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Index
Indexing is by scientific name of the various species. When the generic name is used alone this usually is because the reference is to several different species of the same genus. Most vertebrate species are referenced under the scientific names. The only exceptions are very common species such as mouse, rat, cat, chicken, dog, and human. A glossary of scientific and common names of most bat species used in this volume can be found in the appendix to chapter 2.
Sound localization is referred to in the index as sound source localization.
Acoustic fovea, 5, 20, 24, 427 ontogeny, 44
Acoustic image, 7 Active processes, cochlea, 223-224 Afferent innervation, ear, 20,
219-221 Airborne attack, target, 55-56 Amplitude modulation (AM),
frequency selectivity, 320ff Amplitude tuning, 426 Angular resolution, 14ff Animal eating bats, hunting strategies,
53ff Anterior ventral cochlear nucleus, see
also Cochlear Nucleus Anteroventral cochlear nucleus
(A VCN), cell types, 236ff insectivorous bats, 236 projections to superior olive, 256
Antrozous pallidus (pallid bat), medial geniculate connections, 378
Arctiid moth, detection, 18-19 Attack signals, Lasiurus cinereus, 49
Attack signals, Myotis daubentoni, 49-50
Audiogram, see Auditory Thresholds Auditory cortex, 27, 416ff
binaural properties, 429-430 cellular response, 431-432, 434-436,
437-438 CF/CF area, 449ff CF/FM bats, 27ff CF neurons, 431 combination-sensitive neurons,
488-489 cortical fields, 428 cytoarchitecture, 418-419 definition, 417-418 Doppler shift, 27, 45lff echolocation behavior, 453 Eptesicus juscus, 27, 29, 437ff,
460ff,487-489 facilitation, 441, 446, 453 frequency representation, 419ff, 431,
434, 438-439 frequency tuning, 425-426, 431-437
499
500 Index
functional organization, 486ff inhibition, 426ff Myotis /ueifugus, 27, 434ff , 456ff,
487,489 nontonotopic organization, 440ff organization differences in CF IFM
and FM bats, 467-470 Pteronotus parnelli, 27, 416, 417,
418-419, 420ff, 441ff receptive fields, 439-440 Rhin%phus jerrumequinum, 27, 28,
430ff, 454ff see also FM-FM species-specificity, 486ff target pursuit, 443
Auditory feedback, biosonar signals, 44
Auditory filters, 91 Auditory nerve, evoked potentials,
193 HRP labeling, 203-204 physiology, 21 Pteronotus, 21
Auditory pathways, comparative functional organization, 492-493
Auditory space representation, 439-440
Auditory system, bat, 19 Auditory system model, bats, 481ff Auditory system, physiology, 21ff Auditory threshold, 192ff
Carollia perspicillata, 193, 194 cat, 194 Eptesicus juseus, 89-90 Megaderma lyra, 89-90, 193, 194 Myotis /ueifugus, 89-90 Noetilio /eporinus, 89-90 nonecholocating mammals, 193 Pteronotus parnellii, 194, 195 rat, 194 Rhin%phus jerrumequinum,
89-90, 194 Rhin%phus rouxi, 195 Rousettus aegyptiaea, 89-90
Auditory-vocal interactions, 271-272 Automatic gain control, 17-18 Azimuth coding, inferior colliculus,
338-339
Backward masking, clutter interference, 97ff
Ba/antiopteryx plieata (least sac-winged bat), 69, 82
Basilar membrane, 19ff, 209ff CFIFM bats, 209 comparative dimensions, 210 Hipposideros, 210, 212, 213 Hipposideros bie%r, 207 Microchiroptera vs nonecholocating
mammals, 209 Pteronotus parnellii, 210, 212, 213 Rhin%phus jerrumequinum, 210,
211,212,213 Rhin%phus rouxi, 207 stiffness, 213 Traehops cirrhosus, 210, 211, 212 tuning, 213
Bat, cervical vertebrae, 40 classification, 37ff diversity, 42-44 evolution, 40ff flight, 41 ontogeny, 44 origin, 40 phylogeny, 40ff size, 3 social behavior, 43-44 vision, 3, 40
Bat-bat interactions, 64-65 Bat-insect interactions, 65-67 Bat-moth interactions, 56 Bicolored Roundleaf Bat, see
Hipposideros bie%r Bicuculline, GABA, 317-318 Bicuculline, inferior colliculus, 342ff,
351ff Big brown bat, see Eptesicus juscus Binaural processing, 15, 266
auditory cortex, 429-430 FM-FM neurons, 447 inferior collicuius, 262-263, 305ff medial geniculate, 387-388 superior olivary complex, 258ff
Biogeography, bats, 37, 42-44 Biosonar, airborne targets, 54ff
and hearing, 61 Biosonar behavior, 54, 453
costs, 67-68 directional echo reception, 184
Biosonar directionality, Carollia perspicillata, 92
Myotis grisescens, 92 Rhinolophus jerrumequinum, 92
Biosonar, early experiments, 1 echo delay acuity, 175ff echo detection thresholds, 88 echo segregation, 156, 173ff echo sound level, 87ff effects of environment, 88 Eptesicus juscus, 88 evolution, 40, 192 field of view, 174 frequency and pinna size, 68 gain control, 99ff hunting, 57 mealworm echoes, 163-164 medial superior olive, 262-264 Megachiroptera, 71-72 Myotis lucijugus, 88 Myotis oxygnathus, 88 nonairborne targets, 58-59 obstacle avoidance, 88 ontogeny, 44 range, 9, 10, 12-14 range thresholds, 103ff receiver models, 125ff receiver models, 125ff Rhinolophus jerrumequinum, 88 Rousettus aegyptiaca, 71 target decomposition, 174ff target detection, 87ff target discrimination, FM bats, 169ff target distance, 88 target echoes, 150ff target identification, 17lff target localization, 178ff target size, 87-88 temporal resolution, lOff, 56 theory of, 125ff
