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CONTENTS

# Topics Pages 01 Great Revolt 1857 3-6 02 Charter Acts 7 03 Govt of India Acts 8-10 04 Viceroys & Governor Generals 11-18 05 Vellore Mutiny 19-20 06 Socio Religious Movements 21-24 07 Indian National Movement – Moderates Period 25-27 08 Indian National Movement – Swadeshi Period 28-30 09 Indian National Movement – Gandhian Period 31-38 10 Subhas Chandra Bose 39-40 11 Newspapers and Journals 41-44 12 Caste Movements 44 13 INC Summits 45-46

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(01) THE GREAT REVOLT OF 1857 The 1857 Revolt showed the seeds of Indian nationalism, which lay dormant in the subconscious of the Indian people. The Vellore mutiny of 1806 is a precursor to the Great Revolt of 1857. Causes of the Revolt:- Political Causes

The discontent and disaffection manifested in the form of revolts against the British Government were not confined to the ruling chiefs and royal families alone. Anti-English feelings were particularly strong in the regions of India. The Doctrine of Lapse, (Lord Dalhousie) produced grave discontent and alarm among the native princes, who were directly affected.

Economic Causes

Huge drain wealth, destruction of its industry and increasing land revenue The British damaged the Indian trade and manufacture by imposing a high tariff in Britain against Indian goods

Social Causes

The British showed an arrogant attitude towards the Indians. A general alarm was raised among the Hindus and Muslims by the activities of the Christian missionaries.

Military Causes

The Indian sepoys in the British Indian army nursed a sense of strong resentment at their low salary. Abolish of batta when they served in foreign territories

Beginning of the revolt:- Greased cartridges paved the immediate cause for the revolt. The new Enfield rifle had been introduced for the first time in the Indian army. Its cartridges had a greased paper cover whose end had to be bitten off before the cartridge was loaded into the rifle. The grease was composed of fat taken from beef and pig. The religious feelings of the Hindu and Muslim sepoys were terribly wounded. The sepoys believed that the government was deliberately trying to destroy their religious and cultural identity.

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The events that led to the Revolt began on 29-March, 1857 at Barrackpore. Mangal Pandey (a sepoy) refused to use the greased cartridges and single-handedly attacked and killed his officer. Mangal Pandey was hanged. The regiment which he belonged was disbanded and sepoys guilty of rebellion punished. At Meerut in May 1857, some 80 sepoys of the 3rd Cavalry regiment were sentenced to serious punishment for refusing to use the cartridges. On May 10, 1857 the sepoys broke out in open rebellion, shot their officers, released their fellow sepoys from prisons and headed towards Delhi. General Hewitt. The officer commanding at Meerut was helpless to prevent the army’s march. The City of Delhi fell into the hands of soldiers on May 12, 1857. Lieutenant Willtashby, the officer in charge of Delhi could not prevent the mutineers. Soon, the mutineers proclaimed the aged nominal king, Bahaadur Shah II of the Mughal dynasty as the Emperor of India. Very soon the rebellion spread throughout northern and central India.

Places Lead By Suppressed By Delhi Bahadur Shah II

(General Bakht Khan) Combined effort of Nicholson, Wilson, Baird Smith and Neville Chamberlain

Lucknow Begum of Oudh Henry Lawrence *, Sir Colin Campbell

Kanpur Nana Saheb Sir Hugh Wheeler#, Sir Colin Campbell

Jhansi Lakshmi Bai (joined by Tantia Tope)

Sir Hugh Rose

Bihar Kunwar Singh Faziabad Malauvi Ahmadullah Note:- * Killed in battle; #--> Surrendered

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Fate of the leaders:-

Leaders Fate Bahadur Shah II

Imprisoned and deported to Rangoon where he died naturally in 1862

Nana Saheb Fled to Nepal Begum Hazrat Mahal Fled to Nepal Tantia Tope Treacherously murdered in the forest of Central

India Rani Lakshmi Bai Died in battle Kunwar Singh Died in battle Maulvi Ahmudallh Died in battle The revolt came to an end with the victory of the British. Viceroy Canning proclaimed peace throughout India. Reasons for failure:-

Revolt failed top embrace the whole of India, it just confined to northern and central India

Different sections of Indians (Modern Educated Indians, moneylenders) were against the revolt

No concrete general plan The British were aided by the new scientific inventions of the telegraph and postal systems (thankful to Lord Dalhousie)

Significance of the Mutiny:-

Hindu-Muslim unity Common people rose up against the British

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Effect of Mutiny:-

The Indian Administration was transferred to Queen from the East Indian Company

Viceroy came into existence instead of Governor –General. (Lord Canning had the unique opportunity to become the Governor General as well as the first viceroy according to the Act of 1858)

Lord Canning proclaimed the new Government at Allahabad on 01 November, 1858 (Queen’s Proclamation / Magna Carta of the Indian people)

Disclaimed any extension of territory Promised religious toleration Guaranteed the rights of Indian princes Pledged equal treatments to Indians and Europeans Secretary of State for India in UK. “India Council” in UK consists of 15 members + Secretary of State for India

Viceroy was directly responsible to Secretary of State and Secretary of State is responsible to the British Parliament. (Secretary of State got salary from India)

What historians say about the revolt:- “The Revolt of 1857 is a planned war of National Independence”

- V. D. Savarkar “The Revolt of 1857 is neither a first nor National war of Independence”

- R. C. Majumudar “The Revolt of 1857 is just a mutiny outbreak, nothing more than that”

- Sir John Lawerence “The Revolt of 1857 was part of the struggle of Indian Independence”

- S. N. Sen “Civil Rebellions in the Indian Mutinies”

- S. B. Chaudhry ======================================

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(02) CHARTER ACTS There are five Charter Acts and each has its own significance. After the revolt of 1857, form 1858, these changed into as Council of Acts. Charter Acts:- # Year Noted for I 1773 Established Supreme Court at Fort William (Calcutta)

Designated the Governor of Bengal as the Governor-General of Bengal. Lord Warren Hastings was the first Governor-General of Bengal.

It subordinated the Governors of Bombay and Madras to the Governor-General of Bengal Pitt’s India Act 1784 Was named after the then British Prime Minister Placed the Indian affairs under the direct control of the British Government

II 1784

Established a Board of Control over the Court of Directors III 1793 More representatives of Indians

Rs. 1 lakh allotted for education IV 1813 Company trade monopoly came to an end except tea and trade with China It made the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India. Lord William Bentinck – the first Governor-General of India. This was the final step towards centralization in the British India The Act ended the activities of the East India Company as commercial body. Complete end of company’s monopoly trade including tea and trade with China

V 1833

Abolish slavery Open competitive for civil services introduced VI 1853 The legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s Council were separated

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(03) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACTS

The history of constitutional development in India begins from the passing of the Regulating Act in 1773. The Pitt’s India Act of 1784 and the successive Charter Acts from 1793 to 1853 form part of the constitutional changes under the East India Company’s rule.

Acts Important Provisions East India’ Company’s rule came to an end. Indian administration came under the direct control of the Crown In England, the Court of Directors and Board of Control were abolished. In their place came the Secretary of State and Indian Council. The Secretary of State would be a member of the British Cabinet. Sir Charles Wood was made the first Secretary of State for India. India Council consisting of 15 members would assist him.

