indian national movemenent

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DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

VISAKHAPATNAM, A.P., INDIA

PROJECT TITLE

INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

SUBJECT

HISTORY - 2

NAME OF THE FACULTY

DR. VISWANATH CHANDRA MADASU sir

Na! "# $%! Ca&'i'a$!( M. SHIREESHA

R")) N". * S!!s$!r( 2++ * 2ND SEMESTER, ST YEAR

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ACKNOWLE/EMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our lecturer Mr. Vishawanath

Chandra Madasu sir, who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the

topic INI!N N!"I#N!$ M#V%M%N", which also helped me in doing a lot of &esearchand I came to know a'out so many new things I am really thankful to them.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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ABSTRACT

"he Indian national movements was undou'tedly on of the 'iggest mass movements

in modern society has ever seen. &ich and diverse culture, way of life. !ll inclusive

values and 'eliefs and amaDing diversity+. that is India. #ur values are deeply

rooted in our heart, mind and soul. tarting from the Indus civiliDation down to the

present India represents great continuity. "he story of IndiaBs struggle for

independence is well known to everyone. It is a saga of undying spirit, fearless

struggle and focused committement.

Indian national movement is a glorious chapter of our history that every Indian is

immensely proud of. %ach episode is an epitome of remarka'le sacrifice. It had

o'literated the difference of caste and religion and the rich and poor divide in the

fight against the oppression and loot 'y the %uropean imperialists and their Indian

lackeys. %ach episode has inspired countless people. ome took to non 9 violent

means, while others opted for armed struggle. "he roots taken may have different, 'ut

aim and o'jective were the same countless are the persons who plunged themselves

into this fight. 5rom pale gars to princes, from sanyas into commoner in fought them.

"ri'alBs, dalits, women, kings, commoners, everyone fought them.

eep discontent and resentment 'egan 'rewing in India 'y mid 7:th century. "his

re'ellion exploded as a full scale re'ellion in March 78/6. "he whole nation had

fought the -ritishers with all its might. "he Indian national movement, in fact,

provides the only actual historical example of a semi4 democratic or democratic type

of social structure 'eing successful replaced and transformed.

"he national movement is perhaps one of the 'est examples of the creation of an

extremely wide movement with a common aim in which diverse political and

ideological currents could co4 exist and work 9 and simultaneously continue to

contend for overall ideological and political hegemony over it. "he national

movement also played a pivotal role in the historical process through which the

Indian people got formed into a nation or a people. It is played a vital role for getting

independence.

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1. INTRODUCTION

"he story of IndiaBs struggle for achieving independence is a saga of undying spirit,

fearless struggle and focused commitment. It is a glorious chapter of our history that

every Indian is immensely proud of. %ach episode is an epitome of remarka'le sacrifice.

%ach episode has inspired 'y the countless people. &ich and diverse culture, uniEue way

of life, all inclusive values and 'eliefs and amaDing diversity+ that is India. #ur values

are deeply rooted in our heart, mind and soul. "he Indian national movement was

undou'tedly one of the 'iggest mass movements modern society has ever seen. It was a

movement which galvaniDed millions of people of all classes and ideologies into political

action 'rought to its mighty colonial empire. "he Indian national movement is perhaps

one of the 'est examples of extremely wide movement with a common aim in which

diverse political and ideological currents could co4exist and simultaneously continue to

contend for overall ideological and political hegemony over it.

"he movement populariDed democratic ideas and institutions in India. 5rom the

'eginning, the nationalists fought against attacks 'y the state on the freedoms of the

press, expression and association, and made the struggle for these freedoms an integral

part of the national movement. "he freedom struggle was also a struggle for economic

development. In time an economic developed which was to dominate the views of

independent India. 5rom the initial stages, the movement adopted a pre4poor orientation

which was strengthened with the advent of *andhi and the rise of the leftists who

struggled to make the movement adopt a socialist outlook. "he movement also

increasingly moved towards a programme of radical social reform. "he national

movement also played a pivotal role in the historical process through which the Indian

people got formed into a nation or a people. "he Indian national movement was 'ased on

an immense faith in the capacity of the Indian people to make sacrifices. !s a mass

movement, the Indian national movement was a'le to tap the diverse energies, talents and

capacities of a large variety of people. It had a place for all 9 old and young, rich and

poor, women and men, the intellectuals and masses.

