India Digest

Volume 33 - April 2016

INDIA DIGESTTHE OFFICIAL DIGEST OF EMBASSY OF INDIA IN PHNOM PENH English - Khmer

CONTENT April 2016 Exemsa 2016

01 From the Ambassador’s desk cMNab;GarmμN_rbs;ÉkGKÁrdæTUt\NÐa

03 Going carbon free dMeNIreq<aHeTAkan;BiPBKμan]sμ½nkabUnik

08 The golden tea story erOgEtmas

16 Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces dMeNIrqøgkat;RBHraCvaMg Hyderabad

29 MARS ORBITER MISSION ebskmμeTAKnøgPBRBHGgÁar

37 IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System IRNSS: RbB½n§páayrNbrukrkRbcaMtMbn;rbs;\NÐa

40 MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE karpþÜcepþImplitenARbeTs\NÐa

46 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA rdæFmμnuBaØénRbeTs\NÐa

52 News in pictures B½t’mankñúgrUbPaB

57 Mahabharata erOgmhaPart³

Cover PictureDr. BR Ambedhkar, chief architect of the Indian Constitution.

Embassy of IndiaAddress: Villa No.5, St. 466, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: (+855-23) 210 912Editor in chief: Mr. N.Sitlhou, First Secretary Fax: (+855-23) 213 640Creative & Editorial assistance: Mrs. Preeti Sajwan Email: [email protected] assistance in Khmer: Ms. Kunthea Website: www.indembassyphnompenh.orgEditorial assistance in Khmer: Magic Group

http://www.mouthshut.com/product-reviews/Darjeeling-Photos-Direction-925025022

Darjeeling

Naveen SrivastavaAmbassador of India to the

Kingdom of Cambodia

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From the Ambassador’s desk 2From the Ambassador’s desk1

Dear Friends,

AsthisisthefirsteditionoftheIndiaDigestin the New year, let me take this opportunity to wish all of you a very happy and prosperous New year of Monkey with the hope that this New Year will bring you much joy and success.

India and Cambodia have also contin-ued to see further strengthening of our tradition-ally friendly ties. Our cultural and historical links are strong and we are also trying to strengthen oureconomicties.TheNewYearsawaflurryofvisits of Ministers and business delegations. In this edition, we bring you glimpses of our economic exchanges and other activities. India is today the fastest growing large economy.

Even as we continue to grow economically, we are trying to do so in an environmentally sustain-able manner. This edition features articles on our developmental initiatives and strides in the area of space exploration. It may come to you as a surprise that India’s Mass Orbit Mission cost less than the Hollywood movie “Gravity”. Today, India is also trying to attract investments and “Make in India” is one such major initiative. I do hope our Cambodian friends will be inspired to seek more business opportunities in India.

Finally, we have an article about the Indian Constitution. On the cover page of this edition, we have the photograph of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar who is regarded as the architect of Indian Constitution. This year marks his 125th birth anniversary. What India has been able to achieve in the last six decades time is largely due to the independence and freedom of our Republic and excellent foundation and institu-tions established by our Constitution.

I do hope you all will enjoy reading this issue of India Digest. We look forward to your feedback and suggestions. These can be sent at [email protected]

Best Wishes,

Naveen SrivastavaAmbassador of India to the Kingdom of Cambodia

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[email protected].

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The best way to reduce carbon emission is to popularise clean energytechnologies among the rural population

Did you know that over three billion people in developing countries are dependent on burning of firewood,cropresidueandcattledungtopreparedailymealsontraditionalmudstoves,openfiresandthreestones?Studieshaverevealedthatindoorairpollutionsignificantlyincreasestheriskofpneumonia in children and chronic bronchitis and other ailments in women. The smoke emanating

during cooking procedures consists of short-lived but high impact climate change agents like black carbon which are light-absorbing carbon particles and much more potent in the short-term than greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane.

To provide sustainable, effective, incentive-based action plans, infrastructure and new technologies to enable rural communities to switch over to improved cooking technologies, Project Surya was introduced. The uniqueness of cookstove intervention project lies in its science focus: undertaking themostcomprehensiveand rigorous scientificevaluation todateon theefficacyof reducing biomass-fuelled cooking on climate warming, air pollution, health and human wellbeing.

Project Surya aims to expand access to truly clean energy technologies among poor rural house-holds in developing countries. In this process, the project consortium seeks to monitor measurable climatebenefitsofcleancookingtechnologies,andthroughthis,empowerruraluserswithclimatefinance.ProjectSuryaismanagedbyaglobalconsortiumcomprisingUniversityofCalifornia(SanDiego), The Energy and Resources Institute and Nexleaf Analytics (USA).

To meet the socio-cultural and economic objectivity of the rural Indian population, The En-ergy and Resources Institute (TERl) developed a series of prototype clean cookstoves. These in-cluded a top-loading single-pot stove, a front-loading single-pot stove and a front-loading double-pot stove. Each of these sources employs a fan-driven forced draft to aid combustion as well as a standardised stove combustion chamber that can be fittedwith additional com-ponents to meet local requirements. As opposed to its ‘natural draft’ counterparts (where air flows innaturally,unaidedbya fan), forceddraft stovesareknown tohave significantlyhigher healthandenvironmentalbenefits.Whereverpossible,allthecomponentsofthestovesystemwerebased on nut-and-bolt systems and used parts commonly available even in the village markets. The

Cooking with improved systems introduce by Project Surya

Goingcarbon free

Going carbon free 4Going carbon free3

stoves provided options such as a solar charging unit and adding additional stove heads for larger families. The concept behind it was that the stoves adapted to people and traditional cooking habits and not vice versa. Project Surya deployed improved cooking technologies in rural commu-nities and rapidly cut down emission levels of major pollutants like black carbon. The project aims to use two low-cost sensor technologies to estimate black carbon emission savings due to improved stove usage. Temperature is recorded through the sensor attached to the stove and transmits re-al-time temperature readings through an adapter circuit and thermistor to an attached mobile phone through its headset jack. This technology can be accessed on a Java-enabled phone too. Thesecondoptionisutilisingaminiatureaerosolsamplerwhereinafilterisexposedtotheindoorair particles. If a person has a cell phone with the facilities of GPRS and camera, a photograph of thefiltercanbeclickedandtransmittedtoacentralisedserverwirelessly.Acomplexcomputeral-gorithmthentakesanestimateoftheblackcarbonemissionsfromtheblacknessofthefilterinthephoto. The wireless technology not only reduces the transaction costs considerably, it also provides verifiable,technology-centricandcosteffectivemonitoringoftheusageofthestove.

The project helped in identifying forced draft stoves as a superior option among improved stove technologies, developed low-cost cell phone technologies that make it possible to measure black carbononthegroundwithunprecedentedspatialresolutionforthefirsttime,identifiedsocioeco-nomic barriers and drivers related to cookware adoption and demonstrated the link between in-door and outdoor concentrations of black carbon in and around Surya pilot village with cooking activities. The pilot phase of Surya Project was completed successfully in 2011.

