INDIA - USA Technical Knowhows for Business

8/7/2019 INDIA - USA Technical Knowhows for Business

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2.Bovine Serum Albumin

(Project Cost – 45 Lakhs )Consultancy fee – Rs.8 Lakhs

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) has many uses as a carrier protein and

as a stabilizing agent in enzymatic reactions. In Northern, Southernand dot blot hybridizations, BSA is also used as a blocking agent. It isrecommended in buffers for nick translation, polymerase reactions andligations. BSA is also a common additive for PCR amplifications,footprinting and gel shift assays. In restriction digests, BSA has beenshown to enhance enzyme activity.

Since preparations of BSA usually contain high amounts of nucleases,the BSA is often acetylated. The acetylation process inactivates theseenzymes, particularly RNase. However, acetylation also modifies theBSA. While acetylated BSA functions in restriction digests, theacetylation process does change BSA's binding characteristics as ablocking agent. Acetylated BSA has also been shown to inhibit PCRamplification.

3.Cattle Semen Preparation & Preservation

(Project Cost Rs 5 Crores)Consultancy fee – Rs.25 Lakhs

Methods and apparatus for processing sperm cells to accomplish

preservation for future use while minimizing the adverse effects of such preservation. Sperm cells may be collected from a male animaland subjected to a first preservation step, including potentially a firstcryopreservation step. Preserved sperm may then be revived,including potentially by thawing, and treated by any of variousprocessing steps to mitigate the adverse effects of preservation.Treated sperm may then be subjected to a second preservation step,including potentially a second cryopreservation step, perhaps enablinga delayed use of the sperm at a future time.



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4.Embryonic Stem Cell Banking

(Project Cost – Rs 2 Crores)Consultancy fee – Rs.15 Lakhs

Cord blood banking refers to the storage of blood from the umbilicalcord. Blood in the umbilical cord is rich in blood cells that are able toreplenish the bone marrow. Freezing cord blood cells immediately afterdelivery preserves these cells should the baby need a bone marrowtransplant in the future. The number of parents choosing to bank theirchild’s umbilical cord blood is doubling each year. To meet marketdemand, new companies offering cord blood banking services continueto enter into the marketplace. Donating cord blood is medically safe.Donating poses no health risks. Donating does not affect the baby orthe birth experience because the cord blood is collected after the babyis born.

5.Animal Cell Culture Technology

(Project Cost Rs.5 Cores)Consultancy fee – Rs.25 Lakhs

Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the manufacture of viral vaccines and many products of biotechnology. Biologicalsproduced by recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology in animal cellcultures include enzymes, hormones, immunobiologicals (monoclonal

antibodies, interleukins, lymphokines), and anticancer agents.Although many simpler proteins can be produced using rDNA inbacterial cultures, more complex proteins that are glycosylated(carbohydrate-modified), currently must be made in animal cells. Animportant example of such a complex protein is the hormoneerythropoietin.

6.Dehydrated Culture Media

(Project Cost Rs.50 Lakhs )Consultancy fee – Rs.9 Lakhs

Dehydrated Culture Media conductive to growth of microorganisms andtherefore find their primary use in the development and growth of microorganisms in clinical diagnosis production of vaccines, antibiotics,antisera as well as checking sensitivity in antibiotics, evaluatingbacterial contamination in food and water. These products find theirapplications in industries like veterinary science, health care, dairy,





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Herbal exports from India is worth Rs 450 crore, whereas even adecade back the amount was barely Rs 100 crore. This may not be ahuge sum when compared to the Chinese herbal exports market whichis worth Rs 2,000 crore.

10.Homeopathic Remedies(Project Cost Rs.50 Lakhs )Consultancy fee – Rs.9 Lakhs

Homeopathy first entered India in 1810 when German missionariesbegan distributing the medicines. It received a fillip in 1839 when DrJohn Hoenigberger was called to treat Maharaja Ranjit Singh forparalysis of vocal cords and edema. Hoenigberger later shifted toKolkata, India, and practiced for quite some time.

Official recognition began with the passing of the first resolution by thegovernment in 1937, followed by another in 1948. But it was only in1952 that homeopathy began gaining recognition in the states. In1973, a Central Act was passed, recognizing this system of medicine.Since its constitution in 1973, the Central Council of Homoeopathy hasset minimum standards of education related to graduate andpostgraduate courses and only approved colleges can provideeducation in homeopathy. Correspondence courses are not recognizedand any practice on this basis is illegal. Today, it is part of the nationalnetwork of health services, provided through hospitals, dispensariesand private practitioners.

With nearly 1,50,000 practitioners, India has the world's largest poolof homeopaths. Commenting on the success story in India, an articlein the WHO's journal, World Health Forum, says: “Homeopathictreatment seems well suited for use in rural areas where theinfrastructure, equipment and drugs needed for conventional medicinecannot be provided. In the Indian subcontinent the legal position of the practitioners of homeopathy has been elevated to a professionallevel similar to that of a medical practitioner”.