Biosonar signals, 4ff, 44ff, 50 bandwidth, 56-57 colony-specific, 51-52 communication,6lff comparison among species, 48 definitions, 44ff
directionality, 18lff duration, 49-50, 136 duty cycle, 49-50
Index 501
Eptesicus juscus, 16lff, 148ff, 437 FM,148ff frequency shift, 50 geographic variation, 51 Hipposideros sp. 195 intensity, 49 interpulse interval, 67 intraspecific variation, 52 Myotis lucijugus, 46, 434 Noctilio albiventris, 54 ontogeny, 44 Pteronotus pamellii, 46-46, 72, 423 range, 52-53 repetition rates, 49-50, 136 Rhinolophus jerrumequinum, 430 search signals, 52-53 species comparisons, 51, 53 variation, 51-52
Biosonar sounds, see Biosonar Signals Bird-insect interactions, 64-65 Blood, as food, 58-59 Bos bovis(cattle), basilar membrane, 210 Brain stem organization, 22ff,
313-314, 235ff conservation among mammals, 482ff
Butterfly bat, see Chalinolobus variegatus
Calbindin, cochlear nucleus, 246 Calcium-binding proteins, medial
geniculate, 376ff, 483 California leaf-nosed bat, see Macrotus
calijomicus Cardiderma cor (Heart-nosed bat), 83 Carollia perspicillata (Short-tailed fruit
bat),83 auditory threshold, 193, 194 cochlea mechanics, 225 distortion products, 202-203 emission directionality, 92 olfactory and visual cues, 59
Cat, auditory threshold, 194 basilar membrane, 210, 212 lateral lemniscus, 268, 273
502 Index
Cattle, see Bos bovis Cave birds, 2-3 Central acoustic tract, 389 Cervical vertebrae, 40 CF biosonar signals, geographic
variation, 51 CF biosonar signals, obstacle
avoidance, 166 CF/CF area, auditory cortex, 449ff
organization, 451-453 Pteronotus parnelli, 449ff
CFIFM bats, 4ff basilar membrane, 207, 209 cochlea, 193 cochlear nucleus tuning, 242 differences from FM bats, 467-470 Doppler-shift compensation, 314ff fluttering insect targets, 134ff insect discrimination, 264 lateral lemniscus, 268 medial superior olive, 260-261, 264 olivocochlear system, 222, 269, 270,
271 overrepresentation of 60 kHz, 316ff sound source localization, 15 tuning curves, 195ff, 244
CF IFM signal, defined, 45 CF neurons, auditory cortex, 431 CF signal, defined, 45 Chalinolobus variegatus (Butterfly
bat), 69,83 Chilonycteris parnellii, see Pteronotus
parnellii Chrotopterus auritus (Wooly false
vampire bat), 73, 83 Classification, bats, 37ff Cloeotis percivali (Short-eared trident
bat), 66,83 Clutter, bat flight path, 164-165 Clutter, flutter, 134, 137 Clutter interference, 16ff, 95, 97ff,
176ff Clutter, range discrimination, 123-124 Clutter, target streams, 155ff CM, see Cochlear microphonics Cochlea, active and passive processes,
223-224 Cochlea, afferent innervatlon, 219-221
anatomy, 19-21, 191, 205ff
anatomy, Rhinolophus rouxi, 206, 208
anatomy, Trachops cirrhosus, 208-209
auditory threshold, 192ff CF IFM bats, 193 distortions, 201-203 efferent innervation, 221-223 emissions (see also Otoacoustic
emissions), 197-199 innervation, 219ff Macrochiroptera, 192 mammal,191 Microchiroptera, 192 Microchiroptera vs nonecholocating
mammals, 209 micromechanics, 224ff physiology, 192ff Pteronotus sp. 192, 193 sizes in bats, 193 tuning, 241-242
Cochlear frequency map, 203-205 cat, 204, Cryptomys hottentoltus, 204
Cochlear, frequency map, rat, 204 Rhinolophus !errumequinum,
204-205 Rhinolophus rouxi, 204
Cochlear innervation, 20, 208, 219ff Myotis,20 Pteronotus parnellii, 208 Pteronotus parnellii, 219-221 Rhinolophus !errumequinum, 219,
220 Taphozous kachenis, 219-220 Trachops cirrhosus, 220-221
Cochlear mechanics, 223-224 Carollia perspicillata, 225 Pteronotus parnellii, 225-226
Cochlear microphonics, 193 Myotis lucifugus, 21 otoacoustic emissions, 201 Pteronotus, 20
Cochlear nucleus, 22-23, 235ff best frequencies, 241ff, 243 central projections, 248ff cytoarchitecture, 237 efferent from superior olivary
nucleus, 271
frequency tuning, 196-198,241-242, 244,279
inputs, 239-241 lemniscal system, 266ff on/off responses, 246 physiology, 24lff, 245ff projections to inferior colliculus, 250 projections to lateral lemniscus, 249,
250 projections to superior olivary
complex, 248ff, 255ff Pteronotus parnelli, 200, 236ff temporal analysis, 246ff tonotopy, 239, 241ff
Cochlear resonance, Pteronotus parnellii, 200-201
Cognitive abilities, 137 Coherent receiver, echolocation, 125 Combination-sensitive neurons,
auditory cortex, 488-489 circuitry, 400, 402-403 delay tuning, 404-405 inferior colliculus, 385 mammals in general, 49lff medial geniculate, 354ff, 368ff,
394ff,484 natural selection, 489ff pharmacology, 403-404 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, 454
