Indian Institute of Metals Series

Editors-in-chief

Baldev Raj, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, IndiaU. Kamachi Mudali, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam,Tamil Nadu, India

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15453

N. Eswara Prasad • R.J.H. WanhillEditors

Aerospace Materialsand Material TechnologiesVolume 1: Aerospace Materials

123

EditorsN. Eswara PrasadDefence Materials and Stores R&DEstablishment (DMSRDE)

Kanpur, Uttar PradeshIndia

R.J.H. WanhillEmmeloord, FlevolandThe Netherlands

ISSN 2509-6400 ISSN 2509-6419 (electronic)Indian Institute of Metals SeriesISBN 978-981-10-2133-6 ISBN 978-981-10-2134-3 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2134-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016948239

© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein orfor any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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Toour eminent teachers and close associates foraerospace materials and materialtechnologies;

and to

our partners and families for their support,notably during 2014–2016, the years inwhich these books were prepared.

N. Eswara Prasad and R.J.H. Wanhill

Foreword by Prof. Dipankar Banerjee

If the world has shrunk rapidly in recent centuries,this has been in no small measure due to the impact ofmaterials on aerospace transport. The specific fuelconsumption of commercial aircraft has, for example,decreased by an astonishing 70 % using the DeHavilland Comet as baseline. The reliability of theirpropulsion systems allows long-haul flights thatencircle the globe, travelling non-stop for 15–20 h.We have mastered space, with footsteps on the moonand images and analysis of the Martian terrain. Theinternational space station has been continuouslyoccupied since 2000. While it is hard to dissect and

break down contributions of any specific engineering discipline to these spectacularachievements, surely materials have played a significant enabling role, whetherfrom the ‘fine-tuning’ of traditional metallic materials, or the development of newercomposites and speciality materials including functional coatings. The integrationof stealth materials into aerospace structures has added an extra dimension tomilitary aerospace vehicles. The emergence of several high temperature monolithicand composite ceramic materials based on carbon and silicon carbide matrices andreinforcements has resulted in vastly improved material capabilities for high tem-perature aerospace applications. Several new refractory materials are findingultrahigh temperature applications as 2000K+ materials, especially for reusable andre-entry hypersonic vehicles. Aviation accounts for about 3 % of global energyconsumption, and the growth of energy use by the aviation sector exceeds that ofother transportation sectors. Aircraft emissions, which are currently unregulated, areabout 60 % in the upper troposphere and 20 % in the stratosphere. The industry willdemand further materials-enabled improvements to address these challenges.

It is encouraging that the present volume on aerospace materials for thetwo-volume source book series of IIM/Springer Publication provides conciseoverviews of all the above. Development, physical metallurgy, processing,

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properties and applications of each of nearly 26 categories of aerospace materialshave been covered.

Dr. N. Eswara Prasad has been my close associate and colleague and hasaccumulated much experience and expertise with aerospace materials over the last30 years. I am happy that he has accepted the major responsibility imposed on himby the Indian Institute of Metals (IIM), and the architect of its book seriesDr. Baldev Raj, to co-author and co-edit with Dr. R.J.H. Wanhill (an internationalexpert in the field of aerospace materials and technologies) the contents of thesevolumes. I am sure their readers will find them extremely useful, and thetwo-volume series will serve as a ready reference for engineering students, prac-ticing engineers and aerospace structural designers.

I take this opportunity to congratulate all the authors and editors—Dr. N. EswaraPrasad, Dr. R.J.H. Wanhill and Dr. Baldev Raj, Editor-in-Chief, and Springer onthe successful completion of this mammoth endeavour. This kind of internationalbook project also serves as a road map for the future. We are reminded thatmaterials development and translation into engineering practice is still a long andarduous task, with significant reliance on trial and error approaches. As a com-munity we are now engaged in the task of redefining the processes of materialsinsertion into engineering products through integration of multiscale modelling,data analytics and materials informatics, uncertainty quantification andmulti-objective optimisation into the materials design effort. I hope future volumesin this series will capture also these dramatic advances as the field matures.

