List of Entries - rdsinc.com · Anthony B. Toth Abdülhamit II Justin McCarthy (1996) Abdullah I ibn Hussein Jenab Tutunji (1996) Abdullah II ibn Hussein Michael R. Fischbach Abdullahi,

AAaronsohn Family

Chaim I. Waxman

AbadanParvaneh Pourshariati

Abbas, FerhatPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Abbas Hilmi IArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Abbas Hilmi IIArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Abbas, MahmudMichael R. FischbachSteve Tamari (1996)

Abbas Mirza, Na�eb al-SaltanehEric HooglundMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

Abbud, IbrahimAnn M. Lesch (1996)

Abd al-Aziz ibn al-HassanEdmund Burke III (1996)

Abd al-Aziz ibn Sa�ud Al Sa�udMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Abd al-Ghani, Abd al-AzizRobert D. Burrowes

Abd al-Hadi FamilyAnn M. Lesch

Abd al-Hadi, TarabEllen L. Fleischmann

Abd al-Hafid ibn al-HassanEdmund Burke III (1996)

Abd al-Ilah ibn AliPeter Sluglett (1996)

Abd al-Maguid, EsmatArthur Goldschmidt

Abd al-QadirByron Cannon (1996)

2 4 7 7

List ofEntries

68028_EMME_V4_BM_2445-2632.qxd 5/4/04 12:44 PM Page 2477

Abd al-Quddus, IhsanDavid Waldner (1996)

Abd al-Rahman al-MahdiRobert O. Collins (1996)

Abd al-Rahman ibn HishamEdmund Burke III (1996)

Abd al-Rahman KhanAshraf Ghani (1996)

Abd al-Rahman, UmarAhmed H. Ibrahim

Abd al-Raziq, AliArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Abd al-Sabur, SalahDavid Waldner (1996)

Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibnAli Jihad Racy (1996)

Abdelghani, Mohamed BenahmedPhillip C. Naylor

Abdesselam, BelaidPhillip C. Naylor

Abduh, MuhammadArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

AbdülazizJustin McCarthy (1996)

Abdul-Aziz Bin Baz, ShaykhAnthony B. Toth

Abdülhamit IIJustin McCarthy (1996)

Abdullah I ibn HusseinJenab Tutunji (1996)

Abdullah II ibn HusseinMichael R. Fischbach

Abdullahi, Muhammad TurshainRobert O. Collins (1996)

Abdülmecit IBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Abdülmecit IIEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Abidin, DinoDavid Waldner (1996)

Abu al-Huda, TawfiqMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)

Abu al-Timman, Ja�farMahmoud Haddad (1996)

Abu DhabiAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Abuhatzeira, AharonMartin Malin (1996)

Abu HimaraEdmund Burke III (1996)

Abu Musa IslandEric HooglundM. Morsy Abdullah (1996)

Abu Nuwwar, AliMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)

Abu Qir, Battle of (1798)David Waldner (1996)

Abu Risha, UmarMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Abu Zayd, HikmatMona Russell

Abu Zeid, LaylaMarilyn Booth

Acheson, DeanZachary Karabell (1996)

Achour, HabibVanesa Casanova-FernandezMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Adalat PartyParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)

Adamiyat, AbbasquliMansoor Moaddel (1996)

Adamiyat, FereydunMansoor Moaddel (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES

2 4 7 8 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA


AdanaJohn R. Clark (1996)

Adana ConferenceZachary Karabell (1996)

AdenF. Gregory Gause, III (1996)

Adenauer, KonradMichael R. FischbachZachary Karabell (1996)

Adham, SorayaMaria F. Curtis

Adivar, Abdulhak AdnanKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)

Adivar, Halide EdibKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)

AdliDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

Adl wa al-Ihsan, al-Henri Lauzière

Adnan, EtelElise Salem

AdonisKamal Abu-Deeb (1996)

Adot Ha-MizrahShlomo Deshen (1996)

Advisory Council (Palestine)Philip Mattar

Aegean SeaJohn R. Clark (1996)

Afghani, Jamal al-Din al-Nikki Keddie (1996)

Afghanistan: OverviewEric Hooglund

Afghanistan: Islamic Movements inEric HooglundM. Nazif Shahrani (1996)

Afghanistan: Political Parties inGrant Farr

Afghanistan: Soviet Intervention inRobert L. CanfieldHenry S. Bradsher (1996)

Afghanistan: U.S. Intervention inGrant Farr

Afghan Women’s CouncilSenzil Nawid

Aflaq, MichelC. Ernest Dawn (1996)

Agadir CrisisJon Jucovy (1996)

Agam, YaacovAnn Kahn (1996)

Agnon, Shmuel YosefYaron Peleg (1996)

Agop, GulluElizabeth Thompson (1996)

AgricultureVincent BattestiAlan R. Richards (1996)

Agudat IsraelChaim I. Waxman (1996)

Ahad Ha-AmSteven Zipperstein (1996)

Ahali GroupMichael R. FischbachAyad al-Qazzaz (1996)

Ahardane, MajoubAna Torres-GarciaMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Ahd, al-Mahmoud Haddad (1996)

Ahdut ha-AvodahWalter F. Weiker (1996)

Ahl-e HaqqZiba Mir-Hosseini

Ahmad al-JazzarSteve Tamari (1996)

Ahmad Bey HusaynLarry A. Barrie (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES

2 4 7 9E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA


Ahmad Bey of ConstantinePeter von Sivers (1996)

Ahmad DurraniAshraf Ghani (1996)

Ahmad Hibat AllahEdmund Burke III (1996)

Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-RaysuniEdmund Burke III (1996)

Ahmad ibn Yahya Hamid al-DinManfred W. Wenner (1996)

Ahmad, MuhammadAnn M. Lesch (1996)

Ahmad QajarMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

Ahmad Shah Mas�udGrant FarrBarnett R. Rubin (1996)

Ahmar, Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Maysam J. al Faruqi

Ahmet I.hsan To�kgoz

David Waldner (1996)

Ahmet I.zzet

Elizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ahmet RasimDavid Waldner (1996)

Ahmet RizaElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ahmet VefikZachary Karabell (1996)

Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, al-

Donald Malcolm Reid

Ahsa�i, Ahmad al-Juan R. I. Cole (1996)

AhvazParvaneh Pourshariati

Aicha, LallaRabia Bekkar

Ain Shams UniversityDonald Malcolm ReidAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)

AISHA: Arab Women’s ForumMirna Lattouf

Ait Ahmed, HocinePhillip C. Naylor

AjmanKaren Hunt Ahmed

Akbulut, Ahmet ZiyaDavid Waldner (1996)

Akçura, YusufElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Akhavan-Saless, MehdiPardis Minuchehr (1996)

AkhbariNeguin Yavari (1996)

Akhondzadeh, Mirza Fath AliHamid Algar (1996)

Akkad, MustafaWaleed Hazbun

AKP (Justice and Development Party)M. Hakan Yavuz

Akrad, Hayy al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Ala, HoseynNeguin Yavari (1996)

Al al-Shaykh FamilyJ. E. PetersonMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Alam, Amir AsadollahNeguin Yavari (1996)

Alamayn, al-Daniel E. Spector (1996)

Alami Family, al-Ann M. Lesch

Alavi, BozorgEric Hooglund

LIST OF ENTRIES



AlawiZouhair GhazzalMajed Halawi (1996)

Alawite DynastyMichael M. LaskierDonna Lee Bowen (1996)

Al Bu Sa�id Family and Tribe of OmanJ. E. Peterson

Al Bu Sa�id, Qabus ibn Sa�idJ. E. Peterson

Al Bu Sa�id, Sa�id ibn TaymurJ. E. Peterson (1996)

AlcoholRichard W. Bulliet (1996)

Al-e Ahmad, JalalMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

AleppoAbraham Marcus (1996)

AleviRuth Mandel

AlexandrettaNoah ButlerJohn R. Clark (1996)

AlexandriaDonald Malcolm ReidJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)

Alexandria ConventionZachary Karabell (1996)

Alexandria UniversityDonald Malcolm Reid

Algeciras Conference (1906)Jon Jucovy (1996)

Algeria: OverviewJohn Ruedy

Algeria: ConstitutionPhillip C. Naylor

Algeria: Political Parties inMichael M. Laskier

Algerian Family Code (1984)Rabia Bekkar

Algerian War of IndependenceJohn Ruedy (1996)

AlgiersPeter von Sivers

Algiers Agreement (1975)Eric HooglundMia Bloom (1996)

Algiers, Battle of (1956–1957)Matthew S. Gordon (1996)

Algiers CharterJohn Ruedy (1996)

Alia, QueenTamara Sonn

Ali Nasir Muhammad al-HasaniRobert D. Burrowes

Ali RizaDavid Waldner (1996)

Alishan, GhevondRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Ali SuaviZachary Karabell (1996)

Ali, WijdanJessica Winegar

AliyahChaim I. Waxman

Aliyer, FatimahAyse Durakbasa Tarhan

Alizadeh, GhazalehBabak Rahimi

Alkalai, Judah ben Solomon HaiMartin Malin (1996)

Al Khalifa FamilyFred H. Lawson

AllahScott Alexander (1996)

Allenby, Edmund HenryJon Jucovy (1996)

Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU)Michael M. Laskier

LIST OF ENTRIES



Allied Middle East CommandDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Allon, YigalGregory S. Mahler (1996)