Common vampire Bat, see Desmodus rotundus
Communication, biosonar signals, 6lff Communication, interspecific, 64ff Communication, intraspecific, 61-64 Cricket, and bats, 65 Critical band, 91 Critical masking ratio, 91
Megaderma lyra, 91 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, 91 Rousettus aegyptiaca, 91
Cryptomys hottentottus (mole rat), basilar membrane, 204, 210, 210
Daubenton's bat, see Myotis daubentoni
Delay dependency, 454-455 Delay tuning, 355ff
amplitude, 463
Index 503
auditory cortex, 441, 489 circuit models, 464-467 combination-sensitive neurons,
404-405 Eptesicus fuscus, 460-462 frequency, 459-460 medial geniculate, 393, 397, 398 Myotis luci/ugus, 456-458, 464 repetition rate, 458-459
Desmodus rotundus (Common vampire Bat),83
inferior colliculus, 59 roosts, 43-44
Dijkgraaf, 1 Directionality, biosonar signals, 92,
18lff Distortion product otoacoustic
emissions, 201 Carollia perspicil/ata, 202-203 Pteronotus parnellii, 201-203
Diversity, bats, 42-44 Dolphins, trapezoid body, 275 Doppler shift, 5-6, 17-18
auditory cortex, 27 CF-CF area, 451, 452-453
Doppler shift compensation, 445 Doppler shift compensation, inferior
colliculus, 302, 314ff Doppler shift compensation, medial
geniculate, 385, 398, 484 frequency selectivity, 315-316 insect wing flutter, 134, 319ff Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, 455
Dorsal cochlear nucleus (DeN), laminar structure, 236-237
Dorsal cochlear nucleus, 236ff see also Cochlear Nucleus
Dorsal medial geniculate, architecture, 391
inputs and outputs, 392 Dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus, see
Lateral Lemniscus Duty cycle, biosonar signals, 49
Ear, insect, 65 see also pinna and cochlea
Eastern pipistrelle, see Pipistrel/us subflavus
504 Index
Echo delay discrimination, FM bats, 146ff
Echo delay, target distance, 93ff Echo detection, masking, 92 Echo detection threshold, 92ff,
126-127 masking, 127 methods and data, 93ff
Echolocation ability, 6ff Echolocation, against hard
background, 58-59 see also Biosonar
Ecological niche, combination-sensitive neurons, 489-490
EE (excitatory-excitatory) cells, inferior colliculus, 305ff
Efferent innervation, cochlea, 20, 221-223
Efferent system, 265, 269ff Egyptian fruit bat, see Rousettus
aegyptiaca Egyptian slit-faced Bat, see Nycteris
grandis Egyptian tomb bat, see Rousettus
aegyptiaca EI (excitatory-inhibitory) neurons,
inferior colliculus, 305ff, 327ff, 330ff
medial geniculate, 388 Pteronotus, 24 receptive field, 330ff
Elephant, see Elephas max Elephas max (elephant), basilar
membrane, 210 Elevation, 262-263 Elevation coding, inferior colliculus,
338-339 EO (monaural) cells, inferior
colliculus, 305ff, 331 Eptesicus, auditory system, 19 Eptesicus fuscus (Big brown bat), 83
auditory cortex, 27, 29, 437ff, 460ff auditory thresholds, 89-90 avoidance flight path, 167-168 biosonar operating range, 150 biosonar signals, 51, 148ff, 161ff,
181ff,437 clutter interference, 981 123-124 cortical organization, 487, 489
directionality of echolocation, 184ff echo delay jitter, 130 echo detection threshold, 93ff,
126-127 echolocation behavior, 88, 147ff echolocation sounds, 4 external ear, 132-133 fluttering insect targets, 133, 138,
152ff frequency resolution, 279 gain control, 100ff inferior colliculus, 301 interaural time differences, 179 jitter resolution, 10-11 lateral lemniscus, 275, 281-282 medial geniculate connections, 378,
383 minimum audible angle, 132 nanosecond jitter, 116 obstacle avoidance, 148ff, 165ff prey pursuit, 161ff range discrimination, 104ff, 110,
127-128 range jitter discrimination, 111 ff range resolution, 116ff sound source localization, 14 spatial imaging, 182 superior olivary complex, 254 target interception, 169ff target shape discrimination, 121ff,
169ff temporal integration, 99 temporal resolution, 178 vertical sound source localization,
133 Eptesicus serotinus, echo detection
threshold, 94 Eptesicus serotinus (Serotine Bat),
clutter interference, 98 masking, 98-99
Euderma maculatum (Spotted bat), 83 intraspecific communication, 63 moths, 66
Evening bat, see Nycticeius humeralis Evoked otoacoustic emissions (see also
Otoacoustic Emissions), 197-198 Evoked potentials, 23, 193 Evolution, bat, 40ff
bat cochlea, 192
echolocation, 40, 192 see also natural selection
Experience, moth catching, 67 External ear, vertical sound source
localization, 132-133 Extralemniscal pathway, 265, 271-272
Face, bat, 68ff Face, leaflike structures, 68ff
facial features, 68ff Facial features, various bats, 69-72 Facilitation, auditory cortex, 441, 446,
453,460 Feeding behavior, Myotis emarginatus,
58 Fish-catching bat, see Noctilio
/eporinus Fishing bats, 43, 58 Flight, bats, 41 Flight path, target interception,
161-162 Flower feeding, 59 Flutter, clutter, 134, 137 Flutter detection, 45
Pipistrel/us stenopterus, 45 Pteronotus parnellii, 45