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11.Adhesives (Fevicol & Quick Fix Type)


Most Indians know it as the company that makes the big sticker. But

the cool white adhesive is not merely the carpenters' answer to allproblems, it's also the jewel in the crown for Mumbai-based Parekhfamily, owners of Pidilite Industries.

Not only is it responsible for most of the company's sales and profits(and all of its image), the 41-year-old brand commands a 60% marketshare in the Rs 500-crore-plus adhesives market.

That will leave Pidilite with just the branded products (or 'bazaarproducts') which contribute 65% to turnover. More important, theoperating margins of the bazaar products business is almost doublethat of the chemicals unit.

One of the key strengths is that it already has a comprehensive rangeboth in the furniture and consumer adhesives business, catering toeveryone from retail consumers to carpenters to cigarettemanufacturers. But so far, most of its brands are concentrated in thehigh-priced segment of the market. Now the company is trying toexpand into niche and lower-end markets and increase it's rural andsmall-town penetration. For instance, it has launched Parcol, a cheaperversion of Fevicol.

12. Jatropha Farming

(Project Cost – Rs 2 Crores)Consultancy fee – Rs.15 Lakhs

The potential of Jatropha oil ( when converted to Biodiesel )as a dieselsubstitute has already been recognized by Indian scientists, andseveral landowners in India have even started plantations of this tree.The oil content is 35 – 40% in the seeds and 50 – 60% in the kernel.The oil contains 21% saturated fatty acids and 79% unsaturated fatty

acids.There are some chemical elements in the seed which arepoisonous and render the oil not appropriate for human consumption.

Raw materialOil has a very high saponification value and is being extensively usedfor making soap in some countries. Also, the oil is used as anilluminant as it burns without emitting smoke.



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Medicinal plantThe latex of Jatropha contains an alkaloid known as "jatrophine" whichis believed to have anti-cancerous properties. It is also used as an

external application for skin diseases and rheumatism and for sores ondomestic livestock. In additon, the tender twigs of the plant are usedfor cleaning teeth, while the juice of the leaf is used as an externalapplication for piles. Finally, the roots are reported to be used as anantidote for snake-bites.

Raw material for dyeThe bark of Jatropha curcas yields a dark blue dye which is used forcolouring cloth, fishing nets and lines.

13. Chitosan From Prawn Shell

(Project Cost Rs 10 Crores)

Consultancy fee – Rs.45 Lakhs

Chitin, the main constituent of the crustacean shells, is an excellentcosmetic product that is remarkably well tolerated by the skin.

The chemical structure of chitin, a natural polymer, is very close tothat of mucopolysaccharides (heparin and hyaluronic acid), whosebiological tolerance has been demonstrated for a long time. Inaddition, it is an efficient trapper of heavy metals that are responsible

for very many contact allergies; therefore it is really interesting forskin allergies.

Chitin is a particularly effective hydrating agent. It has twoadvantages: it supplies water and it avoids dehydration. In addition,the great advantage of chitin and its derivatives is the lasting qualityof their hydrating effect.

Chitosan forms a protective tensor film on the skin's surface that canfix other active principles for the skin. Thus other hydrating agents,solar filters, organic acids or other active principles can be combinedwith the derivatives of chitin. Chitin facilitates their effects.

Chitin and its derivatives allow active principles to be placed in closecontact with the skin by means of a medium that is not only a film-forming tensor but is especially hydrating. This is a new doubleadvantage that makes chitosan of great interest in cosmetics.



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Therefore chitin and chitosan are now used in skin creams, shampoos,lacquers, varnishes, etc.

It is in medicine that the bacteriostatic, immunologic, antitumoral,cicatrizant, hemostatic and anticoagulant properties of chitin and its

derivatives have been of the greatest use.

Due to its biocompatibility with human body tissue, the cicatrizantproperties of chitin and chitosan have demonstrated their effectivenessfor all forms of dressings - artificial skin, corneal bandages and suturethread in surgery - as well as for implants or gum cicatrization in bonerepair or dental surgery.The many applications include artificial skin and suture thread that areabsorbed naturally after cicatrization, and contact lenses that are welltolerated. Betschitib W, an artificial skin based on chitin, has beenmade in Japan since 1987. This skin is in the form of a tissue that isapplied to the wound in one single operation: the dressing does nothave to be changed.Betschitib W is gradually biodegraded until a newepidermis is formed.

In dental creams, it keeps the paste healthy and regenerates gumsthat are in poor condition.

Chitosan is an excellent medium for carrying and slow release of medicinal active principles in plants, animals and man. Since it isundigested by the stomach, it is, for example, a good means of

retarding the release of encapsulated products that must reach theintestine without undergoing any transformation.