Government of India Act, 1858

The Governor General of India was also made the Viceroy of India. The first Viceroy of India was Lord Canning. It introduced for the first time the representative institutions in India Increased the number of members in the Governor General’s executive Council from 4 to 5. A provision was made for the inclusion of Indians in the Legislative Council. (Not possessed powers of administration and finance)

Indian Councils Act, 1861

Legislative councils were also established in the provinces. Introduced the principle of elections but in an indirect manner I achievement of INC The members were allowed to discuss the budget and criticize the financial policy of the government

Indian Councils Act, 1892

Increased the number of members in the Governor General’s executive Council- not to be less than 10 and not to be more than 16.

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Also called as Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909. (Lord Morley – Secretary State for India & Lord Minto – Governor-General of India) It was passed to win the support of Moderates in the Congress; it changed the name of the Central Legislative Council to Imperial Legislative Council The number of “additional members” of the Central Legislative Council was increased to a maximum of 60 Elected members were to be 27 Principle of election to the councils was legally recognized Communal representation was introduced for first time in the interests of Muslims (Lord Minto Father of Communal Electorates) Separate electorates were provided for Muslims (ultimately led to the partition of India in 1947) The number of members in provincial legislative councils of major provinces was raised to 50 The Councils were given right to discuss and pass resolutions on the Budget and on all matters of public interest. However, the Governor-General has the power to disallow discussion on the budget An Indian member was appointed for the first time to the Governor-General’s Executive Council. S. P. Sinha was the first Indian to appointed. Two Indians were also appointed to the Indian Council in England

Indian Councils Act, 1909

Never desired to set up a parliamentary form of government in India

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Also called as Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 Dyarchy was introduced in the Provinces. (Division of Powers) A Bicameral legislature was set up at the centre. It consists of Council of States and the Legislative Assembly. The total member on the Legislative Assembly was to be maximum of 145 (out of which 105 were to be elected and the remaining nominated). In the Council of States, there would be a maximum of 60 members (out of which 34 were elected and the remaining are nominated) The salaries of the Secretary of State for India and his assistants were to be paid out of the British revenues A High Commissioner for India at London was appointed

Government of India Act, 1919

The Act introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct elections in the country Passed on the basis of the report of Simon Commission, the outcome of the Round Table Conferences and the White paper issued by the British government in 1933 Provision for the establishment of an All India Federation at the centre, consisting of the Provinces of British India and the Princely States (It did not come into existence since the Princely States refused to give their consent for the union) Division of powers into three lists: Federal, Provincial and Concurrent Introduction of Dyarchy at the Centre. Abolition of Dyarchy and the Introduction of Provincial Autonomy in the Provinces. Provincial Legislatures of Bengal, Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar and Assam were made bicameral Extension of the principles of Separate Electorates to Sikhs, Europeans, Indian Christians and Anglo Indians

Government of India Act, 1935

Establishment of a Federal Court at Delhi with a Chief Justice and 6 Judges

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(04) VICEROY & GOVERNOR GENERALS Name Year Remarkable Events

Founded the British Empire in India Capture of Arcot in 1751 (II Carnatic War) Recapture of Caluctta (1757) Capture of Chandernagar (1757) Defeat of Dutch (1757) Defeat of Prince Ali Gauhar (1759) Treaty of Allahabad (1765)

Robert Clive 1757-1760 1765-1767

Dual Government in Bengal (1765) Five Year Settlement (1772) Treasury was shifted from Murshidabad to Calcutta Introduced Civil Court and Criminal Court in Bengal Abolished Dual System of Government Founded Asiatic Society of Bengal with William Jones in 1784 I Anglo-Maratha War (1776-1782) II Anglo-Maratha War (1780-1784)

Warren Hastings

1772-1785

Rohila War (1774) Mack Pherson

1785-1786 (Acting)

Father of Civil Service sin India Made Britain’s first acquisition of territory in India by right of conquest Raised the salaries of civil servants Introduced the judicial system in India on the lines of Britain Separated judicial functions from the Collector Created the regular police force; placed English superintendent of police in each district Permanent Settlement (22 May, 1793)

Cornwallis 1786-1793; 1805

III Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792)

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Sir John Shore

1793-1798 Pitt’s India Act (1794)

Adopted the expansionists and overtly interventionist policy Subsidiary Alliance (1798); I to be annexed was Nizam of Hyderabad IV Anglo-Mysore War (1799) Foundation of Fort William College (Calcutta) Took administration of Tanjore (Oct 25, 1799) Treaty of Lucknow (1801) Treaty of Bassein (1802) He converted the English East India Company from a mere trading organisation into a great political power Bengal Tiger

Wellesley 1798-1805

Converted “British Empire in India” to “British Empire of India”

Sir George Barlow (acting)

1805-1807 Vellore Mutiny (1806)

Treaty of Amritsar (1809) Sent a naval expedition and conquered French islands of Bourbon and Mauritius (1810) Conquered Java and Cape of Good Hope from Dutch Conquered Singapore Charter Act (1813)

Lord Minto-I 1807-1813

Suppressed the lawlessness in Bundelkhand Treaty of Sangoli (1816) with Nepal Completely suppressed “Pindaris” (1818) and by 1824 the existence of Pindaris came to an end. (Sir Thomas Hislop commanded the force) Treaty of Poona (1817) III Anglo-Maratha war (1817-1819) Set up several schools Battle of Sitabaldi, Battle of Holkar

Warren Hastings

1813-1823

Introduced Ryotwari System

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Treaty of Yandabu (1826) Amherst 1823-1828 Barrackpur Revolt (1824) Reduced the salaries of the Civil Servants Policy of non-intervention and non-aggression with Indian states Opium tax Suppression of Thugs (General Sleeman) Employed the Indians in the British companion low salaries Abolition of Sati (04 Dec, 1829) New post of Commissioners were created Indians appointed in higher posts Introduction of local languages in the lower courts; English in Higher courts Introduction of western education Freedom to Press Appointed a committee headed by Lord Macaulay English became the medium of higher education instead of Persian and Sanskrit (Government Resolution 1835) I Indian medical college at Calcutta Annexed Mysore (1831); Coorg (1834) I Governor-General to visualize a Russian threat to India Indus Navigation Treaty Charter Act of 1833 I Governor-General of India Suppression of thugs (Sir William Sleeman) Prohibited female infanticide

William Bentinck

1828-1833

Bentinck acted where other had talked Sir Charles Metcalfe

1835-1836 Liberator of Indian Press

Lord Auckland

1836-1842 I Afghan war (1836-1842)l; due to his failure he was recalled

Lord Ellenborough

1842-1844 I Afghan war came to an end; Sindh annexed

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I Anglo-Sikh War Treaty of Lahore Human sacrifices among the wild tribes of Orissa was suppressed A railway scheme for India was drawn up

Lord Hardinge

1844-1848

Project of Ganga Canal was taken II Anglo-Sikh war (Punjab, the last independent state of India was annexed to British Empire) II Anglo-Burma War (1852) Doctrine of Lapse Creation of office of Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal (1854) I Railway line in India (30 April, 1853) Construction of telegraph lines (1853) Modern postal system The Grand Truck road was laid The Ganga Canal was finalized in 1854 Established Engineering College at Roorkee Widow remarriage act passed (1856)

Lord Dalhousie

1848-1856

Last Governor General 1857 Revolt Withdrew of Doctrine of Lapse Indian Penal Code of Criminal Procedure (1859) was enacted Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras founded (1857) Indigo riots in Bengal

Lord Canning 1856-1862

First Viceroy Telegraphic communications opened with Europe High Courts established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (1865)

Sir John Lawarence

1864-1869

Extended Canal works and Railway Established the department of Agriculture and Department of Commerce

Lord Mayo 1869-1872

He was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a convict in the Andamans in 1872

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Arranged Delhi Darbar (1879) when the country was suffering from a severe famine Arms Act (1878) made it mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms Passed in the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878) The first famine commission (1878-80) under Sir Richard Starchey was appointed; famine code came into existence in 1883 Introduced uniform salts throughout British India Abolished many import duties and supported the Free trade policy (Seriously affected the Indian economy) II Afghan war (1878-80)

Lord Lytton 1876-1880

His Afghan policy was severely criticised Father of Local Self Government Repeal of Vernacular Press Act (1882) I Factory Act (1881) to improve labour conditions; the act banned the appointment of children below age of 7 years in factories. Appointed Hunter Commission (1882) for education reforms Introduced census in India He was instrumental in the foundation of Punjab University Ilbert Bill controversy (abolished many import duties)

Lord Rippon 1880-1884

Made peace with Afghanistan without affecting the British prestige.

