IndiaIndiaCh. 3 sec 1Ch. 3 sec 1

GeographyGeography

INDIA SUBCONTINENT is INDIA SUBCONTINENT is located along southern edge located along southern edge of Asiaof Asia

In the north the HIMALAYA In the north the HIMALAYA mountain. A little south of the mountain. A little south of the mountains is the rich valley mountains is the rich valley of the GANGES RIVER, one of of the GANGES RIVER, one of the most important regions of the most important regions of the India culture.the India culture.

In the south lies the DECCAN, In the south lies the DECCAN, 2 river valleys 2 river valleys

MonsoonsMonsoons

MONSOONS are seasonal wind patterns. The MONSOONS are seasonal wind patterns. The southwest monsoon usually brings the heavy southwest monsoon usually brings the heavy rain that they depend on for their crops.rain that they depend on for their crops.

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First CivilizationFirst Civilization

Developed in the Indus river valley in west Developed in the Indus river valley in west India. India.

Flourished from 3000 to 1500 B.C.Flourished from 3000 to 1500 B.C.

2 major ruins have been found. Cities called 2 major ruins have been found. Cities called Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

Harappa and Mohenjo-Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroDaro

Both of the cities had about 35,000 people Both of the cities had about 35,000 people and each were planned carefully.and each were planned carefully.

Public wells provided water, bathrooms had Public wells provided water, bathrooms had advanced draining system, a chute system advanced draining system, a chute system took household trash to public garbage bins.took household trash to public garbage bins.

Arrival of the AryansArrival of the Aryans

Aryan invaders ended the civilization of the Aryan invaders ended the civilization of the Indus River Valley.Indus River Valley.

ARYANS were a nomadic Indo-European ARYANS were a nomadic Indo-European people living in central Asia.people living in central Asia.

In 1500 B.C. they moved south across the In 1500 B.C. they moved south across the HINDU KUSH mountain range into northern HINDU KUSH mountain range into northern India. India.

Aryan SocietyAryan Society

Like other nomadic people they excelled at Like other nomadic people they excelled at war. Extended their control throughout most war. Extended their control throughout most of India.of India.

In India they gave up their nomadic ways In India they gave up their nomadic ways when iron arrived.(especially the iron plow)when iron arrived.(especially the iron plow)

Wheat, barley, millet, rice, vegatables, grains, Wheat, barley, millet, rice, vegatables, grains, cotton, and spicescotton, and spices

Aryan SocietyAryan Society

As nomads they had no written language.As nomads they had no written language.

By 1000 B.C. the developed SANSKRIT(their By 1000 B.C. the developed SANSKRIT(their first written language) first written language)

Aryan leaders known as RAJAS(princes) Aryan leaders known as RAJAS(princes) dominated India. They each had their own dominated India. They each had their own land and would fight each other.land and would fight each other.

Society of Ancient IndiaSociety of Ancient India

The CASTE SYSTEM set up a rigid hierarchy of The CASTE SYSTEM set up a rigid hierarchy of classes that determines a person’s classes that determines a person’s occupation, economic potential, and social occupation, economic potential, and social status. In part it was based on skin color.status. In part it was based on skin color.

Society of Ancient IndiaSociety of Ancient India

Five major classes, or CASTES.Five major classes, or CASTES.

The top 2 castes were the Aryan ruling elites, The top 2 castes were the Aryan ruling elites, priests and warriors. The highest was the priests and warriors. The highest was the priest class or BRAHMANS. priest class or BRAHMANS.

The warriors were called KSHATRIYASThe warriors were called KSHATRIYAS

Society of Ancient IndiaSociety of Ancient India

33rdrd caste were the commoners, who were caste were the commoners, who were mostly merchants. mostly merchants.

Members of this caste were called VAISYAS. Members of this caste were called VAISYAS.

44thth caste were called SUDRAS. Made up most caste were called SUDRAS. Made up most of the population. They were the darker-of the population. They were the darker-skinned natives the Aryans conquered. They skinned natives the Aryans conquered. They mostly were peasants who did manual labor mostly were peasants who did manual labor and their rights were limited.and their rights were limited.

Society of Ancient IndiaSociety of Ancient India

55thth caste made up the lowest rung of Indian caste made up the lowest rung of Indian society. Made up about 5% of the population. society. Made up about 5% of the population. They were called UNTOUCHABLES. Performed They were called UNTOUCHABLES. Performed jobs considered degrading by Indian society, jobs considered degrading by Indian society, like collecting trash and handling the dead.like collecting trash and handling the dead.

Society of Ancient IndiaSociety of Ancient India

Life as an Untouchable was hard. They were Life as an Untouchable was hard. They were not considered human and their presence not considered human and their presence was considered harmful. was considered harmful.

Lived in separate areas and had to bang Lived in separate areas and had to bang sticks together when they traveled so other sticks together when they traveled so other people would know they were coming and people would know they were coming and could avoid them.could avoid them.

Society of Ancient IndiaSociety of Ancient India

Family was the basic unit of ancient Indian Family was the basic unit of ancient Indian society. The ideal was to have and extended society. The ideal was to have and extended family of 3 generations under one roof.family of 3 generations under one roof.

Roles of men and Roles of men and womenwomen

Oldest male had legal rule of entire Oldest male had legal rule of entire family(patriarchal) family(patriarchal)

Only males could inherit property and were Only males could inherit property and were educated.educated.

Divorce was forbidden but if the first wife Divorce was forbidden but if the first wife could not have kids husbands could take a could not have kids husbands could take a second wife.second wife.

Roles of men and Roles of men and womenwomen

Marriages were arranged.Marriages were arranged.

Men married after 12 years of studyMen married after 12 years of study

Girls married young because they were an Girls married young because they were an economic drain on the familyeconomic drain on the family

The ritual of suttee is when the husband died The ritual of suttee is when the husband died he was burned on a pyre and the wife had to he was burned on a pyre and the wife had to throw herself on the pyre and die with her throw herself on the pyre and die with her husband.husband.

HinduismHinduism

HINDUISM is based on religious beliefs.HINDUISM is based on religious beliefs.

Ultimate reality (God) called Brahman, Ultimate reality (God) called Brahman, individual self, or atman. Had the duty to individual self, or atman. Had the duty to know ultimate reality and in death would know ultimate reality and in death would become one with Brahmanbecome one with Brahman

HinduismHinduism

REINCARNATION is the idea that after death REINCARNATION is the idea that after death the persons soul is reborn in a different form. the persons soul is reborn in a different form. After many existences the sould may unite After many existences the sould may unite with Brahman.with Brahman.

KARMA refers to the idea the people’s action KARMA refers to the idea the people’s action determine the form of their rebirth.determine the form of their rebirth.

The divine law, or DHARMA , rules karmaThe divine law, or DHARMA , rules karma

YOGA (union) practice to achieve oneness YOGA (union) practice to achieve oneness with God.with God.