In its ongoing phase being implemented in more than 4,000 rural households of Uttar Pradesh and Odisha, Project Surya has created a dummy ‘climate credit’ fund for rural users. Based on the us-ageofimprovedcookstovesrecordedbysensors,collectedcentrallyatTERI’sofficeinNewDelhi,micro-payments are made on a bi-monthly basis to rural women in their bank accounts. More re-cently,ProjectSuryaisworkingtowardsexploringnewstreamsofchannelingfinancetoimprovedcookstoves users, such as postal payments and mobile-based payments in association with various partner organisations.

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Going carbon free 6Going carbon free5

The goldentea story

Tea tours in India have gained popularity in the past one decade and have now become an irnportant part of many travel itineraries

Chai (tea) has always been the maiden choice of people across the world to reduce stress and fatigue. First discovered in 2737 BC by the second emperor of China, Shen Nung, India got its first tea plantation in Assam during the British rule. It is believed a Scottish adventurer, Robert Bruce, first spotted a tea bush in the Northeastern state. The East India Company, then, began tea production in Assam.

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The golden tea story 8Going carbon free7

At present, India is one of the largest tea producers globally with 70 per cent production getting consumed within the country. Darjeeling in the foothills of the Himalayas, the heavy rainfall region of Assam, the “Blue Mountain” landscape Nilgiri, and Munnar and Wayanad, the lush green regions of Kerala are import-ant tea regions. But it is not only about drinking tea; one needs to experience the aroma, savour the flavour and ex-plore the tea-making process. To give tea-lovers and travellers a closer under-standing, the concept of tea tourism was developed. During these tours, one can visit tea factories, stay at tea bungalows, pluck tea leaves and gain knowledge too. Waking up to the exotic aroma of freshly brewed tea could be one of the many experiences.

West Bengal

One of the most popular hill stations in the state, Darjeeling is surrounded by tea gardens that produce the famous lightc-oloured and aromatic Darjeeling tea. It is interesting to note that around 25 per cent of the country’s total tea outcome is from Darjeeling which has about 80 operation-al tea plantations. Makaibari Tea Estate and Homestay is one of the oldest tea es-tates of the region. Located at Kurseong, 37 km from Darjeeling, it is one of the top tea producing gardens in the world. The Happy Valley Tea Estate is another well-known estate. Located 3 km north of Dar-jeeling, it is one of the highest tea gardens in the world. The estate grows some of the finesttea.ItwasestablishedbyanEnglish-man in 1854. Later, it was taken over by an Indian aristocrat from Kolkata.

Best time to go

March to November

Darjeeling

WEST BENGAL

The golden tea story 10The golden tea story9

Assam

Assam is the largest tea producing region of the country. The tea is mostly cultivated in the Brahmaputra Valley region. Tea lovers should not miss the tea estates that are integral to the state. There are several stay options here too where one can relax and rejuvenate amid tea gardens. Every year, the Assam Tourism Board organises the Assam Tea Festival where tea en-thusiastsvisitmagnificentteagardensandenjoyexciting river cruises while sipping hot tea. One can visit the Guwahati Tea Auction Centre, the largest in India.

Best time to go

May to June

You can get closer to nature at Wayanad, the lush mountainous region of Kerala that also pro-ducesasignificantamountoftea.Avelvetycar-pet of fresh green tea leaves soothe your senses as you move towards the hilly ranges of Kalpetta. An interesting aspect of tea tours in Wayanad is that harvesting here is an early morning affair so you need to wake up before dawn to pluck tea leaves. Visit and stay at Priyadarshini Tea Estate. Run by the state government, this site has an old bungalow which has been renovated and chris-tened as Wayanad Tea Country.

Best time to go

August to May

ASSAM

Wayanad

MunnarKERALA


KeralaSoak in the fresh aroma of tea leaves as soon as you enter Munnar as the region is dotted with lush tea plan-tations.Theteajourneymuststartwithavisittothecountry’sfirstTeaMuseumatNallathanniEstatetohaveacaptivating look at the history of tea production in the region. One can opt to stay at the KTDC Tea County in Munnar. Nestled between two hills, it is an important destination for ecotourism activities centred around Eravikulam National Park, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and Pampadum Shola National Park and the newly de-veloped Neelakurinji Sanctuary.

Kundala Tea Plantation is another must visit unit in Munnar. Surrounded with a lake, it will be a heart-warming moment to witness the entire tea-making process here. One can also visit the Tea Sanctuary that has a series of refurbished old colonial bungalows in the middle of a huge tea estate.

Best time to go

August to May

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kEnøgEt Happy Valley Tea KWCadI EdleKsÁal;eRcInCageK. mancm¶ay3KILÚEm:RtxageCIgén Darjeeling vaKWCasYn


yderabad, home to monu-ments like Charminar and Mecca Masjid, is known for

the opulence of its fascinating pal-aces and havelis. A number of these architectural wonders lay hidden in its narrow alleys which few, except locals, were aware of. But the most splendid ones, however, are the ones built and occupied by the Ni-zams themselves.

Walking down For over half-a-century, these pal-aces remained a mystery. It was in the late 1990s when they were thrown open to public that these palaces made news. The aura of romance and mystery surrounding them is still strongly embedded in peoples’ imagination, be it Fal-aknuma, Chowmahalla or Purani Haveli,theonceofficialresidenceof the Nizams.

The Nizam rule in Hyderabad start-ed in 1724 under Nizamul-Mulk who established the Asaf Jahi dynasty after the fall of the Golconda Qutb Shahis in 1687. Subsequently, sev-en generations of his successors who came to be known as the “Ni-zams” ruled Hyderabad and parts

Journey throughHyderabad’s royal palaces

Hyderabad’s true beauty lies in its historical core from where themodern city took shape

H

Etx<s;CageKenAkñúgBiPBelak. dIenaHdaMEt)anl¥CageK vaRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg edaybursCnCatiGg;eKøskñúgqñaM1854.

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Kerala

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d¾kk;ekþAmYyEdleyIgGaceXIjskmμPaBplitEtTaMgRsúgenATIenH. GñkGacTsSnaCRmkEt (The Tea Sanctuary)

EdlmanpÞHbg;hÁaLÚEkécñ BIsm½yGnaniKmn_enAkñúgkNþalTIFøaEtd¾FM.

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces 16The golden tea story15

of Deccan for almost two-and-one quarter centuries. The period, mainly during the reign of the sixth andseventhNizams,wasmarkedbyafloodofconstructionactivitiesasmanyofthegreatedificesthe city is proud of today were built back then. These are largely concentrated in the southwestern and southeastern quarters of the city. “The total area of the palaces built by the successive Nizams in the Old City alone would be more than a million cubic feet which is three times more as com-pared to that of their predecessors, the Qutb Shahis,” says Narender Luther, a former civil servant and historian based in Hyderabad.

If you travel from anywhere in the Old City in southwestern or southeastern direction with Charminar asthestartingpoint,youcanwitnesssomeofthesemagnificentpalaces.“Inrecenttimes,Hyder-abad’s cyber technohype; as Luther says, “has overshadowed its historic charm, nawabi lifestyle and elegant courtesies”. But the pageantry and extravagant exploits of the royal COUrts that once enthralled the world hungry for something “exotic” have left an imprint in these intriguing palaces. From Charminar, the three important palaces: Falaknuma in south, Chowrnahalla in West and PU-rani Haveli in east form Old City’s golden triangle.

