1

Particle Accelerators for Research and for Medicine

Prof. Ted Wilson (CERN and Oxford University)

based on the book:

ISBN-013 978-981-270-070-4

http://www.enginesofdiscovery.com/This talk:http://acceleratorinstitute.web.cern.ch/acceleratorinstitute/TT2012/

Acclerators 2

3

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)The LHC, at CERN, is the primary toolto which high-energy physicists used to discover the Higgs particle. The machine is 28 kmin circumference.

4

CERN Control Centre - Layout

5

days...3.5 TeV collisions on March 30th

6

An “exploded” diagram of the ATLAS detector, for the LHC.

Vdee~

+

Þ At all radii particles cross acceleration gap at same moment !

r

Cyclotron

Magnet

8

Spect diagnosis

9Engines of Discovery

Linacs – an idea waiting for a technology

Luis Alvarez

Ed Ginzton

10Engines of Discovery

A modern system for treating a patient with x-rays produced by a high energy electron beam. The system, built by Varian, shows the very precise controls for positioning of a patient. The whole device is mounted on a gantry. As the gantry is rotated, so is the accelerator and the resulting x-rays, so that the radiation can be delivered to the tumor from all directions.

Cancer Therapy Machines

11

The Synchrotron

12Engines of Discovery

A drawing showing the Japanese proton ion synchrotron, HIMAC. The facility consists of two synchrotrons, so as to maintain a continuous supply of ions (or protons) to the treatment area. The pulse of ions is synchronized with the respiration of the patient so as to minimize the effect of organ movement.

13Engines of Discovery

This 300 MeV electron synchroton at the General Electric Co. at Schenectady, built in the late 1940s. The photograph shows a beam of synchrotron radiation emerging.

First electron synchroton

14

Synchrotron Radiation SourcesThere are more than 50synchrotron radiation facilities in the world.In the US there are machines in Brookhaven(NSLS), Argonne (APS), SLAC: SPEAR and the LCLS, and at LBL (ALS).

This intricate structure of a complex protein molecule structure has been determined by reconstructing scattered synchrotron radiation

15Engines of Discovery

Linac Coherent Light Source and the European Union X-Ray Free Electron Laser

(Fourth Generation)

FELs, invented in the late 1970’s at Stanford are now becoming the basis of major facilities in the USA (SLAC) and Europe (DESY) .They promise intense coherent radiation. The present projects expect to reach radiation of 1 Angstrom (0.1 nano-meters, 10kilo-volt radiation)

↓

16Engines of Discovery

The SLAC site showing its two-mile long linear accelerator, the two arms of the SLC linear collider, and the large ring of PEPII. This is where the LCLS will be located. ↓

Electrons 14 GeVPeak current > 1000ATransversely < 0.1 mm1012 photons0.15 < <1.5l nmPulse: 100 femtoseconds down to 100 attosecondsRate 120 Hz1000 to 10000 times brighter than third generation Cost M$ 300

12101210

17Engines of Discovery

An overview of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) site at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Spallation Neutron Sources (SNS)1GeV protonsmean current 1 mA= 1.4 MW of powerIn a 0.7 microsecuond burst

Cost is about 1.5 B$

18

High temperature superconductor

Crystal structure of the 90K YBa2Cu3O7 superconductor

19

Inertial confinement

20Engines of Discovery

A linac scheme for driving a reactor. These devices can turn thorium into a reactor fuel, power a reactor safely, and burn up long-lived fission products.

Proton Drivers for Power Reactors

21Engines of Discovery

Oxford/LBNL Plasma-Laser Experiments:• Guiding achieved over 33 mm:

• Capillary 190 um• Input laser power 40 TW• Peak input intensity > 1018 W cm-2

• Plasma: 3 × 1018 cm-3

• Spot size at entrance 26 μm• Spot size at exit 33 μm

Exit

W. P. Leemans et al. Nature Physics 2 696 (2006)

Butler et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 185003 (2002).

D. J. Spence et al. Phys. Rev. E 63 015401(R) (2001)

Plasma channel formed by heat conduction to capillary wall. E = (1.0 +/-0.06) GeVΔE = 2.5% r.m.sΔθ = 1.6 mrad r.m.s.

Entrance

22Engines of Discovery

This very large underground detector, located in the mountains of Japan. Many very important results have come from this facility that first took data in 1996. The facility was instrumental in solving “the

solar neutrino problem.

Kamiokande

Solar Neutrino ProblemSuper KK to KGran SassoMinos and NUMISuper BeamsNeutrino FactoriesMuon Colliders

Neutrino experiments

23Engines of Discovery

Basis of muon collider

24Engines of Discovery

The International Linear Collider (ILC)

25

I have not mentioned

SterilisationChip manufactureArt and archaeologyNational SecuritySurface treatmentEtc. etc….

26Engines of Discovery

The King of Jordan discussing with scientists the Sesame Project, which will be located in Jordan and available to all scientists.

Accelerators bringing nations together

27

Conclusion

I have sketched for you some of the likely future projects of accelerator physics future. Perhaps, the development of accelerators was a passing moment in the history of mankind, but it is much more likely to be an activity that will continue, producing devices not only for physics, but for an ever increasing catalogue applications enriching our everyday lives.

28

Thank you for your attention.

29Engines of Discovery

Rutherford fired the starting pistol

The race to high energies

At the Royal Society in 1928 he said “I have long hoped for a source of positive particles more energetic than those emitted from natural radioactive substances”.

30Engines of Discovery

Wideroe invented the Linac

Particle gains energy at each gap Lengths of drift tubes follow

increasing velocity Spacing becomes regular as v

approaches c

31

The 60-inch cyclotron. The picture was taken in 1939.

32

The induction accelerator, FXR, at Lawrence Livermore, to study the behavior of the implosion process in nuclear weapons

Induction Linacs

The Dual Axis Radiological Hydrodynamic Test Facility This device is to examine nuclear weapons from two axes to reveal departures from cylindrical

symmetry which is a sign of aging.

33Engines of Discovery

Ions

Left is the phase diagram for the quark-gluon plasma

Right is gold-gold collision in RHIC

34Engines of Discovery

The Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) scheme. The heart of the facility is composed of a driver accelerator capable of accelerating every element of the periodic table up to at least 400 MeV/nucleon. Rare isotopes will be produced in a number of dedicated production targets and will be used at rest for experiments, or they can be accelerated to energies below or near the Coulomb barrier.

Unstable Isotopes and their Ions

Linear Coherent Light Source and the European Union X-Ray Free Electron Laser

FELs, invented in the late 1970’s at Stanford are nowbecoming the basis of major facilities in the USA (SLAC)and Europe (DESY).They promise intense coherentRadiation. The present projects expect to reach radiation of1 Angstrom (0.1 nano-meters, 10killo-volt radiation)

Engines of Discovery

The Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) scheme. The heart of the facility is composed of a driver accelerator capable of accelerating every element of the periodic table up to at least 400 MeV/nucleon. Rare isotopes will be produced in a number of dedicated production targets and will be used at rest for experiments, or they can be accelerated to energies below or near the Coulomb barrier.

Unstable Isotopes and their Ions

Engines of Discovery

An overview of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) site at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Spallation Neutron Sources (SNS)1GeV protonsmean current 1 mA= 1.4 MW of powerIn a 0.7 microsecuond burst

Cost is about 1.5 B$

Energy amplifier

Engines of Discovery

The King of Jordan discussing with scientists the Sesame Project, which will be located in Jordan and available to all scientists.

Accelerators bringing nations together

I have not mentioned

SterilisationChip manufactureArt and archaeologyNational SecuritySurface treatmentEtc. etc….