The most popular Viceroy that England ever sent to India; The Indian by and large hailed him as “Ripon the Good”, because he was the only Viceroy who handled the Indian problems with compassion and sympathy.

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Hunter Commission:- Under the chairmanship of Sir William Hunter/ The commission recommended for the expansion and improvement of the elementary education. The Commission suggested two channels for the secondary education-one was the literary education and other was vocational education. The commission also noted the poor status of women education. It encouraged the local bodies in villages and town to manage elementary education. This had resulted in the extraordinary rise in the number of educational institutions in India. Ilbert Bill:- The Ilbert Bill controversy helped the cause of Indian nationalism. Lord Ripon wanted to remove two kinds of law that had been prevalent in India. According to the system of law, a European could be tried only by a European judge or a European Magistrate. The disqualification was unjust and it was sought to cast a needless discredit and dishonour upon the Indian-born members of the judiciary. C.P. Ilbert, a Law member introduced a bill in 1883 to abolish this discrimination judiciary. But Europeans opposed this Bill strongly. They even raised a fund of Rs. 1, 50, 000 and established an organisation called the Defence Association. They also suggested it was better to end the English rule in India than to allow the English to be subjected to the Indian judges and Magistrates. The press in England joined the issue. Hence Ripon amended the bill to satisfy the English in India and England. The Ilbert Bill controversy is a high watermark in the history of Indian National Movement. Ripon was totally disillusioned and heartbroken and he tendered his resignation and left for England. The immediate result of this awakening was the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885, the very next year of Ripon’s departure.

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Annexation of Upper and Lower Burma Lord Dufferin 1884-1888 Establishment of INC (1885)

Lord Lansdowne 1888-1894 Lord Elign 1894-1899

Appointed a Police Commission (1904) under Andrew Frazer Indian Universities Act (1904) passed Dept of Commerce and Industry set up Dept of Archeology and epigraphy set up Partition of Bengal (1905) Appointed Famine Commission Money Order System introduced

Lord Curzon 1899-1905

Co-Operative Societies was established Swadeshi Movement Surat session and Split of Congress (1907) Newspapers Act (!908) Minto_Morley reforms

Lord Minto II 1905-1910

Foundation of Muslim League (!906) Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi Darbar in Delhi; coronation of George V and Queen

Lord Hardings II 1910-1916

Annulment of the Partition of Bengal Lucknow pact (1916) b/w INC and Muslim League Arrival of Gandhi Champaran Satyagarha (1916) Montague’s August Declaration (1917) Government of India Act (1919) Repressive Rowlatt Act (!919) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) Khilafat Movement

Lord Chelmsford 1916-1921

Non-Cooperation Movement

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Repeal of Press Act, Rowlatt Act Chauri-Chaura Incident CPI founded (1921) Holding simulataneous exam for ICS in England and India (1923)

Lord Reading 1921-1926

Violent Moplah rebellion at Kerala (1921) Simon Commission (1927) Nehru Report (1928) Lahore session of CongressPoorna Swaraj Declaration Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) Dandi March Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)

Lord Irwin 1926-1931

I Round Table Conference II Round Table Conference Communal Award III Round Table Conference Government of India Act, 1935

Lord Willingdon 1931-1936

Burma separated from India (1935) I General Election (1936-37) Forward Bloc formed (1939) Lahore resolution (1940) August Offer (1940) Cripps Mission (1942)

Lord Linlithgow 1936-1943

Quit India Movement (1942) Wavell Plan Shimla Conference INA Trials Naval Mutiny

Lord Wavell 1943-1947

Direction Day by Muslim League (16-Aug-1946)

Lord Mountbatten

1947 Partition of India; India independence

C Rajagopalachari

1948-1950 First and Last Indian Governor-General

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(05) VELLORE MUTINY

In Vellore, the native sepoys rose revolt in 1806. This incident differs form other rebellions. The other rebellions were held by various native rulers while that of the Vellore rebellion was organized by the sepoys. The earlier rebellion had only regional interests. Every prince wanted to safeguard their own kingdom at any cost. But Vellore mutiny was the result of spontaneous outflow of the feelings of the sepoys who served under the Company. It was a protest by the sepoys against the Company. Causes for the rebellion:-

The Sepoys were forced to serve under the Company since their earlier patrons (the native chieftains) were all disappearing from the scene.

The strict discipline, new uniforms, new weapons, practice and new methods were all new to the sepoys.

Sir John Cradock, the commander-in-chief, with the approval of Lord William Bentinck, the Governor of Madras introduced a new form of turban, resembling a European hat.

Wearing ear rings and caste marks also strictly prohibited Sepoys were asked to shave the chin and to trim the moustache. The sepoys felt that these were designed insult them and their religious and social traditions. There was a loss a popular belief that this was the beginning of a process by which all of them would be converted to Christianity

The English treated the Indian sepoys as their inferior. There was a racial prejudice. This was the psychological base for the sepoy mutinies in India during the company’s rule.

On June 17, 1806, a sepoy of the 1 st regiment named Mustapha Beg, secretly informed his commanding officer, Colonel Forbes, that a plot had been planned for the extermination of the European officers and troops. But this was not taken seriously. On the eve of the Mutiny at Vellore, Fettah Hyder, the first son of Tipu, tried to form an alliance against the English and sought the help of Marathas and the French. There was the desire to revive the old Muslim rule in the region. The

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sepoys were aware of the tragic end of Puli Thevar, Kattaboman, Tipu Sultan and others. On July 10, 1806, in the early morning the native sepoys of 1st and the 23rd regiments started the revolt. Colonel Fancourt who commanded the garrison, was their fist victim. Colonel Me Kerras of the 23rd regiment was shot down on the parade-ground. Major Armstrong was the next officer to be killed during the mutiny. Major Cootes, who was outside oif the fort dashed to Ranipet and informed Colonel Gillespie. Meantime, the rebels proclaimed Futeh Hyder, Tipu’s first son as their new ruler and hoisted tiger-striped flag of Tipu Sultan, but the uprising was swiftly crushed by Col. Gillespie. 800 Indian soldiers were found dead in the fort alone. 600 soldiers were imprisoned. Tipu’s son was sent to Calcutta. Failure of the revolt:-

No proper leadership Mutiny was not well organized

But this mutiny was the starting point of a new era of the resistance of he sepoys to the British rule. What historians say about the revolt:- “Vellore Mutiny of 1806 is the prelude to the first war of India Independence in 1857”

