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Indian Plant Genetic Resource Management (IPGeRM) System
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources New Delhi – 110 012
J L J L KarihalooKarihaloo
What are Plant Genetic Resources (PGR)?What are Plant Genetic Resources (PGR)?
• Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture means any genetic material of plant origin of actual or potential value for food and agriculture.
• Genetic material means any material of plant origin, including reproductive and vegetative propagating material, containing functional units of heredity.
• Recognized as a natural resource similar to mineral, oil, soil and water
Categories of Plant Genetic Resources
• Modern cultivars
• Breeding lines and genetic stocks
• Landraces and Farmers’ varieties
• Obsolete cultivars
• Wild relatives
• Weedy races
• Potential domesticates or other wild species
• Biotechnological cell lines/GMOs
Importance of PGR
•Agricultural crops/varieties per se
•Raw materials for crop improvement, help in increasing productivity
Genes for plant type/adaptation/ nutrition/ resistance/ tolerance to biotic/ abiotic stresses
•Diversification of cropping and farming systems
•Adaptation to changes in climate
•Food, nutritional and environmental security
Destruction and fragmentation of
natural ecosystems
Over-exploitationeg. for fuelwood, timber, medicine
Changes in agricultural
practices (HYV)and land use
Human socio-economic
changes Exotic weed species (AIS)
Pollution due to natural
or anthropogenic activities
Natural calamities
LOSS OF
GENETIC DIVERSITY
Richness of Plant Resources : Global and Indian
TAXA India World PercentageBacteria 850 4,000 21.25Algae 6,500 40,000 16.25Fungi 14,500 72,000 20.14Lichens 2,000 17,000 11.80Bryophyta 2,850 16,000 17.80Pteridophyta 1,100 13,000 8.46Gymnosperms 64 750 8.53Angiosperms 17,500 250,000 7.00
Number of Species
Source: Adopted from UNEP-GBA (1995), MoEF (1997), ZSI and BSI
Total (Biodiversity) 126,656 1,719,183 7.36
Global Distribution of PGRGlobal Distribution of PGR‘Centers of origin and diversity’Centers of origin and diversity’
Zeven and Zhukovsky (1975)12 mega biodiversity centres
Vavilov (1926)8 centres (two sub-centres)
of diversity
Two of the 25 Hot Spots of biodiversity exist in India
Primary Centre of Diversityrice, kodo millet, little millet,
pigeonpea, urdbean, mothbean, cotton, Capsularis jute, smooth gourd,
ridged gourd, pointed gourd, jack fruit, banana, mango,
jamun , Bengal cardamom, black pepper, Rauvolfia serpentina and
Saussurea lappa.
Regional Centre of Diversity(Expansion of Primary Centre) wheat, barley, proso millet, foxtail
millet, sugarcane, bamboos, buckwheat, mungbean, chickpea, rice bean, clusterbean, Brassica
spp., cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, snake gourd, citrus, taro, yams, ginger, turmeric and small
cardamom
Secondary Centre of Diversity:African Crops: sorghum, pearl millet, finger
millet, cowpea, niger, safflower, brinjal, okra*, sesame* and castor*
Tropical American Crops: maize, amaranth, tomato, pumpkin, chillies and chayote
India : Centre of Origin and Diversity of PGR
India - A Gene Rich Centre of PGR
17,500 species of higher plants(About 29% of flowering plants are endemic)5,000 total economically useful species583 crop species cultivated166 crop species of Hindustani Centre334 wild relatives of crop species1,000 wild edible plant species
Diversity in paddy (Oryza sativa )
GLOBAL PGR INTER-DEPENDENCE
Production % by nonProduction % by non--native cropsnative cropsRegionRegionCooper et al (1994)Cooper et al (1994) NBPGR (2004)*NBPGR (2004)*
Australia 100 100
Chino-Japan 62 85.6
Latin America 56 85.2
Hindustan 49 63.7
Indo-China 34 75.5
West Central Asia 31 63.7
North America 100 94.5
Mediterranean 99 100
Africa 88 91.4
* Based on 90 crops, production during 1998-2000
Indian Plant Genetic Resource Management System (IPGeRM)
NETWORK COLLABORATORS
The Umbrella Organization DARE/ICAR
NBPGR & its Regional Stations11 Regional stations located all across the country as per agro-ecological analogues
National Active Germplasm Sites (NAGS)-59
comprisingICAR institutes, Project Directorates, National Research Centres, All India
Coordinated Research Projects, State Agricultural Universities
Other National Stakeholders
International Collaborators
The Nodal InstituteNBPGR
MandateNodal institute at national level for acquisition and management of indigenous and exotic plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and to carry out related research and human resource development, for sustainable growth of agriculture.
