22

Al-‘Abdari, Razin 34‘Abdullah 28, 62‘Abdullah ibn Abi Awfa 38‘Abdullah ibn Abi Musa 28‘Abdullah ibn al-Harith ibn Jaz‘a 23‘Abdullah ibn Qays 36‘Abdullah ibn Salam 39‘Abdullah ibn Shaddad 73‘Abdullah ibn Unays 23‘Abdullah ibn Zayd ibn Aslam 77‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abdillah ibn ‘Umar 2‘Abdullah ibn al-Mubarak 24–25, 26,

8, 89‘Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr 99‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Jurayj 36‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Muhammad 97‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Rafi‘ 87‘Abd al-Malik 09‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Abd al-Qari 85‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Abza 38‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf 77‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Azhar 57‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Quraysh 6‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Zayd 35‘Abd al-Razzaq 27, 93Abu Bakr ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman 43Abu Bakr ibn ‘Ayash Abu Bakr al-Siddiq 37, 76, 77, 05, ,

39, 85–86, 99Abu Bishr al-Dulabi 95Abu ’l-Darda’, ‘Uwaymir 36, 39, 28,

29–30Abu Dawud 58, 68, 82, 60, 94, 96,

205, 208

Index of Persons

Abu Ghalib 40Abu Hanifa Nu‘man ibn Thabit XVII, , 3,

5–7, 2–3, 4, 42, 56, 66, 67, 88, 98, 02, 26, 35, 53, 80–8, 89, 90, 9, 202

Abu ‘l-Hasan XIXAbu Hudhayfa 39Abu Humayd 20Abu Hurayra 28, 62, 72, 74–75, 84–85, 9,

92, 94, 96, 0, , 27, 38, 67, 68, 70Abu Ilyas 28Abu Ishaq 29, 09, 0, , 28, 4Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi 34Abu Jamra 76Abu Khaythama 38Abu Khusayb 88Abu Mansur 40Abu Mijlaz 28, 62Abu Musa 35, 28, 29, 204Abu Qilaba 70Abu Sa‘id 75Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri 72, 6, 68, 70Abu Salama 35, 55, 92–93, 94Abu Salih 28Abu ’l-Sha‘tha’ 205Abu Shayba, Ibrahim ibn ‘Uthman 88Abu ’l-Tayyib (Qadi) 34Abu Umama 40–4, 70Abu Wa’il 28, 93, 20Abu Yusuf 23, 26, 27, 28, 3, 42, 66, 67, 90Abu ’l-Zanad 40Abu ’l-Zubayr 28Abu Zur‘a 58, 96Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Imam) 3, 22, 4, 56,

59, 66, 68, 69, 83–84, 94, 34–35, 54,

FIQH AL-IMAM

222

6, 69, 80–8, 89, 209Ahmad Muhammad Shakir 04‘A’isha 9, 2, 27, 35–37, 4–47,

54–60, 62, 93, 94, 95, 205‘A’isha bint ’l-Ajrad 23‘Ali ibn Abi Talib 37, 38, 60, 6, 77, 93, 96,

99, 05, 09, , 38, 4, 43, 62, 7, 85, 88–90

‘Ali ibn Rabi‘a 88‘Alqama 36, 04–05, 0, , 4, 5,

40–4, 70‘Alqama ibn Wa’il 9A‘mash 28, 30, 88‘Ammar ibn Yasir 38‘Amr ibn ‘Abasa 6‘Amr ibn al-‘As 38‘Amr ibn Dinar 28, 29‘Amra bint ‘Abd al-Rahman 37Anas ibn Malik 22–23, 5, 62, 89, 38,

40–4, 43, 72, 74al-Ansari, Abu ‘Uthman 28al-Ansari, Abu Mas‘ud 28Asad ibn ‘Amr 3, 90Asad ibn al-Furat 3‘Asim ibn Kulayb 09Aswad 09, 0, , 4Aswad ibn Yazid 6‘Ata’ ibn Yasar 76‘Ata ibn Abi Rabah 29, 89, 40, 7, 87Awza‘i (Imam) 25, 69‘Ayni 6, 80, 207–208al-‘Ayni, Badr al-din XVII, 63, 75Ayyub ibn al-Nahik 67A‘zami, Habib al-Rahman 95

al-Baghdadi, Khatib 23, 3, 34Bara’ ibn ‘Azib 08Bayhaqi 27, 60, 6, 69, 89, 98–99Binnori, Yusuf XIX, 47Bishr ibn Rafi‘ 94Bukhari 24, 58, 59, 84, 89, 94, 0, 36,

37, 56al-Bunani, Thabit 38

Daraqutni 23, 27, 83, 34, 74

al-Dari, Tamim 96, 97Dhahabi 22–23, 25, 27, 30, 40, 58, 59,

4, 36, 37, 43, 95al-Dulabi, Abu Bishr 95, 96

Fudayl ibn ‘Iyad 3

al-Ghatafani, Sulayk 7, 73–77Ghazali, Abu Hamid 90

al-Hadhdha’, Khalid 70Hafiz Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani 22, 39, 5,