All-Palestine GovernmentAvi Shlaim (1996)

Al Nahayyan FamilyAnthony B. TothM. Morsy Abdullah (1996)

Aloni, ShulamitMeron Medzini

Alpha, OperationIris Borowy

Al Rashid FamilyAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Al Sabah FamilyMary Ann Tétreault

Al Sabah, MubarakMary Ann Tétreault (1996)

Al Saqr FamilyMary Ann Tétreault

Al Sa�ud FamilyAnthony B. Toth

Al Sa�ud, Sa�ud ibn Abd al-AzizMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Al Sudayri FamilyJ. E. PetersonMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Al Sudayri, Hassa bint AhmadMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Al-Suswa, Amat al-AlimSusanne Dahlgren

AltalenaYaakov Shavit (1996)

Alterman, NatanZvia Ginor (1996)

Al Thani FamilyAnthony B. Toth

Al Thani, Hamad ibn KhalifaF. Gregory Gause, III (1996)

Al Thunayyan FamilyJ. E. PetersonMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Altinay, Ahmed RefikElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Alusi, Mahmud Shukri al-Amatzia Baram (1996)

AMALAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Amanollah KhanAshraf Ghani (1996)

Amari, RajaLaura Rice

Amer, GhadaJessica Winegar

American Council for JudaismGeorge R. Wilkes

American Israel Public Affairs CommitteeMark A. Raider

American Jewish CommitteeJerry KutnickMia Bloom (1996)

American Jewish CongressJerry Kutnick

American University in Cairo (AUC)Donald Malcolm Reid

American University of Beirut (AUB)As‘ad AbuKhalil

Amichai, YehudaNili Gold (1996)

Amiens, Treaty ofJon Jucovy (1996)

Amin, AhmadWilliam Shepard (1996)

Amin al-Dowleh, Mirza Ali KhanLawrence G. Potter (1996)

Amin al-Soltan, Ali-AsgharLawrence G. Potter (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Amin al-Zarb, Mohammad HasanLawrence G. Potter (1996)

Amin Bey, al-Matthew S. Gordon (1996)

Amin, HafizullahGrant Farr (1996)

Amini, AliNeguin Yavari (1996)

Amini, FatemehAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut

Amin, QasimJuan R. I. Cole (1996)

Amir, Abd al-HakimKaren A. Thornsvard (1996)

Amir, EliYarom Peleg (1996)

Amir-Entezam, AbbasEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)

Amir Kabir, Mirza Taqi KhanLawrence G. Potter (1996)

Amis du Manifeste et de la LibertéPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Amit, MeirMeron MedziniMartin Malin (1996)

AmmanMichael R. FischbachPeter Gubser (1996)

Amri, Hasan al-Robert D. Burrowes

Amrouche, Fadhma At MansourJane E. Goodman

Amrouche, JeanPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Amrouche, Mary Louise (a.k.a. Marguerite Taos)Jane E. Goodman

Amu DaryaGrant Farr (1996)

AnatoliaEric Hooglund

Anawati, Georges ChehataCharles E. Butterworth

Andranik OzanianRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Anglo–Afghan Treaty (1855)Grant Farr (1996)

Anglo–Afghan WarsAshraf Ghani (1996)

Anglo–American Committee of Inquiry (1946)Amikam NachmaniSteve Tamari (1996)

Anglo–Egyptian Treaty (1954)Mordechai Bar-On

Anglo–Iranian Agreement (1919)Eric HooglundMansoor Moaddel (1996)

Anglo–Iranian Oil CompanyMansoor Moaddel (1996)

Anglo–Iraqi TreatiesPeter Sluglett (1996)

Anglo–Omani TreatiesRobert G. Landen (1996)

Anglo–Persian War (1856)Eric Hooglund (1996)

Anglo–Russian Agreement (1907)Eric Hooglund (1996)

Ani, Jananne al-Jessica Winegar

Anis Al-Jalis MagazineMona Russell

AnjomanNikki Keddie (1996)

AnkaraEric HooglundJohn R. Clark (1996)

Ankara, Treaty of (1930)Burçak Keskin-KozatElizabeth Thompson (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Ankara UniversityEric HooglundI. Metin Kunt (1996)

AnnabaDirk Vandewalle (1996)

Annan, Kofi A.Michael R. Fischbach

Ansar, al-Ann M. Lesch (1996)

AntakyaEric Hooglund

Antar, Ali Ahmad NasirRobert D. Burrowes

AntisemitismNeil Caplan

Antonius, GeorgeWilliam L. Cleveland (1996)

Antun, FarahMichael R. FischbachZachary Karabell (1996)

Aoun, MichelAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Aozou StripGeorge Joffe (1996)

Appelfeld, AharonNili Gold (1996)

AqabaJenab Tutunji (1996)

Aqaba, Gulf ofMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)

Aqaba IncidentElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Aql, Sa�idMichael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Aqqad, Umar Abd al-Fattah al-Steve Tamari (1996)

Aqsa Intifada, al-Philip Mattar

ArabCarolyn Fluehr-LobbanArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Arab Academy of DamascusFred H. Lawson (1996)

Arab BoycottMichael R. FischbachGeorge E. Gruen (1996)

Arab Bureau (Cairo)Roger Adelson

Arab ClubMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Arab College of JerusalemHisham Nashabi (1996)

Arab Feminist UnionMaria F. Curtis

Arab Higher Committee (Palestine)Ann M. Lesch

Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO)Mary Ann Tétreault

Arabian HorsesLisa M. Lacy

Arabian MissionMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Arabian PeninsulaMartha Imber-Goldstein (1996)

ArabicCarolyn Killean (1996)

Arabic ScriptElizabeth M. Bergman (1996)

Arab–Israel ConflictDon Peretz

Arab–Israeli General Armistice Agreements(1949)

Mordechai Bar-On

Arab–Israel War (1948)Don Peretz (1996)

Arab–Israel War (1956)Don PeretzReeva S. Simon (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Arab–Israel War (1967)Don Peretz

Arab–Israel War (1973)Don Peretz

Arab–Israel War (1982)Philip Mattar

Arabization PoliciesRabia BekkarJohn Ruedy (1996)

Arab League SummitsPhilip Mattar

Arab LegionCurtis R. RyanJenab Tutunji (1996)

Arab Liberation ArmySteve Tamari (1996)

Arab Liberation FrontElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Arab Maghreb UnionDavid Gutelius

Arab NationalismRashid Khalidi (1996)

Arab National Movement (ANM)Malcolm C. Peck (1996)

Arab Revolt (1916)Don Peretz (1996)

Arab SocialismGeorge E. Irani

Arab Socialist UnionArthur GoldschmidtAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)

Arab Women’s Association of PalestineEllen L. Fleischmann

Arab Women’s CongressSteve Tamari (1996)

Arab Women’s Executive CommitteeEllen L. Fleischmann

Arab Women’s Solidarity AssociationInternational

Rita Stephan

Arafat, YasirMichael R. FischbachMichael Dunn (1996)

A�raj, Wasini al-Aida A. Bamia (1996)

Aral, OguzElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ararat, MountDavid Waldner (1996)

Araz, NeziheAyse Durakbasa Tarhan

ArchAzzedine G. Mansour

Archaeological Museum (Istanbul)Karen Pinto (1996)

Archaeology in the Middle EastMichael R. FischbachReeva S. Simon (1996)

ArchitectureAzzedine G. MansourWalter Denny (1996)

Ard, al-Michael R. FischbachBryan Daves (1996)

Arens, MosheMartin Malin (1996)

Arfa, HasanEric Hooglund

Arfa, Muhammad ibnMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Argoud, AntoinePhillip C. Naylor

Arif, Abd al-RahmanAmatzia Baram (1996)

Arif, Abd al-SalamAmatzia Baram (1996)

Arif, Arif al-Michael R. FischbachSteve Tamari (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Arish, Convention of al- (1800)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Arkoun, MohammedAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Arlosoroff, ChaimChaim I. WaxmanNeil Caplan

Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN)John Ruedy (1996)

Armenian Community of JerusalemRouben P. AdalianAbraham Terian (1996)

Armenian GenocideRouben P. Adalian

Armenian MilletRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Armenian Revolutionary MovementRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Armenians in the Middle EastRouben P. Adalian

Arms and Armaments in the Middle EastZach Levey

Arseven, Celal EsatElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Arslan, AdilC. Ernest Dawn (1996)

Arslan FamilyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Arslan, ShakibWilliam L. Cleveland (1996)

Arsuzi, Zaki al-C. Ernest Dawn (1996)

ArtJessica WinegarWalter Denny (1996)

As�ad, AhmadAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Asad, Bashshar al-Ronald Bruce St John

As�ad FamilyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Asad, Hafiz al-Ronald Bruce St JohnMuhammed Muslih (1996)

As�ad, KamilAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

As�ad WaliAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

AshkenazimArnold Blumberg (1996)

Ashmawi, Muhammad Abd al-Rahman Salih al-Ahmad S. Moussalli

Ashmawi, Muhammad Sa�id al-As‘ad AbuKhalil

Ashour, RadwaMarilyn Booth

As-Is AgreementMary Ann Tétreault (1996)

Askari, Ja�far al-Ahmad Abdul A. R. Shikara (1996)

AsmahanVirginia Danielson (1996)

