India in Space ___ Bag Full Success

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UPSCPORTAL Current Affairs : http://upscportal.com/civilservices/current-affairs

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The space activities in the

countrywereinitiated with

the setting up of Indian

National Committee forSpace Research

(INCOSPAR) in 1962. In

the same year, the work on

Thumba Equator ial

Rocket Launching Station,

(TERLS) near Thiruvananthapuram was also

started. The Indian space programme was

institutionalized in November 1969 with the formation

of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The

Government of India constituted the Space

Commission and established theDepartment of Space

(DOS) in June 1972 and brought ISRO under DOS

in September 1972. Department of Space (DOS) has

the primaryresponsibility of promoting development

of space science, technologyand applications towards

achieving self reliance and assisting in all round

development of the nation. Both the DOS and ISRO

Headquarters are located at Bangalore. The

development activities are carried out at the Centres

and Units spread over the country.

FIRST FEW STEPS TOWARDS SPACE

India launched its first experimental satellite,

Aryabhatta, in 1975 this was followed by a series of

experimental satellites like Bhaskara , Rohini,stretched Rohini satellite series, SROSS. The first

Indian experimental satellite, APPLE, was launched.

Indian space programme reached the new stage with

the launch of the series ofINSAT(Indian National

IIINNNDDDIIIAAAIIINNNSSSPPPAAACCCEEE:::AAABBBAAAGGGFFFUUULLLLLLOOOFFFSSSUUUCCCCCCEEESSSSSSSatellite) in1983, we have entered the fourth

generation of these satellites. The first generations of

INSAT satellites were imported from United States.

DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY

India has indigenously developed the subsequent

generation of INSAT satellites. The INSAT satellite

system was jointly owned by the departments of

Telecommunications, Space, All India Radio,

Doordarshan, Indian Meteorology department. The

super cyclone of Orissa has highlighted the limitation

of Indian space programme. This led to the

development of exclusive satellites. The first ever

exclusive satellite for weather monitoring called

METSATwas launched. This was named Kalpana

after the Indian born American astronaut Kalpana

Chawla who died in Colombia crash.India hadlaunched an exclusive satellite for education called

EDUSAT. This has revolutionized the fields of

education and health too. The tele education and tele

medicine projects got further boost with the

successful launching of this exclusive satellite. India

launched the series of remote sensing satellites in

1988. The latest in this series was RESOURCE SAT.

Apart from satellites and satellite launch vehicles,

India developed an impressive space infrastructure.

For instance, the Vikram Sarabai Space Centre-VSSC

at trivendrum, National Remote Sensing Agency in

Hyderabad, Space Application Centre-SAC, inAhmedabad., Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching

Station - TERLS at Thumba in Kerala. Physical

Research laboratories - PRL in Ahmedabad , and a

host of satellite tracking ground stations in India and


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Abroad. Several universities, research institutions are

also actively associated with the development of space

programme in India.

OBJECTIVES & SPECIALITIES OF

INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMMES

The Space Commission formulates the policies and

oversees the implementation of the Indian space

pr ogram me to pr omote th e developm ent an d

application of space science and technology for the

socio-economic benefit of the country. The speciality

of Indian space programme is that it is dedicated to

the socio economic development of our country. Even

before India had its first experimental satellite, India

conducted the Satellite Instructional TelevisionExperimen t- SITE in 1975-76. TheAmerican satellite

ATS-6was leased out for this purpose. As a part of

this experiment, television programmes were beamed

to 2500 villages using satellite. This experiment paved

the way for the development of television in India. In

1977-79, India successfully conducted Satellite

Telecommuni-cation Experimental Project - STEP.

The Franco German satellite, Symphony was taken

on lease for this purpose. The INSAT satellites

pr ovided benefits ranging fr om televis ion

broa dcast in g to wea the r pr ed iction.