2. BRITISH RAJ IN INDIA

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In the economic sphere the 67. "he -ritish also responsi'le for dividing the country on the religious grounds.

"he -ritish were also 'rought a'out a great impact on the judiciary in India. "he

-ritish administrative system was 'ased on three pillars4 executive, judiciary,

$egislature. #ne of the greatest contri'utions of the -ritish rule in India was the

introduction of the western education in the country. %xpansion of -ritish power in

India under the *overnor 9*eneral was greatly impact on the conditions of India.

-ritishers were completely changed the structure of Indian society, apart from

conEuering, suppressing our rights etc, they were made a lot of administrative

reforms. "he foundation of Indian judiciary was laid down 'y the -ritishers. "he

Indian judiciary evolved, developed from the common law. If -ritishers were not

occupying India, the Indian scenario will 'e something differs from what existing

system.

3. SOCIO- RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS AND NATIONAL

AWAKENING

-y the 'eginning of the nineteenth century Indian had lost faith in their culture and

regarded western culture as their ideal. "hey gropingly followed western dress,

western literature, western thought and every thing else which 'elonged to the west.

"he chief o'ject of western education was to provide westerniDed Indians. -ut at the

same time, a new thought came to the minds of Indians. It inspired the Indians in

every walk of their life viD. society, religion, literature, fin arts, politics etc. In the

history of modern India, the socio4religious reforms occupy a significant place. ocial

reformers like &aja &am Mohan &oy, wami ayanand arawathi and wami1 httpsFGGen.wikipedia.orgGwikiG2istoryHofHtheH-ritishH&aj

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent


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Vivekananda were responsi'le for the social and cultural awakening in India. "he

spread of li'eral ideas of the west provided further stimulus for the emergence of

reform movements. "hese movements introduced important changes in social and

religious life of the people of India. "he important social religious movements of the

7:th and ;th centuries were the 'rahmo samaj, the prathana amaj and the !rya

amaj and the theosophical society and the &amakrishna mission. "he growth of

Indian nationalism or national consciousness is a remarka'le feature of the 7:th

century. "hese are developing self confidence in the people of our country.

4. THE REVOLT OF 1857 THE FIRST MAJOR CHALLENGE

"he &evolt of 78/6 was the most dramatic of traditional IndiaBs struggle against the

-ritish rule. "he revolt of 78/6 is as much a landmark in the history of modern India

as it is a watershed in the history of -ritish imperialism in this su'continent. IndiaBs

first war of independence, the great re'ellion, the Indian munity, the revolt of 78/6.

"he revolt was a result of various grievances.

C!0% #5 &%V#$"F


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"he rise of Nationalism is reflected in the spirit of &enaissance in %urope

when freedom from religious restrictions led to the enhancement of national identity.

"his expression of Nationalism was furthered 'y the 5rench &evolution. "he political

changes resulted in the passing of sovereignty from the hands of an a'solute monarch

to the 5rench citiDens, who had the power to constitute the nation and shape its

destiny. "he watchwords of the 5rench &evolution 4 $i'erty, %Euality and 5raternity 4

inspired the whole world. Many other revolutions like the !merican &evolution, the

&ussian &evolution, etc. !lso strengthened the idea of Nationalism. In this lesson,

you will read a'out the rise of Nationalism in India which emerged in the 7:th

Century after the revolt of 78/6.