ChowmahallaOne of the most important and first of the palaces which last ceased to function as a royal official residence-cum_darbar hall after Indian independence, is Chowmahal-la, a huge complex of several buildings with beautifully landscaped gardens and a large marble cistern. The splendour of the palace was best described by a medieval visitor: “The main quadrangle has a beautiful garden surrounding a large marble cistern, the foun-tain and splashing waters which on moonlit nights can be compared to the enchanted gardens described in the Arabian Nights”.

Chowmahalla is a vast conglomeration of four palaces, built in 1750 by the fourth Nizam, SalabatJung, where the Nizams held state receptions and court meetings.

Of all the four palaces in Chowmahalla com-plex, the best preserved is Afzal Mahal, named after the fourth Nizam, Afzal-ud-Dowla. The highlight here is the sitting hall at the en-trance which is lavishly furnished in French regal style with huge Venetian chandeliers and extravagant gilded plasterwork on the walls and all over the ceiling.

The palace has been converted into a centre for arts and culture and a museum exhibiting furniture, textiles, books, swords and a fleetof vintage cars and motorbikes. A must-see here is the collection of vintage photographs, costumes, jewellery and hairstyles of the bygone era.

Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces 18Journey through Hyderabad’s royal palaces17

Purani HaveliLess than a mile away from Chowmahalla, on the eastern side of Charminar, Purani Haveli is anoth-er architectural marvel. When the layout of the new city of Hyderabad was planned by Moham-med Quli Qutb Shah (1580-1612), he earmarked a large estate for the residence of his chief advisor Mir Momin whom he widely venerated as a saint and statesman. Later, with the fall of Golconda, thesecondAsafia,NizamAliKhanacquiredthepropertyfromthefamilyofMirMominforhisson,Sikander Jah. When the latter became the Nizam in 1803, he moved his residence to Chowmahalla. ThefifthNizamAfzal-ud-Dowla(1857-68)wasbornandlivedhereforalongtime.Evenhisson,MirMahaboob Ali Khan continued to live in the palace after he ascended the throne in 1869.

The crown prince, Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan, known for his extravagant lifestyle, especially his passion for clothes and footwear, installed a 240 ft long wardrobe here that spanned the entire length of thebuildingonthefirstfloor.Itwasequippedwithamanualelevatorfortheprincetomoveupanddown to select his clothes. This building, which once used to accommodate his vast collection of clothes and footwear, is perhaps the world’s largest even today.

The seventh Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan (1911-48), was a regular visitor to the palace to pay respects to h is mother who once lived here. In 1971, nearly 200 years after his family acquired the estate, the living Prince Mukharram Jah donated the property to the Mukkarram Jah Trust to promote educa-tion. The main building, with its long corridors, is reminiscent of 18th century European architecture. The wardrobe, made of Burma teak, is still intact and looks as new as if it was done yesterday. On thegroundfloorstandsamuseumwhichhousesthegoldenthroneoftheNizam.

FalaknumaFrom Purani Haveli, drive to the Falaknuma Palace, about 3 miles south of Charminar, situated on a hill. It was designed by an Italian architect and is regardedasoneofthemostmagnificentpalacesin the country. It was used as the royal guest house which housed some of the world ‘s best priceless collection of art objects and paintings. This palace, as the other ones of the Ni zam, has lavish furniture and plush interiors, imported from European coun-tries. Falaknuma or “mirror of the sky” is spread over 200 acres. As late historian-writer Bilkis Alladin writes, “Its original builder Sir Vikar-UI-Vmra once invited the Nizam Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan to visit the palace to impress him because he knew the latterwasaconnoisseurofthefinestthingsinlife.As expected, the Nizam arrived as scheduled on a caparisoned elephant with a large entourage in tow. He walked up the marbled stairway and went through the palace. At night, he had dinner on the terrace of the main facade, built elegantly in Pal-

One of the world’s longest dining table at Falaknuma Palace

TELANGANA

HYDERABAD


ladian style of old British aristocracy. The view of the city and the sky left the Nizam so enchanted that he extended his stay. Finally, he expressed his liking for the palace. At this, Sir Vikar bowed before his ruler and said, “Sarkar, yeh aap hi ka hai, aap hi ke liye banaya gaya hai”(My Lord, this palace is yours, I built it for you only). Saying this, he left the palace forever.

Asyouenterthispalace,youseeamarbledfoyerwithafinelycarvedfountainatthecentrewhileon four sides are four marbled benches.

Falaknuma or“mirror of thesky” is spread

over 200 acres

The ceiling above is beautifully frescoed. The foyer leads into another marbled hall having a mar-bled staircase lined with paintings of European guests. The balustrade has graceful marble statues holdinguplampsintheirhands.Thefirstfloorhasseveralhallsincludingaballroom,abanquethall,a library, a hookah (piped smoking) room and a billiards room, each aesthetically furnished and having large Venetian chandeliers hanging from ornate ceilings.

The banquet hall is perhaps one of the world’s largest, with as many as 102 wooden chairs, all beau-tifully carved and upholstered. Tired of living in ancestral homes, the last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, moved to the new city across River Musi and where he purchased a palace and converted it into hisresidence-cum-office.ItwasthelastpalacewherethelastoftheNizamschosetospendhislastdays. The building is now being used as a hospital, King Kothi (KK) Hospital.


ដំរេី�ឆ្លងកមាែ់ពពរះ�មាជវមាំងHyderabad

smö½sSBitrbs; Hyderabad sßitenAelIsñÚlRbvtþisa®sþrbs;va EdlTIRkugTMenIb mYy)anelcrUbrageLIg.

TIRkúg Hyderabad KWCapÞHénvimanCaeRcIndUcCa Charminar nig Mecca Masjid EdlRtÚv)aneKsÁal;tamry³

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b:ueNÑaHdwgelIk ElgEtGñkkñúgRsúkeTeTIbdwgBIva b:uEnþBYkvaviessvisalCageKenaHKWsMNg;Edl )ansagsg; nigkan;kab;

eday Nizams xøÜnÉgpÞal;.

qøgCagBak;kNþalstvtSeTAehIy vaMgTaMgenHenAEtmanGaf’kM)aMg. vasßitenA kMLúgqñaM1990 enAeBlEdleKebIkvaCa

saFarN³EdlvaMgTaMgenHRtÚv)aneKpSayBt’man. briyakasr:UEmnTiknigPaBGaf’kM)aMgB½T§CuMvijvaenAdk;kñúgkþIRsémmnusS

CaeRcInEdlmandUcCa Falaknuma Chowmahalla b¤ Purani Haveli EdlFøab;CakEnøg sñak;enArbs; Nizams.

emdwknaM Nizams kñúgRkúg Hyderabad )ancab;epþImkñúgqñaM1724 eRkam Nizamul-Mulk Edl)anbegáItsnþtivgS Asaf

jahi eRkayBIkardYlrlMrbs; Golconda Quib Shahis kñúgqñaM1687. eRkaymkeTotGñkbnþevnR)aMBIrCMnan;EdlRtÚv)an

eKsÁal;eRkam eQμaH “Nizams” RKb;RKg Hyderabad nigEpñkxøHén Deccan Gs;ry³eBlCagBIr stvtSnig25qñaM.

kMLúgeBlenaHCacMbgKWkMLúgeBlesayraCüén Nizams TIR)aMmYy nigTIR)aMBIr EdleKsÁal;tamry³skmμPaBsagsg;

y:ageRcInelIslb;Edl maneRcInsMNg;FM² EdlTIRkúgenHmanemaTnPaBsBVéf¶edaysarsMNg;BIGtItkal. TaMgenH

PaKeRcInmanenAkñúgtMbn;TisnIrtInigTisGaeKñy_énTIRkúg. Narender Luther EdlCaGtItm®nþIraCkar nigGñkRbvtþiviTU

EdlmanTIlMenAenA Hyderabad niyayfa “TMhMsrubénvaMgEdlsagsg;edayGñkTTYlraCü Nizams enAkñúgRkúgcas;

EtÉgmaneRcInCagmYylanhVItKIbEdlvamanTMhMFMCagbIdg RbsinebIeRbóbeFobGñkkan;tMENgmun Quib Shahis”.