Since chitosan is not digested by the human body, it behaves like afibre, which is an important element of diet. But above all, it is anexcellent fat trap. It precipitates lipids when they arrive in theintestine, reducing the human body's rate of cholesterol absorption by20 to 30%. It has become the leading natural slimming product.

One of the main dietetic advantages of chitosan is its interactivity with

proteins, which gives it foaming properties. Thus a chitosan of lowviscosity produces a spectacular increase in the foaming properties of proteins such as egg white or whey. This foaming occurs even whenlipids are present. As any good cook knows, a small amount of eggyolk can spoil a meringue. By preventing this, a chitosan of lowviscosity can simplify the manufacturing process and considerablyincrease the performance and the development of aerated food



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products containing small amounts of fats. Dessert creams are anexample.

In solution, chitosan becomes a thickener and a stabiliser - two usefulqualities for the good consistency of sauces, among other applications.

Its flocculating property is used for clarifying drinks, or for trappingtoxic heavy metals or tannins in order to purify water.

With its phytopathological properties, it can be sprinkled on food tokeep it fresh for a longer time. It can also be used in films andmoulded packaging.

Chitin and its derivatives have two major properties that are of interest for industry and for nature conservation: they are remarkablechelation agents and heavy metal traps.

Employed as a chelation agent, chitin and its derivatives are used fortreating drinking water by separating organic compounds and heavymetals, and for treating sewage by precipitating certain anionic wastesand capturing pollutants such as DDT and PCBs (polychlorobenzene).

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has already approved theuse of chitosan in water at concentrations of up to 10 mg per litre. Forsewage treatment, chitosan can be used at up to 5 ppm. It reducesthe oxygen demand by 80 to 85% and reduces the phosphates level to

less than 5 ppm.

Chitosan and its derivatives have plant protecting and antifungalproperties. They can trigger defensive mechanisms in plants againstinfections and parasite attacks, in very low concentrations in the orderof a few milligrams per cubic metre of water. They can be used insolution, in powder form or as coatings of seeds.

Thus, in the USA, in a region where there are major fungal attacks,crop yield increases of more than 20% have been obtained in tests of

coated seeds in comparison with uncoated seeds.

Chitosan acts on several levels. Apart from its specifically antifungalaction, it strengthens the root system and thickens the stem. Somestudies also show that chitosan stimulates the plant's synthesis of protective agents.



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14. Formic Acid


Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest

carboxylic acid. Its formula is HCOOH or CH2O2. It is an importantintermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, mostfamously in the venom of bee and ant stings.

In nature, it is found in the stings and bites of many insects of theorder Hymenoptera, including bees and ants. It is also a significantcombustion product resulting from alternative fueled vehicles burningmethanol (and ethanol, if contaminated with water) when mixed withgasoline. Its name comes from the Latin word for ant, formica,referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies. Achemical compound such as a salt from the neutralization of formicacid with a base, or an ester derived from formic acid, is referred to asformate (or methanoate).

The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterialagent in livestock feed. When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, itarrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain itsnutritive value longer, and so it is widely used to preserve winter feedfor cattle. In the poultry industry, it is sometimes added to feed to killsalmonella bacteria. Other uses:

It is used to process organic latex (sap) into raw rubber.Beekeepers use formic acid as a miticide against the Varroa mite.It is of minor importance in the textile industry and for the tanning of leather.Some formate esters are artificial flavorings or perfumes.It is the active ingredient in some brands of household limescaleremover.In synthetic organic chemistry, formic acid is often used as a source of hydride ion. The Eschweiler-Clarke reaction and the Leuckart-Wallachreaction are examples of this application. It is also used as a source of

hydrogen in transfer hydrogenation.

Fuel cells that use modified formic acid are promising.



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15. Starch from Tapioca


Food Applications

Tapioca starch is a thickener and stabilizer in fruit pies, soups,puddings, breads, sauces, soy and meat products. It can withstandlong cooking times without breaking down. And products made withtapioca don’t lose their quality when frozen or reheated becausetapioca retains its thickening capabilities throughout these processes.Tapioca becomes clear and gel-like when cooked and dissolvescompletely when used as a thickener.

Chocolates, biscuits, cakes, ice creams, vermicelli. And many more.These winning goodies contain tapioca starch, which is preferred overother starches due to its better gelling properties and usability as athickening and bodying agent.

Sauces made with cornstarch turn spongy when they're frozen. If youplan to freeze a dish, use tapioca starch as a thickener.

Starch thickeners don't add much flavor to a dish, although they canimpart a starchy flavor they're undercooked. If you worried that yourthickener will mask delicate flavors in your dish, choose tapioca starch.It's neutral tasting.

Tapioca starch thickens quickly, and at a relatively low temperature.It's a good choice if you want to correct a sauce just before serving it.