Prof. Dipankar BanerjeeFASc, FNA, FNAE, FNASc

Former Director, Defence Metallurgical Research LaboratoryHyderabad, India

Former Chief Controller R&D(Aeronautics & Materials Science)

DRDO, New Delhi, IndiaFormer President, Indian Institute of Metals (IIM)

Former President, Electron Microscopy Society (EMS) andPresently Professor, Department of Materials Engineering

Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India

viii Foreword by Prof. Dipankar Banerjee

Foreword by Prof. Indranil Manna

Advancements in aerospace systems, materials andtechnologies in the last century are both voluminousand phenomenal. Several countries in both thedeveloped and developing world have become prin-cipal players in developing aeronautical materials,thereby earning the credit for the advancement ofaerospace systems including civil and military air-craft, helicopters, airborne surveillance systems,unmanned aerospace vehicles, guided missiles,supersonic re-entry vehicles and satellites. All thesesystems require advanced materials and cutting-edgematerial processing technologies. Hence synthesis,

processing, characterisation and testing of materials form the basis for the devel-opment and realization of aerospace components, sub-systems and systems. It is awell-recognized fact that aerospace engineering is principally responsible fordeveloping several critical technologies that include (i) design and development ofadvanced materials, components and sub-systems; (ii) aeronautical material speci-fications and standards for materials and testing; (iii) characterisation and testingmethodologies; and (iv) life estimations and predictions based on fatigue andfracture mechanics principles. In addition, aerospace engineering has advancedseveral other critical technologies such as propulsion, aeroengines, electronics,communication and guidance.

There are a number of text books and monographs on aerospace materials andrelated technologies. As well, several ASTM standards, metals handbooks andspecial volumes have compiled scientific and design data on various aerospacematerials that are used by aerospace engineers for designing structures and systems.Such efforts have invariably brought out the latest information and also showndirections for future materials and systems developments. However, supplementaldocumentation on recent advances in core domain and interdisciplinary areas isalways needed.

ix

In this respect, the present two-volume book set is a carefully thought outcompilation of overview articles on materials (both established and evolving) andmaterial technologies that are important for aerospace systems. Volume 1 considersaerospace materials in three Parts. Part I covers Metallic Materials (Mg, Al, Al-Li,Ti, Aero steels, Ni, Intermetallics, Bronzes and Nb alloys); Part II deals withComposites (GLARE, PMCs, CMCs and Carbon based CMCs); and Part III con-siders Special Materials. This compilation has ensured that no important aerospacematerial system is ignored. Emphasis has been placed in each book chapter on theunderlining scientific principles as well as basic and fundamental mechanismsleading to processing, characterisation/property evaluation and applications. Eachchapter ends with a bibliography of several reference works, followed by standardsets of references appearing in the chapter. A considerable amount of materials datais compiled and presented in appendices at the end of each volume.

I sincerely wish that these volumes will serve as ready and useful references andsource of relevant information for many aspects of aerospace materials, processingtechnologies, and component and structural designs.

Prof. Indranil MannaFTWAS, FNA, FNAE, FASc., FNASc., FIIM, FIE

Professor, Department of Metallurgical and Materials EngineeringIIT, Kharagpur, India (On Lien)

Former Director, CSIR—Central Glass and CeramicResearch Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata IndiaVice-President, Indian Institute of Metals

and Indian National Academy of EngineeringPresently, Director, Indian Institute of Technology

Kanpur, India

x Foreword by Prof. Indranil Manna

Series Editors’ Preface

The Indian Institute of Metals Series is an institutional partnership series focusingon metallurgy and materials sciences.

About the Indian Institute of Metals

The Indian Institute of Metals (IIM) is a premier professional body (since 1947)representing an eminent and dynamic group of metallurgists and materials scientistsfrom R&D institutions, academia and industry mostly from India. It is a registeredprofessional institute with the primary objective of promoting and advancing thestudy and practice of the science and technology of metals, alloys and novelmaterials. The institute is actively engaged in promoting academia–research andinstitute–industry interactions.