RbsinebIGñkeFVIdMeNIrBIkEnøg NamYyenAkñúgTIRkúgcas;enATisnIrtInigTisGaeKñy_edaycat;yk Charminar Ca cMNucepþIm

GñkGacnwgeXIjvaMgd¾Gs©arüTaMgenH.

Luther niyayfa “naeBlfμI²enHGñkhuWhabec©kviTüaGuIneFIeNt)anlubelIsRms; Rbvtþisa®sþ CIvPaB Nawabi nig

esckþIKYrsméføfñÚrrbs;eK“. b:uEnþBiFIbuNü nigPaBx¢Hx¢ay)anbMpøajkEnøgkSRtEdlmnusSmñaFøab;sresIrEdlBiPBelak

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kñúgTisxagt,Úg Chowrnahalla kñúgTisxaglic nig Purani Haveli kñúgTisxagekIt )anbegáItCatMbn;TIRkúgcas;

RtIekanmas.


Chowmahalla

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(Cum Darbar Hall) eRkayBIÉkraCüPaB rbs;CnCati\NÐaKW Chowmahalla EdlCaGaKarsμúRKsμajEdlmansYn

rabesμId¾Rss;s¥at nigGagTwkFMEdleFVIBIfμm:ab. PaBrugerOgénvaMgRtÚv)anGñkTsSnayuK kNþal)anerobrab;³ “RCúgbYn

cMbgmansYnd¾s¥atB½T§CuMvijGagTwkfμm:abd¾FM RbPB TwknigTwkEdlsacnaeBlyb;EdlmanBnøWRBHc½nÞcaMgmkGaceRbób

nwgsYnEdl)andak;esñh’kñúgraRtIGar:ab;.” Chowmahalla KWCaRbmUlpþúMénvaMgbYn Edl)ansagsg; kñúgqñaM 1750

eday Nizam TIbYneQμaH Salabat Jung Edl Nizams eFVIBiFIrdæpøÚv karnigkEnøgRbCuMkat;kþI. kñúgcMeNamvaMgTaMgbYn

kñúg Chowmahalla vaMgmYyEdl EfrkSa)anl¥CageKKW Afzal Mahal EdlRtÚv)aneKdak;eQμaHeRkay Nizam TIbYn

Afzal-ud-Dowla.

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cegáógBüÜrCBa¢aMgVenetianFM nigmanbiT)aøsÞik BN’masenAelICBa¢aMg enAelIBidan. vaMgenH

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yuKsm½yehIy.

Purani Haveli

kñúgcm¶ayticCamYym:ayBI Chow Mahalia enAEb:kxagekItén Charminar, Purani Haveli KWCakEnøgsßabtükmμ

Gcäriy³mYyepSgeTot. kaleBlEdlsNæanTIRkúg Hyderabad fμIRtÚv)aneRKageday Mohammed Quli Qutb

Snah (1580-1612) Kat;)an éldIFMsRmab;TIsñak;enArbs;GñkRbwkSacm,grbs;Kat;KW Mir Momin EdlCamnusS EdlKat;

eKarBdUcRBH nigdUcrdæburs. eRkaymk edayehtufa Golconda )an braC½y AsafiaTIBIr,NizamAliKhan)an

kan;kab;RTBüTaMgenaHBIRKÜsar Mir Momin sRmab;kUnRbúsrbs;eKeQμaH Sikander Jah. naeBleRkaymk)ankøayCa

rbs; Nizam kñúgqñaM1803 Kat;)anpøas;kEnøgsñak;enAeTA Chowmahalla. Nizam TIR)aM Afzal-ud-Dowla (1857-68)

)anekItehIyrs;enATIenHGs;ry³eBly:agyUr. sUm,IEtkUnRbúsrbs;Kat; Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan )anbnþrs;enA

kñúgvaMgenHbnÞab;BIKat; )aneLIgRKgraCükñúgqñaM1867.

raCbuRtEdlRKgraCü Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan )aneKsÁal;tamry³karrs;enAEbbx¢H x¢ayrbs;Kat; CaBiess

cMNg;rbs;Kat;mkelIexaGav nigEs,keCIg EdlmankñúgTU exaGavRbEvg240hVItcMgayGaKarTaMgmUlenACan;TImYy.

vamanP¢ab;CamYyCeNþIr bBa¢a)anEdlGaceGayRBHraCbuRtrMkileLIgcuHedIm,IeRCIserIsexaGavrbs;Kat;. GaKarenH

EdlFøab;sRmab;RbmUlpþúMexaGavnigEs,keCIgrbs;Kat; GacCaGaKarFM CageKsUm,IEtbc©úb,nñenH.

Nizam TIR)aMBIreQμaH Mir Osman Ali Khan (1911-48) KWCaGñkmkTsSnavaMgeTogTat; edIm,ImksEmþgesckþIeKarB

mkkan;mþayrbs;Kat;EdlFøab;rs;enATIenH. kñúgqñaM 1971 Cit200qñaMehIyEdlRKÜsarrbs;Kat;)ankan;kab;vaMgenH

RBHraCbuRtEdl enArs; Mukharram Jah )anbric©akvaMgenHeTAkan; Mukkarram Jah Trust edIm,IelIk temáIgvis½yGb;rM.

GaKarcm,gEdlmanpøÚvedIrEvg eFVIeGayeyIgnwkdl;sßabtükmμ GWr:ubstvtSTI18. TUexaGavRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgedayeQI

émsak;PUma ehIyenAdMeNIr karnigemIleTAdUcfμIdUceKeTIbplitmSilmijGiBa©wg. enACan;pÞal;dImansarmnÞIr Edlman

pÞúkblø½gámasrbs; Nizam.