Asmar, Fawzi al-Philip MattarJenab Tutunji (1996)

Association des Femmes Tunisiennes pour laRecherche et le Développement (AFTURD)

Laura Rice

Association for the Protection of Women’s Rights(Afghanistan)

Senzil Nawid

Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama (AUMA)John Ruedy (1996)

AssyriansCharles C. Kolb

AswanArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Aswan High DamGregory B. BaecherDavid Waldner (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



AtabatNeguin Yavari (1996)

Atasi, Hashim al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Atasi, Jamal al-George E. Irani (1996)

Atasi, Nur al-Din al-Michael R. FischbachMuhammed Muslih (1996)

Atatürk, Mustafa KemalAhmet Kuyas (1996)

Atatürk UniversityI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Atay, Salih RifkiElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Atlas MountainsWill D. Swearingen (1996)

Atrash, Farid al-Virginia Danielson (1996)

Atrash, Sultan Pasha al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Attar, Nejat al-Khalil Gebara

Attar, Suad al-Jessica Winegar

Attas, Haydar Abu Bakr al-Robert D. Burrowes

Attlee, ClementJoseph NevoJenab Tutunji (1996)

Austria–Hungary and the Middle EastZachary Karabell (1996)

Avnery, UriMordechai Bar-OnMartin Malin (1996)

Awadhi, Badria A. al-Mary Ann Tétreault

Awad, LouisCharles E. ButterworthDavid Waldner (1996)

Awakened YouthGrant Farr (1996)

Awali, al-Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)

AyanElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Aya SofyaZachary Karabell (1996)

Ayn, al-Anthony B. Toth

Ayn al-Dowleh, Abd al-Majid MirzaNeguin Yavari (1996)

Ayni, Muhsin al-F. Gregory Gause, III (1996)

Ayn, Ras al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Ayyub, Dhu al-NunAmatzia Baram (1996)

Ayyubi, Ali Jawdat al-Ahmad Abdul A. R. Shikara (1996)

AzerbaijanNeguin Yavari

Azerbaijan CrisisEric Hooglund (1996)

Azeri Language and LiteratureUli Schamiloglu (1996)

Azhar, al-Donald Malcolm ReidA. Chris Eccel (1996)

Azhari, Isma�ilRobert O. Collins (1996)

AzibRahma Bourqia (1996)

Aziz, TariqMichael R. FischbachAmatzia Baram (1996)

Azm, Sadiq al-As‘ad AbuKhalil

Azuri, NajibMuhammad Muslih (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Azzam, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahmoud Haddad (1996)

BBa�albak

Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Ba�albakki, LaylaLaurie King-Irani

Bab, al-Juan R. I. Cole (1996)

Bab al-MandabRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Baban FamilyMamoon A. Zaki (1996)

BabisJuan R. I. Cole (1996)

Baccouche, HediAna Torres-GarciaMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Badran, MudarJenab Tutunji (1996)

Badr, LianaGeorge R. Wilkes

Badr, Muhammad al-Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)

BaghdadAyad Al-Qazzaz

Baghdadi, Abd al-Latif al-Donald Malcolm ReidArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Baghdad Pact (1955)William L. ClevelandZachary Karabell (1996)

Baghdad Summit (1978)Michael R. Fischbach (1996)

Baghdad UniversityJohn J. Donohue (1996)

Baha�i FaithJuan R. I. Cole (1996)

BaharinaAnthony B. TothEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)

BahariyaArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Bahar, Mohammad TaqiMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Bahithat al-Lubnaniyyat, al-Elise Salem

BahrainFred H. Lawson

Bahraini–Qatari WarsFred H. Lawson

Bahrain Nationalist MovementFred H. Lawson (1996)

Bahrain National Oil Company (BANOCO)Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)

Bahrain Order in CouncilEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)

Bahr al-AbyadRobert O. Collins (1996)

Bahr al-ArabRobert O. Collins (1996)

Bahr al-GhazalRobert O. Collins (1996)

Bahr al-JabalRobert O. Collins (1996)

BaidaJohn L. Wright (1996)

Bakdash, KhalidGaray Menicucci

Baker, James A.Michael R. Fischbach (1996)

BakhtiariEric HooglundLois Beck (1996)

Bakhtiari, Najaf Qoli Khan Samsam al-SoltanehNeguin Yavari (1996)

Bakhtiar, ShapurAhmed H. Ibrahim

LIST OF ENTRIES



Bakhtiar, TimurNeguin Yavari (1996)

Bakil Tribal ConfederationManfred W. Wenner (1996)

Bakkar, JalillahLaura Rice

Bakr, Ahmad Hasan al-Amatzia Baram (1996)

Bakr, SalwaCaroline Seymour-Jorn

Balaclava, Battle ofJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)

Balafrej, AhmedMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Balbo, ItaloGeorge Joffe (1996)

Balfour Declaration (1917)Philip Mattar

Balkan Crises (1870s)John Micgiel (1996)

BalkansJohn Micgiel (1996)

Balkan Wars (1912–1913)Hasan Kayali (1996)

Balta Liman, Convention of (1838)Zachary Karabell (1996)

BaluchisCharles C. Kolb

BaluchistanNeguin Yavari (1996)

Balyan FamilyRouben P. AdalianAptullah Kuran (1996)

BamyanGrant Farr

Bandung Conference (1955)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Bani-Etemad, RakhsanRoxanne Varzi

Bani Sadr, AbolhasanNeguin Yavari

BankingClement Moore Henry

Banna, Hasan al-Ahmad S. MoussalliAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)

Banna, Sabri al-Michael R. FischbachSteve Tamari (1996)

Bannis, MohammadAida A. Bamia

Baqri FamilyNorman Stillman (1996)

Baraheni, RezaEric HooglundMichael C. Hillman (1996)

Barakat, HodaElise Salem

Barak, EhudMordechai Bar-On

Barakzai DynastyEric HooglundAshraf Ghani (1996)

Barbary StatesJerome Bookin-Wiener (1996)

Barbary WarsJerome Bookin-Wiener (1996)

Barghuthi FamilyMichael R. FischbachSteve Tamari (1996)

Barghuthi, MarwanMichael R. Fischbach

Bar-Ilan UniversityPaul RivlinMiriam Simon (1996)

Baring, EvelynArthur GoldschmidtRobert L. Tignor (1996)

Barkan, Ömer LutfiI. Metin Kunt (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Bar-Lev, HaimMeron MedziniMartin Malin (1996)

Baron, DvoraZvia Ginor (1996)

Barzani FamilyMichael R. FischbachChris Kutschera (1996)

Basic People’s CongressesJohn L. Wright (1996)

Basiretci, AliDavid Waldner (1996)

Basma bint TalalMichael R. Fischbach

BasraNazar al-Khalaf (1996)

BastNeguin Yavari (1996)

Ba�th, al-Peter SluglettReeva S. Simon (1996)

BayaJessica Winegar

Bayar, CelalWalter F. Weiker (1996)

Bayati, Abd al-Wahhab al-Amatzia Baram (1996)

Bayat, Mortaza QoliMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

Baydh, Ali Salim al-Robert D. Burrowes

Bayrakdar, MustafaElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Bayram V, MuhammadLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Bazaars and Bazaar MerchantsAhmad Ashraf

Bazargan, MehdiMansoor Moaddel (1996)

Bazzaz, Abd al-Rahman al-Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)

Beaufort, Charles-Marie-Napoléon d’Hautpoul deBassam Namani (1996)

Bedel-i AskeriElizabeth Thompson (1996)

BeershebaSteve Tamari (1996)

Begin, MenachemEric Silver

Behar, NissimZachary Karabell (1996)

Behbehani, SiminRoxanne Varzi

Beheshti, MohammadHamid Algar (1996)

Behrangi, SamadEric Hooglund

Behrouzi, MaryamCherie Taraghi

BeirutAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Beirut College for Women (BCW)Mirna Lattouf

Beitaddin DeclarationGeorge E. Irani (1996)

BejaKhalid M. El-HassanRobert O. Collins (1996)

Bejerano, MayaYarom Peleg (1996)

Bekir, FahriDavid Waldner (1996)

BektashisMaria F. CurtisJohn D. Norton (1996)

Belgrave, Charles DalrympleFred H. Lawson (1996)

Belhadj, AliEmad Eldin Shahin

LIST OF ENTRIES



Belkacem, CherifPhillip C. Naylor

Bell, GertrudeZachary Karabell (1996)

Bellounis, MuhammadPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Ben-Aharon, YitzhakGregory S. MahlerZachary Karabell (1996)

Ben Ali, Zayn al-AbidineMaria F. CurtisMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Ben Ammar, TaharMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Ben Badis, Abd al-HamidPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Ben Barka, MehdiDonna Lee Bowen (1996)

Ben Bella, AhmedPhillip C. Naylor

Ben Bouali, HassibaRabia Bekkar

Ben Boulaid, MoustafaPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Bendjedid, ChadliPhillip C. Naylor

Benflis, AliPhillip C. Naylor

BenghaziJohn L. Wright (1996)

Ben-Gurion, DavidGregory S. Mahler

Ben-Gurion University of the NegevMiriam Simon (1996)

Ben Jelloun, UmarBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Ben Khedda, Ben YoussefPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Ben M’hidi, Muhammad LarbiPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Bennabi, MalekYahia Zoubir