58, 89, 42, 49, 50, 56, 57, 90, 95Hafs ibn Ghiyath 3Hakim 22, 27Hakim (Imam) 36–37Halabi 92al-Hanbali, Mansur ibn Idris 90Harith 29Haritha ibn Mudrib 29Harun (Prophet) 89Hasan al-Basri 29, 30, 39, 40–4, 44Hasan ibn Ziyad 27Haskafi (‘Allama) 46–47Haythami 6, 69Hibban ibn ‘Ali 3al-Himmani, Yahya 29Hisham 83al-Hudhali, Nubaysha 69Hudhayfa 28, 35, 38, 39, 28Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman 43Hulb 59Humaydi 05Husayn ibn ‘Abdillah 209

Ibn ‘Abbas, ‘Abdullah 60, 7, 76, 77, 95, 06, 08, 28, 37, 40–43, 47, 54, 56, 57, 6, 62, 69, 83, 85, 88, 205, 209

Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Abu ‘Umar 23, 56, 83, 8, 97

Ibn ‘Abidin, Abu Amin 46Ibn Abi ’l-‘Awam 4Ibn Abi Dhi’b 98Ibn Abi Hatim 69

223

Index of Persons

Ibn Abi Layla 08, 0, Ibn Abi Mulayka 88Ibn Abi Shayba 27, 60, 6, 62, 03, 08,

68, 7Ibn Abi Sufyan, ‘Abd al-Rahman 58Ibn Abi Za’ida, Yahya ibn Zakariyya 3Ibn ‘Adi 6, 96Ibn Asakir 38Ibn al-Furat, Asad 3Ibn Habib Maliki 99Ibn al-Hasan, Hajjaj 62Ibn Hazm 04Ibn Hibban 27, 60, 94, 6, 96Ibn Hubayra 56Ibn al-Humam 62, 67Ibn Ishaq 97Ibn Ishaq, ‘Abd al-Rahman 6Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad 83Ibn Jarir 69Ibn Karama 3Ibn Kathir 60, 66Ibn Khaldun 29–30Ibn Khuzayma 57–58, 94Ibn al-Madini 209Ibn al-Mahdi 29Ibn Ma‘in 26, 209Ibn Maja 58, 94Ibn Mardawayh 89Ibn Mas‘ud, ‘Abdullah XVII, 33–40, 47,

69, 75, 76, 77, 93, 96, 99, 03, 04–05, 09–, 3–5, 28–30, 38, 39, 40–4, 43, 72, 88, 204

Ibn al-Mubarak, ‘Abdullah 24–25, 26, 27, 9

Ibn al-Mundhir 56Ibn Muqsim, ‘Ubaydullah 76Ibn Muzahin, Abu Wahb Muhammad 25Ibn al-Qasim 56, 99, 89Ibn al-Qayyim 87, 95Ibn Qudama 66, 83, 90Ibn Rabi‘, Muhammad 84Ibn Rafi‘, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz 87Ibn Rushd 89Ibn al-Salah 22, 50

Ibn Sama‘a, Muhammad 26Ibn Sirin, Muhammad 77, 7Ibn Taymiya 6, 66, 68, 69, 74, 83–84,

82, 90, 9Ibn al-Turkumani al-Mardini 60Ibn ‘Umar, ‘Abdullah 5, 76, 77, 03–04,

05, 06, , 3–4, 6, 9, 2–22, 24, 28–30, 38, 4–42, 48, 50, 62, 67–68, 69, 205–208

Ibn Umayya 58Ibn al-‘Uqayli 6Ibn Wa’il, ‘Alqama 9Ibn Yazid, Aswad 6Ibn Zahir 83Ibn Zayd ibn Aslam, ‘Abdullah 77Ibn Zayd ibn Thabit, Musa ibn Sa‘d 77‘Imran ibn Husayn 75, 9, 38‘Iraqi, Zayn al-Din 22, 99, 7, 98‘Irbad ibn Sariya 84‘Isa ibn Jariya 95, 96‘Isa ibn Musa 24Ishaq 89Ishaq ibn Ibrahim Rahway (Rahuya) 5‘Isma ibn Muhammad 6

Jabala ibn Suhaym 62Jabir ibn ‘Abdillah 23, 28, 73, 76, 82, 7,

72, 75, 94–96Jabir al-Ju‘fi 29Jabir ibn Samura 06–07al-Jadali, Abu ’l-Qasim 48Jalalabadi, Masihullah 7Jarir ibn ‘Abd al-Hamid 83Jibril 38Jilani, Sayyid ‘Abd al-Qadir 9al-Juhani, Sufyan ibn Muslim 0

Ka‘b ibn ‘Ujra 08al-Kasani, Shu‘ayb 4Kashmiri, Anwar Shah XVIIKhandelwi, Zakariyya XIX, 09Kharija ibn Zayd 43al-Khattabi 6Khaythama 0Khwarizmi (‘Allama) 24