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)
Objectives• To plan, organize, conduct and coordinate exploration and
collection of indigenous and exotic plant genetic resources.• To undertake introduction, exchange and quarantine of
plant genetic resources.• To characterize, evaluate, document and conserve crop
genetic resources and promote their use, in collaboration with other national organizations.
• To develop information network on plant genetic resources.• To conduct research, undertake teaching and training,
develop guidelines and create public awareness on plant genetic resources.
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
Objectives• Development of molecular marker system for DNA profiling of
economically important plants.
• Standardisation of experimental protocols, sample size and statistical methods for application of molecular techniques in variety identification, DUS testing and essential derivation.
• DNA fingerprinting of released / notified crop varieties, parental lines of hybrids and elite strains/ genetic stocks of potential value in agri-horticultural crops (in collaboration with respective crop institutes).
• Training of manpower and human resource development in molecularmarker techniques.
National Research Centre on DNA Fingerprinting
NBPGR NetworkNBPGR Network
National Active Germplasm Sites(59)
Major Activities IN IPGeRMS
REGULATORY / SERVICES / RESEARCH / HRD REGULATORY / SERVICES / RESEARCH / HRD
• Germplasm collection, introduction and exchange
• Plant quarantine / phytosanitary check
• Germplasm registration
Germplasm characterization / evaluation / seed increase
• Ex situ conservation in different modes
• Information documentation and database management
• Human resource development
Plant Exploration and CollectionPlant Exploration and Collection
Explorations undertaken(including special exploration missions to inaccessible areas, natural calamity affected areas )
~ 2000
Germplasm accessions collected ~ 2.3 lakh(23,000 wild relatives)
Collaborative explorations: Explorations undertaken within India, under PL 480 scheme, Indo-Australian mission, Indo-Canadian mission, Indo-Japanese mission, INDO-USAID, USIF, G-15, IPGRI, IRRI, ICRISAT and other international organizations.
Germplasm collection of cultivated and wild speciesGermplasm collection of cultivated and wild species
1976-99 1999-2004
113,040 accessions collected
94% 6%
Cultivated Wild
96,471 accessions collected
81%19%
Cultivated Wild
National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP)(NHCP)
• Herbarium specimens : 17,726• Seed samples : 2,272
• Economic products : 477• Families : 253
– Genera : 1,343– Species : 3,469
Germplasm Exchange and QuarantineGermplasm Exchange and Quarantine
Crops/varieties exchanged with 113 countries and 8 IARC(Average exchange 1,00,000 accessions per annum)
• Introduced accessions 20,18,064
• Exported accessions 6,50,046
• National Supply 3,61,191
• Samples examined for Quarantine ~ 28 lakh(import and export)
Maximum germplasm obtained from CG centers; AVDRC, Taiwan; USDA, USA ; IPK, Germany
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1976 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004
import export national supply
6093
9304
8861
Germplasm fromCG centres
Trials from CGcentres
Other countries
Trend in Germplasm Exchange
Some Important Introductions Released as Varieties
Wheat Ridley, Lerma rojo-64, Sonara-63, CPAN1796, PBW34
Rice IR8, IR36, IR50
Barley BG105, BG108, DL70
Pearl millet HB1, HB4, HB5
Cowpea NP1, NP2, NP3, Chinegra
Pea Arkel, Uncoln, Bonneville, Harbhajan
Cabbage Pusa Drumhead
Tomato Siuox, La Bonita, Dwarf Money Maker
Restoration of Indian Germplasm
CG Centers
•ICRISAT, India*•ICARDA, Syria*•CIMMYT, Mexico•IITA, Nigeria•CIAT, Columbia•IRRI, Philippines*•WARDA, Ivory Coast
National Genebanks
•NSSL, USDA, USA•Nordic Genebank, Sweden•AVRDC, Taiwan•Royal Botanic Garden, UK•NIAR, Japan•IPK, Germany•NBRI, Namibia•Service de Genetique, Switzerland*
* Germplasm already obtained
Plant QuarantinePlant Quarantine• Total samples processed 27,97,064
– Import samples processed 21,47,082 – Export samples processed 6,49,982
• Total infested/ infected/ contaminated samples 1,48,992 – insects and mites (99,137) – pathogens (29,546) – nematodes (16,970) – weeds (3,339)
• Total samples salvaged 1,48,912
• Phytosanitary Certificates issued 9,415
• Trials of wheat, barley & triticale in PEQN 16,26,032
• Exotic legumes grown in quarantine glass houses and harvest of disease-free material was released to indentors.