Falaknuma b¤ “

kBa©k;énemX” man

RbEvg 200 acres


Falaknuma

BI Purani Haveli ebIkmkkan;vaMg Falaknuma RbEhlbIm:ayTisxagt,Úgén Charminar EdlmanTItaMgenATITYl. vaRtÚv

)aneKrcnaeLIgedaysßabRtkrGuItalI ehIyRtÚv)aneKcat;TukCavaMgkñúgcMeNamvaMgd¾Gs©arübMputenAkñúgRbeTs. vaRtÚv)an

eKeRbICapÞHePJóvrbs;kSRt EdlkñúgenaHmanpÞúkvtßúnigKMnUrEdlmantémøBiPB elakCaeRcIn. vaMgenHk¾dUcCavaMgepSg

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kBa©k;énemX” manTMhMdIRbEhl 200GaRk. dUcGñkRbvtþiviTUelak Bilkis Alladin sresrfa “Gñksagsg;BitR)akd

Sir Vikar-UI-Vmra Føab;GeBa¢Ij Ni zam Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan eGaymkTsSnavaMgedIm,IeFVIeGayKat;esJIc BIeRBaH

Kat;dwgfa Nizam KWCaGñksÁal;rbs;l¥\tex©aHkñúgCIvit”.

dUckarrMBwgTuk Nizam )anmkdl;dUckMNt;Tuk edayCiHdMrIEdlmankartubEtg s¥atCamYynwgbrivarCaGñkGUs. Kat;)an

edIrelICeNþIreFVIBIfμm:abehIy)anedIrqøgkat;vaMgenaH. naeBlyb; Kat;)anTTYlTanGaharenAlanenAxagmuxEdl)an

sg;eLIgtamEbb Palladian énGPiCncRkPBGg;eKøs. eTsPaBénTIRkúgnigépÞ emX)aneFVIeGay Nizam dk;GarmμN_

ehIyKat;)anBnüareBlenAbnþ. CacugbBa©b; Kat;)anbgðajBIGarmμN_Rslaj;rbs;Kat;mkelIvaMgenH. mkdl;eBlenH

Sir Vikar )aneGanmuxcuHcMeBaHmuxemdwknaM ehIy)anniyayfa “Sarkar, yeh aap hi ka hai, aap hi ke liye banaya gaya

hat” (semþc vaMgenHKWCarbs;RTg; ´sagsg;va sRmab;RTg;EtmYyKt;). eRkayBI)anniyaydUecñH Kat;)ancakecjBIvaMg

enHCaerogrhUt.

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mYyeTotEdlmanCeNþIreFVIBIfμm:ab teRmóbCamYyrUbKMnUrénePJóvGWr:ub.

eCIgeTonmanrUbsMNak;tUceFVIBIfμm:abkan;enAkñúgéd. Can;TImYymansalBIbIEdl rYmmansalraM salsRmab;BiFI bNÑal½y

bnÞb;sRmab;Ck; hookah nigbnÞb;sRmab;bukb‘ÍEyr EdlsalnimYy²eBareBjedayesaP½NPaB edaymancegáóg BüÜr

Bidan Venetian lm¥r. GaKarsRmab;BiFICb;elog RbEhlCaGaKarmYykñúg cMeNamGaKarFMCageKbg¥s; EdlmanekAGI

eQI 102 ekAGI EdlmYy²RtÚv)aneK qøak;y:ags¥at nigeRsabRkNat;BIelI. edayht;enOynwgrs;enApÞHbuBVburs Nizam

cugeRkay Mir Osman Ali Khan )anpøas;TIlMenAmkkan;TIRkúgfμIedayqøg kat;Tenø Musi EdlKat;)anTijvaMgmYy ehIy

)anERbkøayvaeGayeTACakEnøg sñak;enAnigkariyal½y. vaKWCavaMgcugeRkayEdl Nizams cugeRkay)aneRCIserIs

sRmab;rs;enA. bc©úb,nñenHGaKarenHRtÚv)aneKeRbICamnÞIreBTü King Kothi (KK).


MARSORBITER MISSION

MARS Exploration - Significance• Ofall theplanets in the solar system,Mars has sparked thegreatest human interestas the conditions in Mars are believed to be hospitable since the planet is similar to Earth in many ways. Mars has surface features reminiscent of both the impact craters of the Moon and volca noes, deserts and polar ice of Earth. • MarsandEarthhavealmostequalperiodofrevolutionarounditsaxis.Marstakes24hoursand 37 minutes to complete one revolution around its axis. While Earth takes approximately 365 days to orbit around the Sun, Mars takes 687 days for the same. The gravity of Mars is roughly one- third of Earth’s gravity and it has a thin atmosphere with a pressure of 1 % that of Earth.• Forages,humanshavebeenspeculatingaboutlifeonMars.RecentdiscoveryofMethaneon Mars suggest that life could exist on Mars. It entails more and more understanding of the Martian surface, its topography, geology, landforms, mineralogy, and its upper atmosphere to understand the evolution of universe.• TheIndianMissiontoMarsisprimarilyintendedtoestablishIndiantechnologicalcapabilityto reach theMars, orbit around it andalso providean excellent opportunity, to the scientific community, to further understand the Martian Science. Also, having demonstrated the techno logical capability in reaching the Moon, the next logical step go forth into interplanetary space is Mars.

Indian MARS Orbiter Mission• MarsOrbiterMissionisISRO’sfirstinterplanetarymissionwithanorbitercraftdesignedtoorbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 366 km x 80000 km. Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) is a complex technological mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. • Being the first Indian mission to the planet Mars, the primary technological objective is to design and realize a spacecraft with a capability to - perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre, reach Mars (Martian Transfer Trajectory) with the least amount of fuel, Mars Orbit Insertion and then to orbit aroundMars. It has been configured to undertake limited scientific studies during the orbital lifeofthespacecraft,usingthefiveIndianscientific instrumentsonboardtostudythe Mars surface and its atmosphere.

Technological Challenges of Mars Orbiter Mission• To provide robust thermal environment and augmented radiation shielding to the spacecraft & payloads to cope with a wide range of thermal environment (from Near Earth conditions to Mars conditions) and harsh radiation conditions due to prolonged exposure.• Tobuildarobustandreliablepropulsionsystem(LiquidEngine),whichneedstorestartafter almost 300 days of voyage to insert the spacecraft into an orbit around Mars. • TobuildhighlevelofonboardautonomywithintheOrbitertodealwithcommunicationdelay of the order of 40 minutes. Autonomy logics manage the spacecraft when communication

Scientific Instruments (Payload) on the Orbiter

Science Theme

Atmospheric studies

Plasma and Particle environment studies

Surface Imaging studies Mars Color Camera (MCC)

TIR imaging spectrometer (TIR)

This tri-color Mars Color Camera gives images of Martian surface. It is useful for monitoring the dynamic events and weather of Mars.It will also be used for probing the two satellites of Mars – Phobos and Dei-mos.

Measures thermal emission and can be operated during day & night. It will map the surface and mineral compo-sition of Mars.

Map neutral composition in exosphere, Martian upper atmosphere

Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP)

Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM)

Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA)

Measures relative abundance of deu-terium and hydrogen.

Measurement of Deuterium /Hydrogen (D/H) Ratio allows understanding of the loss process of water from the planet.

Measures Methane (CH4) in the Mar-tian atmosphere with high level of ac-curacy and map its sources.

Payload Primary objective

MARS ORBITER MISSION 30MARS ORBITER MISSION29

interruptions occur when – (i) the spacecraft is occulted by planet Mars; (ii) Whiteouts/ Blackouts due to Sun; (iii) spacecraft enters Safe-mode• ToaugmentDeepSpaceNetworktobeabletocommandthespacecraftfromtheground station when it is at a distance of nearly 400 Million km, which is 1000 times more than the dis tance Moon and earth.