FIQH AL-IMAM

224

Kurayb 57

Layth ibn Sa‘d 69Ludhyanwi, Yusuf (Shaykh) XIX

Ma‘mar 5Ma‘qil ibn Yasar 23al-Madani, Muhammad Abu ’l-Tayyib 6Makhul al-Shami 83, 39al-Makki, Ibn Hajar 23Makki ibn Ibrahim 24Malik (Imam) XIX, 3, 25, 4, 56, 66,

69, 83, 88, 98–99, 02, 03, 0, 26, 34–35, 50, 80, 87, 89, 94, 97

Malik ibn al-Huwayrith 03al-Manbaji, Abu Muhammad 5Mandal ibn ‘Ali 3Mansur (Caliph) 24al-Maqdisi, Hafiz ‘Abd al-Ghani 22al-Mardini, Ibn al-Turkumani 60, 62al-Marwazi, Muhammad ibn Nasr 99, 94al-Marwazi, Abu Ishaq 56Masruq ibn al-Ajda‘ 29Messenger of Allah (Muhammad)

XIII–XV, XX, 5–9, , 22–24, 28, 33–40, 45–46, 48–5, 55–57, 59–6, 63, 69, 7–77, 80, 82–85, 87–88, 90–96, 99–, 3–6, 7–24, 25, 27, 3, 35–38, 4–52, 53–63, 65, 67–75, 77, 79, 82–97, 99, 20–202, 204–209

al-Misri, ‘Abd al-Qadir 23Miswar ibn Makhrama 39, 57Mu‘adh ibn Jabal 6–7, 39, 208Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan 58, 62Mu‘awiya ibn Khadij 38Mu’ammal ibn Isma‘il 58Mughira ibn Muqsim 4Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani

(Imam) 26, 27, 4–42, 66–67, 93Muhammad ibn ‘Ali 37Muhammad ibn al-Bishr 24Muhammad ibn Hujr 59Muhammad ibn Ja‘far 98Muhammad ibn Rabi‘ 83Muhammad ibn Yusuf 97–98

Mujahid 69, 03, 0, 70, 7al-Mujmir, Na‘im ibn ‘Abdillah 0Musa ibn ‘Uqba 76Musa ibn Sa‘d ibn Zayd ibn Thabit 77Muslim (Imam) 84, 36, 37, 76, 94

Nafi‘ 76, 4, 80–8, 207Nafi‘ ibn ‘Umar 88Nafi‘ ibn Mahmud 83al-Nahdi, Abu ‘Uthman 28al-Nakh‘ay, Ibrahim 62, 77, 93, 09, 0,

, 4–5, 20, 39–4, 70, 7Nasa’i (Imam) 47, 58, 82, 94, 74, 94,

96, 209Nawawi, Yahya 22, 48, 7, 90, 9, 98al-Naysaburi, Hakim 42Nazir Ahmad XIXNimawi, Muhammad Shawk XVII, 58, 59,

9, 86Nu‘man ibn Bashir 48–50, 38

al-Qari, ‘Ali (Mulla) 28al-Qari, Abu Ja‘far 0Qasim ibn Ma‘n 3Qasim ibn Muhammad 2, 4, 43Qasim ibn Qutlubgah 6Qastalani (‘Allama) 34, 89Qatada 7Qattat 56Qays 0, al-Qurazi, Muhammad ibn Ka‘b 70, 88

al-Raqqashi, Yazid 28Rawh ibn al-Musayyib 60al-Razi, ‘Abdullah ibn Ja‘far 23

Sa‘ati 60Sa‘id ibn ‘Ubayd 88Sa‘id ibn al-Musayyib 43, 7Sa’ib ibn Yazid 62, 86, 96–98Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqas 77–78, 34Sa‘d ibn Hisham 35, 36, 44, 46al-Sahami, Hamza 23al-Sa’idi, Abu Humayd 20, 22–23Sa‘id ibn al-‘As 28, 29

225

Index of Persons

Saji 96Salim 39Salman al-Farsi 39, 68al-Sam‘ani (Hafiz) 24al-Samti, Yusuf ibn Khalid 3Samura ibn Jundub 9, 20al-San‘ani, Abu Sa‘id 29Sha‘bi 39, 09, , 29Sha‘rani 25Shafi‘, Muhammad (Mufti) 42Shafi‘i (Imam) , 3, 5–6, 25, 4, 56,

66, 88, 99, 34, 80–8, 87, 89Shakir, Ahmad Muhammad 04Shawkani 35, 5, 7, 82al-Shirazi, Abu Ishaq 34Shu‘ba 25, 9–92, 94Shurayh (Qadi) 7Shutayr ibn Shakl 88Sindhi, ‘Abid 6Subki 82Sufyan al-Thawri 24–25, 26, 29, 58,

92–94, 9, 8, 89Sufyan ibn ‘Uyayna 27–28Sulayk al-Ghatafani 7, 73–77Sulayman ibn Shu‘ayb 4Sulayman ibn Yasar 44Suwayd ibn Ghafala 88Suwayd ibn Sa‘d 27Suyuti 58, 66, 82, 98