&ise of Nationalism in India for India, the making of national identity was a

long process whose roots can 'e drawn from the ancient era. India as a whole had

'een ruled 'y emperors like !shoka and amudragupta in ancient times and !k'ar to

!urangDe' in Medieval times. -ut, it was only in the 7:th Century that the concept of

a national identity and national consciousness emerged. "his growth was intimately

connected to the anti4colonial movement the social, economic and political factors

had inspired the people to define and achieve their national identity.


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the -ritish would certainly try to rectify them. !mong the li'eral leaders, the most

prominent were 5iroD hah Mehta, *opal (rishna *okhale, ada -hai Naoroji, &as

-ehari -ose, -adruddin "aya'ji, etc. 5rom 788/ to 7:;/, the Indian National

Congress had a very narrow social 'ase. Its influence was confined to the ur'an

educated Indians.

"he early aims of this organiDation were limited only to communicate with

-ritish government on 'ehalf of the Indian people and voice their grievances. It was

rightly called the era of the Moderates.

Initial stages of Indian National Congress "he congress placed its demands

'efore the government always in the form of petitions and worked within the

framework of law. It was for this reason that the early Congress leaders were referred

to as LModeratesB. uring its first twenty years the Congress made moderate

demands. "he mem'ers placed their demands 'efore the *overnment always in the

form of petitions and worked within the framework of law. It was for this reason that

the early Congress leaders were referred to as LModeratesB they asked forF

?a@ &epresentative legislatures,

?'@ IndianiDation of services,

?c@ &eduction of military expenditure,

?d@ %ducation, employment and holding of the IC ?Indian Civil ervices@

examination in India,

?e@ ecrease in the 'urden of the cultivators,

?f@ efense of civil rights,

?g@ eparation of the judiciary from the executive,

?h@ Change in the tenancy laws,

?i@ &eduction in land revenue and salt duty,

?j@


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0nfortunately, their efforts did not 'ring many changes in the policies and

administration of the -ritish in India. In the 'eginning, the -ritishers had a favora'le

attitude towards the Congress. -ut, 'y 7886, this attitude 'egan to change. "hey did

not fulfill the demands of the Moderates. "he only achievement of the Congress was

the enactment of the Indian Councils !ct, 78: that enlarged the legislature 'y adding

a few nonofficial mem'ers and passing of a resolution for holding Indian Civil

ervices %xamination simultaneously in $ondon and in India. Many leaders gradually

lost faith in the Constitutional process. %ven though the Congress failed to achieve its

goal, it succeeded in creating national awakening and instilling in the minds of the

Indian peoples a sense of 'elonging to one Nation.

"he -ritishers who were earlier supporting the Moderates soon realiDed that the

movement could turn into a National force that would drive them out of the country.

"his totally changed their attitude. "hey passed strict laws to control education and

cur' the press. Minor concessions were given so as to win over some Congress

leaders. "he -ritish Viceroy, $ord CurDon was a staunch imperialist and 'elieved in

the superiority of the %nglish people. 2e passed an !ct in 78:8, making it an offence

to provoke people against the -ritish rulers. 2e passed the Indian 0niversities !ct in

7:;>, imposing stiff control over Indian 0niversities. CurDon was out to suppress therising Nationalism in India.

THE !ROGRAMME AND ACTIVITES OF EARL$ NATIONALIST

%arly nationalist leadership 'elieved that a direct struggle for the political

emancipation of the country was not yet on the agenda of history. )hat was on the

agenda was the arousal of national feeling, consolidation of this feeling, the 'ringing

of a large num'er of the Indian people into the vortex of the nationalist politics, and

their training in politics and political agitation. "he first important task in this respect

was the creation of pu'lic interest in political Euestions and the organiDation of pu'lic

opinion in the country. econd, popular demands had to 'e formulated on a country

wide on the 'asis of national interest of the people. Most important of all, national

unity had to 'e created, in the first instance, among the political conscious Indians

and political workers and leaders. "he early national leaders fully aware of the

conseEuence if our country was led 'y -ritish. "hey created nationalism in the minds

of people.