Flutter, Doppler shift, 49 Fluttering insect targets, clutter, 134,
137 detection, 133ff medial geniculate, 484
Fluttering target detection, 58 Fluttering target discrimination, FM
bats, 138 FM bats, 3
cochlear nucleus tuning, 242 cortical organization, 28-29 differences from CFI 467-470 echo delay discrimination, 146ff flutter target discrimination, 138 lateral lemniscus, 268-269 obstacle avoidance, 148ff olivocochlear system, 222, 270, 271 tuning curves, 196, 244
FM signal, defined, 45 FM sweep, function, 54 FM-FM neurons, amplitude properties,
445-446
Index 505
binaural responses, 447 directional sensitivity, 447 frequency properties, 445-446 functional organization, 442, 444,
446 Pteronotus parnelli, 44Iff
Food, insects, 60 Food, plant, 58-59 Food, preference, 59-60 Foraging, 58-60
ecology, 60-61 experience, 67 insects, 60 Lasiurus sp., 66
Forward masking, clutter interference, 97ff
Fovea, cochlea, 224-225 Frequency discrimination, 18 Frequency maps, see also Cochlea,
frequency map using HRP, 203-204
Frequency modulation, detection, 136 selectivity, 320ff
Frequency representation, auditory cortex, 438-439
Frequency resolution, bats, 195-197 cochlear nucleus, 24Iff
Frequency selectivity, 60 kHz overrepresentation, 316ff 90-91
combination-sensitive neurons of medial geniculate, 396ff
Doppler-shift compensation, 315ff GABA, 317-318 inferior colliculus, 302-303 medial geniculate, 384ff, 483-484
Fringe-lipped bat, see Trachops cirrhosus
Frogs, hunting of, 58-59 Fruit-eating bats, 43
GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid), 24
frequency selectivity, 317-318 inferior colliculus, 339ff, 351ff lateral lemniscus, 268, 299 medial geniculate, 374ff, 385, 483 response latency, 352ff
GAD, medial geniculate, 375-376
506 Index
Gain control, echolocation, 99ff Galambos, 1 Gamma-amino-butyric acid, see GABA Gerbil, lateral lemniscus, 273 Ghost bat, see Maeroderma gigas Gleaners, 50 Glint, 18, 264
biosonar targets, 134ff, 150ff cognitive reconstruction, 155ff echolocation, 123 temporal resolution, 153ff, 157ff
Glycine, 264 inferior colliculus, 339ff lateral lemniscus, 298-299
Greater bull-dog bat, see Noetilio leporinus
Greater horseshoe bat, see Rhinolophus jerrumequinum
Griffin, early experiments, 1, 7 basilar membrane, 210 frequency resolution, 196 hair cell dimensions, 217, 218 olivocochlear system, 270-271
Hair cell dimensions, Hipposideros bieolor, 217,218
Hair cell dimensions, Rhinolophus rouxi, 217, 218, 219
Hair cells, 205, 215ff also see Inner Hair Cells and Outer
Hair Cells density, 219 dimensions, 217-219 frequency tuning, 195 innervation, 219ff, 221-223 tectorial membrane, 215 ultrastructure, 216-217
Hawaiian hoary bat, see Lasiurus cinereus
Hearing, correlation with echolocation, 61
Hearing directionality, Rhinolophus jerrumequinum, 92
Hearing sensitivity, see Auditory Threshold
Heart-nosed bat, see Cardiderma cor Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat, see
Rhinolophus hildeb11lndti
Hipposideros bieolor (Bicolored Roundleaf Bat), basilar membrane, 207
fluttering insect targets, 134ff hair cell dimensions, 217, 218 tectorial membrane, 214
Hipposideros eajjer, (Sundevall's leaf-nosed bat), 83
facial features, 70 FM sweep, 54
Hipposideros lankadiva (Kelaart's leaf-nosed bat), 83
FM detection, 136-137 olivocochlear system, 269 wingbeat rate discrimination,
137-138 Hipposideros ruber (Noack's
Leafnosed Bat), fluttering insect targets, 134ff
prey selection, 137 Hipposideros sp., basilar membrane,
210, 212, 213 Hipposideros sp., biosonar signals, 195 Hipposideros speoris (Schneider's
round-leaf bat), 83 fluttering insect targets, 134ff FM detection, 136-137
Hoary bat, see Lasiurus einereus Horseshoe bat, see Rhinolophus
jerrumequinum HRP frequency mapping, 203-204 Human, basilar membrane, 210
otoacoustic emissions, 198 sensory hair cell dimensions, 217,
218 Hunting, airborne targets, 56
biosonar signals, 57 cues, 58 from flight, 58 Lasionyeteris noetivagans, 57 Lasiurus, 56, 57 Lasiurus borealis, 63 Lasiurus einereus, 61, 62 Nyeteris grandis, 61, 62
Hunting strategies, 53ff
Ideal receiver, echolocation, 125, 127-128
110, see interaural intensity differences
Imaging, echolocation, 136ff Immelman turn, 56 Indian false vampire bat, see
Megaderma lyra Inferior colliculus, 22ff, 249-250, 266,
296ff 60 kHz overrepresentation, 302ff auditory space representation, 336ff binaural interactions, 305ff binaural responses, 262-263 central nucleus, 296ff columnar organization, 313-314 connections to medial geniculate, 26,
379 Desmodus rotundus, 59 divisions of, 306 Doppler-shift compensation, 302 Doppler-shift compensation, 314ff EE inputs, 307-308 EI cells, 330ff EI inputs, 307-308 EO inputs, 307-308 excitation and inhibition, 298ff frequency selectivity, 59, 243,