Tabarani 27al-Tabari, Ibn Jarir 69, 95Tahawi (Imam) 3, 4, 83, 03–04, 4, 28al-Ta’i, Dawud ibn Nudayr 3Tawus ibn Kisan 62al-Tayalisi, Abu Dawud 58al-Taymi, Sulayman 83Thabit al-Bunani 38al-Thawri, Sufyan 24–25, 26, 29, 58, 69,

92–94, 9, 8, 89Tibi 86Tirmidhi, Abu ‘Isa 47, 59, 6, 82, 00,

04, 9, 37, 5, 56, 82, 89, 94

‘Ubada ibn al-Samit 80, 82, 83–84

‘Ubaydullah ibn ‘Abdillah 43Ubay ibn Ka‘b 39, 9, 38, 40–4, 43,

79, 85, 87, 89, 9, 96, 97‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz 40‘Umar ibn al-Khattab 37, 39, 77, 78, 93,

95, 96, 99, 03, 05, 09–0, , 28, 36, 39, 4, 43, 57, 62, 66, 7, 72–73, 79, 8, 83–90, 9–92, 94, 96–99, 204

Umm Salama 54, 56–59, 6‘Uqayli 6, 42, 96‘Uqba ibn ‘Amir 69‘Urwa ibn al-Zubayr 43, 7‘Urwa ibn Murra 5‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan 77, 7, 72, 85–86‘Uthman ibn Muhammad 42‘Uthmani, Shabbir Ahmad XIX‘Uthmani, Taqi (Mufti) XIX, 8, 4, 57, 59‘Uthmani, Zafar XVII, 26–27, 3, 09‘Uwaymir Abu ’l-Darda’ 39

Wa’il ibn Hujr 57, 59, 60–6, 9–96, 4–5, 9–20

Wahb ibn Khalid 83Wahid al-Zaman (Mawlana) 83Waki‘ ibn al-Jarrah 26, 27, 3, 0Waliyullah, Shah 87Wathila ibn al-Asqa‘ 23

Yahya ibn Zakariyya ibn Abi Za’ida 3Yahya ibn Ma‘in 6, 95Yahya ibn Sa‘id al-Qattan 2, 87, 97Yasir ibn Jabir 69Yazid ibn Khusayfa 86, 97, 98Yazid ibn Ruman 87

al-Zabidi, ‘Abdullah ibn Jaz‘a 23al-Zabidi, Murtada XVIIal-Zahiri, Dawud 66, 8, 89Zakariyya (Prophet) 90Zayd ibn ‘Ayash 29Zayd ibn Thabit 76, 77Zayla‘i (‘Allama) XVII, 09Zufar (Imam) 3al-Zuhri, Ibn Shihab 84, 69, 7

226

Subject Index

on the Messenger’s prayer 9, 35–37, 42, 44–47, 54–55, 93–94

on witr prayer 35–37, 4–42, 44–47, 93

‘Ali ibn Abi Talibcaliphate in Kufa 99on ‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud 37on position of hands in prayer 60on prayer after ‘Asr 62on prayer during Friday sermon 7on tarawih prayer 88, 89, 90on witr prayer 38, 4prayer of 93, 09–prohibited reciting behind imam 77

Allah curse of 35humility before 89, Lawmaker 2obedience to 8, 9pleasure of 34–35, 40punishment from 34, 40reverence for 57

Aminangels, said by 87, 9audibly 87–89, 92–96follower of the imam (muqtadi), said

by 88–89Hanafi opinion 88, 90, 92, 94–96imam (prayer leader), said by 88, 9Maliki opinion 88practice of the Companions and Fol-

lowers 93prolonging the voice 92, 93Shafi‘i opinion 88

Abrogation (naskh) 2Abu Bakr

Caliphate of 85–86forbade recitation behind imam 76good deeds 37prayer of 05,

Abu Hanifa, Imambackground and titles 2birth 2, 22Companions met by 22–24criticism of 30–3death 25excellence as a scholar 24–25, 27–3Follower (tabi‘i) XVII, 22–23hadith critic 27–30hafiz (master of hadith) 22hajj 23legal opinions 5, 42mujtahid 26–27, 3narrator of hadith XVII, XIXnarrator of hadiths 22, 23–24, 26–27rulings (masa’il), abundance of 26–27slander against 2

Adhan 7Adultery 0Ahl al-Sunna wa ’l-Jama‘a XV–XVI,

4, 2, 33, 98‘A’isha

on combining prayers 205on hardship in prayer 2on prayer after ‘Asr 54–62on sunna prayer of Fajr 27on tarawih prayer 93–95

Subject Index

227

silently 87–90, 9–93, 95–96sunna of 87, 89virtue of 87as a du‘a’ 89–90meaning of 89not part of the Qur’an 93

Angels 87, 9, 70–7Ansar 9‘Arafa 49‘Arafat 06, 08, 49, 202‘Asr salat, prayer after

by the Messenger 53on one occasion 54–59, 63regularly 54–57, 63

exclusive practice of the Messenger 60, 63

Hanafi opinion 53–54, 59, 63makruh tahrimi 59, 65prohibition 53–54, 57, 60–63

‘Asr salat, prayer before 62

Badr, battle of 40, 4Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem) 84Bid‘a (innovation) 8, 83, 85–86,