Genesis and History of the Series

The study of metallurgy and materials science is vital for developing advancedmaterials for diverse applications. In the last decade, the progress in this field hasbeen rapid and extensive, giving us a new array of materials, with a wide range ofapplications and a variety of possibilities for processing and characterizing thematerials. In order to make this growing volume of knowledge available, an ini-tiative to publish a series of books in metallurgy and materials science was takenduring the Diamond Jubilee year of the Indian Institute of Metals (IIM) in the year2006. IIM entered into a partnership with Universities Press, Hyderabad, and as partof the IIM Book series, 11 books were published, and a number of these have beenco-published by CRC Press, USA. The books were authored by eminent profes-sionals in academia, industry and R&D with outstanding background in their

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respective domains, thus generating unique resources of validated expertise ofinterest in metallurgy. The international character of the authors and editors hasenabled the books to command national and global readership. This book seriesincludes different categories of publications: textbooks to satisfy the requirementsof undergraduates and beginners in the field, monographs on select topics byexperts in the field and proceedings of select international conferences organized byIIM after a mandatory peer review. An eminent panel of international and nationalexperts constitutes the advisory body in overseeing the selection of topics importantareas to be covered in the books and the selection of contributing authors.

Current Series Information

To increase the readership and to ensure wide dissemination among global readers,this new chapter of the Series has been initiated with Springer. The goal is tocontinue publishing high-value content on metallurgy and materials science,focusing on current trends and applications. Readers interested in writing for theseries may contact the undersigned series editor or the Springer publishing editor,Swati Meherishi.

About This Book

The current source book on “Aerospace Materials and Technologies—2 Volumes”with comprehensive coverage in aerospace, materials, technologies is the first andlatest book to be published with Springer. This book comprises 2 volumes, withfirst volume dedicated to aerospace materials elaborately in three parts, a total of 26chapters covering all types of materials including metallic, composites and specialmaterials. The Volume 2, in 25 chapters, is fully dedicated to the recent andadvanced material technologies, which have emerged in the aerospace industry.This volume consists of four parts covering processing technologies, characteri-zation and testing, structural design and special technologies. As a whole, thissource book on “Aerospace Materials and Technologies” fully covers the importantaspects of the materials development and their technologies in aerospace industryand is an update and unique knowledge base. I am confident that the book wouldhelp the readers to develop the basic and advanced understanding of the materialsand their recent developments which are essential to address significant growth inthe aerospace industry. The authors and editors are of the conviction that the bookwould be a treasure to all those pursuing advanced materials and technologies inaerospace sectors. The students, young faculties, research scholars in academic andR&D institutions, in addition to a place in libraries and knowledge parks, are the

xii Series Editors’ Preface

beneficiaries of the dedicated work and efforts put by Dr. N. Eswara Prasad andDr. R.J.H. Wanhill, as editors, and a large number of eminent authors of the 2volumes of this important book.

We wish you enrichment in knowledge and motivation. Also, we await yourfeedbacks for improving the book when it goes to second edition.

Baldev RajEditor-in-Chief, and

Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

U. Kamachi MudaliCo-Editor-in-Chief

Outstanding Scientist and Associate DirectorIndira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalppakam

Series Editors’ Preface xiii

Preface to Volume 1

The aerospace industry is at the forefront of materials and technologies develop-ments. There are never-ending demands for high performance aerospace vehicleswith lightweight, highly reliable and durable structures. Candidate materials arecontinually being developed and improved and their property envelopes expanded.Structural design and certification requirements, and inspection and monitoringtechniques, also evolve to keep pace with these developments.

There are many excellent materials handbooks and source books available, mostnotably the ASM International series. These offer comprehensive multi-volumeguides that belong in the libraries of every materials-oriented university andinstitute. However, they are less suitable, even in e-form, for regular ‘desktop’consultation. This led us to the concept of a compact and affordable vade mecumthat would serve as a ready reference for practicing engineers and a comprehensiveintroduction, at an advanced level, for students and faculty members.