244-245, 302-303 GABA, 339ff, 35lff glycine, 339ff inhibition, 309ff insect target signature, 326 interaural cues, 326ff, 344, 349-350 projections from lower centers, 250,
298ff, 303ff Pteronotus parnelli, 424 rate-level functions, 308-309 response latency, 350ff subdivisions, 303 temporal response patterns, 308-309 tonotopic organization, 30lff topologic representation of lID,
333ff Inhibition, auditory cortex, 426ff
frequency selectivity, 316ff inferior colliculus, 309ff, 339ff neuron tuning, 244
Inhibitory threshold, tonotopic organization, 309ff
Inner hair cells, 19, 205, 215ff Insect, bat detection, 65-66
capture, 11
Index 507
discrimination, 264 discrimination against background,
18 ears, 65
Insect flutter, Doppler shift, 319ff foraging for, 60
Insect target, fluttering, 133ff, 152 shape, 152 signature coding, 326
Insect wing flutter, Doppler shift, 315 Insect wingbeat rate, discrimination,
137 Insect-bat interactions, 65-67 Insectivorous bats, auditory cortex,
419 AVeN,236
Integration time, 99 Interaural intensity difference,
131-132, 305ff frequency-dependence, 328-329 inferior colliculus, 326ff, 344,
349-350 topology, 333-334
Interaural spectral difference, 131-132 Interaural time difference, 131-132
FM bats, 179ff Interfemoral membrane, 56 Interpulse interval, biosonar signals, 67 Intraspecific communication, 61-64,
64ff Euderma maculatum, 63
Rhinolophus jerrumequinum, 63
Jitter, echo detection, 127 neural response, 176 resolution, 10-11
Jurine, 1
Kelaart's leaf nosed bat, see Hipposideros lankadiva
Lacewigs, and bats, 65 Lander's horseshoe bat, see
Rhinolophus landeri Larger slit-faced bat, see Nycteris
grandis
508 Index
Lasionycteris noctivagans (Silver-haired bat), 57, 84
Lasiurus borealis (Red bat), 63, 84 Lasiurus cinereus (Hawaiian hoary
bat), sound production, 47, 84 airborne attack, 49, 55, 56, 61-62 biosonar frequency shift, 50
Lasiurus sp, foraging on moths, 56-57, 66
lateral lemniscus, 296-297, 308 lateral superior olive (LSO), 297ff,
305, 307-308, 340ff, 345ff, Lateral geniculate, 368ff Lateral lemniscus, 22-23, 24, 250,
265ff and superior colliculus, 268 bilateral input, 268 cat, 268, 273 contralateral stimulation, 268 efferent system, 269-271 Eptesicusjuscus, 275, 281-282 frequency selectivity, 278-280 GABA,268 gerbil,273 glycine, 298 input, 275-277 monaural nuclei, 273ff nuclei, 297ff, 305, 307-308, 340-341,
343-344, 348ff physiology, 268, 277ff, 280-282 projections from cochlear nucleus,
249,250 Pteronotus parnelli, 275, 277 Rhinolophus rouxi, 268 sound source localization, 327 timing, 280-282 tonotopy, 8-280
Lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), 22,298,308
sound source localization, 327 Least Sac-Winged Bat, see
Balantiopteryx plicata Lemniscal system 265ff Lesser bulldog bat, see Noctilio
albiventris Lesser false vampire bat, see
Megaderma spasma Lesser fishing bat, see Noctilio
albiventris .
Linnaeus' false vampire bat, see Vampyrum spectrum
Little brown bat, see Myotis lucifugus Long CFIFM bats, auditory cortex, 27 Long-eared bat, see Myotis evotis Long-legged myotis, see Myotis volans
Macrochiroptera, cochlea, 192 Macroderma gigas (Ghost bat), 84 Macromechanics, Pteronotus parnellii,
225-226 Macrotus californicus (California
leaf-nosed bat), 84 Mammals, tuning curves, 197 Mantids, and bats, 65 Masking, effects on target detection,
98-99, 127 Matched filter, echolocation, 125ff Maternal behavior, Myotis lucifugus,
63 Tadarida brasiliensis, 63
Mealworm, biosonar echoes, 150ff, 163-164
Medial geniculate (MGB), 25ff, 296-297, 368ff
amplitude coding, 398 architectonic organization, 369ff,
380,391 calcium-binding proteins, 376ff CFICF neurons, 395ff, 485-486 combination-sensitive neurons,
354ff, 394ff communication sound coding, 394 connections, 378, 383ff, 388, 392 connections to inferior colliculus, 26 Doppler shift, 385, 484 dorsal and rostral areas, 39lff EI neurons, 388 Eptesicus juscus, 383, 384 fluttering insect wings, 484 FM/FM neurons, 397ff, 485-486 GABA,374ff Golgi,373 lamination, 372, 378ff modulation sensitivity, 387 Myotislucifugus, 379 Myotis oxygnathus, 384 neurochemistry, 374ff
physiological properties, 384ff Pteronotus, 26 Rhinolophus jerrumequinum, 384 species-specific features, 483ff subdivisions, 369ff, 377 tonotopic organization, 369-370,
378ff,387 ventral division, 378ff
Medial olivocochlear system, See Olivocochlear system
Medial superior olive, (MSO), 22, 24, 251, 297ff, 307-308, 340,
comparison with other mammals, 262
echolocation, 262-264 presence in bats?, 264-265 projections from AVCN, 257 Pteronotus parnelli, 263 see also Superior Olivary Complex vertical sound source localization,
262-263 Megachiroptera, biogeography, 42-43
classification, 37ff differences from Microchiroptera,
42-44 echolocation, 71-72 relationship to primates, 40
Megaderma lyra (Indian false vampire bat),84