99Black stone 06Bleeding 5

Caliphs, rightly-guided (khulafa’ rashidun) 99, 05, 5, 84, 86

Combining prayersdue to fear 209due to heavy rain 202, 209due to illness 202, 206due to travelling 20–202, 204–209during pilgrimage 202, 204jam‘ al-haqiqi (real combining) 5,

20–202, 204, 206–20jam‘ al-suri (apparent combining) 48,

20–20jam‘ al-ta’khir (delayed combining)

202, 20

jam‘ al-taqdim (advanced combining) 202, 208, 20

Companions (sahaba) ‘adul (trustworthiness) 9closeness to the Messenger 4conflicts between 34elevated status 33–35, 40, 40fatawa (legal rulings) 74fields of study 25following the rulings of 34, 84, 9warnings against criticizing 34–35, 40

Congregational prayer 46, 49, 52, 67, 78–79, 34, 66–69, 80–87, 92, 95–96, 98–99

Day of Judgement 38, 90Dhikr (remembrance) 47, 67,

70–7Differences of opinion XIV, XV, 3,

0–, 55–56, 65–66, 87, 89, 97–98, 2, 8, 25–26, 33, 34, 54, 20

Du‘a’ (supplication)after tashahhud 20, 47amin 89–90during the sermon 67etiquette of 89al-Fatiha 78–79of the Prophets (anbiya’) 89, 90silence (khufya) in 90–9

Enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong (amr bi ’l-ma‘ruf and nahy ‘an ’l-munkar) 67

Existent actions 0, 2. See also nonexistent actions

Fajr, sunna prayer ofafter fard prayer begins 26after iqama 25–26after start of congregational prayer

26–27, 28–3

FIQH AL-IMAM

228

Companions’ practice 27–30outside main prayer area 26, 28–30superiority of 25, 27, 30

Fard prayersbalanced by sunna prayers 92recitation in 66

Fasting XIV, 0, 60al-Fatiha

is a du‘a’ 78reciting behind imam XIII, 65–86Umm al-Qur’an 83

Feet, joiningduring prayer 46–48straightening prayer lines 46, 48–5

Fiqh (jurisprudence)compulsory acts 5decisive proof (dalil qat‘i) 70differences of interpretation 2, 4methodology XIV, XVIIpreferred (mustahab) acts 48principles (usul al-fiqh) 70prohibited acts 5, 5speculative proof (dalil zanni) 7sunna mu’akkada 90traditional schools. See madhhabsundesirable (makruh) acts 48, 65

Fitna 7Fitra (natural path) 77Followers (tabi‘in)

definition 22elevated status 34, 40fields of learning 25

Followers of the Followers 34Friday sermon (khutba)

equal to two rak‘ats of prayer 66silence during 68, 70, 66–7, 74, 77

Fuqaha’ (jurists)criticism of 29–30fuqaha’ sab‘a (the seven great jurists)

4, 43statements about Abu Hanifa 22, 28

al-Ghatafani, Sulaykprayer during Friday sermon 7,

73–75, 76–77Ghusl (ritual bath) 68–69, 73

Haditha source of fiqh XV, XVII, 0, 25, 30chain of narration (isnad) 60, 83, 42, 98contradictory XIV, , 80, 85, 93–94,

54–56criticism 27–30guidance directly from XVI, 8hasan 04, 37, 43, 56interpretation 8ma‘lul (defective) 83manfi (negative) 56–57marfu‘ (linked) 26, 49, 83–85, 82, 9ma‘ruf (unlinked) 29mawquf (unlinked) 26, 83–85mawsul (unbroken) 87mursal (broken chain) 69, 74, 87musnad 74muthbit (affirmative) 56–57narrated as “religious rulings” 26–27, 30narrators. See narratorspreservation of 5principles (usul al-hadith) 8, 58, 2,

3–4, 22, 57, 68, 76qudsi 40, 85sahih (authenticated) 80, 84, 85, 04,

06, 8, 9, 56, 68, 82scholars. See muhaddathintext (matn) 60translation 8, 52verbal command (hadith qawli) 22

Haj (pilgrimage) 0, 23, 49Hanafi school

attacks against 8, 33basis of rulings 33distinction between fard and wajib

70–7methodology XVIIon “amin” after al-Fatiha 88, 90, 92,

94–96

Subject Index

229

on combining prayers 20–202, 206–207, 209–20

on hand position during prayer 56–57, 60–63

on prayer after ‘Asr 53–54, 59, 63on qada’ prayer 53–54on raising hands (raf ‘ al-yadayn) 98,

00–02, 3, 6on recitation in prayer 66–67, 70–7,

78, 80–8, 85, 86on sunna prayers after Fajr 26,

30–3on witr prayer 35, 4, 47, 5

Hanbali schoolon hand position during prayer 56on recitation in prayer 66, 69on witr prayer 34–35