Launch and Post Launch Orbit Maneuvers• Thecountrywitnessedwithpride,whenIndia’sfirstinterplanetaryspacecraft“MarsOrbiter”was successfully launched on November 05, 2013 at 2:38 pm by India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-C25 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Mars Orbiter was precisely injected into an elliptical earth orbit (with a perigee of 248.4 km and an apogee of 23,550 km, inclined at an angle of 19.27 deg to the equator). • Subsequenttothesixorbit-raisingmanoeuvres,crucialtheTran-MarsInjectionManoeuvrewas precisely executed on December 1, 2013 and the Spacecraft was placed on course to the Red Planet along a helio-centric path of 680 million km.

Mars Orbit Insertion on 24th Sep 2014• Aftera300daysjourneyindeepspace,onSeptember24,2014,India’sMarsOrbiterSpacecraft successfullyenteredintoanellipticalorbitaroundplanetMarsbyfiringits440NewtonLiquid Apogee Motor along with eight smaller liquid engines. • WithsuccessfulMarsOrbitInsertion,ISRObecamethefourthspaceagencytosuccessfullysend aspacecrafttoMarsorbitandIndiabecamethefirstcountryintheworldtodosoinitsfirst attempt.

Mars Orbiter Successfully handled Solar Conjunction• SolarConjunctionisanaturalphenomenoninwhichtheMars,theSunandtheEarthgetaligned. Such alignment affects all communication signals from Mars Orbiter towards the Earth. Mars Orbiter is built with onboard autonomy to handle such blackout operations.• MarsOrbiterwentunder‘solarconjunction’atMars,whichmeanstheOrbiter,whichisorbiting Mars, is behind the Sun as viewed from the Earth. As a result of this event, which happens once in 2.2 years for Mars, communication signals from the spacecraft are severely disrupted by the Sun’s corona (outer atmosphere). • MarsOrbiterwasundersolarconjunctionfromMay27thto1stJuly2015.Thecommunications from ground to spacecraft were totally stopped with effect from May 28, 2015. No commands were transmitted to the spacecraft during this period and all payload operations were suspended. • InthemonthofJuly,2015;theMarsorbitersuccessfullycameoutofthesolarconjunction.Itis worthmentioning thatNo reconfigurationof the spacecraftwas required,as theon-board autonomy properly functioned.

Current Status• India’sMarsOrbiterMission(MOM)hascompletedoneyeararoundMarsonSeptember24, 2015andaccomplisheditsplannedmissionobjectives.MOMandallitsscientificpayloadsare in good health and it continues to provide valuable data of Mars surface and its atmosphere.

The increased duration of observation ofMars by five scientific payloadswill enhance the planetary science data and would also enable coverage of Mars in different seasons.• TheimagesofMarscapturedbytheMarsColourCamerahavebeenreceivedandfoundto be of very good quality. The Mars Colour Camera has so far produced 513 images. • Jointmorphological studiesusingMCCand thehigh resolutionmineralogicaldatawith the NASACRISMdatawascarriedout,whichenablestheidentificationofdifferentcompoundslike sulphates and ferrous based compounds. • ThedustpatternsaroundhighaltituderegionsandinValleyswerestudiedandmeanheight of dust layer was estimated to be ~1.5 km. Albedo using the 1.65 micron studies of the reference channel of Methane sensor for Mars (MSM) was also estimated.

Significant achievements & Recognitions• FirstinterplanetarymissionrealizedbyIndiaandfirstIndianspacecrafttoincorporatefullscale on-board autonomy to overcome the long distances and the communication gaps due to non-visibility periods.• FirstMarsmissionintheworldtosucceedMarsOrbitInsertioninfirstattempt.• FirstIndianspacecrafttosuccessfullysurviveVanAllenbeltcrossing39times.FirstIndianspace crafttoescapetheSphereOfInfluenceofEarthandorbitSun.• Mosteconomicalinterplanetarymissionintheworldandpavedwayforcost-effectiveaccess to deep space. • IndianSpaceResearchOrganization(ISRO)-MarsOrbiterMission (MOM)teamwontheUS based National Space Society’s ”Space Pioneer Award” for science and engineering category for the year 2015.• The Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development is awarded to ISRO in recognitionofitspath-breakingachievement,culminatinginMarsOrbiterMission,itssignificant contribution in strengthening international cooperation in peaceful use of outer space.


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IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed to provide the position and timing services through an independent Indian regional navigation satellite constellation of seven satellites. The main objective of IRNSS System is to provide positioning services with an absolute position accuracy of better than 20 meters over Indian Land Mass and a region extending to about 1500 Kms around India.

IRNSS consists of seven satellites in a constellation, three satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in geosynchronous orbit (GSO) with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. Three GEO satellites placed at 32.5°E, 83°E & 131.5°E orbital locations and two geosynchronous satellites each placed in the GSO with an equator crossing at 55°E & 111.75°E with an inclination of 29°.

AfirstfourIRNSSsatellitesviz.,IRNSS-1A,1B,1CandIDweresuccessfullylaunchedonJuly02,2013,April 04, 2014, October 16, 2014 and March 28, 2015 respectively and are already operational in orbit. With the operationalisation of four navigational satellites in orbit, it is now possible to provide Position, Navigation and Timing services.

Launch of Fifth IRNSS Satellite - IRNSS-1E: ISRO’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C31, successfully launched the 1425 kg IRNSS-1E, the fifthsatelliteintheIndianRegionalNavigationSatelliteSystem(IRNSS)onJanuary20,2016at09:31hrs (IST) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota. This is the thirty second consecutively successfulmissionofPSLVandtheeleventhinits‘XL’configuration.

IRNSS-1E Satellite was injected to an elliptical orbit of 282.4 km X 20,655.3 km inclined at an angle of 19.21 degree to the equator (very close to the intended orbit). After injection, the solar panels of IRNSS-1E were deployed automatically. In the coming days, four orbit manoeuvres will be conduct-ed from Master Control Facility to position the satellite in the Geosynchronous Orbit at 111.75 deg East longitude with 28.1 deg inclination.

A number of ground stations responsible for the generation and transmission of navigation parame-ters, satellite ranging and monitoring, etc., have been established in eighteen locations across the country.

Applications:• Terrestrial,AerialandMarineNavigation• DisasterManagement,VehicleTracking,FleetManagement• Precisiontimingapplicationsviz.distributedsurveysystems,powergridsynchronization• MappingandGeodeticdatacapture• Visualandvoicenavigationfordrivers

IRNSS: Indian Regional IRNSS: ពបពម័ន្ធផ្មាយ�េប�ុក�កNavigation Satellite System ពបចមាំែំបន់�បស់ឥេ្មា

IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System37

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IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System 38

MAKE IN INDIAINITIATIVE

‘Come, Make in India’! PM Modi’s aggressive push to revive an ailing manufacturing sector, has found resonance with India Inc. Single-window clearances, minimal procedures & cutting out of any red-tapism - PM Modi sees Make in India as a vital impetus for employment & growth.