Starch thickeners give food a transparent, glistening sheen, whichlooks nice in a pie filling, but a bit artificial in a gravy or sauce. If youwant high gloss, choose tapioca starch.

Tapioca starch creates a perfectly smooth filling and imparts a highgloss for a tasty-looking result. It’s the perfect product to use with

high-acid fruits or a lattice-type pie.

Tapioca needs to dissolve before baking. The fruit, sugar and tapiocamust be combined in a bowl, and sit for at least 15 minutes beforefilling. If a recipe calls for cornstarch, it can be interchanged one forone with tapioca.



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Instant noodles, Noodles, Vermicelli and Sago - all of them are basedon tapioca starch which is advantageously to other kinds of starches.

Various Applications

TAPIOCA STARCHStarches are basically carbohydrates, known as polysaccharides, i.e.,multiple molecules of sugar. For commercial use, they are derivedfrom a variety of cereals like rice, wheat, sorghum, corn and tuberslike potato, tapioca, sweet potato, etc. Internationally popular formsof starch are mostly derived from corn and tapioca due to their easyavailability.

Due to a peculiar phenomenon called gelatinisation – an irreversibleswelling of starch granules when treated with hot water, starch turnsinto a thick paste. When cooled and with certain additives, it forms agel. This gives it high viscosity which forms the basis of its many uses.

What is tapioca starch used for?Starch has a number of commercial and industrial applications andthese invariably find their way into our routine life. In our clothes.Our stationery. Our food. And in a host of other ways.Adhesive and Glue

Its relatively high viscosity affords an appreciable binding capacity,

which is why starch finds much favour in the adhesive industry.

Tapioca starch becomes sticky when it is mixed with water or certainchemicals. It stays sticky over a very long period of times. However,high quality tapioca starch fits for making industrial glues.

Plywood

Tapioca starch is applied for making glue which is an important rawmaterial of the plywood industry. The strength and the quality of

plywood depend largely on the quality of glue.

Conversion industryTapioca starch is devoid of major contaminants found in cornstarchand sorghum starch. It is much better suited for hydrolysis and so iswidely used by industries manufacturing downstream products likeliquid glucose, sorbitol, maltodextrin, etc.



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Animal feed

Starch is highly economical and therefore extensively used as a filler inthe manufacturing of compounded animal feeds

Pharmacy

Native starch is used as binders, fillers and disintegrating agents fortablet production

Textiles

Starch is perfect for textile applications. This is why it is widely used inthe sizing of yarns and finishing of cotton and polyester fabrics.

The starch has a important role in three stages of production of textiles : mixing, printing and finishing.

Mixing: Starch is applied as sizing agents to stiffen and protect thethread for improved weaving efficiency. It is also used as finishedagents to obtain smooth fabrics and color thickeners to obtain sharpand durable printed fabrics. The viscosity has to be reduce either bythe starch maker or by in-line during jet cooking with heat stableamylase.Printing works: Starch is used in printing more even and preventingthe contamination while printing. mostly a prgelatinezed modified

starch is used.Finishing stage: The tapioca starch is applied in different proportion tomake the cloth glossy and permanent, for example 12% for cotton,8% for rayon and 18% for synthetic cloth.

Paper

Tapioca starch will be used in three stages of production process;Beater Sizing or Wet-end, Surfacing Sizing or Size-press and SurfaceCoating

The first stage : Cationic starches are employed to flocculate pulp,increasing de-watering rates on the wet end. Faster machine speedsand better pulp yields result. The starch remains in the finished paper,acting as an internal sizing agent to increase the paper strength.The second stage : The stage of processing the pulp into sheets. Thetapioca starch solution will not only fill up the pores on the sheetswhile passing through and oven dryer, but also increase the



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smoothness of the sheet surface, making the sheet smoother to writeon and harder for ink to penetrate. Low viscosity starches are applied.The third stage : The stage of producing special condensed paper forbook cover, calendar paper and boxes. Thin boiling starches and moresophisticated modified starches are used or native starch is jet-cooked

with enzymes.

Confectionery

Native tapioca starch and diverse types of modified starch are used inconfectionery for different purposes such as gelling, thickening,texture stabilizing, foam strengthening, crystal growth control,adhesion, film foaming and glazing.

Jellies and gums: Low viscosity tapioca starch are widely used in gelledconfectioneries.

The most often used one is acid-thinned starch or enzymatically jet-cooked starch due to its high retrogradation and gel formationcharacteristics, which are enhanced by the presence of sugars. Powderstarches are used as mould release agents when casting.

Beverages and Alcohol

Modified tapioca starch is used as a colloid stabilizer in beverages thatinclude solid constituents. Tapioca starch based sweeteners are

preferred to sucrose in beverages for their improved processingcharacteristics and product enhancing properties. High dextroseequivalent syrups of tapioca based hydrolysate are also excellentsource for easily fermentable sugar for brewery applications.