Ben-Porat, MordechaiGregory S. MahlerNissim Rejwan (1996)

Ben Salah, AhmedEmad Eldin ShahinKenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Ben Seddiq, MahjoubBruce Maddy-Weitzman

Ben Simeon, Raphael AaronNorman Stillman (1996)

Bentwich, NormanBernard Wasserstein

Benvenisti, MeronZachary Karabell (1996)

Ben-Yehuda, EliezerMartin Malin (1996)

Ben Yousouf, SalahKenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Ben-Zvi, Rahel YanaitMeron Medzini

Ben-Zvi, YizhakDonna Robinson Divine (1996)

BerberThomas G. Penchoen (1996)

Berber DahirDale F. Eickelman (1996)

Berber SpringPaul Silverstein

Berkowitz, YizhakAnn Kahn (1996)

Berlin–Baghdad RailwayFrancis R. Nicosia (1996)

Berlin, Congress and Treaty ofArnold Blumberg (1996)

Bernadotte, FolkeAmitzur Ilan

LIST OF ENTRIES



Berrada, MohammedAida A. Bamia

Berri, NabiAs‘ad AbuKhalil

BethlehemMichael R. Fischbach

Benjamin Joseph (1996)

Bevin, ErnestLawrence Tal (1996)

Bevin–Sforza PlanGeorge Joffe (1996)

Beyoglu ProtocolZachary Karabell (1996)

Bezalel Academy of Arts and DesignAnn Kahn (1996)

Bialik, Hayyim NahmanGeorge R. Wilkes

Nili Gold (1996)

BidonvilleDirk Vandewalle (1996)

Bilhayr, Abd al-NabiGeorge Joffe (1996)

Bilkent UniversityBurçak Keskin-Kozat

I. Metin Kunt (1996)

Biltmore Program (1942)Neil Caplan

BinationalismNeil Caplan

Bin Diyaf, MuhsenAida A. Bamia

bin Ladin, OsamaAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Bint al-ShatiSabah Ghandour

Biqa ValleyFred H. Lawson

Biret, IdilFiliz Ali

Birth ControlLaurie King-IraniDonna Lee Bowen (1996)

Bir Zeit UniversityLawrence Tal (1996)

Bishara, AbdullahMary Ann TétreaultLes Ordeman (1996)

Bishara, SuhaAs‘ad AbuKhalil

BisitunA. Shapur Shahbazi (1996)

Bitar, Salah al-Din al-

Bitat, RabahPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Bittari, ZoubidaAida A. Bamia (1996)

Bitton, SimoneGeorge R. Wilkes

BizerteKenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Bizerte Crisis (1961)Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Black PanthersShlomo Deshen (1996)

Black SeaZachary Karabell (1996)

Black SeptemberMichael R. FischbachSteve Tamari (1996)

Black SpringPaul Silverstein

Black Thursday (1978)Matthew S. Gordon (1996)

Bled al-Siba/Bled al-MakhzanC. R. Pennell (1996)

Bliss, DanielGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Bliss, HowardKaren Pinto

Bludan Conferences (1937, 1946)Joseph NevoElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Blum–Viollette PlanPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

B’nai B’rithVanesa Casanova-FernandezNorman Stillman (1996)

BodrumMaria F. CurtisKaren Pinto (1996)

Bogaziçi (Bosporus) UniversityBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)

BogazköyElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Bonaparte, NapoléonJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)

Boratav, Pertev NailiBurçak Keskin-KozatKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)

Borochov, BerChaim I. Waxman

Borujerdi, HosaynNeguin Yavari (1996)

BostGrant Farr

Bouabid, AbderrahimAna Torres-GarciaMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Boucetta, MuhammadMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Boudiaf, MohamedPhillip C. Naylor

Boudjedra, RachidPhillip C. Naylor

Bouhired, JamilaRabia Bekkar

Bouih, Fatna el-Maria F. Curtis

Boumédienne, HouariDirk Vandewalle (1996)

Bourguiba, HabibMichael M. LaskierLisa Anderson (1996)

Bouteflika, AbdelazizPhillip C. Naylor

Boutros-Ghali, BoutrosBryan Daves (1996)

Bouyali, MoustafaHenri Lauzière

Brahimi, AbdelhamidPhillip C. Naylor

Brenner, Yosef HayyimGeorge R. WilkesAnn Kahn (1996)

Brezhnev, Leonid IlyichOles M. Smolansky (1996)

BrichahAnn Kahn (1996)

Britain and the Middle East from 1914 to thePresent

Bernard Wasserstein (1996)

Britain and the Middle East up to 1914J. C. Hurewitz (1996)

British–French Oil AgreementIbrahim M. OweissZachary Karabell (1996)

Brookings Report (1975)George R. Wilkes

Browne, Edward GranvilleJohn R. Perry (1996)

Buber, MartinPaul Mendes-Flohr

Bubiyan IslandEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)

Bucharest, Treaty of (1812)Zachary Karabell (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Budapest Convention (1877)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas-RobertKenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Bu HamaraMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

BuhayraArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Bulgarian HorrorsJohn Micgiel (1996)

Bunche, Ralph J.Brian Urquhart

BundChaim I. Waxman

Buraymi Oasis DisputeAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Burckhardt, Johann LudwigBenjamin Braude (1996)

Bureau of TranslationCarter V. Findlay (1996)

Bureaux ArabesPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Burg, AvrahamGregory S. Mahler

Burg, YosefGregory S. MahlerZachary Karabell (1996)

Burla, YehudaAnn Kahn (1996)

BursaBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Burton, Richard FrancisGeorge R. WilkesBenjamin Braude (1996)

Bush, George Herbert WalkerMichael R. Fischbach

Bush, George WalkerMichael R. Fischbach

Busnach FamilyNorman Stillman (1996)

Bustani, SulaymanMahmoud Haddad (1996)

CCairo

Donald Malcolm Reid

Cairo Conference (1921)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Cairo Family Planning AssociationAngel M. Foster

Cairo UniversityDonald Malcolm Reid

Caland, HuguetteJessica Winegar

CaliphateHasan Kayali

CalligraphyMuhammad Zakariya (1996)

Cambon–Lansdowne Agreement (1904)Rémy Leveau (1996)

CamelsMia Bloom (1996)

Camp David Accords (1978)Laurie Z. EisenbergDon Peretz (1996)

Camp David Summit (2000)Philip Mattar

Camus, AlbertPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Canning, StratfordBenjamin Braude (1996)

Cantonnement/RefoulementDirk Vandewalle (1996)

CapitulationsC. Max Kortepeter (1996)

Carpets, PersianMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Carter, JimmyLaurie Z. EisenbergMia Bloom (1996)

CasablancaC. R. Pennell (1996)

Catroux, GeorgesPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Cattan, HenryPhilip MattarLawrence Tal (1996)

CaylakDavid Waldner (1996)

Cemal PasaRouben P. AdalianHasan Kayali (1996)

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)Michael R. FischbachKathleen M. Christison (1996)

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Centre de Recherches, d’Études, de Documentationet d’Information sur la Femme (CREDIF)

Laura Rice

CeramicsCharles C. KolbElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Çerkes Hasan IncidentDavid Waldner (1996)

CeutaC. R. Pennell (1996)

Cevdet, AbdullahDavid Waldner (1996)

Cevdet, AhmedCarter V. Findley (1996)

Chalabi, AhmadKarim Hamdy

Challe, MauricePhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Chamchian, MikayelRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Chamoun, CamilleGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Chamoun, DanyGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Champollion, Jean-FrançoisDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

Chamran, MostafaNeguin Yavari (1996)

Chazan, NaomiGeorge R. Wilkes

Chédid, AndréeNabil Boudraa

Chehab, BashirAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Chehab FamilyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Chehab, Fu�adAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Chehab, KhalidGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Chenik, MuhammadMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

China and the Middle EastP. R. Kumaraswamy

Kazuo Takahashi (1996)

Chraibi, DrissAida A. Bamia

Chrakian, ArtinRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Christians in the Middle EastGeorge E. Irani

Dale L. Bishop (1996)

Chubak, SadeqPardis Minuchehr (1996)

Churchill White Paper (1922)Philip Mattar (1996)

Churchill, WilliamElizabeth Thompson (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Churchill, Winston S.Martin Gilbert (1996)

CiliciaElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Çiller, TansuBurçak Keskin-Kozat

Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996)

CircassiansSeteney Shami

CircumcisionEphraim Tabory

Civil Code of 1926Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996)

Civil Service School (Ottoman)David Waldner (1996)

Clark–Darlan Agreement (1942)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Clayton, GilbertJenab Tutunji (1996)

Clemenceau, GeorgesO. W. Abi-Mershed

Zachary Karabell (1996)

ClimateJohn F. Kolars (1996)

Clinton, William JeffersonMichael R. Fischbach

Clot, Antoine BarthélémyDavid Waldner (1996)

ClothingFaegheh Shirazi

Club National IsraéliteNorman Stillman (1996)

Code de I’lndigénatPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Cohen, Ge�ulaGregory S. Mahler

Yaakov Shavit (1996)

Cole, USSGeorge R. Wilkes

Colonialism in the Middle EastPeter Sluglett

Colonial Office, Great BritainBernard Wasserstein

ColonsJohn Ruedy (1996)

Comité d’Action Marocaine (CAM)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Comité de Coordination et d’ExécutionJohn Ruedy (1996)