Hands, position during prayerbelow the chest 56–57, 60, 63below the navel 56, 58, 60–63Hanbali opinion 56hanging at sides 56–57Hanafi opinion 56–57, 60–63Maliki opinion 56–57near the chest 57, 59on the chest 56, 57, 58–60, 63Shafi‘i opinion 56weakness of hadiths about 57–60women 63

Hands, raising (raf ‘ al-yadayn)after first sajda XIVafter ruku‘ 97, 02, 2, 5at every movement 02–04, 3at opening takbir (tahrima) 97, 98,

00, 02–03, 04–06, 08–3, 5–6

at third standing (qiyam) 98before ruku‘ XIII, , 97, 98, 00,

02–03, 06, 2, 5before sajda 98, 02beginning second rak‘a 02beginning third rak‘a 02between sujud 02derived from the hadiths 97

Hanafi opinion 98, 00–02, 3, 6Ibn Mas‘ud’s opinion 99, 03, 04–05,

3Kufa, practice of 99–00Madina, practice of 99, 03Makka, practice of 99–00Maliki opinion 98, 99, 02, 06permissibility 65, 88, 97prohibited during prayer 06–07, ,

3, 6Shafi‘i opinion 98–99

Hypocrites (munafiqin) 203–204

Ibn ‘Abbascombining prayers 205, 209disliked prayer or conversation during

Friday sermon 69forbade prayer after ‘Asr 62–63on recitation in prayer 76on witr prayer 37, 40–42, 47–48raising hands in prayer 08sunna prayer of Fajr 28

Ibn Mas‘ud, ‘Abdullahcloseness to the Messenger 35–36,

40, 4Companion 33, 35, 40criticism of 33jurist XVII, 33, 37, 40, 4, 29–30knowledge of Qur’an 36–37, 39kunya (agnomen) and titles 35, 40, 4mother of 35–36narrator of hadiths 33, 38–39, 40obedience to the Messenger 72on foot position in prayer 47on raising the hands 03, 09–, 3on sunna of Fajr prayer 28–29on tarawih prayer 88on witr prayer 39, 88piety of 38praises of 35–40prohibited recitation behind the imam

69, 76, 77students 4teacher of Kufa 99

FIQH AL-IMAM

230

Ibn Taymiyacondemned “pick and mix” of rulings 6on hadith from ‘Ubada ibn al-Samit

83–84on rak‘ats in tarawih prayer 82on recitation in prayer 66, 68–69, 74on silence during the sermon 68on tarawih prayer 90–9

ibn ‘Umar, ‘Abdullahon combining prayers 205, 207on raising hands in prayer 03–04, 6on recitation in prayer 76on sunna of Fajr prayer 28–30on transcribing the Qur’an and Sunna 5on witr prayer 38, 4, 42, 48, 50rank as a jurist 4sitting in tawarruk position 9, 2–22

‘Idda (waiting period after divorce) Iftirash

definition 7in all sittings 8–2, 22, 23in first sitting 8–20Kufa, practice of 9permissibility 8

Ijma‘ (consensus) 44, 79, 83, 94Ijtihad 6, 0, 2, 3, 7, 26, 3, 42Imams

differences of opinion 4–42etiquette of differences XVmujtahid. See mujtahid Imamsobedience to 9respect for other schools XV

Imam of prayeras representative of the congregation

78–79Iman (faith) 22, 34Inheritance 6Injunctions

ambiguous –2clear 0

Iqamano sunna prayer after 25

Islamic sciences, ignorance of 6

Ka‘ba 38, 06, 08, 80Knowledge, (‘ilm)

prophetic (al-‘ilm al-nabawi) 27sacred 2

Kufa 22, 24, 25, 28, 36, 39, 98, 9, 8scholars of 29

Literalists (Zahiriyya) 52

Madhhabs“pick and mix” between 4–7adopting rulings from other 7–9choosing 3, 7definition 0four major XIII, XIV, XV, 3–4legality of XVnon-adherents XV, XVIIreliance on XVII, 3, 6–7validity XIII, 3, 4, 4

Madina Munawwara 35, 96, 98–99, 48, 80–8, 87, 89

Maghrib prayer 39, 40, 43, 50, 5Major sins (kaba’ir) 204Makka 98, 99, 62, 80–8, 89Makruh (undesirable acts) 48Malik, Imam

basis of fiqh 99on Muhammad ibn Ishaq 83on number of rak‘ats in witr prayer 34

Maliki schoolon “amin” after al-Fatiha 88on hand position in prayer 56–57on raising hands (raf ‘ al-yadayn) 98,

99, 02, 06on recitation in prayer 66on sunna prayers after Fajr 26on witr prayer 34–35

Ma‘arif al-sunan (Binnori) XIX, 47Marwa 06, 08Masjid al-Haram 08

Subject Index

23

Messenger of Allah Allah’s love for XIVisolated practices (shadh) 59, 0–03obedience to 8sunna matruka (abandoned practice) 6sunna mustamirra (continuous act)