It soon became evident that a two-volume series would be appropriate. Thesehave the distinguishing titles ‘Aerospace Materials’ (Volume 1) and ‘AerospaceMaterial Technologies’ (Volume 2). These volumes are divided into the followingmain parts:

• Volume 1

– Part I: Metallic Materials (Chaps. 1−12)– Part II: Composites (Chaps. 13−17)– Part III: Special Materials (Chaps. 18−26)

• Volume 2

– Part I: Processing Technologies (Chaps. 1−5)– Part II: Characterization and Testing Technologies (Chaps. 6−11)– Part III: Structural Design (Chaps. 12−19)– Part IV: Special Technologies (Chaps. 20−25)

xv

This Volume 1 contains chapters on (i) magnesium, aluminium, titanium, steeland nickel-base alloys, intermetallics, bronzes and refractory metals; (ii) ‘GLARE’(glass-reinforced aluminium laminates), polymer-, carbon- and ceramic-matrixcomposites; (iii) ceramics, ‘MAX’ phases (carbides and nitrides), shape memoryalloys, coatings, piezo-ceramics, stealth materials, paints, adhesives and elastomers.

Kanpur, India N. Eswara PrasadEmmeloord, The Netherlands R.J.H. Wanhill

xvi Preface to Volume 1

Acknowledgements

In 2012 the Indian Institute of Metals (IIM) invited me to prepare a monograph onContinuous Fibre-reinforced, Ceramic-matrix Composites (CFCCs) to publish inthe IIM series. The outline of that monograph was prepared and a few chapters tookpreliminary shape. However, this project could not be completed because thesubject was dealt with only in a very few institutions in India, and the processingdetails were mostly proprietary. In the meantime, several of my colleagues andwell-wishers, who have worked with me for several years on a new generation ofaluminium alloys, based on lithium additions, agreed to contribute comprehensiveoverview articles to a book on the Physical Metallurgy, Processing, MechanicalBehaviour and Applications of Aluminium-Lithium Alloys—a subject that I havebeen associated with for nearly 30 years. This book was published in 2014 byButterworth-Heinemann—An Imprint of Elsevier, UK/USA.

But my quest to write on other aerospace materials (including the CFCCs) andtheir material technologies still was not quenched. This was the time, during oneof the discussions with Dr. Baldev Raj, Editor-in-Chief, IIM Book series, that it wassuggested to me that my recent experience on concurrent development and certi-fication of aerospace materials should be used to prepare comprehensive book(s) onaerospace materials and technologies. I gratefully agreed to this suggestion ofDr. Baldev Raj and started almost immediately on an outline of such a com-pendium. I was most pleased when Dr. R.J.H. Wanhill of the NLR, the Netherlands(my co-editor for the Aluminium-Lithium Alloys Monograph and an internationallyknown materials scientist) agreed to co-edit this book series. Within months, byearly 2015, the outline of the book series took a definite shape, in the form of atwo-volume book series on Aerospace Materials and Technologies—AerospaceMaterials (Vol. 1) and Aerospace Material Technologies (Vol. 2). I am profoundlygrateful to both Dr. Baldev Raj and Dr. Wanhill for many in-depth subsequentdiscussions to shape these volumes.

I am very fortunate to have a long association with many outstanding aerospacematerials scientists of India and abroad. Two of these most exemplary scientists,

xvii

Dr. Dipankar Banerjee and Dr. Indranil Manna have kindly consented to my requestto provide the Foreword and Preface for Volume 1 of this book series, respectively.