Alcohol. Ethanol is derived from tapioca starch and used as fuel. Itaccounted for 70% supplied to alcoholic beverage industry and lysolindustry. One ton of tapioca starch yields 720 litre or 95% ethanol

16. Antibody Production (Monoclonal & Polyclonal)(Project Cost Rs.10 Cores)Consultancy fee – Rs.50 Lakhs

The worldwide market for therapeutic and diagnostic monoclonalantibodies is expected to reach $26 million by 2010, buoyed on bytechnological advances that allow antibodies to exhibit a specifiedtargeted attack on disease-causing cells or compounds.



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The remarkable variety in which these antibodies may be used has hadsome analysts hailing this technology as the medicine of the future.Monoclonal antibodies are effective in a broad range of diseasesincluding autoimmune, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, cancer

and inflammation.

Market drivers for this sector are seen as more important than othersectors of the pharmaceutical industry partly because they are seen asone of the main indicators of the direction drug treatments are shapingtowards.

Currently the limited efficacy of conventional therapies combined withserious side effects, has increased demand for monoclonal (mAbs).One of the great advantages of this therapy is its low or negligibletoxicity. Indeed, another one is that the antibody itself may be used asa weapon or the antibody may serve as the vehicle to deliver a drug.

Indeed, beyond fully human antibodies, conjugated antibodies (linkedto small molecule drugs, toxins, or radioactive payloads) have shownstrong theoretical potential, particularly in the treatment of cancers.

According to a soon-to-be-released updated report: "RC-088ZDynamic Antibody Industry," from Business CommunicationsCompany, the worldwide market for therapeutic and diagnosticantibodies is estimated at $15 billion in 2005.

With the rollout of more than a dozen new therapeutic monoclonalantibody products and expanded indications for existing productsexpected during the forecast period, the market is expected to rise atan average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 11.5 per cent to nearly $26billion in 2010.

As of May 2005, there were 18 therapeutic monoclonal antibodyproducts on the US market. Worldwide, there were an estimated 500monoclonal antibody products in development by more than 200

companies for the treatment of virtually every debilitating disease.Approximately 80 of these monoclonal antibody products are in clinicaltrials.

The report stated that therapeutic antibodies currently dominate themarket and are projected to have an AAGR of 11.4 per cent, reaching$25.7 billion in 2010. The therapeutic monoclonal antibody market isprojected to have an AAGR of approximately 12.4 per cent through the



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forecast period. The therapeutic polyclonal antibody market, which isdriven more by volume and demand than innovation, is projected tosee an AAGR of approximately 4 per cent.

The report also predicted the diagnostic imaging market, though small,

would do well, with average annual growth approaching 17 per centreaching $147 million in 2010.

17. Poultry & Meat Product Processing

(Project Cost Rs.10 Cores)Consultancy fee – Rs.50 Lakhs

In India, the production of processed meat products in the organizedsector got a boost in 60's with the establishment of bacon factories.Now the production of processed meat has touched 2,00,000tons/annum. Over 220 licensed meat processing units, eight baconfactories and five meat corporations are the main meat processors of the country. Their products comprise 50 percent cured meats, 20percent sausages, 20 percent canned meats, the rest being of miscellaneous nature.

Though India has the largest livestock populations, the meatproduction in 1995-96 was hardly 2 percent (4.12 MMT) of the worldmeat production (211 MMT). The per capita availability / annum of meat is low (2 kgs) against the world average of 14 kgs.

Water buffalo (Bubalis bubalis ) is one of the world's most importantdomestic animals. The river type buffalo that originated in Indian sub-continent are the well -known breeds as the Murrah, Jafarabadi, Nili-Ravi and Surti have excellent muscle conformation that demonstratepotential for veal or beef production. The buffalo along with cattlecontribute nearly 15% of the gross national income. Meat productionform buffalo is 0.13 million tonnes per anum (9%total meatproduction).

Production of Quality meat

The objective of meat quality is to offer to the consumer wholesome,tasty and safe meat at a reasonable price. This is possible to achieve if one can understand the simple meat science and the safety levels. Aquality meat production involves:



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Raw material ,Selection and care of animal ,Slaughtering andprocessing ,Preservation, coldstore and transport ,Consumption,shelflife.

Other Quality Contributing Factors are:

A good maintenance of the plant hygiene and sanitation both insideand outside the premises is utmost important to produce quality meat.This applies to transport vehicles and retail outlets also along with thetools and the equipment's associated.

Selection of correct packing material i.e., Polyethylene is crucial toretain the quality of meat and sustain the freezing and handlingpressure through out the shelf life period.

Correct packing method for better and longer shelf life like MAP(Modified Atmospheric Pack) vacuum, tin packing, tetra packing orsimple polyethylene packing (Grade I ).