5, 5suras recited in witr 37–38taqlid in lifetime of 6unique practices (khasa’is) 6

Minbar 69–70Moon, observation of 5Mu‘allal (particular causes) 7Mufassirin (Qur’an elucidators)

statements about Abu Hanifa 22Muhaddithin (hadith scholars)

Companions and Followers 25criticism of Husayn ibn ‘Abdillah 209huffaz (masters) 26–27, 30–3statements about Abu Hanifa 22

Muhajirin 9Mujahid, on prayer during Friday

sermon 70–7Mujtahid Imams

need not follow a 7reliability of 4role of XIVself-appointed XVI, 7, 7

Munfarid 65Muqtadi (follower in prayer) 65, 67Murawaha, meaning of 47Musalli (worshipper) 25, 4, 69Muwatta’ Imam Malik XIX, 75, 76,

87Muzdalifa 06, 08, 202, 204

Nafl (supererogatory) prayers 27, 37, 46–47, 53–54, 6, 67, 92

Narratorsda‘if (weak) 209

kadhdhab (flagrant liar) 56majhul (unknown) 29, 83reliable 27–29thiqa (reliable) 29

al-Nawadir (Imam Muhammad) 26Nayl al-awtar (Shawkani) 5, 83Nonexistent actions 0, 2–3. See

also existent actions

People of the Book. See Ahl al-Sunna wa ’l-Jama‘a

Polytheists (mushrikin) 7Prayer. See salat (prayer)Prostration

of forgetfulness (sujud al-sahw) 7, 79of Qur’an recital (sajdat al-tilawa) 79verses of (ayat al-sajda) 79

Qada’ prayer 53–54, 55, 58, 60, 63, 203

Qibla 38Qiyam al-layl (al-Marwazi) 94Qiyam al-layl (night vigil) 35, 49Qiyas (analogical reasoning) 7, 3Qunut 25, 95Qur’an‘am (general) terms 70as source of fiqh XV, XVII, 0, 25–26,

30, 67–68guidance directly from 8, 37interpretation (tafsir) 8, 2, 36, 60Madinan verses 70Makkan verses 70, 7mi’in suras 86mujmal (unexplained) terms 70preservation of 5recitation 36–37silence during its recitation 67–70, 8,

86, 66, 69translation 8, 52verses cited 9, , 38, 40, 60, 67, 70, 7,

89, 90, , 63, 66, 203

FIQH AL-IMAM

232

verse of prostration (ayat al-sajda) 79Qurbani (animal sacrifice) 60

Rak‘ats (units of prayer) 79, 82Ramadan 82, 84–88, 90, 9,

93–95, 97Recitation, in prayer

audible prayers 65–68, 75, 86Companions’ practice 69, 7–72,

75–78, 82fard prayers 66al-Fatiha 65–67, 70, 7, 72, 75, 78–79,

80–85follower of the imam (muqtadi) 65–69,

7–75, 76, 78–79, 80–85, 86Hanafi opinion 66–67, 70–7, 78,

80–8, 85, 86Hanbali opinion 66, 69in one’s mind 84, 85leader of the prayer (imam) 65, 67,

7–73, 76, 78–79, 80–85, 86lone worshipper (munfarid) 65, 66, 7,

8, 82, 85Maliki opinion 66minimum recitation 66, 70, 80–82non-fard prayers 66Shafi‘i opinion 66silent prayers 65–68, 79, 86

Red camels 39Rulings (masa’il) 0, 26, 27

Sacred sciences XVIISacred texts XVII, 0, 2, 2. See

also under specific titlesSadaqa (charity) 73Safa 06, 08Sahih al-Bukhari 50–5, 6, 69, 94Sahih Muslim XIX, 04, 56, 57Salaf salihin (pious predecessors) 99Salat (prayer)

audible prayers (jahri) 65–68, 88–89, 93barrier (sutra) 79

changes XIV, 2components

“amin” XIII, 72–73, 79, 87–96bismi‘ llah 93qa‘da (sitting). See sitting (qa‘da)qiyam (standing) 45, 50, 79rak‘ats (units) 79, 82ruku‘ (bowing) XIII, , 65, 79, 26sajda (prostration) XIVsalams 06–08, 30, 33–36,

39–40, 90takbir 72, 79, 9, 97–99, 39tashahhud 9, 20tasmi‘ 2, 5thana 9, 93, 95

congregational 46, 49, 52–53, 67, 78–79, 25, 34, 66–69, 80–87, 92, 95–96, 98–99

criticizing others’ XIII, 49, 87, 97hardship rewarded in 2integrals (rukn) 2joining late 25–26musalli (worshipper) 25, 4, 69nafl (supererogatory) 27, 37, 46–47,