Comité Juif Algérien d’études SocialesNorman Stillman (1996)

Comité Révolutionnaire d’Unité et d’Action(CRUA)

John Ruedy (1996)

Commercial and Navigation TreatiesDavid Waldner (1996)

Committee for Defense of Freedom and HumanRights

Neguin Yavari (1996)

Committee for the Defense of Legitimate RightsAnthony B. Toth

Committee for Union and ProgressHasan Kayali (1996)

CommunicationMichael R. FischbachArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Communism in the Middle EastJoel S. Beinin

Compagnie Française des Pétroles (CFP)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Condominium Agreement (1899)Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)

Confédération Démocratique du Travail (CDT)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Confederation of Iranian StudentsAfshin Matin-asgari

Confederation of Turkish Trade UnionsFrank Tachau (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Congress of Ottoman Liberals (1902)David Waldner (1996)

Conseil National de la Révolution Algérienne(CNRA)

John Ruedy (1996)

ConstantineDirk Vandewalle (1996)

ConstantinoplePaul S. Rowe

Constitutional BlocAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Constitutional Democratic RallyVanesa Casanova-Fernandez

Constitutional RevolutionEric Hooglund (1996)

Constitutional Revolution, Impact on WomenMangol Bayat

Coordination des Archs (Algeria)Robert Mortimer

Coptic MuseumDonald Malcolm ReidDonald Spanel (1996)

CoptsMilad HannaGawdat GabraDonald Spanel (1996)

Corcos FamilyNorman Stillman (1996)

CorsairsJerome Bookin-Weiner (1996)

Cossack BrigadeJack Bubon (1996)

CottonRichard W. Bulliet (1996)

Council for Development and Reconstruction(CDR)

As‘ad AbuKhalilGeorge E. Irani (1996)

Cox, PercyMichael R. FischbachPeter Sluglett (1996)

Crane, Charles R.William L. ClevelandMia Bloom (1996)

Creech Jones, ArthurBernard Wasserstein

Crémieux DecreeKenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Crimean WarC. Max Kortepeter (1996)

Crimes of HonorLynn Welchman

Crossman, RichardBernard Wasserstein

Curiel FamilyMichael M. Laskier (1996)

Curzon, George NathanielEric Hooglund (1996)

CyprusAlexander Kitroeff (1996)

Cyprus Convention (1878)Zachary Karabell (1996)

CyrenaicaRonald Bruce St JohnJohn L. Wright (1996)

Cyril IVDonald Spanel (1996)

Cyril VDonald Spanel (1996)

Cyril VIDonald Spanel (1996)

DDabbagh, Marzieh

Janet Afary

Dabbas, CharlesAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Daddah, Mokhtar OuldBruce Maddy-Weitzman

Daftari, Ahmad MatinNeguin Yavari (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Daglarca, Fazil HüsnüKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)

Dahlan, MuhammadMichael R. Fischbach

DamanhurArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

DamascusFred H. Lawson (1996)

Damascus Affair (1840)Michael R. FischbachJane Gerber (1996)

Damascus UniversityAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Dammam, al-J. E. Peterson

DanceMaria F. Curtis

Daneshvar, SiminEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Dar al Da�wa wa al-IrshadDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

Dar al-FonunParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)

Dar al-IslamCyrus Moshaver (1996)

Dar al-Kutub al-MisriyyaDonald Malcolm Reid

Dar al-Mo�allaminGrant Farr

Dar al-UlumDonald Malcolm Reid

D’Arcy Concession (1901)Eric HooglundDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Dardanelles, Treaty of the (1809)Daniel E. Spector (1996)

DarülfününZachary Karabell (1996)

Darwaza, Muhammad IzzatMichael R. Fischbach (1996)

Darwish, IshaqElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Darwish, MahmudRobyn CreswellKamal Boullatta (1996)

Darwish, SayyidVirginia Danielson (1996)

Dashnak PartyRouben P. Adalian

Dashti, AliEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

DatesAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)

Daud, MuhammadM. Nazif Shahrani (1996)

Da�ud PashaAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Da�wa al-Islamiyya, al-Maysam J. al Faruqi

Dayan, MosheNathan Yanai (1996)

Dayan, YaelMeron Medzini

Dayr al-Zawr ProvinceAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Dayr YasinDon Peretz

Dead SeaPeter Gubser (1996)

Dead Sea ScrollsMia Bloom (1996)

De Bunsen, MauriceZachary Karabell (1996)

Decentralization PartyHasan Kayali (1996)

Declaration of La Celle St. CloudZachary Karabell (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Dede ZekaiDavid Waldner (1996)

Deedes, WyndhamElizabeth Thompson (1996)

De Gaulle, CharlesJohn P. Spagnolo (1996)

De Haan, Ya�akov YisraelBryan Daves (1996)

Dehkhoda, Ali AkbarMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Dellalzade I.smail


Delouvrier, PaulPhillip C. Naylor

DeltaArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Delta BarragesGregory B. BaecherDavid Waldner (1996)

De Menasce FamilyMichael M. Laskier (1996)

Demetrius IIDonald Spanel (1996)

Demirel, SüleymanBurçak Keskin-KozatNermin Abadan-Unat (1996)

Democratic Organization of Afghan Women(1965)

Senzil Nawid

Democratic Party of AzerbaijanAudrey L. Altstadt (1996)

Democratic Party of Kurdistan (Iran; KDP)Parvaneh Pourshariati

Democratic Party of Kurdistan (Iraq)Chris Kutschera

Democratic Women’s Association (Tunisia)Angel M. Foster

Democrat PartyDavid Waldner (1996)

Denktash, RaufPierre Oberling (1996)

Dentz, Henri-FernandGeorge R. Wilkes

Derakhshandeh, PuranRoxanne Varzi

DesalinizationKarim HamdyJohn F. Kolars (1996)

DesertsJohn F. Kolars (1996)

Devrim, Izzet MelihDavid Waldner (1996)

DhahranJ. E. Peterson

DhimmaIlai Alon

DhowMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

DhufarCalvin H. Allen, JrMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Dhufar RebellionEric HooglundMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

DiasporaGabriel Sheffer

Diba, FarahHaleh Vaziri

Dib, MohammedPhillip C. Naylor

Didouche, MouradPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

DilmunEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)

DimonaYehuda GradusZachary Karabell (1996)

DinkaRobert O. Collins (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Dinshaway Incident (1906)Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)

DiseasesNancy Gallagher

DiwanMia Bloom (1996)

DiyarbakirEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Djaout, TaherAida A. Bamia (1996)

Djebar, AssiaMarilyn Booth

Djema�aThomas G. Penchoen (1996)

DjerbaLaurence Michalak (1996)

Dlimi, AhmedMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

DohaAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Dolmabahçe PalaceElizabeth Thompson (1996)

DönmeBenjamin Braude

Dor De�aNorman Stillman (1996)

Dorner, DaliaMeron Medzini

Dost Mohammad BarakzaiGrant Farr (1996)

Dou�aji, Ali al-Aida A. Bamia (1996)

Doughty, CharlesBenjamin Braude

Dowlatabadi, MahmoudEric Hooglund

DragomansZachary Karabell (1996)

Dreyfus AffairChaim I. Waxman

Drugs and NarcoticsW. Kenneth Thompson (1996)

Drummond–Wolff ConventionArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

DruzeSamy S. SwaydRobert Betts (1996)

Druze RevoltsAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Dual ContainmentEric HooglundF. Gregory Gause III (1996)

Dual ControlArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

DubaiAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Dubs, AdolphGrant Farr (1996)

Dufferin Report (1883)David Waldner (1996)

Dukan DamAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)

Dulles, John FosterNeil CaplanZachary Karabell (1996)

Durand LineGrant Farr

Durrani DynastyAshraf Ghani

EEastern Desert

Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Eastern Orthodox ChurchElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Eastern QuestionJ. C. Hurewitz (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



East India CompanyJenab Tutunji (1996)

Ebadi, ShirinZiba Mir-Hosseini

Eban, Abba (Aubrey)Gregory S. Mahler (1996)

Ebtekar, Ma�sumehNayereh Tohidi

Ecevit, BülentBurçak Keskin-KozatNermin Abadan-Unat (1996)

Ecevit, RahsanBurçak Keskin-Kozat

Economic and Military AidPaul RivlinMarvin G. Weinbaum (1996)

EconomicsJean-François Seznec

Eddé, EmileSami A. Ofeish

Eddé, RaymondMichael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Eden, AnthonyZachary Karabell (1996)

EdirneEric Hooglund

EducationLinda Herrera

Efflatoun, InjiJessica Winegar

Ege UniversityBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)

EgyptArthur GoldschmidtAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)

Egyptian Feminist UnionMarilyn Booth

Egyptian Geographical SocietyDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty (1979)Laurie Z. Eisenberg

Egyptian MuseumDonald Malcolm Reid

Egyptian Women’s UnionArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

8 Mars NewspaperLaurie King-Irani

Eisenhower, Dwight DavidZachary Karabell (1996)

Eitan, RafaelMartin Malin (1996)

Eldem, Sedad HakkiElizabeth Thompson (1996)

ElitesDonald Maolcolm Reid (1996)

Emergency RegulationsBenjamin Joseph (1996)

Entebbe OperationZev Maghen (1996)

Ente Nazionale Idrocarboni (ENI)Dirk Vandewalle (1996)