‘Make in India’ initiative was launched globally in September 2014 as a part of India’s renewed focus on Manufacturing. The objective of the Initiative is to promote India as the most preferred global manufacturing destination.

Since the launch of this landmark initiative, the Government of India has taken several reform initiatives to create an enabling environment for providing an impetus to manufacturing, design, innovation and startups. India has emerged as the fastest growing economy globally. India’s rate of growth of 7.5% is accelerating and it remains an oasis of growth in the midst of a subdued economic landscape across the world. The Hon’ble Prime Minister has given impetus to growth with several innovative initiatives such as “Make in India”, “Digital India”, “100 Smart Cities” and “Skill India”.

The Make in India initiative aims to make India an integral part of the global supply chain. It is about making Indian companies excel in a globalized workspace. India has vigorously opened up its economy – Defence, Railways, Construction, Insurance, Pension Funds, Medical Devices have all been rapidly opened up for Foreign Direct Investment. India today is one of the most open economies of the world.

In order to achieve this, the Government of India has taken up a series of measures to radically improve Ease of Doing Business. Its objective – make the regulatory environment easy and simple forbusinesstoflourish.Ithaseffectivelyusedtechnologytoconvergeandintegratedepartments.14 services are integrated with eBiz portal which will function as a single window portal for obtaining clearances from various government agencies.

Make in India has already created a strong impact in the form of improved business environment and economic growth, as follows:

• Indiaisnow1stamongsttheworld’smostattractiveinvestmentdestinations• 1stamongstworld’sfastestgrowingeconomies• 1stamong100countriesonthegrowth,innovation,andleadershipindex• 1stamongst110investmentdestinationspolledglobally• 7thmostvaluednationalbrandintheworld• India’srankjumped12positionsinEaseofDoingBusiness2016listbyWorldBank

MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE 40

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IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System39

• Indiamoved16placesintheGlobalCompetitivenessIndex2015-16

Some success stories of Make in India so far:Ministry of Railways signed formal agreements with global giants AlstomBSE -0.56 % and GE Transport to set up locomotive manufacturing factories in Madhepura and Marhaura in Bihar.

Electronics: • Foxconnannounces10-12facilitiesinIndia • Oppo,ZTE,PhicomminvestinIndia • OnePlus,ASUSannouncesmobilemanufacturing

Automobiles • MercedesBenzinvestaggressivelyinIndia • BMWincreases50%localization • Volvo,FordinwithR&Dfacility

Defence • Hyundaitobuildwarships • SunGrouptobuildRussianhelicopters • Relianceandinternationalpartnerstobuildnuclearsubmarinesandstealthwarships

Aviation • AirbustoincreaseitsexportsfromIndiaupto$2bnUSD • Pratt&WhitneyevincedinteresttoMakaeinIndia

The clarion call “Come Make in India” has transformed into an effective strategy and has become a huge success in creating a buzz globally. In order to provide greater momentum to the ‘Make in India’ initiative, Government of India is organizing a landmark event called the “Make in India Week” in Mumbai on February 13 – 18, 2016. The week-long event will be inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India.

Major Highlights of the “Make-in-India Week”will include: a. Make in India Center: This will be the platform for exhibiting innovative products and manufacturing processes developed in India along with a vision to leverage design, innovation and technology in the backdrop of global manufacturing.

b. CNN-Asia Business Forum: Would comprise of a series of seminars, CXO meets and round-tables and networking events on economic challenges, investment opportunities etc. The event wouldfeatureGlobalvisionaries,andleadersfromthefieldsoffinance,industryanddesign.

c. Urban Planning Seminar on re-imagining Mumbai: This session would focus on new impetus for a smarter e-enabled Mumbai collaborating with the best-in-class technology partners.

d. Hackathon: A 24-hour marathon event where coders, engineers, and designers collaborate intensively for 24 hours to come up with ideas to solve urban design problems.

e. TIME India Awards: Recognizing excellence in the world of manufacturing.

The mega event will offer foreign investors and businesses unprecedented access, insights and opportunities to showcase, connect and collaborate with young Indian entrepreneurs, industry leaders,academicians,andgovernmentofficialsatthecentralandstatelevels.

MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE 42MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE41

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MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE 44MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE43

CONSTITUTIONOF INDIA

‘Of the people, for the people and by the people’

By Sumant Batra

The Indian Constitution, the longest of any sovereign nation in the world, provides a comprehen-sive framework to guide and govern the country, keeping in view her social, cultural and religious diversity.

A distinctive document with many extraordinary features, the Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign nation in the world. The original text of the Constitution contained 395 articles in 22 parts and eight schedules. It came into effect on January 26, 1950, the day that India celebrates each year as the Republic Day. The number of articles has since increased to 448 due to 100 amendments.

The Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly of India, established by the members of theprovincialassemblieselectedby thepeopleof India.DrSachidanandSinhawas thefirstpresident of the Constituent Assembly. Later, Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected its president. Dr BR Ambedkar, the chairman of its Drafting Committee, is considered the chief architect of the Indian Constitution which provides a comprehensive and dynamic framework to guide and govern the country, keeping in view her unique social, cultural and religious diversity. It establishes the main or-gans–executive,legislatureandjudiciary,definingtheirpowers,demarcatingtheirresponsibilitiesand regulating the inter-se relationship. It inter alia lays down the basic structure of governance and the relationship between the government and the people. The rights and duties of citizens are also spelt out. The Constitution applies to the state of Jammu and Kashmir with certain exceptions and modificationsasprovidedinArticle370andtheConstitution(applicationtoJammuandKashmir)Order, 1954. It is the mother of all other laws of the country. Every law enacted by the Government has to be in conformity with the Constitution. The preamble to the Constitution declares India to be a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and a welfare state committed to secure justice, liberty and equality for the people and for promoting fraternity, dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation. The objectives specifiedinthepreambleconstitutethebasicstructureoftheIndianConstitutionwhichcannotbeamended. The opening and last sentences of the preamble: “We, the people... adopt, enact and givetoourselvesthisConstitution”signifiesthepowerisultimatelyvestedinthehandsofthepeople.

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MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE45 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 46

vides for a federal structure with clear division of powers between the Centre and the states, each empowered by the Constitution to enact and legislate within their sphere of activity. The seventh schedule contains three legislative lists which enumerate subjects of administration viz union, state and concurrent legislative lists. The Central Government enjoys exclusive power to legislate on the subjects mentioned in the Union list. The state governments have full authority to legislate on the subjects of the state list. And both the Centre and the state can legislate on the subjects men-tioned in the concurrent list with the residuary powers vested in the Central Government. It can be said that India has cooperative federalism. The Constitution provides for the Parliamentary form of Government with a bicameral legislature at the Centre consisting of Lok Sabha (Lower House of Parliament) and Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament).While the Lok Sabha consists of the elected representatives of people, the Rajya Sabha consists of representatives elected by the state legislative assemblies. The President is the nominal head of the state and the Parliament. In actual practice, the Prime Minister, aided by the Council of Ministers, heads the executive and is responsi-ble for governance.