Disease Management

Parasitic diseases in calves: The increasing export of frozen buffalomeat to various Middle East countries confirms the scope forincreasing meat production through systematic rearing of Male Buffalo'calves for meat production .It has almost 3-4 fold cost advantage overgoat of chicken meat. About 10 million male buffalo calves are born

annually. Considering a mortality rate of about 10% surviving calveswill be about 9 million, about 10% of these calves may be retained fordraught and breeding purpose for some time but ultimately theseanimals too will be used for meat production.

Costs in Meat Production

Though 86 percent of the world meat production is in India. The meatavailable is mostly from old and culled animals, which is dark, lesstender and has a strong odour. However, when buffalo calves are

reared under scientific feeding conditions, their meat is lean, tenderand highly palatable.

Slaughter Houses

There are about 3600 licensed slaughter houses run by localbodies.Five modern abattoirs, one integrated abattoir, 24 baconfactories and 5 poultry processing plants. At present other than poultry



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almost 91 million animals are slaughtered / annum, yielding a total of 3.9 MMT of meat. Of this 63.4 percent is from Cattle and Buffaloes, 16percent by Sheep and Goats, 10.5 percent by Poultry and 9.5 percentby Pigs.

Objective of a Slaughter House

Meat and meat products are important sources of nourishment formankind. The developed countries since long have realized thefinancial and sanitary advantage of full use of animal - meat fromslaughtered animal and also condemned carcass / slaughter houseedible and inedible waste.

Objective of a slaughter house: to provide proper remuneration to thefarmers of the area for live / dead animals and also the keep the areaclean from environmental pollution. In order to create hygienicconditions to produce good quality meat and also to put to use theoffal's etc. thus produced efficiently to make it into offal meal andother products of use.

To make available a facility whereby good quality meat can be madeavailable to the consumers.As a welfare activity to prevent zoonotic infections and spread of animal diseases. To reduce environmental pollution from slaughterhouse waste.To reduce risks for bird hazards to civil and military aviation.

To achieve material benefit by production of high quality end-products.

Opportunities

The carcasses from the slaughter house will be able to feed thedomestic market and also to some extent the export market by way of providing a facility to slaughter the animal in hygienic conditions, asper the requirements of the buyers.

It can help in making good quality end products as under:

Hides and skins can be used to make good quality shoe uppers.Demand exits in the local market as well as for exports.Tallow can be used for making candles, inexpensive soap and also assource of Energy in the Poultry Diets.Meat-cum-bone meal can provide the much needed protein to thelivestock sector for better production from the animals.



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Organised Meat Processing Sector

There are about 20 modern meat processing plants and 4 modernabattoirs in the country in private sector which provide adequatehygienic conditions. These plants have chilling deponing, freezing and

packaging facilities and mostly cater to the export demand. However,there are still 3643 recognised municipal slaughter houses in Indiawhich needs improvement. The capacity of these units varies from 100to 500 for large animals and 25 to 800 small ruminants per day.

Now a few modern mechanised abattoirs-cum-meat processing plantshave come up meeting EEC and USDA phyto-sanitary conditions.Modern state owned meat processing complex have been set up inGoa, Durgapur (West Bengal), Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai andnear Ambala in Haryana. There are plans to set up modern abattoirs inCalcutta, Delhi, Srinagar and other important cities.

Recent Advances in Buffalo Meat Processing

Total meat production is estimated at 4.3 million tonnes valued at Rs.20587 crores (1997-98) and by products worth Rs. 2281 crores areproduced annually. This meat production from various speciescomprise of beef (30%), buffalo meat (28%), mutton (4.2%), goatmeat (11.4%), pork (9.8%), chicken (13.5%), and other meat (3%).

Export of livestock products has been considered an important sector

to harness higher returns as value added agro products. During 1997-98, 1.84 lakh tonnes of meat and meat products valued at Rs. 794crores were exported. Ministry of Commerce has envisaged that meatexport could be increased to over Rs. 100 crores by 2000 A.D. if theworking conditions in the meat industry are streamlined with betterprocessing, hygiene and quality control. Buffalo meat exports form95% of total meat exports in value term and 89% in quantitativeterms.

Processing of Buffalo Meat

For efficient utilization of such fibrous and tough meat from spentanimals, a great deal of research work has been carried out to developappropriate technologies for improving the physico-chemical andfunctional properties and palatability of market buffalo meat and itsuse in convenience and value added processed meat products.



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Ground Meat

In ground meat products, meat and other components are not onlyminced but other ingredients are added to improve the processingquality and palatability. Further, mincing and emulsification facilitate

the moulding of meat into several types of meat products thus addingto variety and convenience that can be offered to the consumers.Processing of ground meat into processed comminuted meat productsoffer wide scope for fabricated products of desired composition/qualitysuch as health foods, low cost formulation, and specialty productsbesides blending meats from different species for synergistic effect.