Enver PasaHasan Kayali (1996)

Eqbal, ManouchehrNeguin Yavari

Erbakan, NecmeddinM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)

Erbil, LeylaDavid Waldner (1996)

Erdog�an, Tayyip

M. Hakan Yavuz

Eretz YisraelChaim I. Waxman

Ersoy, Mehmet AkifElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ertugrul, MuhsinElizabeth Thompson (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



ErzurumEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Erzurum Congress (1919)Elizabeth Thompson (1996)

Erzurum, Treaty of (1823)Eric HooglundZachary Karabell (1996)

Esendal, Memduh SevketElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Esfandiary, FereydunEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Eshkol, LeviMartin Malin (1996)

Eskinazi, RozaStavros Frangos

Esmati-Wardak, MasumaSenzil Nawid

Etemadi, Saleha FaruqSenzil Nawid

Ethiopian JewsEmanuela Trevisan SemiShalvah Weil (1996)

Euphrates DamJohn R. Clark (1996)

Evian Accords (1962)Phillip C. Naylor

Evren, KenanM. Hakan YavuzDavid Waldner (1996)

Exodus (1947)Rachel Weissbrod

Eyüboglu, Bedri RahmiElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ezra and Nehemiah OperationsNissim Rejwan (1996)

FFadlallah, Shaykh Husayn

As‘ad AbuKhalil

Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Sa�udAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Fahd Plan (1981)Jenab Tutunji (1996)

Fahmi, Mahmud PashaMaysam J. al Faruqi

Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Sa�udMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Faisal I ibn HusseinReeva S. Simon (1996)

Faisal II ibn GhaziPeter Sluglett (1996)

Faisal–Weizmann AgreementsNeil Caplan (1996)

FalconryElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Fanon, FrantzJohn Ruedy (1996)

Fao PeninsulaAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)

Faqir, FadiaElise Salem

Faraj, MaysalounJessica Winegar

Faraj, MuradMichael M. Laskier (1996)

Far�a, WahibaSusanne Dahlgren

Farès, NabileLaurie King-Irani

Farhad, Ghulam MuhammadGrant Farr (1996)

Farhat al-ZawiRachel Simon (1996)

Farhi FamilyMichael M. Laskier (1996)

FarhudSylvia G. Haim (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Farid, Nagwa KamalCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Farmanfarma, Abd al-Hoseyn MirzaMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

Farmanfarmian, SettarehCherie Taraghi

FaroukRobert L. Tignor (1996)

Farrokhzad, ForughMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Fashoda Incident (1898)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Fasi, Allal al-C. R. Pennell (1996)

Fasi, Muhammad al-C. R. Pennell (1996)

Fassih, IsmailPardis Minuchehr (1996)

Fatah, al-Michael R. FischbachMichael Dunn (1996)

Fatat, al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Fath Ali Shah QajarMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

FatwaMaysam J. al FaruqiWael B. Hallaq (1996)

Fawwaz, ZaynabMarilyn Booth

FayruzChristopher Reed Stone

Faysal ibn Turki Al Sa�udMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Faysal, TujanCurtis R. Ryan

Feda�iyan-e IslamErvand Abrahamian

Feda�iyan-e KhalqErvand Abrahamian

Female Genital MutilationCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Feraoun, MouloudPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Ferit, Damat MehmetElizabeth Thompson (1996)

FermanElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Fertile CrescentZachary Karabell (1996)

Fertile Crescent Unity PlansH. G. Balfour-Paul (1996)

Fes, Treaty of (1912)Matthew S. Gordon (1996)

Fez, MoroccoDonna Lee Bowen (1996)

FezzanJohn L. Wright (1996)

Fida�iyyunPhilip MattarLawrence Tal (1996)

FilmRoxanne Varzi

FiqhMaysam J. al Faruqi

Fish and FishingEric Hooglund

Flapan, SimhaGregory S. MahlerZachary Karabell (1996)

Fly Whisk Incident (1827)Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Food: AshNeguin Yavari (1996)

Food: BaklavaClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: BorekCyrus Moshaver (1996)

Food: BulgurClifford A. Wright (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Food: ChelowClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: CoffeeClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: CouscousClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: DolmaClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: FelafelZachary Karabell (1996)

Food: FulClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: HummusZachary Karabell (1996)

Food: KuftaClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: MansafZachary Karabell (1996)

Food: MazzaJenab Tutunji (1996)

Food: MuhammaraJenab Tutunji (1996)

Food: MujaddaraJenab Tutunji (1996)

Food: MulukhiyyaTayeb El-Hibri (1996)

Food: OlivesJenab Tutunji (1996)

Food: PilafClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: ShashilikClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: ShawarmaClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: Shish KebabClifford A. Wright (1996)

Food: TabbulaJenab Tutunji (1996)

Food: TahinaZachary Karabell (1996)

Food: TajinClifford A. Wright (1996)

Foreign Office, Great BritainRoger Adelson

ForqanErvand Abrahamian

Forughi, Mirza Mohammad Ali Khan Zaka al-Molk


Foucauld, Charles Eugène dePhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Fourth Shore, TheGeorge Joffe (1996)

France and the Middle EastJohn P. Spagnolo (1996)

Franco–Tunisian ConventionsZachary Karabell (1996)

Franjiyya FamilyMichael R. Fischbach

Franjiyya, SulaymanMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Freedom Movement (Nezhat-e Azadi Iran)Eric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)

Freedom PartyFrank Tachau (1996)

Free French MandateFred H. Lawson (1996)

FreemasonsReeva S. Simon (1996)

Free Officers, EgyptAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)

Free Officers, YemenRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Free Republican PartyFrank Tachau (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Free YemenisRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Freier, RechaGeorge R. Wilkes

French Foreign LegionKenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Frischmann, DavidAnn Kahn (1996)

Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)John Ruedy (1996)

Front for the Liberation of South YemenRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Front Islamique du Salut (FIS)Bradford Dillman (1996)

Front pour la Défense des InstitutionsConstitutionelles (FDIC)

Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Fu�adRobert L. Tignor (1996)

FujayraAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Fujayra–Sharjah ConflictMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Fundamental PactMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

FutuwwaGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

GGafsa Incident (1980)

Matthew S. Gordon (1996)

Gailani, AhmadGrant Farr

GalataElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Galatasaray LycéeAnthony B. TothI. Metin Kunt (1996)

GalileeZev Maghen (1996)

Galilee, Sea ofBryan Daves (1996)

Gallei TzahalAnn Kahn (1996)

GallipoliSara Reguer (1996)

Gamal, SamiyahRoberta L. Dougherty

Ganim, HalilElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ganji, AkbarBabak Rahimi

Garang, JohnCarolyn Fluehr-LobbanPaul Martin (1996)

Gardanne MissionDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Gaspirali, Ismail BeyUli Schamiloglu (1996)

Gaza (City)Mallika Good

Gaza StripSara M. Roy

Geagea, SamirAs‘ad AbuKhalilGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Gebeyli, ClaireMona Takieddine Amyuni

GecekonduEric Hooglund

Gencer, LeylaFiliz Ali

Genç KalemlerElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Gender: Gender and the EconomyKhaled Islaih

Gender: Gender and EducationRachel Christina

LIST OF ENTRIES



Gender: Gender and LawLaurie King-Irani

Gender: Gender and PoliticsWanda C. Krause

Gender: Study ofLaura Rice

General Directorate on the Status and Problemsof Women

Burçak Keskin-Kozat

General Federation of Iraqi WomenElizabeth Fernea

General People’s CommitteesLisa Anderson (1996)

General People’s Congress (GPC)Lisa Anderson (1996)

General Tunisian Union of Students (UGTE)Larry A. Barrie (1996)

General Union of Palestinian Women’sCommittees (GUPWC)

Mallika Good

General Women’s Union of SyriaMirna Lattouf

Geneva Peace Conference (1973)Benjamin Joseph (1996)

GeographyJohn F. Kolars (1996)

Germany and the Middle EastPhilip MattarReeva S. Simon (1996)

Gezira SchemeAnn M. Lesch (1996)

Gezira Sporting ClubJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)

Ghab, al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Ghali, BoutrosArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Ghallab, Abd al-KarimAida A. Bamia

Ghanim, al-Mary Ann Tétreault

Ghanim, FathiMaysam J. al Faruqi

Ghanmi, AzzaLaura Rice

Ghannouchi, RachedMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

GharbRahma Bourqia (1996)

GharbzadegiMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Ghashmi, Ahmad HusaynRobert D. Burrowes

Ghassemlou, Abdul RahmanAmir Hassanpour

Ghazali, Muhammad al-George R. Wilkes

Ghazali, Zaynab al-Marilyn Booth

Ghazi ibn FaisalPeter Sluglett (1996)

Ghorbal, AshrafGeorge R. WilkesDavid Waldner (1996)

Ghoussoub, MaiJessica Winegar

Ghozali, AhmedPhillip C. Naylor

Ghuri, Emile al-Philip MattarMuhammad Muslih (1996)

GIA (Armed Islamic Groups)Azzedine G. Mansour

Giado Concentration CampNorman Stillman (1996)

Gibran, KhalilAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Gilboa, AmirZvia Ginor (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



GizaArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Glawi Family, al-Rahma Bourqia (1996)