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%. 1"#5 1"18

"he political events of the years 78:47:;/ also disappointed the nationalist and

made them think of more radical politics. In these period the growth of nationalism

also increasing rapidly.

!ARTITION OF BENGAL

CurDon announced the partition of -engal. "he reason for partition was given

as an attempt to improve administration. -ut the real aim was to Livide and &uleB.

"he partition was done in order to create a separate tate for Muslims and so

introduce the poison of communalism in the country. 2owever the Indians viewed the

partition as an attempt 'y the -ritish to disrupt the growing national movement in

-engal and divide the 2indus and Muslims of the region. )idespread agitation

ensued in the streets and in the press.


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their needs and aspirations 'efore the *overnment in temperate language o far as

possi'le without pre4justice to the o'jects mentioned a'ove, to promote friendly

relations 'etween Muslim and other committees of IndiaA.

HOME RULE LEAGUES

2ome &ule $eague, either of two short4lived organiDations of the same name

in India esta'lished in !pril and eptem'er 7:71, respectively, 'y Indian militant

nationalist -al *angadhar "ilak and -ritish social reformer and Indian independence

leader !nnie -esant. "he term, 'orrowed from a similar movement in Ireland,

referred to the efforts of Indian nationalists to achieve self4rule from the -ritish

Indian government>. "he two 2ome leagues worked in cooperation and carried out

intense propaganda all over the country in favour of the demand for the country in

favour of the grant of home rule or self government to India after the 5irst )orld )ar.

"ilak

MINTO MORLE$ REFORMS

Indian Councils !ct of 7:;:, also called Morley4Minto &eforms, series of reform

measures enacted in 7:;: 'y the -ritish


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Introduction of system of separate electorate under which all Muslims who

are grouped in separate constituencies from which Muslims alone could 'e elected.

Majority of official mem'ers at the Centre nonofficial at the provinces


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"he third and last phases of the national movement 'egan in 7:7: when the era of

popular mass movements was initiated. "he Indian people waged perhaps the greatest

mass struggle in world history and IndianBs national revolution was victorious.

GANDHIJI(S EARL$ CAREER AND ACTIVITIES

2is entry into Indian politics opened a new chapter in IndiaBs struggle for

independence. 2e was the one who transformed the content, contour, the range and

the scope of the freedom fight. 2is mass mo'iliDation techniEues were uniEue. 2is

command over the mass Indian extraordinary. 2e was the dynamic and dominant

personality of national movement and was instrumental in directing the struggle

against the -ritish imperialists. )hen Mohandas (aramchand called for a nation4

wide atyagraha against the &owlatt !ct in March 7:7:, his first attempt at leading

an all India struggle. 2e was a dynamic man in Indian freedom fight. *andhiBs first

experiment in atyagraha came in 7:76 in Champaran, a district in -ihar. In 7:78

mahatma *andhi intervened in a dispute 'etween the workers and mill4owners of

!hmada'ad. 2is ideology was greatly impact on the peoples 'ut it doesnBt work all

time. Nowadays days also he was criticiDed 'y his own nations people for several

reasons. !lthough he was one of the greatest leader of our nations.

KHILAF MOVEMENT &1"1"'

! new stream came into the nationalist movement with the khilafat

movement. "he younger generation of educated Muslims and a section of traditional

divines and theologies had 'een growing more and more radical and nationalists. "he

ground for common political action 'y 2indus and Muslims had already prepared 'y

the $ucknow pact. "he (hilafat movement started due to the fact that the -ritish

*overnment a'olished the title of (hilfa of the sultan of turkey who was defeated in

the war. (halifa was regarded as the religious head of the Muslim world. "he

movement was widespread all over the world where the Muslims presented. !ll India

(halifat conference held at elhi in Novem'er, 7:7: decided to withdraw all co4

operation from the government. "he INC having viewed that it is opportunity to

consolidate the 2indu4Muslim.