The present book series comprises a number of overview articles on aerospacematerials and aerospace material technologies. The authors of the book chaptershave mostly been pooled from Indian aerospace materials institutions encompassingthe Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Council ofScientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Department of Atomic Energy (DAE),Defence Production, Govt India (particularly, Mishra Dhatu Nigam (MIDHANI)Limited, Hyderabad) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). My own col-leagues at the Regional Centre for Military Airworthiness (RCMA (Materials)),CEMILAC and Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) have con-tributed magnanimously to this book project. Some of the close associates ofDr. Wanhill have contributed also. Dr. Wanhill and I have also contributed con-siderable number of book chapters. I am grateful to each of these principal authorsand their co-authors of the chapters for their valuable contributions to this bookseries.

Dr. Wanhill has further extended his help and guidance to shape the technicalcontents of these two book series by painstakingly reviewing all the book chapters.Although such an exercise is very arduous and difficult to accomplish, it hasresulted in close uniformity in contents and style of the book chapters. I am mostgrateful and greatly indebted to him.

The book contents provided by the authors were typeset by my book secretariatwhich consisted of Mr. D.B.A. Sagar, Late Mrs. P. Varsha, Ms. S. Hima Bindu andMr. Vishal Shreyas, who worked nearly full time on this project. They were alsogreatly aided by my colleagues Mrs. M. Swarna Bai, Shri P. Rambabu and ShriB. Saha. Shri B. Saha and my RCMA colleagues have been instrumental infinalising the data compilations for the appendices of the book volumes. I am verythankful to all these colleagues.

It is an honour for me that Springer has become the principal source of pro-fessional support by agreeing to publish these two book volumes. At this juncture Ishould acknowledge gratefully the initiative taken by the IIM, particularly Dr.Baldev Raj, to conduct a series of discussions with Springer thereby enablingpublication of these volumes by Springer. I must mention here and express mygratitude for the help and support received by the Springer team, especially to SwatiMeherishi, Senior Editor and Aparajita Singh, Editorial Assistant.

N. Eswara Prasad

xviii Acknowledgements

Contents

Part I Metallic Materials

1 Magnesium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3T. Ram Prabhu, Srikanth Vedantam and Vijaya Singh

2 Aluminium Alloys for Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29P. Rambabu, N. Eswara Prasad, V.V. Kutumbarao and R.J.H. Wanhill

3 Aluminium–Lithium Alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53N. Eswara Prasad, Amol A. Gokhale and R.J.H. Wanhill

4 Titanium Sponge Production and Processing for AerospaceApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Ch R.V.S. Nagesh, G.V.S. Brahmendra Kumar, B. Sahaand Amol A. Gokhale

5 Titanium Alloys: Part 1—Physical Metallurgyand Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91A. Bhattacharjee, B. Saha and J.C. Williams

6 Titanium Alloys: Part 2—Alloy Development,Properties and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117A. Bhattacharjee, B. Saha and J.C. Williams

7 Aero Steels: Part 1—Low Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149K.P. Balan and A. Venugopal Reddy

8 Aero Steels: Part 2—High Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173M. Srinivas and A. Venugopal Reddy

9 Nickel-Based Superalloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199D.V.V. Satyanarayana and N. Eswara Prasad

10 Structural Intermetallics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229R. Mitra and R.J.H. Wanhill

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11 Bronzes for Aerospace Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247B. Saha, V. Nimbalkar, D.B. Anant Sagar, M. Sai Krishna Raoand V.P. Deshmukh

12 Niobium and Other High Temperature RefractoryMetals for Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267V.V. Satya Prasad, R.G. Baligidad and Amol A. Gokhale

Part II Composites

13 GLARE®: A Versatile Fibre Metal Laminate (FML)Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291R.J.H. Wanhill

14 Carbon Fibre Polymer Matrix Structural Composites . . . . . . . . . . . 309R.J.H. Wanhill

15 C/C and C/SiC Composites for Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . . . . 343Suresh Kumar, K. Chandra Shekar, B. Jana, L.M. Manochaand N. Eswara Prasad

16 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) for AerospaceApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371N. Eswara Prasad, Anil Kumar and J. Subramanyam

17 Nanocomposites Potential for Aero Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Naveen K. Mahenderkar, T. Ram Prabhu and Anil Kumar