Germplasm Characterisation and EvaluationGermplasm Characterisation and Evaluation
•Germplasm characterised/ evaluated : ~85,000•Phytochemical evaluation : ~6,000•Crop catalogues (43 crops, ~80,000 acc.) : 79
Germplasm ConservationGermplasm Conservation
SEED GENEBANK~ 3.07 lakh accessions
579 species
CRYOGENEBANK6811 accessions590 species
IN VITRO GENEBANK1,685 accessions
125 species
Crop Group Distribution of PGR at Seed Crop Group Distribution of PGR at Seed GenebankGenebank
46.2%
8.7%16.3%
12.9%
3.5%5.6% 0.4% 5.2% 1.2%
Cereals and pseudocereals Millets and foragesGrain legumes OilseedsFibre crops Fruits, vegetables and spicesMedicinal & aromatic plants Duplicate safety samplesOthers
Total : 1,93,696
43.5%
15.2%
15.2%
12.2%
3.1%6.1% 0.9% 3.8% 0.0%
Cereals and pseudocereals Millets and foragesGrain legumes OilseedsFibre Crops Fruits, vegetables and spicesMedicinal & Aromatic Plants and Narcotics Duplicate Safety SamplesOthers
Total : 3,06,252
20051999
Registration of Germplasm
Cereals 157Millets and Forages 16Grain legumes 41Oilseeds 67Fibres 25Vegetables 36Fruits 21Ornamental 10Beverages and narcotics 14Medicinal/aromatic plants 13Sugarcane 03
Total 403
Germplasm Database Development Germplasm Database Development (ARIS)
• Databases developed for– Passport information for indigenous collections– Introduced germplasm– Gene bank Information– Registered Germplasm– Germplasm holdings with various institutes
• Database entries made for– Introduced germplasm (~5 lakhs)– Indigenous collections (~4 lakhs)– Germplasm conserved in Gene bank (~3 lakhs)– Registered germplasm (400 accessions)
NRC on DNA FingerprintingNRC on DNA FingerprintingEstablished: December 1995Infrastructure: Five crop-specific labs , six central facilities Major Equipments: Automated DNA Sequencer, DNA Synthesiser, Gel Documentation System, Image Analyser, Radioisotope Laboratory, Photography LaboratoryPriority Crops
Cereals: Rice, Wheat, Sorghum, BarleyMillets: Pearl milletPulses:Chickpea, Mungbean, PigeonpeaOilseeds: Brassica, Soybean, Groundnut, Safflower, SesameFibres: CottonVegetables: Tomato, Chillies, BrinjalFruits: Banana, Mango, Cashew, CitrusMedicinal Plants: Vetiver, Neem, Isbgol, Periwinkle
Crop and Techniques Standardized for DNA Fingerprinting
Crop Varieties Fingerprinted
Techniques
Cereals
1
2
3
4
Millets
5 Finger millet 94 ISSR
8 French bean 26 AFLP, STMS
9 Lentil 41 AFLP
10 Mungbean 96 AFLP, RAPD
11 Pea 38 AFLP
12 Pigeon pea 96 AFLP, RAPD
6 Pearl millet 17 RAPD, AFLP
Pulses
7
13
274
153
65
54
72
54
Rice RAPD, STMS, AFLP
Wheat RAPD, STMS, AFLP
Sorghum RAPD, STMS, AFLP
Barley RAPD, STMS
Chickpea RAPD, STMS, AFLP, ISSR
Urdbean AFLP
Crop Varieties Fingerprinted
Techniques
OilSeeds
14 Brassica 42 RAPD, ISSR, AFLP
15 Niger 30 RAPD
16 Safflower 14 AFLP, RAPD
20 Brinjal 19 RAPD, ISSR
19 Cotton 94 RAPD, AFLP
Vegetables
21 Chillies 42 ISSR, AFLP, RAPD, STMS
22 Tomato 27 RAPD
17 Sesame 67 RAPD, AFLP
18 Soybean 75 AFLP, RAPD, STMS
Fibre
Contd.