auditory threshold, 89-90, 193, 194 basilar membrane, 210, 212 critical masking ratios, 91 facial features, 72 frog hunting, 59 range resolution, 119 target shape discrimination, 130-131
Megaderma spasma (Lesser false vampire bat), 84
Mexican free-tailed bat, see Tadarida brasiliensis
Mexican long-eared myotis, see Myotis auriculus
Microchiroptera, biogeography, 43 classification, 37ff cochlea, 192 differences from Megachiroptera,
42-44 echolocation, 71-73
Micromechanics, cochlea, 224ff
Index 509
Middle ear, mammal, 191 Middle ear muscles, clutter, 17
echo detection, 92 gain control, 99-100
Minimum audible angle, Eptesicus juscus, 132
FM bats, 179 Modulation, rate selectivity, 323ff Modulation sensitivity, medial
geniculate, 387 Mole rat, see Cryptomys hottentottus
or Spalax ehrenbergi Molossus ater, basilar membrane, 210
superior olivary complex responses, 258, 260, 261
Moth, bat interactions, 18, 56, 65ff, 164-165
Mother-infant interactions, 63 Mouse, basilar membrane, 210 Multidimension targets, 11-12 Mustached bat, see Pteronotus parnelli Myotis auriculus, (Mexican long-eared
myotis),84 Myotis daubentoni (Daubenton's bat),
84 attack signals, 49-50 biosonar frequency shift, 50
Myotis emarginatus, (Notch-eared Bat),84
biosonar intensity, 49 feeding behavior, 58 prey search, 51
Myotis evotis (Long-eared bat), 84 Myotis grisescens (Gray Bat), emission
directionality, 92 Myotis lucijugus (Little brown bat), 85
airborne attack, 55, 56 auditory cortex, 27, 417, 434ff,
456ff, 487, 489 auditory thresholds, 89-90 basilar membrane, 210, 211 bisonar signal, 9, 434, 157 cochlear microphonic, 21 delay tuning models, 464 dorsal medial geniculate, 393 echolocation, 6, 88 flight path, 164-165 fluttering insect targets, 133 maternal behavior, 63
510 Index
medial geniculate and inferior colIiculus connections, 379ff
obstacle avoidance, 165ff QIO dB' 196, 197 target interception, 169ff target shape discrimination, 169ff tuning in cochlear nucleus, 197
Myotis myotis, range resolution, 119 Myotis oxygnathus, echolocation, 88
range discrimination, 107 tuning in Medial geniculate, 384ff
Myotis septentrionalis (Northern long-eared bat), 85
Myotis sp., auditory system, 19 biosonar signals 51 cochlear innervation, 20 search signals, 52-53 sounds, 46
Myotis volans (Long-legged myotis), 85 Myotis yumanensis (yuma myotis), 85
Naked-backed bat, see Pteronotus suapurensus
Nanosecond jitter, range discrimination, 116, 130
Narrow-winged pipistrelle, see Pipistrellus stenopterus
Natural selection, combination-sensitive neurons, 489ff
Nectar feeding, 60 Neocortex, primitive mammals, 419 Neuroethology, 2 Noack's Leafnosed Bat,
seeHipposideros ruber Noctilio albiventris (lesser fishing bat
or lesser bulldog bat), range determination, 13-14, 85
biosonar signals, 54 noise effects, 98 ranging discrimination, 105-106,
109-110 Noctilio leporinus (Greater bulldog
bat),85 auditory thresholds, 89-90 backward masking, 101-102 clutter interference, 98 echo detection threshold, 94 fishing, 58, 136
Noctuid moths, fossils, 2 Noise, effects on target detection,
98-99 Northern long-eared bat, see Myotis
septentrionalis Noseleaf, 68, 70-71 Notch-eared Bat, see Myotis
emarginatus Nycteris grandis (Large slit-faced bat),
61-62,71, 85 Nycteris thebaica (Egyptian slit-faced
Bat),85 Nycticeius humeralis (Evening bat),
85
Obstacle avoidance, Eptesicus juscus, 165
FM bats, 165ff, 177ff Myotis lucijugus, 165 wires, 165ff
Olfaction, orientation, 59 Olivocochlear system,. Pteronotus
parnel/ii, 222, 223 221-223, 269, 271
comparative, 269 guinea pig, 270-271 Rhinolophus jerrumequinum, 20,
222 On-off responses, 424
cochlear nucleus, 246 On-responses, 431
inferior coIIiculus, 308-309 Ontogeny, acoustic fovea, 44
bats, 44 echolocation, 44
Organ of Corti, 205ff efferent innervation, 221-223 innervation, 219ff Rhinolophus jerrumequinum, 216 supporting cells, 205-207
Otoacoustic emissions, 197,224,225, 226
cochlear microphonics, 201 distortion products, 201 human, 198 Pteronotus parnel/ii, 21, 198, 199,
200, 224-225 Rhinolophus rouxi, 198
Outer hair cells, 191,205, 215ff cochlear amplifier, 201 frequency tuning, 195 innervation, 20 movement, 21 otoacoustic emissions, 21 size changes, 217
Pallid bat, see Antrozous pallidus Paradoxical latency shift, 458 Paralemniscal tegmentum, 271-272 Parnell's mustached bat, see
Pteronotus parneilii Passive listening, and auditory
threshold, 193 Passive processes, cochlea, 223-224 Pectoral girdle, bats, 43 Perilymphatic spaces, comparative, 208 Phantom targets, 8, 97ff, 164, 177, 179 Phase effects, biosonar receiver, 125 Phyllostomidae, 43 Phyllostomus hastus, range
discrimination, 105ff, 127-128 Phylogeny, bats, 40ff Pinna, correlation with biosonar call
frequency, 68 directionality, 329 vertical sound source localization,
132 size, 68ff sound shadowing, 327
Pinna movements, Rhinoiophus jerrumequinum, 132-133