Indigenous Products

The demand for traditional meat products is bound to increase furtherin the coming years due to rapid urbanization and rising livingstandards. Buffalo meat is also consumed in the form of conventionalpreparations or as processed products. Traditional meat products like"seekh kabab", "Shammi kabab", "Tikka" and "kofta" are popular. Thefuture development of these nutritious foods has great potential, butits realization will depend upon raising their production and qualityimprovement.

Comminuted Meat Products

Addition of fat enhances juiciness and palatability of the products but

incorporation of buffalo fat in the products formulations caused mouthcoating and/or after taste problems thus lowering palatability of emulsion based buffalo meat products. Processing techniques havebeen developed for convenience, value added and highly acceptablebuffalo meat sausages, patties, blocks, loaves, nuggets, rolls, etc.

Cured and Smoked Products

Cured and smoked products are being relished for their attractivecolour and flavour. Nitrite level of 150 ppm in product formulations

was found necessary for producing smoked buffalo meat chunks forbetter colour and flavour. Curing and smoking improved the storagestability of the products. Smoked buffalo meat is being madecommercially. Tumbling and vacuum tumbling processing scheduleshave been developed to facilitate uniform distribution of curing mixtureand hasten the curing process in order to obtain cured and smokedproducts of high sensory quality.



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Restructured Products

Restructuring of meat offers several benefits. Meat from the calves(about a year) is found to be suitable for production of restructuredblocks, nuggets and roils. However, restructured products made from

the meat of market/adult buffaloes will be relatively less palatable.Intermittent vacuum tumbling of r18 hrs has significantly improved theyield cohesiveness and sensory attributes of restructured meat blocks.

Future strategies

The export of livestock product from this country is expected to crossRs. 5000 million during 1995-96 and major contribution will be fromBuffalo meat. India is having vast resources and cheap labour,therefore, the figure may just be doubled if the potentiality of malebuffalo calves for meat production could be harvested optimally.

18. Egg Powder

(Project Cost Rs 5 Crores)Consultancy fee – Rs.25 Lakhs

The egg is the most nutritious natural product. Eggs are rich inprotein, vitamins and minerals. During last three decades, the poultryindustry in the country has made remarkable progress and grown intoan organized and highly productive industry. Dried egg powder can bestored and transported at room temperatures. It is quite stable and

has long shelf life. The manufacture of egg powder is an importantsegment of egg consumption. There is enough scope of an egg powdermanufacturing plant, with a suitable capacity.

Egg powder is one of the most common products in poultry industry inthe country. Attempts have been made to prepare egg pudding alsobut this product has not yet been accepted by the consumers, whereasdemand for egg powder is increasing year after year. This project canbe set up in UP, WB, Maharashtra and AP. The preferred location isMaharashtra in view of vast market.

Eggs are full of nutrients and minerals and are consumed in differentforms since centuries.There was misconception that they are fromnon-vegetarian food category but now people at large have acceptedthem as a vegetarian item and their consumption is increasing yearafter year. Transportation of eggs is difficult as chances of breakageduring transportation are higher and it is costly also. Egg powder is



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comparatively easier to transport and there is no question of anybreakage during the transit.

Both poultry egg processing units have come in a very big way in thecountry. Karnataka’s egg production accounts for 2.5 million eggs /

day to 7.5 million eggs, that in Punjab expanded from 5.0 million 15.0million eggs per day in the past two years. Tamil Nadu was producing8.0 million eggs / day while Maharashtra 6.0m, Rajasthan 1.5m,Gujarat 2.5m, Madhya Pradesh 4.5m and Orissa 1.5m eggs per day.Egg output in the northeastern states is estimated at 1.5m.

Both public and private sector organizations have their contribution inthe poultry industry that has made India among the top players. Thereare about 15 pure line and grand parent franchise projects in India.There are 115 layer and 280 broiler hatcheries producing 1.3 millionlayer parents and 280 million broiler parents. They in turn supply 95million hybrid layer and 275 million broilers, day- old chick.

Presently there are only five egg powder plants in India which isconsidered insufficient in view of growing export demand for differentkind of powder - whole egg, yolk and albumen. The scope of foreigninvestment and state-of-the-art technology in this field is thereforetremendous.

19. Tanin Extract from Harra / Wattle(Project Cost Rs 5 Crores)


Tannins are astringent, bitter-tasting plant polyphenols that bind andprecipitate proteins. The term tannin refers to the source of tanninsused in tanning animal hides into leather; however, the term is widelyapplied to any large polyphenolic compound containing sufficienthydroxyls and other suitable groups (such as carboxyls) to form strongcomplexes with proteins and other macromolecules. Tannins havemolecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3,000.[1]

Tannins are usually divided into hydrolyzable tannins and condensedtannins (proanthocyanidins). At the center of a hydrolyzable tanninmolecule, there is a polyol carbohydrate (usually D-glucose). Thehydroxyl groups of the carbohydrate are partially or totally esterifiedwith phenolic groups such as gallic acid (in gallotannins) or ellagic acid(in ellagitannins). Hydrolyzable tannins are hydrolyzed by weak acidsor weak bases to produce carbohydrate and phenolic acids. Condensedtannins, also known as proanthocyanidins, are polymers of 2 to 50 (or



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more) flavonoid units that are joined by carbon-carbon bonds, whichare not susceptible to being cleaved by hydrolysis. While hydrolyzabletannins and most condensed tannins are water soluble, some verylarge condensed tannins are insoluble.