Contd.Crop Varieties
FingerprintedTechniques
Fruits & Nuts
23 Banana 243 AFLP, RAPD, STMS, RFLP
24 Cashew 140 RAPD, ISSR, AFLP
25 Citrus 34 AFLP, ISSR
Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
28 Vetiver 24 AFLP, RAPD
30
69
13
48
34
21
Total 2,146
26 Mango RAPD, ISSR, AFLP
27 Neem RAPD, AFLP, ISSR
29 Saffron AFLP
30 Plantago RAPD, ISSR, AFLP
31 Palmarosa ISSR, RAPD
32 Chlorophytum ISSR, RAPD
Genetic relationship in rice varieties based on microsatellite markers
•Similarity Coefficient range from - 0.148 to 0.920
•Mean Similarity Coefficient- 0.55
Development of New Molecular Markers (STMS) in Chilli
Sequence analysis of a positive clone showing (AGGAAG)n repeat region
Autoradiogram showing secondary screening for
positive clones with (AGA)15
1. More attention on collection of wild relatives of crop plants, vegetable and minor fruits.
2. Digitization of herbarium holdings of over 100 species of legumes, economically important species done.
3. Multilocation evaluation of four major crops viz.rice, wheat, chickpea and pigeonpea.
4. Catalogues in the digitized form.
5. Physical verification of germplasm in genebank and preparation of inventory.
6. Restoration of germplasm of Indian origin from other genebanks.
7. Exploring permafrost conditions as alternative conservation strategy.
New Initiatives at NBPGR
Germplasm Management at National Level
Germplasm Acquisition NBPGR + NAGS + Others
Multiplication and CharacterizationNBPGR + NAGS if required (in relevant environment)
Characterization and Preliminary EvaluationNAGS + NBPGR
Joint data recording
Conservation -Active Collection
NAGS
Conservation -Base Collection
National Genebank
I
III
II
Multilocation Evaluation and UtilizationAICRP (NBPGR): (i) Agronomic traits, (ii) Biotic
and abiotic stresses, (iii) Quality traits
Regeneration and Replenishment
Elit
e m
ater
ials
Pre-breeding
Exotic germplasm PCs/PDs
Germplasm Evaluation Network
AICCIP CENTRESRice 44 + 56Wheat 36Maize 27Chickpea 22Pigeonpea 21Groundnut 23
Rapeseed Mustard 18Under-utilized Crops 13
1970’s1970’s• Public sector breeding
and research• Little use of IPR
• Common heritage • FAO International
Undertaking (1983)
1990’s1990’s• Expanding private sector
(biotechnology) for profit • Growing use of IPR• National sovereignty• Convention on Biological
Diversity (1993), World Trade Agreements (GATT-TRIPs)
Agricultural research and PGR management :Agricultural research and PGR management :an evolving paradigman evolving paradigm
Global Efforts for Management of Plant Genetic Resources
• 1940s, Rockefeller Foundation in cooperation with Mexican Government, began a programme on wheat and maize improvement in Mexico .
• In 1960s - 70s, genetic erosion in the developing countries (also gene-rich countries) and genetic vulnerability (eg. US southern corn leaf blight and catastrophic outbreak of coffee rust in Brazil).
• In 1967, FAO/IBP Meeting on ‘Plant Exploration and Conservation’established the principles and strategies for crop genetic resources activities.
• General consensus for concerted efforts for collection and gene bank conservation of crop genetic resources at national and international levels.
• During early 1970s and 80s, tremendous response to collection and conservation of germplasm in seed gene banks.