- V. D. Savarkar “Tamils had taken the real lead in the Indian freedom struggle”

- N. Sanjivi “Vellore Mutiny was a continuation of Marudu Brothers’ resistance movement against the colonial rule”

- K. Rajayyan “Vellore mutiny of 1806 not lead to 1857 revolt”

- K. K. Pillai ======================================

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(06) SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS IN

INDIA

In the 19th century India witnessed a strong wave of reformation activities in religion and society. The Indians were inspired by the western ideas of reason, equality, liberty and humanity. They wanted to revive the past glory and started various social and religious reform movements and tried to remove the social evils. These socio-religious reform movements ware called as the Indian Renaissance movements. Raja Rammnohan Roy:-

A pioneer in the Indian renaissance movement. He was born in a rich family in Bengal. He learned the languages of Arabic, Sanskrit, Persian, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English, Hindi and Bengali. He wrote books, some of them to mention are- “Precepts of Jesus Christ”, “The Guide to Peace and Happiness”. He joined the service of East India Company in 1805 and continued the same up to 1814. He went to England to the cause of the Mughal Emperor Akbar II for an enhanced allowance. He was given the title “Raja” by Akbar II. He was called as “Herald of New Age” in India. It was due to his effort that Lord William Bentinck passed the Sati Prohibition Act in 1829. He also fought against polygamy and child marriage and supported inter-caste marriage and widow remarriage. He tried to obtain a respectable position for women in the Indian society. He encouraged the study of English language and the Western Science in India. He was called as First Modern Man of India. He was died in 1833 at Bristol. He founded Atmiya Sabha (1815). The work of Atmiya Sabha was carried out by Maharishi Debendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore). He only renamed Atmiya Sabha as Brahmo Samaj (1828). The Brahmo Samaj believed in “Universal Religion” based on the principle of one supreme God. The Brahmo Samaj condemned idol worship, costly rites and rituals, caste distinctions, untouchability and the practice of Sati. In 1817, Raja Rammohan Roy founded the Hindu College (now Presidency College, Calcutta) along with David Hare, a missionary.

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Raja Rammohan Roy started the first Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi and edited a Persian weekly Mirat-ul-akhbar. He stood for the freedom of press. After the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, the work of the Samaj was carried by great men like Keshab Chandra Sen and Devendranath Tagore. Due to the efforts of Keshab Chandra Sen, an act was passed in 1872. It abolished polygamy and child marriage. Atmaram Pandurang:-

Dr. Atmaram Pandurang founded Prarthana Samaj in 1867. It was an off-shoot of Bramo Samaj. This samaj advocated various social reforms. It advocated inter-dining, inter-caste marriage, widow re-marriage, improvement of women, downtrodden classes and the abolition of Purdha System and Child marriage. The Samaj founded night schools and orphanages. Mahadeva Govinda Ranade and R. G. Bhandarkar joined it in 1870. Ranade devoted his hole life to the promotion of the Samaj and also promoted the Deccan Education Society. Swami Dayananda Saraswati:-

Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875. His original name was Mul Shankar. He mastered the Sanskrit and became the disciple of Samwi Virjananad. His motto was “Go back to Vedas”. He started “Suddhi Movement”, a ritual to convert the Hindus who had been converted too other religious earlier. His followers were Lala Lajpat Rai, Lala Hansraj and Pandit Guru Dutt. His principles and philosophy deeply influenced the great leaders like Bala Gangadhara Tilaka and Gopala Krishna Gokhale. He was the first India who preached the gospel of Swadeshi and India for Indians. He was often described as Martin Luther of Hinduism. He wrote the book called Satyartha Prakash which contains his ideas. The Arya Samamj opposed child marriage, Polygamy, purdha system,. Casteisma nd sati and advocated women education, inter-caste marriage and inter-dining, The Samaj started a number of schools all over the country to impart English and Vedic education, called Dayananda Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools and colleges. The first DAV school was founded in 1886 at Lahore.

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The Theosophical Society:- The Theosophical Society was founded by Russian lady Madmae Blavatsky and an American Colonel Henry S. Olcott in USA (New York) to preach about God and Wisdom (“Theos” means God and “Sophos” means wisdom). The main principles of the society were to develop the feeling of fraternity, to study ancient religions and philosophy and science, to find out the laws of Nature and development of divine power in man.

Mrs. Annie Besant became the President of this society in 1893. She founded Central Hindu College at Benaras along with Madan Mohan Malaviya (Later developed as Benaras Hindu University; now it is an IIT). Annie Beasant started a newspaper New India and spread the theosophical ideas. She started Home Rule League Movement to attain self government for Indians. The headquarters of this movement was at Chennai (Adayar). Ramakrishna Mission:- It was named after Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. His vision is that there is only one God and the different forms of God are only but different manifestations.

The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda on May 01, 1897, the chief disciple of Sri Ramakrishna. The mission worked on health care, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education and culture.

The real name of Swami Vivekananda was Narendranath Duta. His speech “Sisters and Brothers of Universe” at Chicago in 1893 is world famous. He proclaimed Renunciation and Service as the two fold national ideals of modern India and Ramakrishna Mission strives to practice and preach these ideas. He said that Service to poor is Service to God. Young Bengal Movement:- Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of the Young Bengal Movement. He was born in Calcutta in 1809. His followers were known as Derozians and their movement was the Young Bengal Movement. They attacked old traditions and decadent customs. They also advocated women’s education and their rights. Henry Vivian Derozio died in 1833 due to cholera.

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Jyotiba Phule:- Jyotiba Phule belonged to a low caste family in Maharashtra. He waged a life-long struggle aginst upper-cste domination. In 1873 he founded the Satyashodak Samaj to fight against the caste system. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education for women. He established the first Girls school in Poona in 1851. Sikh Reform movements:- Nirankari Movement: Founded by Baba Dayal Das. He insisted the worship of God as nirankar (formless) Namdhari Movement: Founded by Baba Ram Singh. His followers wore white clothes and gave up meat eating. ======================================

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(07) INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

(Moderates Period 1885-1905)

Indian National Congress:- Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil servant of the British Government took the initiative to form an all-India organization. Thus, the Indian National Congress was founded and its first session was held in Bombay in 1885. W. C. Banerjee was its first President. A. O. Hume, dominated the INC till 1892 as its General Secretary.

According to the Safety Value Theory, the INC was created by British Viceroy (Dufferin) acting through a British ex-civilian (Hume), to act as a “safety valve” against popular discontent. This theory has however been discredited.

In 1887, Dufferin said that INC is just a microscopic minority of the people of India. During the early years of its existence, the congress passed resolutions on broadly three types of grievances – Political, Administrative and Economic. Political Demand:- The principal political demand was for reform of legislative councils – to give them greater powers (of budget discussion and interpellation, for instance) and to make them representative. There was also a demand for the start of a local self-government. Administrative Demand:- Among the administrative reforms, the principal demand was for Indianisation of services through simultaneous ICS examinations in England and India. Apart from this, the separation of judiciary, repeal of Arms Act, higher jobs in the army fro Indians were some other demands Economic Demand:- The economic issues raised were based on the Drain Wealth Theory propounded by Dadhabhai Naoroji. The demand was for inquiry into India’s growing poverty and famines, cuts in home charges and military expenditure, abolition of salt tax and sugar duty. The early nationalist, called moderates, believed that their demands were so reasonable and just that the British government could be persuaded to concede them. They did not want to severe the British connection but to impart a national character to the British rule. In 1889,

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a British committee of INC was formed. In 1890, this committee started a journal called India.