Glubb, John BagotAvi Shlaim (1996)

Gökalp, ZiyaTaha Parla (1996)

Golan HeightsYehuda GradusMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Goldberg, LeahAnn Kahn (1996)

Golden SquareReeva S. Simon (1996)

Goldmann, NahumGregory S. MahlerNeil Caplan

Golestan, EbrahimEric Hooglund

Golestan PalaceParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)

Golpayagani, Mohammad RezaHamid Algar (1996)

Golshiri, HoushangEric HooglundPardis Minuchehr (1996)

Golsorkhi, KhosrowAfshin Matin-asgari

Gordon, Aaron DavidDonna Robinson Divine

Gordon, CharlesJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)

Gorst, John EldonPeter Mellini (1996)

GovernmentOliver Benjamin HemmerleBernard Reich (1996)

Gozanski, TamarLaurie King-Irani

Grand MosqueAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Graziani, RodolfoGeorge Joffe (1996)

Greater SyriaAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Greater Syria PlanZachary Karabell (1996)

Great Game, TheZachary Karabell (1996)

Greco–Turkish War (1897)Eric HooglundAlexander Kitroeff (1996)

Greeks in the Middle EastAlexander Kitroeff (1996)

Greek War of IndependenceAlexander Kitroeff (1996)

Greenberg, Uri ZviAnn Kahn (1996)

Green BookLisa Anderson (1996)

Green LineDavid NewmanBryan Daves (1996)

Green MarchMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Griboyedov IncidentParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)

Grivas, Georgios TheodorosZachary Karabell (1996)

Grobba, Fritz Konrad FerdinandFrancis R. Nicosia (1996)

Grossman, HaikaGeorge R. Wilkes

Gruenbaum, YizhakZachary Karabell (1996)

Guest WorkersEric Hooglund

LIST OF ENTRIES



GuildsRichard W. Bulliet (1996)

Guinness, Walter EdwardJenab Tutunji (1996)

Gülbenkian, CalousteDavid Waldner (1996)

Gülen, FetullahM. Hakan Yavuz

Gulf Cooperation CouncilAnthony B. TothEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)

Gulf Crisis (1990–1991)Philip Mattar (1996)

Gulf of OmanJ. E. Peterson

Gulf of SuezArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Gulf War (1991)Daniel E. Spector

Gülhane Imperial Edict (1839)Cemil Aydin

Güney, YilmazElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Guri, ChaimAdina FriedmanAnn Kahn (1996)

Gur, MordechaiGregory S. MahlerZachary Karabell (1996)

Gürpinar, Hüseyin RahmiElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Gürsel, CemalDavid Waldner (1996)

Gush EmunimDavid Newman

HHa-avarah Agreement

Michael R. Marrus

Habash, GeorgeGeorge R. WilkesMouin Rabbani (1996)

Habibi, EmileMichael R. Fischbach

Habibollah KhanGrant Farr (1996)

Habib, Philip CharlesZachary Karabell (1996)

HabousVanesa Casanova-Fernandez

Hacene, Farouk ZeharAida A. Bamia

Hacettepe UniversityBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Ha-Cohen, MordechaiMaurice M. Roumani (1996)

HadassahMia Bloom (1996)

Haddad, MalekPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Haddad, Sa�dDavid Waldner (1996)

Haddad, WadiMichael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)

HadithMaysam J. al FaruqiWael B. Hallaq (1996)

Hadj, Messali al-Phillip C. Naylor (1996)

HadramawtSumit Mandal (1996)

Hafiz, Abd al-HalimVirginia Danielson (1996)

Hafiz, Amin al-Michael R. FischbachMuhammad Muslih (1996)

HaganahPierre M. Atlas

LIST OF ENTRIES



Haggiag FamilyMaurice M. Roumani (1996)

Ha-HalutzDonna Robinson Divine

HaifaPhilip Mattar

Haifa UniversityZachary Karabell (1996)

Haigazian CollegeGeorge E. Irani (1996)

HaikRhimou Bernikho-Canin (1996)

Hajir, Abd al-HoseynNeguin Yavari (1996)

Hajji Baba of IspahanMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Hajri, Abdullah al-Robert D. Burrowes (1996)

Hakim, Adnan al-As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Hakim FamilyAmatzia Baram (1996)

Hakim, Tawfiq al-Roger Allen (1996)

HalakhahEphraim TaborySamuel C. Heilman (1996)

HalukkaChaim I. Waxman

HamaGeoffrey D. SchadAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

HamadanParvaneh Pourshariati

Hamadi, SabriAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Hamama, FatenAndrew FlibbertDavid Waldner (1996)

Hama MassacreFred H. Lawson

HAMASMichael R. Fischbach

Hamas (Movement for a Peaceful Society)Emad Eldin Shahin

Hamdi, Ibrahim al-Manfred W. Wenner (1996)

Hamid al-Din FamilyRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Hamina, Mohammed LakhdarPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Hammarskjöld, DagBrian Urquhart

Hammer, ZevulunGregory S. MahlerMartin Malin (1996)

Hamra RiotsMichael R. Fischbach (1996)

Hamrouche, MouloudPhillip C. Naylor

Hamzawi, Rashid al-Aida A. Bamia

Hanafi, HasanAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Hanafi School of LawWael B. Hallaq (1996)

Hananu, IbrahimMichael R. FischbachMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Hanbali School of LawWael B. Hallaq (1996)

Hand of FatimaLaurence Michalak (1996)

Hanoune, LouisaRobert Mortimer

Haq, al-Michael R. Fischbach

LIST OF ENTRIES



Harel, IsserIan BlackZev Maghen (1996)

HaremCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Hareven, ShulamitAdina FriedmanNili Gold (1996)

Hariri, Rafiq Baha�uddin al-As‘ad AbuKhalilBassam Namani (1996)

Harkabi, YehoshafatMordechai Bar-OnMartin Malin (1996)

HarkisPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

HarratinRahma Bourqia (1996)

Harriman, W. AverellZachary Karabell (1996)

Hasa, al-Anthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Hasan, Fa�iqAmatzia Baram (1996)

Hasan, Hani al-Michael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)

Hasani, Taj al-Din al-George E. Irani (1996)

Hasan, Khalid al-Michael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)

Hashemi, FaezehAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut

Hashim, IbrahimJenab Tutunji (1996)

Hashimi, Taha al-Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)

Hashimite House (House of Hashim)Michael R. Fischbach

Hashimi, Yasin al-Michael R. FischbachMamoon A. Zaki (1996)

Ha-ShomerElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ha-Shomer Ha-Tza�irChaim I. Waxman

HasidimChaim I. Waxman

HaskalahMartin Malin (1996)

Hass, AmiraKhaled Islaih

Hassan IRémy Leveau (1996)

Hassan IIRémy Leveau

Ha-TikvaGeorge R. Wilkes

Hatim Sultans of HamdanRobert D. Burrowes

Hatoum, MonaJessica Winegar

Hawatma, NayifMichael R. Fischbach

Hawi, GeorgeGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Hawi, KhalilGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Hawrani, Akram al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Haycraft Commission (1921)Philip Mattar

Hayim, YusefSylvia G. Haim (1996)

Haykal, Muhammad HasanaynAhmad S. MoussalliArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Haykal, Muhammad HusaynArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Haza, OfraLaurie King-Irani

HazaraGrant Farr

Hazaz, HayyimAnn Kahn (1996)

Hazzan, Elijah BekhorNorman Stillman (1996)

HebrewRuth Raphaeli (1996)

Hebrew University of JerusalemPierre M. Atlas

HebronMichael R. FischbachBenjamin Joseph (1996)

Hedayat, SadeghEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Hekmatyar, GolbuddinGrant Farr

Helmand RiverGrant Farr

HeratGrant Farr

Herzl, TheodorShimon Avish (1996)

Herzog, ChaimMeron Medzini

Herzog, Izhak HaleviChaim I. Waxman (1996)

Herzog, Ya�acov DavidMeron Medzini

Heskayl, SassonSasson Somekh (1996)

Hess, MosesZachary Karabell (1996)

Hezb-e IslamiGrant Farr

Hibbat ZionDonna Robinson Divine (1996)

High Commissioners (Palestine)Philip Mattar

High State Council (Algeria)John Ruedy

HijabLaurie King-Irani

HijazAnthony B. TothKhalid Y. Blankinship (1996)

Hijaz RailroadDavid Waldner (1996)

Hikma University, al-John J. Donohue (1996)

Hilal, al-Thomas Philipp (1996)

Hillel, ShlomoMeron Medzini

Hilmi, AhmadLawrence Tal (1996)

Hilu, CharlesAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Hilu, PierreAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Hindu Kush MountainsZachary Karabell (1996)

Hinnawi, Sami al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Hirawi, Ilyas al-As‘ad AbuKhalil

HistadrutPaul Rivlin (1996)

HistoriographyJohn T. Chalcraft

HizbullahAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Hobeika, ElieAs‘ad AbuKhalilGeorge E. Irani (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



HodeidaManfred W. Wenner

Hoffman, YoelAdina Friedman

Nili Gold (1996)

HolocaustDan Michman

Holy LandMichael R. Fischbach

Reeva S. Simon (1996)

Holy Sepulchre, Church of theMichael R. Fischbach

Jenab Tutunji (1996)

HomsFred H. Lawson (1996)

