sara*haiEfounder of the 'hysical Research :a*oratory at (hmeda*ad

Eand Domi Bha*ha, who esta*lished the Tata Institute of Aundamental

Research in !>6.?7@ Initial eperiments in space sciences included the study

of cosmic radiation, high altitude and air*orne testing of instruments, deep



underground eperimentation at the Colar minesEone of the deepest mining

sites in the world F and studies of the upper atmosphere.?@ Studies were

carried out at research la*oratories, universities, and independent locations.

In !68, the 1epartment of (tomic Gnergy was founded with Domi Bha*ha as

its secretary.?!8@ The 1epartment provided funding for space research

throughout India.?!!@ 1uring this time, tests continued on aspects ofmeteorology and the Garth-s magnetic eld, a topic which was *eing studied

in India since the esta*lishment of the o*servatory at %ola*a in !7+;. In

!6>, the 4ttar 'radesh state o*servatory was esta*lished at the foothills of

the Dimalayas.?!8@ The Rangpur O*servatory was set up in !65 at Osmania

4niversity, Dydera*ad. Space research was further encouraged *y the

technically inclined 'rime /inister of India, 0awaharlal $ehru.?!!@ In !65, the

Soviet 4nion successfully launched Sputni3 and opened up possi*ilities for

the rest of the world to conduct a space launch.?!!@

The Indian $ational %ommittee for Space Research &I$%OS'(R) was set up in

!#+ *y 0awaharlal $ehru, India-s rst 'rime /inister.?!+@ It had 1r. 2i3ram

Sara*hai as its chairman. The rst roc3et launch into space from Indian soil

too3 place on +! $ovem*er !#; under the leadership of proHect scientist 1r.

'raful Bhavsar. I$%OS'(R eventually grew into ISRO in !#.?!+@

=oals and o*Hectives?edit@

The prime o*Hective of ISRO is to develop space technology and its

application to various national tas3s.?!@ The Indian space programme was

driven *y the vision of 1r 2i3ram Sara*hai, considered the father of the

Indian Space 'rogramme.?!;@ (s he said in !#<

There are some who question the relevance of space activities in a

developing nation. To us, there is no am*iguity of purpose. Je do not have

the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the

eploration of the /oon or the planets or manned space9ight. But we are

convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the

community of nations, we must *e second to none in the application of

advanced technologies to the real pro*lems of man and society.?!@ K

The former Indian 'resident 1r. (. '. 0. (*dul Calam said<

/any individuals with myopic vision questioned the relevance of space



activities in a newly independent nation, which was nding it diLcult to feed

its population. Their vision was clear if Indians were to play meaningful role in

the community of nations, they must *e second to none in the application of

advanced technologies to their real9life pro*lems. They had no intention of

using it as a means of displaying our might.?!>@ K

India-s economic progress has made its space programme more visi*le and

active as the country aims for greater self9reliance in space technology.?!6@ In

+887 India launched as many as !! satellites, including nine from other

countries and went on to *ecome the rst nation to launch !8 satellites on

one roc3et."?!6@ ISRO has successfully put into operation two maHor satellite

systems< Indian $ational Satellites &I$S(T) for communication services and

Indian Remote Sensing &IRS) satellites for management of natural resources.

On 0uly +8!+, the former 'resident, 1r. (. '. 0. (*dul Calam said that research

was *eing done *y ISRO and 1R1O for developing cost reduction

technologies for access to space.?!#@

ISRO is managed *y the 1epartment of Space &1oS) of the =overnment of

India. 1oS itself falls under the authority of the 'rime /inister and the Space

%ommission, and manages the following agencies and institutes<?!5@

Indian Space Research Organisation

2i3ram Sara*hai Space %entre &2SS%), Thiruvananthapuram.

:iquid 'ropulsion Systems %entre &:'S%), Thiruvananthapuram.

Satish 1hawan Space %entre &S1S%9SD(R), Srihari3ota.

ISRO 'ropulsion %omple &I'R%), /ahendragiri.

ISRO Satellite %entre &IS(%), Bengaluru.

Space (pplications %entre &S(%), (hmeda*ad.

$ational Remote Sensing %entre &$RS%), Dydera*ad.

ISRO Inertial Systems 4nit &IIS4), Thiruvananthapuram.

1evelopment and Gducational %ommunication 4nit &1G%4), (hmeda*ad.

/aster %ontrol Aacility &/%A), Dassan.

ISRO Telemetry, Trac3ing and %ommand $etwor3 &ISTR(%), Bengaluru.



:a*oratory for Glectro9Optics Systems &:GOS), Bengaluru.

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing &IIRS), 1ehradun.

(ntri %orporation 9 The mar3eting arm of ISRO.

'hysical Research :a*oratory &'R:), (hmeda*ad.

$ational (tmospheric Research :a*oratory &$(R:), =adan3i.

$orth9Gastern Space (pplications %entre?!7@ &$G9S(%), 4miam.

Semi9%onductor :a*oratory &S%:), /ohali.

Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology &IIST), Thiruvananthapuram

9 India-s space university.

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indian space.rtf