Tannins may be employed medicinally in antidiarrheal, hemostatic, andantihemorrhoidal compounds. Also, they produce different colors withferric chloride (either blue, blue black, or green to greenish black)according to the type of tannin.

Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather.Oak bark has traditionally been the primary source of tannery tannin,though synthetic tanning agents are also in use today.

Tannin is a component in a type of industrial particleboard adhesivedeveloped jointly by the Tanzania Industrial Research andDevelopment Organization and Forintek Labs Canada.

Harra with the botanical name of Myrobaan is a tree born wild nutfound in all the tropical forests in the country extensively. It is asomewhat round oblong green coloured fruit which turns yellowishbrown with very hard outer surface when ripe. One mature tree yieldsaround 40 quintals of Harra. Tanin extract is obtained by processingHarra powder under specific conditions of temperature and pressure. Itis a high value added 300 mesh fine powder, dark brown in colour.Tanin extract is basic raw material required by chrome leather

tanneries all over the world as a tanning agent for conversion of bluewet or semi finished hides and skins into fully tanned chrome leatherused in leather garments, shoe uppers & soft luggage etc. Taninextract is also used as textile auxiliary in dyes and pigments.

Presently Tanin is produced in India in three large scale plants basedon technology and machineries imported from Germany. These plantswith combined capacity of 3000 Tonne per annum are located in theeastern part of the country . Two plants with combined capacity of 1000 Tonne utilising a similar type of wild nut called 'wattle' are

located in southern part of the country. Wattle extract is considered aless powerful tanning media per square foot of leather as compared totannin extract which has remained the high preference media of thetanners all over the world.

The demand for Tanin extract is primarily from leather tanners all overthe world. Around 90% of tanin extract produced presently, isexported to Italy and Germany with marginal availability for tanners



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in the country.

Being rich in its cattle wealth, India has the requisite raw materialbase for a prosperous leather industry. In year 1994-95 the productionof hides & skins was 31.7 million Pieces of cattle hides, 20.7 million

Pieces of buffalo hides, 115.4 million Pieces of goat skins and 55.4million Pieces of sheep skins. The major centres of leather productionare Tamilnadu accounting for 65%, West Bengal 15% and U.P. 10%.The total no of hides & skins available in the country to tanners arethus 52.4 million pieces of hides and 170.8 millions pieces of skins.The tanin requirements are 100 Tonne/million pieces of hide and 30Tonne/million pieces of skins. The gross requirement of Tanin forIndian leather market will be around 10,364 Tonne per year. Thefigures for last three years tanin exports are dismal mainly due to thelimited availability of the product. Considering the export figures assuch without any incremental increase yearly the tannin demand canbe placed around 12864 to 13000 Tonne per annum against thepresent production of 3000 Tonne .

The present animal demand growth achieved by Indian Leatherindustry is around 33%. Even if the tanin production is doubled everyyear from the present level of 3000 Tonnes, there is no conceivableway to fulfil this demand.

20. Oil from spices(Project Cost Rs.50 Lakhs )


If any body want to do something which is not very commonly done bymany, exploration of oil from spices could be one of the most ideal andprofitable industry. This product has established its existence inpharmaceutical, confectionary, perfumery, toiletry and on the largescale in non alcoholic & alcoholic beverages. Some of the uses are asunder.

Pepper oil is used in perfumery & toiletries and also in food stuffs.

Cardamom oil is used in food as well as perfumery besidespharmaceuticals. Ginger oil is mainly used in various types of beverages both alcoholic and non alcoholic.

All the products where oil is used are catching market in geometricproportion every day. Hence the market is having immense potentialfor its consumption



The product also has immense export potential as India is the largestproducer of spices in the world and some of the products are notavailable elsewhere. Our participation in the world market has been 10to 12 tonnes per annum of ginger oil only. And the consumption of thisproduct is increasing day by day across the globe with change in taste

of the people for soft drinks and confectionery. No synthetic substituteis available for such kind of products which makes the project moreviable in the future also.

Kerala is the largest producer of pepper and cardamom. We producealmost 50% of the total pepper production in the world.

We produce about 50,000 tonnes of pepper. about 1.5 lacs tonnes of ginger. about 9000 tonnes of Cardamom.

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