Pipistrel/us pipistrel/us (Pipistrelle), 85 echo detection threshold, 94 masked echo detection, 127 range discrimination, 107, 11 0
Pipistrel/us stenopterus (Narrow-winged pipistrelle), 85
flutter detection, 45, 138 Pipistrel/us sUbflavus (Eastern
pipistrelle), 85 Plants, bat foraging, 59-60 Pollen feeding, 59 Posteroventral cochlear nucleus, 236ff Posteroventral cochlear nucleus, see
also Cochlear Nucleus Preolivary nuclei, 253
Index 511
Primates, relationship to Megachiroptera, 40
Psychophysical methods, range discrimination, 108-109
Pteronotus parnellii (parnell's mustached bat), 85-86
auditory cortex, 416, 417, 418-419, 420ff, 44Iff
auditory system, 19 auditory threshold, 194, 195 basilar membrane, 210, 212, 213 biosonar signals, 5, 9, 423 biosonar signals, 72 CF-CF area, 449ff cochlea, 20 cochlear innervation, 208, 219-221 cochlear mechanics, 200-201, 225-226 cochlear nucleus, 200, 236ff cochlear resonance, 200-201 cortex 424, 428, 441 cortical organization, 487 distortion products, 201-203 echolocation behavior, 453 extralemniscal pathway, 271, 272 flutter detection 45 fluttering insect targets, 133ff, 136 FM sweep, 54 FM-FM area, 44Iff inferior colliculus, 302, 424 lateral lemniscus, 275, 277 medial geniculate, 369 medial superior olive, 263 olivocochlear system, 222-223, 269,
270 otacoustic emissions, 198, 199, 200,
224-225 phylogeny, 42 projections to SOC, 258 QIO dB in cochlear nucleus, 200 sounds, 46-47 species-specific combination-sensitive
neurons, 484ff superior olivary complex, 254,
255-256, 258, 266 tectorial membrane, 214 tonotopy, 260 tuning curves, 195-196, 198 wingbeat rate discrimination,
137-138
512 Index
Pteronotus sp, auditory cortex, 27 auditory nerve response, 21 cochlea, 192, 193 cochlear microphonic, 20 EI neurons, 24 medial geniculate, 26 otoacoustic emissions, 21
Pteronotus suapurensis, range discrimination, l04ff, 128
PVCN, see Posteroventral Cochlear Nucleus
Pygmy round-eared bat, see Tonatia brasiliensis
QIO dB' 21 cochlear nucleus, 243, 244 FM bats, 196 guinea pig, 196 inferior colliculus, 303-304 Pteronotus parnellii, 200, 201
Range discrimination, 103ff, 456ff autocorrelation function, 128 clutter, 123-124 Eptesicus /uscus, 95ff ideal receiver, 127-128 interference, 109ff psychophysical methods, 108-109 two-wavefront targets, 116ff
Range, echolocation, 9, 103ff Range estimation, echolocation, 116ff Range interference, CF signals, 109
FM signals, 109 Range jitter discrimination, 103ff,
I11ff, 128ff Range resolution, 103ff, 116ff, 119ff,
130-131 Rat, auditory threshold, 194
basilar membrane, 210 tectorial membrane, 215
Rate-level functions, inferior colliculus, 308-309
Rayleigh limit, biosonar sounds, 160 Receiver models, echolocation, 125ff Receptive field, auditory cortex,
439-440
binaural cells, 330ff, 336ff inhibition, 34lff
Red bat, see Lasiurus borealis Rhinolophus /errumequinum (Greater
horseshoe bat), 86 auditory cortex, 27, 28, 430ff, 454ff auditory threshold, 89-90, 194 basilar membrane, 210, 211, 212 best frequency, 195-196 biosonar signals, 430 biosonar sounds, 4, 9 cochlear frequency map, 204-205 cochlear innervation, 219-221 cortical organization, 487 critical masking ratios, 91 Doppler shift, 455 echolocation, 88 emission directionality, 92 flutter Doppler-shifts, 134ff FM detection, 136-137 hearing directionality, 92 inferior colliculus, 302 intraspeCific communication, 63 medial geniculate connections, 378 olivocochlear system, 222 organ of Corti, 216 pinna movements, 132-133 prey selection, 137-138 range discrimination, 105ff, 128 superior olivary complex, 254, 258,
261,262 target catching, 56 tuning curves, 195-196 tuning in cochlear nucleus, 197 tuning in medial geniculate, 384ff vertical sound source localization,
132-133 wingbeat rate discrimination, 137
Rhinolophus hildebrandti (Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat), 86
facial features, 70 Rhinolophus landeri (Lander's
horseshoe bat), 86 Rhinolophus rouxi (Rufous horseshoe
bat),86 basilar membrane, 207 cochlea anatomy, 206, 208 cochlear frequency map, 204
distortion products, 202-203 fluttering insect targets, 134ff GABA in medial geniculate, 374ff inferior colliculus, 302 lateral lemniscus, 268 neuronal auditory thresholds, 195 olivocochlear system, 269
otoacoustic emissions, 198 ranging interference, 109-110 sensory hair cell dimensions, 217,
218,219 Rhinopoma hardwickii, basilar
membrane, 2lO Rhinolophus sp, auditory system, 19
efferent innervation, 20 inner ear, 20 olivocochlear system, 20
Roeder, 65-67 Roosts, 59 Roufous horseshoe bat, see
Rhinolophus rouxi Rousettus aegyptiaca (Egyptian fruit
bat),86 auditory thresholds, 89-90 biosonar signal, 50 critical masking ratios, 91 echolocation, 71 roosts, 59 signal production, 40 tongue click, 46
Rousettus sp., echolocation, 2
Schneider's round-leaf bat, see Hipposideros speoris