Telecommunication, tele education, tele medicineprojects are carried out with the help of INSAT

satellites. The myriad hour multi channel television

boom would not have been possible without the

INSAT satellite system. The information revolution

and telecommuni-cation revolution were also the

result of the INSAT satellites. Indian National Satellite

(INSAT) programme for telecommunications, TV

broadcasting, meteorology, developmental education,

etc. Remote Sensing programme for application of

satellite imagery for various developmental purposes.

Indigenous capability for design and development of

spacecraft and associated technologies forcommunications, resources surveyand space sciences.

Design and development of launch vehicles with

indigenous technology for access to spaceand orbiting

INSAT, IRS spacecraft and space science missions.

Research and development in space sciences and

technologies as well as application programme for

national development.

REMOTE SENSING SATELITES

The Remote Sensing satellites provide a range of

benefits. They include the Exploration of natural

resources, flood zone mapping, drought assessment,

desert land identification and reclamation, estimating

the forest cover, assessing the extent of smoke

generated by thermal power stations, estimating the

crop yield and crop acreage, providing location

specific development information, monitoring of

command areas, etc. India is conducting National

Natural Resources Management Systems- NNRMSusing remote sensing data provided by these satellites.

We are also conducting Integrated Mission for

Sustainable Development-IMSD, with the service

pr ovi ded by these sa te ll ites. Th e Vanjuvanka

watershed in Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh is

also part of IMSD. These satellites are the most

advanced and sophisticated satellites making us

leaders in the area of remote sensing. For instance,

the OCEAN SAT can measure the oxygen quantity

in the algae underneath the oceans thereby giving an

accurate estimate of marine resources. Biennial forest

surveys are conducted using the data provided byremote sensing satellites. Our remote sensing satellites

can provide reasonably accurate data about the extent

of crops sown helping us to undertake agricultural

plans. These remote sensing satellitescan estimate the

possible crop yield one mon th before harvest .

Monitoring of command areas using these satellites

would ensure supply of irrigation water to the tail end

farmers. The very small aperture terminals VSATs

were set up to support the national information and

communication network.

INDIA IN ELITE LEAGUE & MARKETING PROCESS

Apart from satellites, India developed capabilities in

launch vehicle technology too. Starting with a

simple Satellite Launch Vehicle-SLV, India went on

to develop the Augmented Satellite Launch vehicle-


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ASLV, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-PSLV,

the Geo Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-

GSLV . India has also indigenously developed the

VIKASengine used in the PSLV. The PSLV is used

for the launching of remote sensing satellites in earths

po la r orbi t. Th e PSLV was al so us ed in the

Chandrayan, Indias first ever Lunar Mission. The

Geo Synchronous satellite launch vehicle is used in

the launching of communication satellites in earths

Geo Synchronous orbit. India has also indigenously

developed the cryogenic engine used in the GSLV.

India is not only self sufficient in space programme,

but infact attained international recognition. This

helped us to enter into highly competitive global space

products market. A special agency called ANTRIX

Corporation was set up for this purpose within the

Department of Space. Indias INSAT- 2 E

transponders were leased to INTELSAT, International

Telecommunication Satellite. India has also entered

into an agreement with the European space agency

AERIAN space for the marketing of its Launch

Vehicle Technology. We have also reached an

agreement with the American Remote Sensing

Company SIO SAT for marketing its remote sensing

data. India conducted a programme called sharing of

experience in space, shares to train the third world

space personnel. India is also becoming part of Russias GLOSNOS project. Indian Space Programme

developed many products which are now used in

industry. The space programme has several spin off

benefits which include production of low weight

material used in creation of artificial limbs.Against

this impressive background, India has now embarked

upon the ambitious programmeof lunar mission. The

success of Chandrayaan-1 revealed to the world,

Indias capability in one of the highly sophisticated

areas of science and technology.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF ISRO SO FAR IN BRIEF

So far, 51 Indian Satellite Missions, and 27 Launches

from Sriharikota have been conducted.Namely they

are as follows:-

2011

PSLV-C16 successfully launches Three

SatellitesRESOURCESAT-2, YOUTHSAT,

X-SAT from Sriharikota (April 20, 2011).