Some of the moderates are:- W. C. Banerjee, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroze Shah Mehta, Gopalkrishna Gokhale, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Badruddin Tyabiji, Justice Ranade and S. Subramanya Aiyar Surendranath Banerjee was called as the Indian Bismark. He firmly opposed the Partition of Bengal. He founded the Indian Association (1876) to agitate for political reforms. He had convened the Indian National Conference (1883) which merged with INC in 1886. G. Subramanya Aiyar preached nationalism through Madras Mahajana Sabha. He also founded The Hindu and Swadesamitram. Dadabhai Naoroji was known as the Grand Old Man of India. He is regarded as India’s unofficial Ambassador in England. He was the first Indian to become a Member of the British House of Commons. In his Drain Theory, he showed how India’s wealth was going away to England. The British Government was forced to appoint the Welby Commission, with him as the first Indian as its member, to enquire into the matter. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was regarded as the political guru of Gandhi. In 1905, he founded the Servants Society of India to train Indians to dedicate their lives to the cause of the country. Summit Year Venue President I 1885 Bombay W. C. Banerjee II* 1886 Calcutta Dadhabhai Naoroji III 1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji (I Muslim) IV 1888 Allahabad George Yule (I Englishmen) Note:- * All India National Conference founded in 1883 merged with INC

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Some other societies / associations:- Associations/ Societies Year Founded by

Landholders Society, Calcutta 1838 Bengal British Indian Society 1843 British Indian Association 1851 Madras Native Association 1852 Bombay Native Association 1852 East India Association, London 1866 Dadhabhai Naoroji Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 1870 Justice M. G. Ranade,

S H Chiplunkar, Ganesh Vasudev Josti Madras Mahajana Sabha 1884 Veeraragavachari, G. Subaramyan

Iyer, Ananda Charlu Bombay Presidency Association 1885 Badruddin Tyabji, K. T. Telang Indian Association of Calcutta 1876 Anand Mohan Bose, Surendranath

Banerjee Partition of Bengal (1905) by Lord Curzon

Proposed in 1903 Executed in 1905 (October 16) Annulled in 1911

Why Curzon partitioned Bengal? There are three main reasons for this. To break the growing strength of Bengali nationalism since Bengal

was the base of Indian nationalism To divide the Hindus and Muslims in Bengal To show the enormous power of the British government in doing

whatever it liked On 15 Aug 1906, a National Council of Education was set up. A National College with Aurobindo Ghose as Prinipal was started in Calcutta. 1905 INC Summit was presided over by Gopalkrishna Gokhale 1906 INC Summit was presided over by Dadhabhai Naoroji ======================================

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(08) INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

(Swadeshi Period 1906-1916)

The period from 1905 is known as the era of extremism. The

extremists or the aggressive nationalist believed the success could be achieved through bold means. The important extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. The main objective of Extremists was to attain Swaraj or complete independence and not just self-government. Cause for the rise of extremism:-

The failure of the moderates to win any notable success other than the expansion of the legislative councils by the Indian Councils Act (1862)

The famine and plague of 1896-97 which affected the whole country and the suffering of the masses

The economic conditions of the people became worse The ill-treatment of Indians in South Africa on the basis of colour skin

The Russia-Japanese war of 1904-05 in which Japan defeated the European power Russia. This encouraged Indians to fight against the European nation, Britain.

The immediate cause for the rise of extremism was the reactionary rule of Lord Curzon

The methods used by the extremists were:- Not cooperating with the British governments by boycotting government courts, schools and colleges

Promotion of Swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods Introduction and promotion of national education

Bal Gangadhar Tilak is regarded as the real founder of the popular anti-British movement in India. He was known as “Lokmanya”. He attacked the British through his weeklies The Mahratta and The Kesari. He was jailed twice by the British for his nationalist activities and in 1908 deported to Mandalay for six years. He set up the Home Rule

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League in 1916 at Poona and declared “Swaraj is my birth-right and I will have it” Lala Lajpat Rai is popularly known as the “Lion of Punjab”. He played an important role in Swadeshi movement. He founded the Indian Home Rule League in USA in 1916. He was deported to Mandalay on the ground of sedition. He received fatal injuries while leading a processing against the Simon Commission and died in 1928. Bipin Chandra Pal began his career as a moderate and turned an extremist. He preached nationalism through the nook and corner of India by his powerful speeches and writings.

The aggressive nationalist forced Dadabhai Naoroji to speak of Swaraj (which was not a demand of moderates) in the Calcutta session of Congress. The adopted the resolutions of Boycott and Swadeshi. The Moderate congressmen were unhappy. They wanted Swaraj to be achieved through the constitutional methods. The difference led to the split of congress in Surat session of Congress in 1907 (Surat Split). The extremists came out of the Congress led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Moderates failure and Extremists success:- The Swadeshi movement was a great success. In Bengal, even the landlord’s joined the movement. The women and students took to picketing. Students refused using books made of foreign papers. The government adopted several tough measures to crush the spreading of extremists success but ended in failure. Achievement of Extremists:-

They were the first to demand Swaraj as a matter of birth right They involved the masses in the freedom struggle and broadened the social base of the National movement

They were the firt to organize an all-India political movement Formation of Muslim League: In December 1906, Muslim delegates from all over India met at Dacca for the Muslim Educational Conference. Taking advantage of this occasion, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca proposed the setting up of an organisation to look after the Muslim interests. Thus, All-India Muslim League was finally set up on December 30, 1906. Like INC, they conducted annual sessions and put

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their demands to the British government. Their first achievement was the separate electorates for the Muslims in the Minto-Morley reforms. Lucknow Pact: Lucknow Pact (1916) is the major turning point in the Indian freedom struggle. The divided congress became united. An understanding for joint action against the British was reached between the Congress and the Muslim league and it was called the Lucknow Pact. Thus it marked the important step in the Hindu-Muslim unity. Home Rule Movement: Two Home Rule Leagues were established, one by Tilak at Poona in April 1916 and the other by Mrs. Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. The aim of the movement was to get self-government for India within the British Empire. It believed freedom was the natural right of all nations. On Aug 20, 1917, Montague, the Secretary of State in England, made a declaration in the Parliament of England on British Government’s policy towards future political reforms in India. He promised the gradual development of self-governing institutions in India. This August Declaration led to the end of the Home Rule Movement. Revolutionary Organisations:

Anusilan and Jugantar (Bengal) Abhinava Bharat (Maharashtra) by Savarkar brothers Bharathmatha Association (Madras) by Nilakanta Bramachari Ghadar Party (USA) by Lala Hardyal

In Punjab Ajit Singh set up a secret society to spread revolutionary ideas among the youth. In Londo, at India House, Shyamji Krishna Verma gathered young Indian nationalists like Madan Lal Dhingra, Savarkar, V. V. S. Iyer and T. S. S. Rajan. ======================================

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(09) INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

(Gandhian Period 1917-1947)

The third and final phase of the Nationalist movement (1917-1947)

is known as the Gandhian era. During this period, Mahatma Gandhi became the undisputed leader of the National movement. His principles of non-violence and Satyagraha were employed against the British government. Gandhi made the nationalist movement a mass movement.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 02, 1869 at Porbandar, Gujarat. He studied his law degree in England. He returned to India in 1891. In April 1913, he went to South Africa and involved himself in the struggle against apartheid for twenty years. Finally, he came to India in Jan 09, 1915 (this day now being celebrated as NRI Day in India). Gandhi’s initial protests:-

Champaran, Bihar (1917) against the oppressive European indigo planters

Kheda, Gujarat (1918) in support of peasants who were not able to pay land tax due to failure of crops. {Sardar Vallabhai Patel emerged as one of the trusted followers of Gandhi in this event}

Ahmedabad Mill workers (1918) fast unto death Rowlatt Act (1919): This act made Gandhi popular throughout the country. What is Rowlatt Act? As per this act, any person could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. No appeal or petition could be filed against such arrests. This act was called as the black Act and it was widely opposed. An all-India hartal was organized on 06 Apr, 1919. Meetings were held all over the country. Gandhi was arrested.