Search signals, 52-53 Semicoherent receiver, echolocation,
125 Serotine bat, see Eptesicus serotinus Short CFIFM bats, 6 Short-eared trident bat, see Cloeotis
percivalli Short-tailed fruit bat, see Carollia
perspicillata Silver-haired bat, see Lasionycteris
noctivagans Social behavior, 43-44 Sound, cues for hunting, 58
Index 513
Sound emission, control of level, 16-18 Sound production, 44ff
Lasiurus cinereus, 47 Rousettus aegyptiaca, 40
Sound shadow, pinna, 327 Sound source localization, 14ff, l3lff
central projections, 248 FM bats, 179ff inferior colliculus, 326ff superior olivary complex, 255 vertical, 15, l32-133, 336
Sound, temporal features, 283-285 Spalax ehrenbergi (mole rat), efferent
innervation of ear, 223 Spallanzani, bat studies, 1 Spatial imaging, biosonar, 136ff Spear-nosed bat, see Phyllostomus
hostus Spectral coloration, range jitter
discrimination, 223 Spectral notches, range resolution,
116ff target identification, 175 vertical sound source localization,
133 Spectrogram, biosonar echoes, 153ff Spiral ganglion cells, 219ff Spiral lamina, 208 Spiral ligament, 207-208 Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, see
otoacoustic emissions Spotted bat, see Euderma maculatum Strychnine, inferior colliculus, 342ff Sundevall's leaf-nosed bat, see
Hipposideros caffer Superior colliculus, 268, 296, 389 Superior olivary complex (SOC), 25lff
binaural properties, 259-261 differences from other mammals,
255 echolocation, 262-264 Eptesicus fuscus, 254 inhibitory input, 258-259 inputs, 255ff Molossus ater, 258, 260, 261 nuclei,251-253 organizational variability, 253-255 outputs, 265ff
514 Index
physiology 258ff projections from AVCN, 248-250,
257 projections from cochlear nucleus,
248-250, 251 Pteronotus parnelli, 254, 255-256,
258,266 Rhinolophus jerrumequinum, 254,
258, 261, 262 sound source localization, 255 timing characteristics, 261-262 tuning, 260
Superior olivary complex, vertical sound source localization, 262-263
Superior olivary nucleus, projections to, 239
to cochlear nucleus, 271 Supporting cells, organ of Corti,
205-207 Suprageniculate nucleus of thalamus,
388ff
Tadarida brasiliensis (Mexican free-tailed bat), 17, 86
maternal behavior, 63 Taphozous kachenis, basilar
membrane, 210 cochlear innervation, 219-220
Target catching, Rhinolophus jerrumequinum, 56
Target classification, fluttering insects, 133ff
Target detection, 8, 54ff, 98-99 Target discrimination, 18-19 Target, distance, 57-58 Target interception, Eptesicus juscus,
169 Myotis lucijugus, 169 natural setting, 16Iff
Target localization, 14ff Target pursuit, auditory cortex, 443 Target scenes, echo streams, 155ff Target shape discrimination,
echolocation, 12Iff Tectorial membrane, 205, 214-215,
225 Temporal acuity, 160
Temporal analysis, cochlear nucleus, 246
Temporal integration, 99, 156ff Temporal integration and resolution,
Eptesicus juscus, 179ff Temporal resolution, echolocation,
IOff glints, 157ff neural, 177-178
Temporal signals, echolocation, 56 Territorial behavior, 63 Thalamic reticular nucleus, 405ff
anatomy, 406-407 physiology, 407
Thalamocortical connections, 419 Thalamus, 271, 368ff Thalamus, cortical connections, 419
see also Medial geniculate and Suprageniculate nucleus
Tiger moth, response to bat sound, 65 Timing, cochlear nucleus, 247-248
Molossus ater, 262 superior olivary complex, 261-262
Tonatia brasiliensis (Pygmy round-eared bat), 73, 86
Tongue click, Rousettus aegyptiaca, 46
Tonotopy, auditory cortex, 419ff Eptesicus juscus, 438 inferior colliculus, 30Iff lateral lemniscus, 278-280 medial geniculate, 369-370, 378ff,
387 Pteronotus parnelli, 260 superior olivary complex, 255, 260
Trachops cirrhosus (Fringe-lipped bat), 86
basilar membrane, 20, 210, 211, 212 cochlear anatomy, 208-209 cochlear innervation, 220-221 noseleaf,70 tectorial membrane, 214
Tracking neurons, 443 Trapezoid body, 249, 251, 256, 266,
297, 307, 341, 343 dolphins, 275
Traveling wave propagation, Pteronotus parnellii, 213
Tuning, auditory cortex, 425-426, 431, 437
auditory system, 17 basilar membrane, 213 CF/FM bats, 244 cochlea, 223-224 cochlear nucleus, 196, 242, 244
Tuning curve, brainstem, 24 Tuning curve, CF/FM bats, 195-196 Tuning curve, mammals, 197
Eptesicus juscus, 279 FM bats, 244 inferior colliculus, 243, 244, 245 lateral lemniscus, 278-280 superior olivary complex, 260
Two-wavefront targets, range discrimination, 116ff
Two-tone distortion, 201-203
Index 515
Vampire bat, see Desmodus rotundus Vampyrum spectrum (Linnaeus' false
vampire bat), 86 Vertical sound source localization,
medial superior olive, 262-263 Virtual targets, clutter interference,
97ff Vision, 3 Visual pathways, bats, 40 Vocalizations, 271-272
Wingbeats, insect targets, 133ff Wooly false vampire bat, see
Chrotopterus auritus
Yuma myotis, see Myotis yumanensis