53–54, 6, 67, 92obligation of 0, 203prostration of forgetfulness (sajdat

al-sahw) 7, 79prostration of Qur’an recital (sajdat

al-tilawa) 79qada’ 53–54, 58, 203qiyam al-layl 35, 49recitation. See recitation, in prayershortening (qasr) 6shuf ‘a (dual sets) 43silence during 66–67silent prayers (sirri) 65–68, 79, 88–89straightening rows 48–54sunna prayers 92tahajjud 35–37, 45–52, 93–94tahiyyat al-masjid. See tahiyyat al-masjidtahiyyat al-wudu’ 54tranquillity in –2

Subject Index

233

Satanpillars representing, at Mina 08protection from 36

Scholarsearly latter-day XVIreliable 9, 0, 2

Schools of jurisprudence. See madhhabsSeven great jurists. See fuqaha’:

fuqaha’ sab‘aShafaq abyad (white twilight) 207Shafaq ahmar (red twilight) 205,

207–208Shafi‘i, Imam

basis of fiqh 99, 87interpretation of the word “quru’” on Abu Hanifa 25on nullification of wudu’ 5

Shafi‘i schoolon “amin” after al-Fatiha 88on distance between feet in prayer 48on hand position in prayer 56on raising hands (raf ‘ al-yadayn) 99on recitation in prayer 66on witr prayer 34–35

Shari‘aderived from Qur’an and Sunna 30followers of 0, 3knowledge of 6, 9principles of 2, 9scholars of 9, 0sources XV, XVII, 6, 8

Shirk 8, 9, 3, 4Shoulders, joining in prayer 48–5, 53Sitting (qa‘da)

iftirash. See iftirashtarabbu‘ (cross legged). See tarabbu‘

(sitting cross legged)tawarruk. See tawarrukvarious opinions 7–8

Siwak (toothstick) 37, 44

Sunan al-Tirmidhi XIX, 00Sunna mu’akkada 90Sunna prayer

of Fajr. See Fajr, sunna prayer ofof other prayers 26, 27tarawih. See tarawih prayer, rak‘ats of

Sunnis. See Ahl al-Sunna wa ’l-Jama‘aSurat al-Fatiha. See al-FatihaSutra (barrier) 79

Tabuk 208Tadhkirat al-huffaz (Dhahabi) 27, 30Tafsir

Abu Hatim 69Ibn Jarir 69Mujahid 69

Tahajjud prayer 35–37, 45–52, 93–94

Tahiyyat al-masjidforbidden after ‘Asr prayer 53forbidden during Friday sermon

65–67, 75–77times when it is makruh 65

Tahiyyat al-wudu’ 54Taqlid

human nature 4legality of XVII, 8, 4literal definition 3necessity (wujub) XVI, 4–9, 6shakhsi 6, 7technical definition XVII, 3

Tarabbu‘ (sitting cross-legged)due to weakness 22

Tarawih prayeremphasized (mu’akkada) sunna 86,

90, 90–9number of rak‘ats

eight rak‘ats 79, 8–83, 92–96, 99

eleven rak‘ats 89, 97–99forty-one rak‘ats 80, 89

FIQH AL-IMAM

234

Hanafi opinion 80–8, 89–9Hanbali opinion 80–8, 89lack of authentic narrations 82–83Maliki opinion 80, 87, 89, 94, 97Shafi‘i opinion 80–8, 87, 89, 90thirty-six rak‘ats 80–8, 89twenty rak‘ats 79–8, 83–90,

98–200practice of Companions 79–80,

83–87, 89–9, 98–99practice of the Messenger 82–84,

86, 95Tawaf (circumambulation) 80Tawarruk

definition 7due to weakness 2–24in all sittings 8in final sitting 8, 22in second sitting 8–9permissibility 8, 23–24

Tawhid 8Thana 9, 93, 95Travellers, prayer of 5–6, 20–202,

204–209Truth (haq) 4–42

Uhud (mount) 38‘Umar ibn al-Khattab

combining prayers a major sin 204forbade recitation behind imam 77, 78on Friday prayer 66on Ibn Mas‘ud 37on prayer after ‘Asr 62on prayer during Friday sermon 69,

7, 72–73prayer of 93, 95, 05, 09–, 36rak‘ats in tarawih prayer 79, 83–92,

96–98, 99witr prayer 39, 4

Ummabest of 34

Witr prayerHanafi opinion 35, 4, 47, 5–52Hanbali opinion 34–35in Ramadan 34, 35, 8, 87–89,

9–95, 98Maliki opinion 34–35number of rak‘ats

eleven rak‘ats 35, 44five rak‘ats 46one rak‘a 33–35, 39, 42, 48–5seven rak‘ats 44three rak‘ats 34–36, 38–46,

49–5number of salams 33

in congregation 34one set 34–35, 39–47two sets 34, 4–42

Shafi‘i opinion 34–35tahajjud described as 36, 44–48, 50

Women, touching 5Worship (‘ibadat)

changes XIV. See also specific acts of worship

Wudu’ 7, 5, 37, 44Wujub

bi ’l-dhat 4, 5bi ’l-ghayr 4, 5

Wuquf (standing in ‘Arafat) 49

Yemen 6, 35, 96

Zakariyya, du‘a’ of 90Zakat 0Zuhr, sunna prayer after 55, 58,

60, 63