ROWLAT ACT

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In the year 7:7:, the -ritish *overnment passed a new rule called &owlatt

!ct, under which the *overnment had the authority and power to arrest people and

keep them in prisons without any trial if they are suspected with the charge of

terrorism. "he government also earned the power to refrain the newspapers from

reporting and printing news. "he !ct was ill famed as -lack !ct 'y the people and

Indians revolt in protest against the &owlatt !ct. "he positive aspect of reform 'y

-ritish *overnment was su'jected to severe sa'otage 'y the &owlatt act of 7:7:."he

act was named after the recommendations made in the previous year to the Imperial

$egislative Council 'y the &owlatt Commission. "he &owlatt Commission was

appointed to investigate the seditious conspiracy of the Indian people. "he $aw

passed empowered the Viceroy *overnment with extraordinary power to stop all

violations 'y silencing the press, confining political activists without trial and

arresting any individual suspected of sedition and treachery and arresting individuals

without any warrant. ! nationwide protest was raised 'y calling a 2artal. Mahatma

*andhi was extremely agitated 'y enactment of &owlatt !ct. 2e was extremely

critical a'out the act and argued that everyone cannot 'e punished for isolated

political crime8.

JALLIAWALLABAGH MOVEMENT

!fter the war the -ritish made the rules more stringent. "hey passed the &ollat !ct.

"his was opposed 'y the people. Many of the leaders were put in the jails. #n 7A th

!pril, 7:7:, it was a -aisakhi day. "housands of people had gathered in jalianwala

-agh at !mritsar. "hey were holding a conference. "hey wanted their leaders to 'e

released from jail. ! -ritish army officer, *eneral yer surrounded the only gate

which led to this garden and ordered his men to fire till their 'ullets were exhausted.

2undreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands were wounded. "he

news of this 'rutal cruelty spread throughout the country. "he entire people of India

greatly shocked. "his situation was greatly impact on the minds of people.

NON COO!ERATION MOVEMENT

8 httpFGGwww.indianetDone.comG7>GtheHrowlattHactH7:7:.htm

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In eptem'er, 7:;, a special session of the congress was held at Calcutta under the

leadership of $ala $ajpat &ai. "he non4cooperation resolution moved 'y the *andhi.

It clearly stated the programme of non co4operation. Non4 cooperators were to resign

from honorary offices and nominated posts. "he &owlatt !ct and "he reforms of

7:7:, the khilafat wrongs, other reasons lead to non cooperation movement against

the -ritish.

5ailures of Non Cooperation MovementF *overnment made no amends for


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Civil diso'edience movement ended with the *andhi4Irwin pact.

)UIT INDIA MOVEMENT 1"42

In the failure of the Cripps mission, imminent 3apanese threat, the -ritish attitude

towards Indians who were left 'ehind in -urma and the prevailing anger and hostility to

an alien and meaningless war, Euit India resolution was passed on 8 !ugust, 7:> 'y

!ICC at *owalia tank, -om'ay. *andhi "old the -ritish to uit India and Jleave India in

*odBs handsK. 2is message was Jdo or dieK. "he Euit India movement marked the climax

of the freedom struggle. It was the last and the most important mass movement launched

with the o'jective of complete emancipation of India. It placed the demand for

independence for India as the immediate agenda of national movement.

MOUTBATTEN !LAN 1"47

"he plan declared that power would 'e handed over 'y 7/ !ugust 7:>6 on the 'asis of

dominion status to India and


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v. "he princely states would 'e free to join either of the two dominions or to remain

independent, and whatever treaties were signed with them would soon end.

vi. 6 to one

or two successor authorities on a ominion tatus 'asis, 'ut without


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?C@ "he -ritish *overnment was to have no control over the ominions, provinces

or any part of the ominions after 7/th !ugust, 7:>6.