Part III Special Materials

18 Monolithic Ceramics for Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415N. Eswara Prasad and S.B. Bhaduri

19 Nano-enabled Multifunctional Materials for AerospaceApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439K. Balasubramanian, Manoj Tirumali, Yutika Badheand Y.R. Mahajan

20 MAX Phases: New Class of Carbides and Nitridesfor Aerospace Structural Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Sai Priya Munagala

21 Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) for Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . 467R.J.H. Wanhill and B. Ashok

22 Detonation Sprayed Coatings for Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . . 483D. Srinivasa Rao, L. Rama Krishna and G. Sundararajan

xx Contents

23 Piezoceramic Materials and Devices for AerospaceApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501P.K. Panda

24 Stealth Materials and Technology for Airborne Systems . . . . . . . . . 519N. Kumar and S.R. Vadera

25 Paints for Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539K. Shunmugapriya, Shirish S. Kale, G. Gouda, P. Jayapaland K. Tamilmani

26 Elastomers and Adhesives for Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 563C.M. Bhuvaneswari, Shirish S. Kale, G. Gouda, P. Jayapaland K. Tamilmani

Contents xxi

About the Editors

Dr. N. Eswara Prasad FIE, FAPAS, FIIM, aB.Tech. (1985) and a Ph.D. (1993) in MetallurgicalEngineering from Indian Institute of Technology(BHU), Varanasi, India, is an innovative and creativeresearcher and technologist. He is currently serving asDirector, Defense Materials and Stores Research andDevelopment Establishment (DMSRDE), DRDO atKanpur, India. He has made significant and out-standing contributions to the Indian DefenseResearch and Development Organization (DRDO) inthe last 30 years in the fields of design, materialsdevelopment and characterization, and airworthiness

certified production of many advanced aerospace, aeronautical and naval materialsand components. The extensive research work conducted by him has resulted in thedevelopment and certified production of (i) Al and Al-Li alloys for LCA, LCH andIndian Space Programme, (ii) Aero Steels, including Maraging and PH Steels forIndian Missile Programmes, (iii) High strength and high temperature Ti Alloys,including β-Ti alloys for LCA’s slat tracks and landing gear, (iv) AdvancedUltrahigh Temperature materials—Mo and Ti Intermetallics, Monolithic Ceramics(Structural Alumina, Graphite and SiC), Carbon, Silica and SiC based ContinuousFibre-reinforced, Ceramic-matrix Composites (CFCCs) for cutting-edge compo-nents, systems and technologies. Application of these materials in DRDO has beencomplemented by him by extensive fundamental research on tensile deformation,fatigue and fracture, correlations between chemical composition-processing-microstructure-texture-deformation, leading to first time scientific explanations onProperty Anisotropy. In the last 6 years, Dr. Prasad has been instrumental in theconcurrent development and production of several airworthiness certified materialsand components of Aero and Naval steels, Al alloys, Ni-base Superalloys, Tisponge and Special Ti alloys for Indian Defense, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy andATVP—the Indian Submarine Program, which have resulted in realizing defensehardware worth more than Rs. 12 billion, out of which direct materials production

xxiii

of nearly Rs. 6.2 Billions through 180 provisional clearances and 11 type approvalsof CEMILAC. Dr. Prasad’s prolific research resulted over 170 research articles inpeer-reviewed national and international journals and conference proceedings,including 30 written/edited books and book chapters as well as 26 classified andunclassified, as also peer-reviewed technical reports and a highly acclaimed firstInternational Monograph on Al-Li Alloys in 2014. He has also authored nearly 90confidential reports and more than 260 certification documents for DRDO. Inrecognition of his original contributions in the fields of Metallurgy and MaterialsEngineering, Dr. Prasad had received several national and international awards. Hehas been the recipient of YOUNG SCIENTIST AWARD (ICSA, 1991),YOUNG METALLURGIST (Ministry of Steel,1994), AvH’s Humboldt ResearchFellowship (1998-99), Max-Planck-Institute (Stuttgart)’s Visiting Scientist(1998-99), Binani Gold Medal (IIM, 2006), METALLURGIST OF THE YEAR(Ministry of Steel, 2010), AICTE-INAE Distinguished Visiting Professorship atAndhra University and Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology (INAE, 2012-TillDate), IIT-BHU(MET)’s Distinguished Alumnus Award (2013) and the prestigiousDr. V.M. Ghatge Award of AeSI (in 2014). Dr. Prasad is a Fellow of Institute ofEngineers (India) [FIE], Indian Institute of Metals [FIIM] and AP Akademi ofSciences [FAPAS].