Ex Situ Accessions Maintained in National and CGIAR Genebanks(1470 genebanks in 150 countries)
Crop National CGIAR Totalcollections centers
Cereals 1,971,000 362,000 2,333,000Food legumes 758,000 132,000 890,000Vegetables 481,000 - 481,000Forages 350,000 58,000 408,000Fruit 279,000 - 279,000Root and tubers 77,000 24,000 101,000Oil crops 95,000 - 95,000Banana - 2,500 2,500Others 1,389,000 21,500 1,410,500
Total 5,400,000 600,000 6,000,000
Source : FAO Report, 1996
1992 UN Convention on Biological Diversity (Entered in force Dec, 1993)
UPOV 91 (Entered in force
Apr, 1998)
1994 WTO TRIPS(Entered in force
Jan, 1995 )
2001 FAO International
Treaty(Entered in force
Jun, 2004)
International Treaties Governing PGRInternational Treaties Governing PGR
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
Protection of Plant Varieties and
Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001
Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order 2003
Patents Act, 1970 (Amendment
2003)
National Laws Governing Access and Use of National Laws Governing Access and Use of PGRPGR
Involve ICARInvolve ICAR--NBPGR in all NBPGR in all MoUsMoUs/ / MTAsMTAs/ / LoAsLoAs on germplasm including, exploration on germplasm including, exploration and collection, conservation and use in order and collection, conservation and use in order to effectively implement the 'single window to effectively implement the 'single window system' in operationsystem' in operation
National Partnership in PGR Management
Collaborations in ExplorationCollaborations in Exploration
All germplasm explorations within the country All germplasm explorations within the country should be undertaken in should be undertaken in collaboration/consultation with NBPGR collaboration/consultation with NBPGR following the rules in BDAfollowing the rules in BDA
National Accessioning of GermplasmNational Accessioning of Germplasm
Each and every germplasm collection, whether Each and every germplasm collection, whether indigenous or exotic, must have a indigenous or exotic, must have a national national identifier numberidentifier number
(IC, EC numbers are allocated by NBPGR)(IC, EC numbers are allocated by NBPGR)
National Partnership in ----
Germplasm ExchangeGermplasm ExchangeAdhere to the guidelines for exchange of Adhere to the guidelines for exchange of germplasm for research purposes as issued by germplasm for research purposes as issued by NBPGR/ICAR/GoINBPGR/ICAR/GoI from time to time.from time to time.
Quarantine Quarantine
There is risk of transferring pathogens There is risk of transferring pathogens through introduction of germplasm. through introduction of germplasm. Phytosanitary certificate/Phytosanitary certificate/biosafetybiosafety norms are to norms are to be followed.be followed.
National Partnership in ---
Internal supply of PGRInternal supply of PGR
In order to meet the requirements of PGR by In order to meet the requirements of PGR by research organisations in public/private/NGO research organisations in public/private/NGO sector and in the light of WTO/CBD/FAO sector and in the light of WTO/CBD/FAO requirements for access and benefit sharing, requirements for access and benefit sharing, exchange of exchange of MTAs/LoAsMTAs/LoAs should be adoptedshould be adopted
National Partnership in ---
ConservationConservationSupply samples of all plant germplasm collections Supply samples of all plant germplasm collections (seeds,vegetative (seeds,vegetative propagulespropagules, , cryocryo--preserved materials, preserved materials, in in vitrovitro cultures) for the National Gene Bank as base cultures) for the National Gene Bank as base collectioncollection
National DatabaseNational DatabaseMake available information about germplasm holdings, Make available information about germplasm holdings, passport and evaluation data, indigenous knowledge, etc. passport and evaluation data, indigenous knowledge, etc. to the National Database on PGR at NBPGR.to the National Database on PGR at NBPGR.
National Partnership in ---
Mass awarenessMass awarenessThere is an urgent need to generate awareness There is an urgent need to generate awareness among the public, NGOs and private agencies to among the public, NGOs and private agencies to deposit their seed/ plant material in the National deposit their seed/ plant material in the National Gene BankGene Bank
FeedbackFeedbackEnsure feed back of information on the Ensure feed back of information on the utilisation of germplasm supplied through utilisation of germplasm supplied through NBPGRNBPGR
National Partnership in ---
Indigenous Knowledge/ WisdomIndigenous Knowledge/ Wisdom
Make concerted efforts for Make concerted efforts for documentation documentation of indigenous of indigenous knowledge/ wisdom availableknowledge/ wisdom available
Plant Germplasm RegistrationPlant Germplasm RegistrationSpeed up efforts for the registration of Speed up efforts for the registration of germplasm/ genetic stocks of proven germplasm/ genetic stocks of proven value/traits with NBPGR.value/traits with NBPGR.
National Partnership in ---
HRD on PGRHRD on PGR
Create separate unit of PGR in all institutions Create separate unit of PGR in all institutions dealing with germplasm. dealing with germplasm. Introduce separate course on PGR and recognise Introduce separate course on PGR and recognise PGR as one of the qualifications for PGR as one of the qualifications for recruitment in disciplines related to PGR. recruitment in disciplines related to PGR.
National Partnership in ---
•• How can you help in managing the National PGR wealth ? How can you help in managing the National PGR wealth ?
•• How can you coHow can you co--operate with NBPGR in this endeavour ?operate with NBPGR in this endeavour ?
•• What can be your contribution?What can be your contribution?
•• What are your expectations from NBPGR?What are your expectations from NBPGR?
National Partnership in ---