An impartial judiciary, independent of the legislature and the executive, is one of the main fea-tures of the Constitution. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the country and acts as guardianoftheConstitutionandservesasthefinalcourtofappeal.EachstatehasaHighCourtasits highest court. Under powers of judicial review, the Supreme Court and High Court can declare a law as unconstitutional or ultra vires if it contravenes any provisions of the Constitution. This power of judicial review constitutes a middle path between the American judicial supremacy on one hand and British Parliamentary supremacy on the other. In order to ensure the impartiality of the judiciary, thejudgesareappointedbyaprocessfreeofinfluenceoftheexecutive.Thejudgescanonlyberemoved by a rigorous process of impeachment to be approved by both the houses of the Parlia-ment.

The Constitution vests many fundamental rights in citizens. These are (i) Right to Equality, (ii) Right to Freedom, (iii) Right against Exploitation, (iv) Right to Freedom of Religion, v) Cultural and Educa-tional Rights and vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies. These rights are justiciable and an individual can move the Supreme Court or the High Courts if there is an encroachment on any of these rights. However, Fundamental Rights in India are not absolute. Reasonable restrictions can be imposed. By 42nd Amendment in 1976, fundaments duties were added in the Constitution to remind people that while enjoying their right as citizens, they should perform their duties for rights and duties are correlative.

Another novel feature of the Constitution is that it contains a chapter on the directive principles of state policy, that are in the nature of directives to the Government to implement them for estab-lishing social and economic democracy in the country. Though not justiciable, these principles are considered fundamental in the governance of the country.

There are many autonomous institutions set up under the Constitution which perform a key role, such as, Election Commission (responsible for holding free and fair elections), Public Service Commission (responsible for selection to main government services) and an Auditor General (for independent audit of accounts of the government and its agencies).

One of the strengths of the Constitution is that it is a dynamic instrument that can evolve with time eitherbyitsinterpretationoramendment.Onpaper,anamendmenttotheConstitutionisadifficultaffair, and normally needs, at least, two-thirds of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass it. Howev-er, the Constitution of India is one of the most frequently amended constitutions in the world so as not to stand in the way of the growth and development of the nation and her people.

The success of the Indian Constitution, for a country as diverse and complex as India, continues to intrigue, impress and inspire experts around the world.

The author is a corporate and policy lawyer

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA47 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 48

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CONSTITUTION OF INDIA49 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 50

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enAkñúgRbeTs. ebIeTaHbIvaminGacedaHRsaytampøÚvc,ab;)an eKalkarN_TaMgenHRtÚv)aneKcat;Tukfa sMxan;kñúgkar

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News in pictures 56

Mahabharata

We have read that Balarama returned to Dwarka from Indraprastha, but Krishna had stayed back there. The Pandavas had defeated or killed most of the ruler who raised their heads as enemies. Now there was perfect peace and prosperity in the Pandava kingdom. During these days, a strange happening took place.

It was high summer and the day was very hot and stuffy. So, Arjuna said to Krishna, “It is much too hot today. Let us go to the Yamuna to have a bath and beat the heat. As soon as it is cool, we shall be back.”

THE FIRE-GOD COMES TO SEEK HELP.Krishna agreed and taking permission of King Yudhishthira, they went to the river-bank along with several other persons. Reaching there, all of them sat in the shade of a thick grove of trees. Suddenly a Brahmana approached them and asked for their help.

“What can we do for you, 0 Brahmana ?” asked Krishna.

“I am awfully hungry and so I beg you for food. But mind that I need plenty of food to pacify my hunger,” replied the Brahmana.

“What would you prefer to have as food and how

much ?” asked Aljuna.

The Brahmana, having taken a promise from them, cametohisrealformandsaid,“Iamthefire-godandIneedabigfireasmy food.So, Iwant toburn thisentireforesttocreatefireformyfood.” “Then you can do it; we won’t come in your way,” replied Arjuna.

“But 1ndra, the rain-god, does not let me do it,” remarkedthefire-god.

“But why after all ?” asked Krishna.

“Because Takshaka, his friend and king of the ser-pents, lives in this forest. So, whenever I try to create a fire,hecausesadownpourandputsitout.Asaresult,Iamlefthungry,”explainedthefire-god.

“But how can we help you ? We have no divine weapons with us. So, you must provide us with divine weaponsfirst,”arguedArjuna.

“Both of you possess supernatural powers and so you can help me. Be kind enough to use your divine powers to check the rain so that I may burn the forest andpacifymyhunger,”pleadedthefire-god.

Mahabharata57

“But we need divine weapons for doing that,” repeated Arjuna.”

So,thefire-godinvokeVeruna,thewater-gold,andasked him for some divine weapons that could be used again the rain-gold.

Varona, the water-god, gave the fire-god a bowthat was unbreakable and was called Gandiva. He also gave him two quivers that were to remain full of arrows- for ever. Besides , he gave him a chariot with aflagbearingtheimpressionofafearfulmonkeythatlooked so ferocious that the enemy was bound to feel afraid to see it.

The fire-god gave the bow, the arrows and the chariot to Arjuna. As for Krishna, the fire-god gavehim a chakra with a diamond studded in its centre. Because of its beauty, this chakra was called Sudarshana Chakra. The fire-god told Krishna thatthe chakra would come back to him after striking at the enemy which it was hurled on. Not only this, the fire-godgaveKrishnaamacecalledKaumodaki. Itequalled the vajrastra of Indra.

The Khandava Forest had become the hide-out of dangerous criminals and fearful demons for a long time. In view of the common good, it was necessary to do away with all these criminals. So, it was imperative to bum the forest to ashes.

INDRA TRIES TO SAVE THE FOREST.Thehorrible flamesof the forest-fire leaptup to thesky. It panicked the gods and they ran to their chief Lord Indra. Seeing that the fire-god was playing havoc in the Khandava Forest by burning alive all its creatures and plants, Lord Indra grew anxious. Takshaka, his sworn friend and chief of the serpents, lived in this forest. So, to save him and his family, Indra moved to action. He lost no time to let loose a heavy down-pour on the Khandava Forest. But the heat of therisingflamesoffirewassogreatthattheraindropsgot evaporated well before reaching the ground. So,thefirekeptburninginfullfury.ThisinfuriatedLordIndra and he mounted his white elephant, named Airavata. Taking his vajrastra in his hand and followed by a large army of gods, he reached the Khandava Forest in no time.

Seeing Arjuna and Krishna present there to guard the burning forest using their supernatural weapons, Lord Indra lost all hope of his success. Before long, other gods also realized that their efforts to check thefire-godwouldbearno fruit. So, they thought it advisabletofleethescene.

But Indra was not ready to give up. He chopped off a nearby peak -Mount Mandar- and hurled it at Arjuna and Krishna. But Arjuna shattered it to small pieces withhisdivinearrowsobtainedfromthefire-god.

Mahabharata 58

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Mahabharata59

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BIRBHGKÁI.

Mahabharata 60

edImI,)anTTYlkarEckCUnTsSnavdþIenHeday\tKitéfø sUmsresrmkkan;

sßanTUt\NÐa pÞHelx 5 pøÚvelx 466 PñMeBj km<úCa

Embassy of India, Villa No. 5, Street 466, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

TUrsar / Tel : 023 210 912/913

GIuEm:l / Email : [email protected]

eKhTMB½r / Website : www.indembassyphnompenh.org

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