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Khilafat Movement:- The chief cause of the Khilafat movement was the defeat of Turkey in the I World War. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Serves (19120) was felt by the Muslims as a great insult to them. The whole movement was based on the Muslim belief that the Caliph (the Sultan of Turkey) was the religious head of the Muslims all over the world. The Muslims in India were upset over the British attitude against Turkey and launched the Khilafat Movement. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, M. A. Ansari, Saifuddin Kitchlew and the Ali Borthers were the prominent leaders of this movement. A Khilafat Committee had been formed and on Oct 19, 191 the whole country had observed the Khilafat Day (Oct 19). On Nov 23, 1919 a joint conference of the Hindus and the Muslims had also been held under the chairmanship of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was particularly interested in bringing the Hindus and the Muslims together to achieve the country’s independence. Subsequently, the Khilafat movement merged with the Non-Cooperation movement launched by Gandhi in 1920. Non-Cooperation Movement:- Gandhi announced his plan to begin Non-Cooperation with the government as a sequel to the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement. It was approved by the INC at the Nagpur session in Dec 1920. The movement began with Mahatma Gandhi renouncing the titles, which were given by the British. No leader of the Congress came forward to contest the elections for the legislatures. In 1921, demonstrations were held against the Princess of Wales during his tour of India. But the whole movement was abruptly called off on Feb 11, 1922 by Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident in the Gorakhpur district of U.P. 22 policemen were burnt to death. Significance of the Non-Cooperation movement:-

It was the real mass movement with the participation of different sections of Indian society such as peasants, workers, students, teachers and women

It witnessed the spread of nationalism to the remote corners of India

It also marked the height of Hindu-Muslim unity as a result of the merger of Khilafat movement

It demonstrated the willingness and ability of the masses to endure hardships and make sacrifices

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The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to a split within Congress in the Gaya session of the Congress in Dec 1922. Leaders like Motilal Nehru and Chittranjan Das formed a separate group within the Congress known as the Swaraj Party on Jan 01, 1923. Motilalal Nehru became the leader of the party. Nehru Report (1928):- The Secretary of the State Lord Birkenhead, challenged the Indians to produce a Constitution that would be acceptable to all. The challenge was accepted by the Congress, which convened an all party meeting on Feb 28, 1928. A committee consisting of 8 was constituted to draw up a blueprint for the future Constitution of India. It was headed by Motilal Nehru. This is known as Nehru report. Salient features of the Nehru Report:-

Dominion status as the next immediate step A bicameral legislature at the centre Clear cut division of power b/w the Centre and the provinces (States)

Full responsible government at the centre Autonomy to the provinces

The leader of the Muslim League, Mohammad Ali Jinnah regarded it as detrimental to the interest of the Muslims. Jinnah convened an All India Conference of the Muslims where he drew up a list of Fourteen Points as Muslim league demand. As the government failed to accept the Nehru Report, the INC gave a call to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934):- The INC session at Lohore (1929) headed by Jawaharlal Nehru passed the Poorna Swaraj resolution. The INC has observed Jan 26, 1930 as the Independence Day (Hence only, India’s republic came into effect on Jan 26, 1950 though all works was finished on Jan 26, 1949 itself). Since then, Jan 26 had been observed as a day of independence every year.

As January 26 is an important day in the freedom movement of India.

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Dandi March (1930):- On Mar 12, 1930 Gandhi began his famous march to Dandi with his chosen 79 followers to break the salt laws. He reached the coast of Dandi on Apr 05, 1930 after marching a distance of 200 miles and on Apr 06, 1930 formally launched the Civil Disobedience movement by breaking the salt laws. The movement spread to all parts of the country. Students, workers, women, farmers and all participated in this movement with great enthusiasm. British government arrested all the important leaders of the INC. Round Table Conference:- British came with the concept of Round Table of Conference to suppress the movement. The First Round Table Conference was held in Nov 1930 at London and it was boycotted by INC. In Jan 1931, in order to create a conductive atmosphere for talks, the government lifted the ban on INC and released its leaders from prison. On Mar 08, 1931 the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed. As per this pact, Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience movement and participate in the second Round Table conference. Gandhi returned to India with disappointment as no agreement could be reached ion the demand of complete independence and on the communal question. The Civil Disobedience movement was resumed in 1932. Poona Pact (1932):- By 1930, Dr. Ambedkar had become a leader of national stature championing the cause of the depressed people of the country. While presenting the real picture of the condition of these people in the first Round Table Conference, he had demanded separate electorates for them.

As per the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931), Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in the Second Round Table Conference.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched on April 06, 1930.

B. R. Ambedkar is the only person to attend all the three Round Table Conferences.

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On Aug 16, 1932, the British Prime Minister Mr. Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement, which came to be as the Communal Award. As per this, the depressed classes were considered as a separate community and as such provisions were made for separate electorates for them. Gandhi protested against this and went on fast unto death in the Yeravada jail on Sep 20, 1932.

Lastly, an agreement was reached between Dr. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi. This agreement is called as Poona Act. The British Government also approved it. As per this, 148 seats in different provincial legislatures were reserved for the depressed classes in place of 71 as provided in the communal award.

The third Round Table Conference came to an end in 1932. The Congress once more did not take part in it. Nonetheless, in March 1931, the British government issued a white paper, which became the basis for the enactment of the Government of India Act, 1935.

Second World War & India’s freedom movement:- In 1936 elections were held under the provisions f the Government of India Act, 1935. Congress ministries were formed in seven states of India. The Second World War broke out on Sep 01, 1939. The British government without consulting the people of India involved in the country in the war. The INC vehemently opposed it and as a mark of protest the Congress ministries in the Provinces resigned on Dec 12, 1939. The Muslim league celebrated that day as the Deliverance Day. On Mar, 1940, the Muslim league demanded the creation of Pakistan. During the course of the Second World War in order to secure the cooperation of the Indians, the British government made an announcement on Aug 08, 1940. This is called as August Offer. This offer envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would be set up to frame the new Constitution. Gandhi was not satisfied with this offer and decided to launch Individual Satyagraha. Individual Satyagraha was limited, symbolic and non-violent in nature and it was left to Mahatma Gandhi to choose the Satyagrahis. Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the first to offer Satyagraha and he was sentenced to three months imprisonment. Jawaharlal Nehru was the second Satyagrahi

Mahatma Gandhi opposed the Communal Award.