Dr. R.J.H. Wanhill is Emeritus Principal ResearchScientist at the Netherlands Aerospace Centre, for-merly the National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, in theNetherlands. He holds two Doctorates, one from theUniversity of Manchester (1968) and the second fromthe Delft University of Technology (1994). He joinedthe NLR in 1970, and since then has investigatedfatigue and fracture of all classes of aerospace alloys.He is co-author of the book ‘Fracture Mechanics’(1984), which has run into a second edition;co-author with Simon Barter of the monograph‘Fatigue of Beta Processed and Beta Heat-treated

Titanium Alloys’, published by Springer in 2012; and co-author and co-editor forthe book ‘Aluminium - Lithium Alloys: Processing, Properties and Applications’,editors N. Eswara Prasad, Amol A. Gokhale and R.J.H. Wanhill, published in 2014.From 1978 to 1996 Dr. Wanhill was head of the Materials Department of the NLR,and in 1979–80 adjunct professor of materials at Delft University of Technology.From 1997 to 2008 he was a Principal Research Scientist in the Aerospace VehiclesDivision of the NLR. From 2008 to 2015 he has been emeritus Principal ResearchScientist at the NLR. In 2002 the Board of the Foundation NLR awarded Dr.Wanhill the first Dr. ir. B.M. Spee Prize for outstanding contributions on aerospacematerials. In October 2014 he was awarded an Honour Diploma by the NetherlandsAerospace Fund for his long-term contributions to scientific research and knowl-edge at the NLR, and use of this knowledge for aircraft failure analyses. In recent

xxiv About the Editors

years Dr. Wanhill has worked on the analysis of fatigue cracking in GLARE panelsfrom the Airbus 380 MegaLiner Barrel test (presented at ICAF 2009) and,in col-laboration with Dr. Simon Barter (Defence Science and Technology Group, DSTG,Melbourne). From November 2009 to May 2010 Dr. Wanhill was a VisitingAcademic at the DSTG. The work there included (i) a collaborative report, bookchapter, and presentation for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on fatigue lifeassessment of combat aircraft; (ii) a book chapter on stress corrosion cracking(SCC) in aerospace; (iii) two seminar presentations, on service failures and theMegaLiner Barrel GLARE cracking (see above); and (iv) preparation of a course onfailure analysis, held twice at Auckland Technical University at the beginning ofMay 2010. This course has been adopted by the RAAF as part of its instructionmaterial. Since 1994 Dr. Wanhill has been investigating fracture phenomena inancient silver and iron, and has published eight peer-reviewed papers on this topic.The most recent papers have been published in the Journal of Failure Analysis andPrevention (2011), Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis (2012) and theleading archaeological scientific journal Studies in Conservation (2013).Dr. Wanhill also gives annual lectures on ancient silver for a Master’s Degreecourse on conservation at the University of Amsterdam. Dr. Wanhill has been anauthor and speaker on several fatigue and fracture topics and also on fatigue-baseddesign of aircraft structures. In 2012, Dr. Wanhill was a keynote speaker for theInternational Conference on Engineering Failure Analysis V, held in The Hague.He also had two additional contributions, with co-authors: “Validation of F-16 wingattachment fitting bolts” and “Five helicopter accidents with evidence of materialand/or design deficiencies”. All three presentations have been published as papersin Engineering Failure Analysis in 2013. In 2014 he was a keynote speaker atFatigue 2014, held in Melbourne. In 2015 he gave a Public Lecture at MaterialsDays 2015, Rostock, with the title “Materials and structural integrity: Milestoneaircraft case histories and continuing developments”. This presentation has alsobeen adopted by the RAAF as instruction material, and in written chapter form willbe published in ‘The Reference Module in Materials Science and Engineering’.