?@ 0ntil the new constitution is framed, made the existence Constitutes !ssem'lies,

and 'ound to follow the existence system.

?%@ "ermination of the crown in all Indian states, etc.

"he Indian independent act, 7:>6 marked the ending of -ritish &ule in India. It

recogniDed the right of the Indian to free. -ut unfortunately, it divided into free.

8. THE MORNING SONG OF INDIA

ItBs a / second lyric that stirs every Indian heart. It fills them with joy and

unspeaka'le. "he eyes 'ecome moist and the chest gets 'allooned with pride. "hereBs

rush of adrenaline in the sinews and tingle in every nerve. "hat is our national

anthem4 the 3ana *ana Mana. )ritten as praise to $ord and a prayer to the Mother

*oddess, the song 'ecame national prayer of hope and aspiration for every Indian.

"he song took a Euiet 'irth in a corner of (olkata in 7:77. It was first sung 'y

"agoreBs niece arala evi Choudhuri at the 7:77 !ICC meet in the presence of great

leaders like -ishan Narayan ar, -hupendranath -ose and !'mikacharan Majumdar.

It appeared under the title of L-harat -hagya Vidhata Lin -rahma mouthpiece

"attava'odhini , 7:>6, the historic session of the Indian

Constituent !ssem'ly opened with Vande Mataram and closed with 3ana *hana

Mana. In a letter, pandit 3awaharlal Nehru mentioned that during *eneral !ssem'ly

of 0nited Nations in New =ork in 7:>6, when the Indian delegation was asked to

produce the countryBs national anthem, the mem'ers gave a recording of 3ana *ana

Mana, which was played 'y the orchestra in front of the world gathering and it and it

received applause for its distinctive and dignified tune. )hen Indians unshackled

from the -ritish =oke, this song 'ecame out national anthem of our country. #n

3anuary >, 7:/;, when the constitution !ssem'ly met to sign the Constitution of

India,


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anthem and Vande Mataram the national song. "he song was led 'y


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opened in different parts of the country77 . he elected the constitution assem'ly and

the provisional constituent assem'ly and the provincial parliament7.

SAROJINI NAIDU

arojini Naidu was a distinguished poet, renowned freedom fighter and one of the

greatest orators of time. he was famously known as J'harathiya kokila J. arojini

Naidu was the first women to 'ecome the president of Indian national congress and

the first women to 'ecome the *overnor of the state.

arojini Naidu was moved 'y the partition of -engal in 7:;/ and

decided to join the Indian freedom struggle )ith such an encouraging environment,

arojini later moved on to 'ecome leader of the Indian National Congress A/87G'iography4of4durga'ai4deshmukh.html

12

httpFGGwww.streeshakti.comG'ook.aspxauthorO7;

13 http://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/sarojini-naidu.htl

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again participated in uit India movement. Mani'en was an active mem'er of

loksha'a, and vice president of *ujarat provincial congress committee.

ARUNA ASF ALI

!runa !sf !li was a teacher 'ecame an active mem'er of national congress and

participated *andhiji alt atyagraha. he played a leading role during uit India

movement elected as elhi first Mayor. 2onored with -harath &atna in 7::8. he

was legendary of IndiaBs freedom struggle.

BHIKAIJI CAMA

! prominent personality of Indian national movement, -hikaiji Cama was 'orn as

-hikaiji &ustom Cama in -om'ay. 2er father or'aji 5ramji was a powerful mem'er

of the


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0yyalawada Narasimha &eddy is credited to 'e one of the first freedom fighters in India.

2is was the first revolts in India against -ritish occupation, 7; years earlier than

the epoy &e'ellion of 78/6. Nearly 1; villages are under the control of reddy and

controlled an army of ;;;. !fter &ayalaseema was ceded to the -ritish 'y the NiDam,

Narasimha &eddy refused to share the revenue of the region with the -ritish. 2e was in

favor of an armed uprising. #n 7; 3une 78>1 he attacked the treasury at (oilkuntla and

marched towards Cum'um ?