2010

GSLV-F06 launched from Shriharikota (Dec

25, 2010). GSAT-5Pcould not be placed into

orbit as the GSLV-F06 mission was not

successful.

PSLV-C15 successfullylaunches FiveSatellites

CARTOSAT-2B, ALSAT-2 A, two

nanosatellites-NLS-6.1 & 6.2 and a pico-satellite-STUDSAT from Sriharikota (July12,

2010).

GSLV-D3 launched from Sriharikota (Apr 15,

2010). GSAT-4satellite could not be placed in

orbit as flight testing of the Indigenous

Cryogenic Stage in GSLV-D3 Mission was not

successful.

2009

PSLV-C14 successfully l aunches Seven

Satellites OCEANSAT-2, Four CUBESAT

Satellites and Two RUBIN-9 from Sriharikota(Sept. 23, 2009).

PSLV-C12 successfully launches RISAT-2 and

ANUSAT from Sriharikota (April 20, 2009).

2008

PSLV-C11 success fu ll y l aunches

CHANDRAYAAN-1 from Sriharikota

(October 22, 2008).

PSLV-C9 successfully launches CARTOSAT-

2A, IMS-1 and 8 foreign nano satellites from

Sriharikota (April 28,2008).

PSLV-C10 successfully launches TECSAR

satellite under a commercial contract with

Antrix Corporation (January 21, 2008).


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2007

Successful launch of GSLV (GSLV-F04) with

INSAT-4CR on board from SDSC SHAR

(September 2, 2007).

ISROs Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-

C8, successfullylaunched Italian astronomical

satellite, AGILE from Sriharikota (April 23,

2007).

Successful launch of INSAT-4B by Ariane-5

from Kourou French Guyana, (March 12,

2007).

Successful recovery of SRE-1 after

manoeuvring it to reenter theearths atmosphereand descend over the Bay of Bengal about 140

km east ofSriharikota (January 22, 2007).


C7 successfully launches four satellites

Indias CARTOSAT-2 and Space Capsule

RecoveryExperiment (SRE-1) and Indonesias

LAPAN-TUBSAT and Argent inas

PEHUENSAT-1 (January 10, 2007).

2006

Second operational flight ofGSLV(GSLV-F02)

from SDSC SHAR with INSAT-4C on board.(July 10, 2006). Satellite could not be placed

in orbit.

2005

Successful launch of INSAT-4AbyAriane from

Kourou French Guyana, (December 22, 2005).


C6, successfully launched CARTOSAT-1 and

HAMSAT satellites from Sriharikota(May 5,

2005).

2004

The first operational flight of GSLV (GSLV-

F01) successfully launched EDUSAT from

SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota (September 20,

2004)

2003


C5, successfully launched RESOURCESAT-

1(IRS-P6) satellite from Sriharikota (October

17, 2003). Successful launch of INSAT-3E by

Ariane from Kourou French Guyana,

(September 28, 2003).

The Second developmental launch of GSLV-

D2 with GSAT-2on board from Sriharikota

(May 8, 2003).

Successful launch of INSAT-3AbyAriane from

Kourou French Guyana, (April 10, 2003).

2002


C4, successfully launched KALPANA-1

satellite from Sriharikota(September 12, 2002).

Successful launch of INSAT-3C byAriane from

Kourou French Guyana, (January 24, 2002).

2001


C3,successfully launched three satellites

Technology Experiment Satellite (TES)of

ISRO, BIRD of Germany and PROBA of

Belgiumintotheir intended orbits (October 22,

2001).

The first developmental launch of GSLV-D1

with GSAT-1 on board from Sriharikota (April

18, 2001).

2000

INSAT-3B, the first satellite in the third

generation INSAT-3 series, launched byAriane

from Kourou French Guyana, (March 22,

2000).1999

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, IRS-P4

(OCEANSAT), launched byPolar Satellite


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Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C2) along with Korean

KITSAT-3 and German DLR-TUBSAT from

Sriharikota (May26, 1999). INSAT-2E, the last

satellite in the multipurpose INSAT-2 series,

launched by Ariane from Kourou French

Guyana, (April 3, 1999).