About the Editors xxv

Contributors

B. Ashok Aeronautical Development Agency, Bangalore, India

Yutika Badhe Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), DRDO, Ministryof Defence, Girinagar, Pune, India

K.P. Balan DMRL, Hyderabad, India

K. Balasubramanian Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), DRDO,Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, India

R.G. Baligidad Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, India

S.B. Bhaduri Department of MIME and Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo,OH, USA

A. Bhattacharjee Materials Processing Division, Titanium Alloy Group, DMRL,Hyderabad, India

C.M. Bhuvaneswari Regional Centre for Military Airworthiness (Foundry andForge), CEMILAC, Bangalore, India

G.V.S. Brahmendra Kumar DMRL, Hyderabad, India

V.P. Deshmukh NMRL, DRDO, Ambernath, India

N. Eswara Prasad DMSRDE, DRDO, Kanpur, India

Amol A. Gokhale Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India

G. Gouda CEMILAC, DRDO, Bangalore, India

B. Jana RCMA, Hyderabad, India

P. Jayapal CEMILAC, DRDO, Bangalore, India

Shirish S. Kale Regional Centre for Military Airworthiness (Foundry & Forge),CEMILAC, Bangalore, India

xxvii

Anil Kumar ASL, DRDO, Hyderabad, India

N. Kumar Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur, India

Suresh Kumar DMSRDE, DRDO, Kanpur, India

V.V. Kutumbarao DMRL, Hyderabad, India

Y.R. Mahajan Centre for Knowledge Management of Nanoscience andTechnology (CKMNT), Secunderabad, AP, India

Naveen K. Mahenderkar Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA

L.M. Manocha DMSRDE, DRDO, Kanpur, India

R. Mitra IIT-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India

Sai Priya Munagala Department of Materials Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt,Germany

Ch R.V.S. Nagesh DMRL, Hyderabad, India

V. Nimbalkar NMRL, DRDO, Ambernath, India

P.K. Panda Materials Science Division, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories,Kodihalli, Bangalore, India

T. Ram Prabhu RCMA (F&F), CEMILAC, Bangalore, India; RCMA(F&F-FOL), CEMILAC, Hyderabad, India

L. Rama Krishna International Advanced Research Centre for PowderMetallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

P. Rambabu RCMA (Materials), CEMILAC, Hyderabad, India

D. Srinivasa Rao International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

M. Sai Krishna Rao RCMA (Materials), CEMILAC, DRDO, Hyderabad, India

A. Venugopal Reddy ARCI, Hyderabad, India

D.B. Anant Sagar RCMA (Materials), CEMILAC, DRDO, Hyderabad, India

B. Saha RCMA (Materials), CEMILAC, DRDO, Hyderabad, India

V.V. Satya Prasad Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, India

D.V.V. Satyanarayana DMRL, Hyderabad, India

K. Chandra Shekar VITS, Hyderabad, India

K. Shunmugapriya Regional Centre for Military Airworthiness (Foundry &Forge), CEMILAC, Bangalore, India

xxviii Contributors

Vijaya Singh DMRL, Hyderabad, India

M. Srinivas DMRL, Hyderabad, India

J. Subramanyam DMRL, Hyderabad, India

G. Sundararajan International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

K. Tamilmani Office of DG (AERO), DARE, DRDO, Bangalore, India

Manoj Tirumali Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), DRDO,Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, India

S.R. Vadera Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur, India

Srikanth Vedantam IIT-Madras, Chennai, India

R.J.H. Wanhill Emmeloord, Flevoland, The Netherlands

J.C. Williams Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio StateUniversity, Columbus, USA

Contributors xxix