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and imprisoned for four months. The individual Satyagraha continued for nearly 15 months. Cripps Mission (1942):- Viceroy Lord Linlithgow expanded his Executive Council by including five more Indians into it in July 1941. However, in the midst of worsening wartime international situation, the British Government in its continued effort to secure Indian cooperation sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India on Mar 23, 1942. This is known as Cripps Mission. Recommendations of the Cripps Commission:-

Protection of minorities Promise of dominion status to India Setting up of a Constituent Assembly in which there would be representatives from the Princely States along with those of the British Provinces

There would be provision for any Province of British India not prepared to accept this Constitution, whether to retain is present constitutional position or frame a constitution of its own

The major political parties rejected the Cripps proposals. Gandhi

called Cripp’s proposals as a “Post-dated Cheque”. The Muslim League was also dissatisfied as its demand for Pakistan had not been conceded in the proposal. Quit India Movement (1942-1944):- The failure of the Cripps Mission and the fear of an impending Japanese invasion of India led Mahatma Gandhi to begin his campaign for the British to quit India. Gandhi believed that tan interim government could be formed only after the British left India and the Hindu-Muslim problem sorted out. The INC met at Bombay on Aug 08, 1940 and passed the most famous Quit India Resolution. On the same day, Gandhi gave his call of “Do or Die”. Almost all the leaders of the INC arrested. For once, this pre-planned action of the government left the Indian people without leadership. At this time, leadership was provided by Ram Manohar Lohia, Achyuta and S. M. Joshi. The role of Jayaprakash Nararin in this movement was important. Large number of students also left their

Mahatma Gandhi called Cripps Mission as “post-dated cheque”

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schools and colleges to join the movement. The youth of the nation participated in this movement with patriotism. Strikes, demonstrations and public meetings were organised in various towns and cities. Slowly the movement reached the rural areas. In 1943, the movement gained further momentum as such there were armed attacks on government buildings in Madras and Bengal. Mahatma Gandhi was released in 1944. Quit India Movement paved the way for India’s freedom. Cabinet Mission (1946):- After the Second World War, Lord Atlee became the Prime Minister of England. On Mar 15, 1946 Lord Atlee made a historic announcement in which the right to self-determination and the framing of a Constitution for India was conceded. Consequently, three members of the British Cabinet – Pathick Lawerence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A. V. Alexander- were sent to India. Recommendations of the Cabinet Mission:-

Provision was made for the three groups of provinces to possess their separate constitutions

Proposed the formation of a Union of India, comprising both the British India and Princely States

Union would remain in charge of only foreign powers, defence and communications leaving the residuary powers o be vested in the provinces.

Proposed for an interim government, which would remain in office till a government was elected on the basis of the new Constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly.

Both the INC and the Muslim League accepted the plan. Consequently, elections were held in Jul 1946 for the formation of a Constituent Assembly. The Congress secured 205 out of 214 General seats. The Muslim league got 73 out of 78 Muslims eats. An Interim Government was formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on Sep 02, 1946. Mountbatten Plan (1947):- On Feb 20, 1947, Prime Minister Atlee announced in the House of Commons the definite intention of the British government to transfer power to responsible Indian hands by a date not later than June 1948. For this, Lord Mountbatten came to India as the Viceroy of India. After extensive consultations, Lord Mountbatten put forth the plan of partition of India on June 03, 1947. The Congress and the

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Muslim league ultimately approved the Mountbatten Plan. The British government accorded formal approval to the Mountbatten Plan by enacting the Indian Independence Act on 18 Jul, 1947. Salient features of the Mountbatten Plan:-

Two new dominions were to be emerged form the Union of India (India and Pakistan); British government would transfer all powers to these two Dominions

15 Aug, 1947 was declared as the appointed date for the partition

Radcliffe Boundary Commission drew the boundary line of separating India and Pakistan. Pakistan came into existence on 14 Aug, 1947 and Indian came into existence on 15 Aug, 1947. Lord Mountbatten was made the first Governor General of Independent India, whereas Mohmmad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan and Liaquat Ali Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Aftermath:-

Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister and Sardar VallabhaiPatel became the Deputy Prime Minister of India. Over 560 Princely States acceded to India. The State of Kashmir which was expected to accede Pakistan on account of 77% Muslim majority and its cultural and commercial links to West Punjab (Pakistan)., but whose Hindu ruler chose to accede to India, became a disputed territory. The States of Junagadh and Hyderabad, with majority Hindu populations but with Muslim rulers, were annexed to India after military actions by Indian Army soon after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. ======================================

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(10) SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE

Subhas Chandra Bose (also known as “Netaji” / “Respected

Leader”) was one of the most prominent Indian nationalist leaders who attempted to liberate India from British rule during the waning years of World War II.

He was born in Cuttack, Orissa on Jan 23, 1897. Bose’s parents: Janakinath Bose (an advocate) and Prabhavati Devi. Bose was the ninth child of a total fourteen siblings. Bose left India in 1919 for Great Britain with a promise to his father that he would appear in ICS exam. He went to study in Fitzwillaim College, Cambridge, and matriculated. He became fourth in the ICS examination and was selected but he did not want to work under an alien government which would mean serving the British. He returned to India. He started the newspaper Swaraj and took charge of publicity for the Bengal provincial congress committee. His mentor was Chittaranjan Das who was a spokesman for aggressive nationalism in Bengal. In 1923, Bose was elected the President of All India Youth Congress and also the Secretary of Bengal State Congress. He was also editor of the newspaper Forward, founded by Chittaranjan Das. Bose worked as the CEO of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation for Das when the latter was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924.

In 1927, Bose became the general secretary of the Congress Party and worked with Nehru for independence. Again Bose was arrested and jailed of civil disobedience; this time he emerged to become the Mayor of Calcutta in 1930. He stood for qualified Swaraj including the use of force against the British. This meant a confrontation with Gandhi, who opposed Bose’s presidency, splitting the INC party. Bose attempted to maintain unity, but Gandhi advised Bose to form his own cabinet. The rift also divided Bose and Nehru. Bose was elected as the President of INC again over Gandhi’s preferred candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya. U. Muthuramamalingam Thevar strongly supported Bose in the intra-Congress dispute. Thevar mobilised all South India votes for Bose. But Bose resigned form the Congress presidency.

On Jun 22, 1939, Bose organised the Forward Bloc, aimed at consolidating the political left, but its main strength was in his home state Bengal. Muthuramalingam Thevar was disillusioned by the official Congress leadership, and later he joined the Forward Bloc. When Bose

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visited Madurai on Sep 06, 1939, Thevar organised a massive rally as his reception.

On Jul 02, 1943, Bose reached Singapore and gave the rousing war cry of “Dili Chalo”. He was made the President of Indian Independence League and soon became the supreme commander of the Indian National Army (INA). He gave the country the slogan of Jai Hind. The name of INA’s three Brigades were,

o Subhas Brigade o Gandhi Brigade o Nehru Brigade o Rani Laxmibai (Women’s wing of army)

The INA marched towards Imphal after registering its victory over Kohima. After Japan’s surrender in 1945, the INA failed in its efforts. Under such circumstances, Subhas went to Taiwan. Then on his way to Tokyo he died on Aug 18, 1945 in a plane crash. The trial of the soldiers of INA was held at Red Fort in Delhi. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai and Tej Bahadur Sapru fought the case on behalf of the soldiers. ======================================

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(11) NEWSPAPERS & JOURNALS

# Name Year Place Founder/Editor 1 Bengal Gazette (also called

as Calcutta General Advertiser) – weekly

1780 Calcutta James Augustus Hickly

2 India Gazette 1787 Calccutta Henry Louis Vivian Derozio 3 Indian Herald 1795 Madras R. Williams 4 Calcutta Journal 1818 Calcutta J. S. Buckingham 5 Bengal Gazette (I Bengali