1998

INSAT system capacity augmented with the

readiness of INSAT-2DTacquired from

ARABSAT (January 1998).

1997

INSAT-2D, fourth satellite in the INSAT series,

launched (June 4, 1997). Becomes inoperableon October 4, 1997. (An in-orbit satellite,

ARABSAT-1C, since renamed INSAT-2DT,

was acquired in November 1997 to partly

augment the INSAT system).

First operational launch of PSLV with IRS-1D

on board (September 29, 1997). Satelliteplaced

in orbit.

1996

Third developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-

P3, on board (March 21, 1996). Satelliteplaced

in polar sunsynchronous orbit.

1995

Launch of third operational Indian Remote

Sensing Satellite, IRS-1C(December 28, 1995).

INSAT-2C, the third satellite in the INSAT-2

series, launched (December 7, 1995).

1994

Second developmental launch of PSLV with

IRS-P2, on board (October 15, 1994). Satellite

successfully placed in Polar Sunsynchronous

Orbit. Fourth developmental launch of ASLV with

SROSS-C2, on board (May 4, 1994). Satellite

placed in orbit.

1993

First developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-

1E on board (September 20, 1993). Satellite

could not be placed in orbit

INSAT-2B, the second satellite in the INSAT-2

series, launched (July 23, 1993).

1992

INSAT-2A, the f i rst satel l ite of the

indigenously-built second-generation INSAT

series, launched (July 10, 1992).

Third developmental launch of ASLV with

SROSS-Con board (May 20, 1992). Satellite

placed in orbit.

1991

Second operational Remote Sensing satellite,

IRS-1B, launched (August 29, 1991).

1990

INSAT-1D launched (June 12, 1990).

1988

INSAT-1C launched (July 21,1988).

Abandoned in November 1989. Second

developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-2on board (July 13, 1988). Satellite could not

be placed in orbit.

Launch of first operational Indian Remote

Sensing Satellite, IRS-1A(March 17, 1988).

1987

First developmental launch of ASLV with

SROSS-1 satellite on board (March 24, 1987).

Satellite could not be placed in orbit.

1984

Indo-Soviet manned space mission (April1984).

1983

INSAT-1B, launched (August 30, 1983).


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Second developmental launch of SLV-3. RS-

D2 placed in orbit (April 17, 1983).

1982

INSAT-1A launched (April 10, 1982).

Deactivated on September 6, 1982.

1981

Bhaskara-II launched (November 20, 1981).

APPLE, an experimental geo-stationary

communication satellite successfully launched

(June 19, 1981). RS-D1 placed in orbit (May

31, 1981)First developmental launch of SLV-

3.

1980

Second Experimental launch of SLV-3, Rohini

satellite successfully placed in orbit. (July 18,

1980).

1979

First Experimental launch ofSLV-3 with Rohini

Technology Payloadon board (August 10,

1979). Satellite could not be placed in orbit.

Bhaskara-I, an experimental satellite for earth

observations, launched (June 7, 1979).

1977

Satellite Telecommunication Experiments

Project (STEP) carried out.

19751976

Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

(SITE) conducted.

1975

ISRO First Indian Satellite, Aryabhata,

launched (Apr il 19, 1975).Becomes

Government Organisation (April 1, 1975).

19721976

Air-borne remote sensing experiments.

1972

Space Commission and Department of Space

set up (June 1, 1972). ISRO brought under

DOS.

1969

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

formed under Department of Atomic Energy

(August 15, 1969).

1968

TERLS dedicated to the United Nations

(February 2, 1968).

1967

Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station set

up at Ahmedabad.

1965

Space Science & Technology Centre (SSTC)

established in Thumba.

1963

First sounding rocket launched from TERLS

(November 21, 1963).

1962

Indian National Committee for Space Research

(INCOSPAR) formed by the Department of

Atomic Energy and work on establishing

Thumba EquatorialRocket Launching Station

(TERLS) started.

Source : Indian Space Research Organisation

(ISRO)

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India in Space ___ Bag Full Success