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the society. !long with 3ayaprakash Narayana, he 'uilt socialist movement in the country.

2e had also fought for the li'eration of *oa and camped in *oa to incite the locals to

throw off the


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India 'ecomes a repu'lic 1 3anuary 7:/; is cele'rated as repu'lic day as the

constitution of India came into force on that day. "o draft the Indian constitution, a

rafting committee was appointed 'y the constitution assem'ly with seven mem'ers

under the chairmanship of the r. -.&. !m'edhakar. 2e was an eminent lawyer, a

learned scholar, a leader and a'ove all a person who respected truth.

"he process of evolution of the Constitution of India 'egan decades 'efore 1 th

3anuary 7:/; and has continued una'ated since. Its origins lie deeply em'edded in

the struggle for independence. "he demand for formulation of Constituent !ssem'ly

to frame an accepta'le constitution was first raised 'y the M.N.&oy in 7:A>. !

constituent !ssem'ly was constituted on the 'asis of one representative for roughly

one million people.

"he Constituent !ssem'ly had A8: mem'ers. #f these, :1 were from the rest of

India and :A were from the princely states. Initially, on : th ecem'er 7:>1, the

Constituent !ssem'ly 'egan its first session. ;6 mem'ers attended first session. #n

77 ecem'er, r -a'u &ajendra


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r. !m'edhkar was the first law minister of India after got independence in 7:>6.he

was posthumously awarded the nations highest honour the -harath &atna in 7::;.the

work of drafting the constitution was organiDed into five stagesF

5irst, committee was asked to present reports on 'asic issues. "he constituent

assem'le and appointed 7; committees on procedural affairs and 77 on su'stantive

affairs. It had numerous su'committees and ad hoc committees and even committee

of the whole house.

econd, constitutional adviser -.N. &au prepared the initial draft 'ased on the

committee. 2e also did lot of research into the constitutions of other countries.

"hird, the drafting committee, headed 'y r. !m'edhkar prepared a detailed draft

constitution which was pu'lished for pu'lic discussion and comments.

5ourth, the draft committee was discussed and amendments were proposed the

constituent assem'ly de'ates are useful aid to the interpretation of the constitution.

"hey give deep insights into the thinking and foresight of our nation 'uilders.

"he final draft of constitution was adopted. "he final draft of the constitution was

prepared 'efore the Constituent assem'ly on Novem'er A, 7:>:. "he president of constituent assem'ly was put his signature and finally on 1 th Novem'er, 7:>:, the

constitution of India was adopted and on 1th 3anuary, 7:/; it came into force all over

the India except 3ammu and (ashmir. "he constitution, that emerged from the hall on

Novem'er 1, 7:>:, was the longest in the world, and had A:/ articles in its corpus.

-.&. !m'edhkar said a'out the new constitutionF it is worka'le and flexi'le and it is

strong enough to hold the country together 'oth in peace time and in war time. Many

features of the Indian constitution were adopted or 'orrowed from the various

countries constitution.

13. CONCLUSION

"he national movement is perhaps one of the 'est examples of the creation of an

extremely wide movement with a common aim in which diverse political and

ideological currents could co4 exist and work 9 and simultaneously continue to

contend for overall ideological and political hegemony over it. "he national

movement also played a pivotal role in the historical process through which the

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Indian people got formed into a nation or a people. It is played a vital role for getting

independence. "he Indian national movement increased the unity among Indians. It is

pathway for our Nationalism, development, self 9identity of nation. 6. "he India declared as independent nation on !ugust7/,

7:>6. "hey were leaved our country 'ut we have still their ?some of@ system which

means administration rules and regulations, especial judiciary.

-I-$I#*&!

Documents

indian national movemenent