Newspaper) 1818 Calcutta Harischandra Roy

6 Sambad Kaumdi – weekly in Bengali

1821 Calcutta Raja Rammohan Roy

7 Mirat-ul-Akbar – I journal in Persian

1822 Calcutta Raja Rammohan Roy

8 Jam-i-Jahan Numah – I paper in Urdu

1822 Calcutta Lal Sadasukhal

9 Banga-Dutta (a weekly in 4 langs – English, Bengali, Persian, Hindi)

1822 Calcutta Raja Rammohan Roy, Dwarkannath Tagore and others

10 Bombay Samachar (I Paper in Gujarati)

1822 Bombay Fardoonji Murazbon

11 East Indian Henry Louis Vivian Derozio 12 Bombay Times

(from 1861 onwards, The Times of India)

1838 Bombay Robert Knight, Thomas Bennett

13 Rast Goftar (I Political paper)

1851 Bombay Dadabhai Naoroji

14 Hindu Patriot 1853 Calcutta Girishcndra Gosh 15 Somaprakasha (I Bengali

political paper) 1858 Calcutta Dwarkanath Vidyabhushan

16 Indian Mirror (I Indian daily paper in English)

1862 Calcutta Devendranath Tagore

17 Bengalee 1862 Calcutta Girishcndra Gosh 18 National Ppaer 1865 Calcutta Devendranath

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19 Madras Mail (I evening paper in India)

1868 Madras Charles Lawson & Henry Cornish

20 Amrita Bazar Parika (Bengali in the beginning, later English)

1868 Caccutta Sisirkumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh

21 National Paper 1865 Calcutta Devendranath 22 Bangaadarshana 1873 Calcutta Bankimchandra Chatterji 23 Indian Statesman (later,

The Statesman) Robert Knight

24 The Hindu (started as weekly)

1878 Madras G. S. Aiyar, Viraragavachari and Subba Rao Pandit

25 Kesari (Marathi daily) 1881 Bombay Tilak 26 Maratha (English daily) Tilak 27 Swadeshamitran Madras G. S. Aiyar 28 Paridasak (a weekly) 1886 Bipin Chandra Pal 29 Yugantar 1906 Bengal Barindra Kumar Ghosh and

Bhupendranath Dutta 30 Sandhya 1906 Bengal Brahmabandandhab

Upadhyay 31 Kal 1906 Bombay --- 32 Indian Sociologist London Shyamji Krishnavarma 33 Bande Mataram Paris Madam Bhikaji Cama 34 Talvar Berlin Virendranath Chatropadhyay 35 Free Hindustan Vancouver Taraknath Das 36 Ghadr San

Francisco Ghadr Party

37 Reshwa 1908 Ajit Singh 38 Bombay Chronicle 1908 Bombay Pherozeshah Mehta 39 The Hindustan Times 1920 Delhi K. M. Panikkar 40 The Milap 1923 Lahore M. K. Chand 41 Leader Madan Mohan Malaviya 42 Bahishkrit Bharat (Marathi

fortnightly) 1927 B.R. Ambedkar

43 Kudiarasu 1910 Periyar 44 Langal and Ganabani 1927 Bengal Gopu Chakravarti and

Dharani Goswami 45 Bandi Jivan Bengal Sachindranath Sanyal 46 National Herald 1938 Jawaharlal Nehru 47 Harijan (weekly) 1933 Mahatma Gandhi

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48 Harijan Sevak Mahatma Gandhi 49 New India Annie Beasant 50 Common Wheel Annie Beasant 51 Al-Hilal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 52 The Comrade Mohamed Ali Jinnah 53 Nation Gokhale 54 The Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai 55 The Pupil (English) Lala Lajpat Rai

======================================

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(11) CASTE MOVEMENTS

# Movement Year Place Led By 1 Satyashodak Movement 1873 Maharashtra Jyotibha Phule 2 Aravippuram Movement 1888 Kerala Shri Narayana Guru 3 Nair Movement 1891 Kerala C. V. Raman Pillai and

others 4 Kaivarta’ Movement 1897 Bengal Mahishyas 5 Justice Party Movement 1916 Madras Dr. T. M. Nair and others 6 Congress’ Harijan

Movement 1917-

7 The Depressed Classes Movement (Mahars)

1924 Maharashtra B. R. Ambedkar

8 Self-Respect Movement 1925 TN / Kerala Periyar 9 Nadar Movement TN

======================================

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(12) INC SUMMITS

# Year Place President Other Trivias 1 1885 Bombay W. C. Banerjee 2 1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji 3 1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji I Muslim 4 1888 Allahabad George Yule I Englishmen 5 1889 Bombay Sir William Wedderburn 6 1890 Calcutta Sir Pherozeshah Mehta 7 1891 Nagpur P. Anandacharlu 8 1892 Allahabad W. C. Bannerjee 9 1893 Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji 10 1894 Madras Alfred Webb 11 1895 Pune Surendranath Banerjee 12 1896 Calcutta Rahimtulla M. Sayani 13 1897 Amraoti Sir C.Sankaran Nair 14 1898 Madras Ananda Mohan Bose 15 1899 Lucknow Romesh Chunder Dutt 16 1900 Lahore Sir Narayan Ganesh

Chandravarkar

17 1901 Calcutta Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 18 1902 Ahmedabad Surendranath Banerjee 19 1903 Madras Lalmohan Ghosh 20 1904 Bombay Sir Henry Cotton 21 1905 Benaras Gopal Krishna Gokhale 22 1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji 23 1907 Surat Rashbihari Ghosh 24 1908 Madras Rashbihari Ghosh 25 1909 Lahore Madan Mohan Malaviya 26 1910 Allahabad Sir William Wedderburn 27 1911 Calcutta Bishan Narayan Dar 28 1912 Bankipur Rao Bahadur Raghunath

Narasinha Mudholkar

29 1913 Karachi Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur

30 1914 Madras Bhupendra Nath Bose 31 1915 Bombay Satyendra Prasanna Sinha

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32 1916 Lucknow Ambica Charan Mazumdar 33 1917 Calcutta Annie Beasant I woman 34 1918 Delhi Madan Mohan Malaviya 35 1918 Bombay

(spl session) Syed Hasan Imam

36 1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru 37 1920 Calcutta

(spl session) Lala Lajpat Rai

38 1920 Nagpur C. Vijayaraghavachariar 39 1921 Ahmedabad Hakim Ajmal Khan 40 1922 Gaya Chittaranjan Das 41 1923 Kakinada Maulana Mohammad Ali 42 1923 Delhi

(spl session) Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad

43 1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi 44 1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu I Indian woman 45 1926 Gawhati S. Srinivasa Iyengar 46 1927 Madras M A Ansari 47 1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru 48 1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru 49 1930 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru 50 1931 Karachi Sardar Vallabhai Patel 51 1932 Delhi Madan Mohan Malaviya 52 1933 Calcutta Madan Mohan Malaviya 53 1933 Calcutta Nellie Sengupta 54 1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad 55 1935 Bombay Rajendra Prasad 56 1936 Lucknow Jawaharlal Nehru 57 1937 Faizpur Jawaharlal Nehru 58 1938 Haripura Subhas Chandra Bose 59 1939 Jabalpur Subhas Chandra Bose 60 1940-46 Ramgarh Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad 61 1947 Delhi J. B. Kriplani 62 1948-49 Jaipur Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 63 1950 Nasik Purushottam Das Tandon

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