Hope-Simpson Commission (1930)Philip Mattar

Hoss, Salim al-As‘ad AbuKhalil

Hostage CrisesEric Hooglund

Hourani, AlbertPeter Sluglett

Hoveyda, Amir AbbasAfshin Matin-asgari


Hula SwampsDonna Robinson Divine

Human RightsLynn Welchman

Paul Martin (1996)

Humphreys, FrancisZachary Karabell (1996)

Hunchak PartyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Hunkar-Iskelesi, Treaty of (1833)Zachary Karabell (1996)

HürriyetStephanie Capparell (1996)

Husari, Sati al-Rita Stephan

Husayni, Abd al-Qadir al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Husayn ibn AliMichael R. FischbachZachary Karabell (1996)

Husayni Family, al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Husayni, Hind al-Ellen L. Fleischmann

Husayni, Husayn al-As‘ad AbuKhalil

Husayni, Jamal al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Husayni, Muhammad Amin al-Philip Mattar

Husayni, Musa Kazim al-Michael R. FischbachMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Husayn–McMahon Correspondence (1915–1916)Philip Mattar

Husayn, TahaRoger Allen (1996)

Hussein ibn TalalMichael R. FischbachPeter Gubser (1996)

Husseini, RanaIsis Nusair

Hussein, SaddamLouay Bahry

Hut, Shafiq al-George R. WilkesMouin Rabbani (1996)

IIbadiyya

Tayeb El-Hibri (1996)

Ibn Musa, AhmadBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Ibn Tulun MosqueJonathan M. Bloom (1996)

Ibrahim, AbdullahAna Torres-GarciaC. R. Pennell (1996)

Ibrahim, Fatima AhmedSondra Hale

Ibrahimi, Ahmed TalebPhillip C. Naylor

Ibrahimi, BashirPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Ibrahim ibn Muhammad AliAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)

Ibrahimi, Lakhdar al-Ana Torres-GarciaElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ibrahim, IzzatAyad al-Qazzaz (1996)

Ibrahim, Muhammad HafizKenneth S. Mayers (1996)

Ibrahim, Sa�ad al-DinRita Stephan

I.dadi Schools


Idlibi, Ulfat al-Marilyn Booth

Idlib ProvinceAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Idris al-Sayyid Muhammad al-SanusiJulie Zuckerman (1996)

IdrisidsManfred W. Wenner (1996)

Idris, YusufRoger Allen (1996)

IfniBruce Maddy-Weitzman

Ignatiev, Nikolas PavlovichZachary Karabell (1996)

Ikha al-Watani PartyPeter Sluglett (1996)

Ikhlassi, WalidSabah Ghandour (1996)

IkhwanAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Ilaysh, MuhammadKhalid Blankinship

I.lmiyye


Imperialism in the Middle East and North AfricaJohn RuedyRichard C. Bulliet (1996)

IncenseMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

IndustrializationWaleed HazbunRodney J. A. Wilson (1996)

InfitahArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

I.nönü, Erdal

M. Hakan YavuzDavid Waldner (1996)

I.nönü,I

.smet

Walter F. Weiker (1996)

Institut d’ÉgypteDonald Malcolm Reid

Institute for Palestine StudiesMichael R. Fischbach (1996)

Institute for Women’s Studies in the Arab World(Lebanon)

Mirna Lattouf

Institute of Women’s Studies of Bir ZeitUniversity

Mona Ghali

Intelligence OrganizationsMaria F. CurtisDale F. Eickelman (1996)

International, DanaYael Ben-zvi

International Debt CommissionDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



International Monetary FundKhalil GebaraDavid Waldner (1996)

Intifada (1987–1991)Don Peretz

I.pekci, Abdi


Iqbal, MuhammadMaysam J. al Faruqi

Iradeh-ye Melli PartyParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)

IranAhmad Ashraf

Iran–Contra AffairOliver Benjamin HemmerleBryan Daves (1996)

Iranian Bureau of Women’s AffairsAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut

Iranian LanguagesP. Oktor Skjaervo (1996)

Iranian Revolution (1979)Eric Hooglund

Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)Eric HooglundEfraim Karsh (1996)

Iran Novin PartyParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)

IraqAyad Al-QazzazReeva S. Simon (1996)

Iraqi National CongressKristian P. Alexander

Iraqi Women’s UnionJacqueline Ismael

Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC)Mary Ann Tétreault (1996)

IrbidMichael R. Fischbach (1996)

Irgun Zva�i Le�umi (IZL)Chaim I. Waxman

Irshad An-NiswaanSenzil Nawid

Iryani, Abd al-Rahman al-Robert D. Burrowes

Isa Family, al-Elizabeth Thompson (1996)

Isawiyya BrotherhoodRahma Bourqia (1996)

IsfahanEric HooglundFarhad Arshad (1996)

Isfahan UniversityParvaneh Pourshariati

Ishaaq, Kamala IbrahimJessica Winegar

Ishaq, AdibZachary Karabell (1996)

Islah PartyRobert D. BurrowesJillian Schwedler (1996)

Islah Taleban PartyParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)

IslamMaysam J. al FaruqiTayeb El-Hibri (1996)

Islamic Action FrontCurtis R. Ryan

Islamic CongressesCharles E. ButterworthMartin Kramer (1996)

Islamic Countries Women Sport Solidarity Games(1992 and 1997)

Cherie Taraghi

Islamic JihadMichael R. Fischbach

Islamic Salvation Army (AIS)Yahia Zoubir

Islamic University of MedinaAnthony B. Toth

LIST OF ENTRIES



Isma�il, Abd al-FattahRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Isma�il ibn IbrahimArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Isma�ili Shi�ismJenab Tutunji (1996)

Israel: OverviewBernard Reich

Israel: Military and PoliticsMordechai Bar-On

Israel: Overview of Political Parties inGregory S. MahlerWalter F. Weiker (1996)

Israel: Political Parties inGregory S. Mahler

Israeli SettlementsDavid Newman

IstanbulEric HooglundI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Istanbul Technical UniversityNiyazi Dalyanci (1996)

Istanbul UniversityEric HooglundI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Istiqlal Party: LibyaJohn L. Wright (1996)

Istiqlal Party: MoroccoBruce Maddy-Weitzman

Istiqlal Party: PalestineMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Istiqlal Party: SyriaAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Italy in the Middle EastGeorge Joffe (1996)

I.zmir

Burçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)

I.zmir Economic Congress

Frank Tachau (1996)

JJababdi, Latifa

Maria F. Curtis

Jabal al-Akhdar, LibyaLaurence Michalak (1996)

Jabal al-Akhdar, OmanAnthony B. Toth

Jabal al-KhalilYehuda GradusElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Jabal, Badawi al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Jabal DruzeAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Jabal NablusElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Jabal ShammarAnthony B. TothEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

Ja�bari FamilyElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman al-Walter Armbrust (1996)

Jabha al-Wataniyya, al-Lisa Anderson (1996)

Jabotinsky, Vladimir Ze�evPierre M. Atlas

Jabr, SalihAyad al-Qazzaz (1996)

Jacir, EmilyJessica Winegar

Jadid, SalahMichael R. Fischbach

JaffaReeva S. Simon (1996)

Jallud, Abd al-SalamVanesa Casanova-FernandezLisa Anderson (1996)

Jalluli FamilyLarry A. Barrie (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



JamahiriyyaLisa Anderson (1996)

Jamali, Muhammad Fadhil al-Michael R. Fischbach


Jamalzadeh, Mohammad AliPardis Minuchehr (1996)

Jami�a al-Islamiyya, al-Maria F. Curtis

Jami�at-e IslamiGrant Farr

JangaliNeguin Yavari (1996)

JanissariesEric Hooglund

Avigdor Levy (1996)

Jarallah FamilyElizabeth Thompson (1996)

JarashMichael R. Fischbach

Jarring, GunnarMeron Medzini

Jawahiri, Muhammad Mahdi al-Peter Sluglett (1996)

Jazeera, al-Karim Hamdy

Jehad-e SazandegiEric Hooglund

JeninMichael R. Fischbach

JerichoBenjamin Joseph (1996)

Jericho Congress (1948)Jenab Tutunji (1996)

JerusalemMichael R. Fischbach


Jewish Agency for PalestineDonna Robinson Divine

Jewish BrigadeBryan Daves (1996)

Jewish Colonial TrustJenab Tutunji (1996)

Jewish Colonization AssociationBryan Daves (1996)

Jewish LegionNeil CaplanZachary Karabell (1996)

Jewish National FundPaul Rivlin

Jews in the Middle EastHarvey E. GoldbergNorman Stillman (1996)

Jezreel ValleyGeremy Forman

Jibril, AhmadMichael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)

JiddaJ. E. Peterson

JihadRoxanne VarziScott Alexander (1996)

Jinnah, Muhammad AliHafeez Malik

JizyaElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Jma�a Tribal CouncilRahma Bourqia (1996)

Johnson–Crosbie Committee Report (1930)Elizabeth Thompson (1996)

Johnson, Lyndon BainesZachary Karabell (1996)

Johnston Plan (1953)Sara Reguer (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



John XIXDonald Spanel (1996)

Joint Distribution CommitteePaul RivlinBryan Daves (1996)

JordanMichael R. FischbachPeter Gubser (1996)

Jordanian Civil War (1970–1971)Michael R. FischbachPeter Gubser (1996)

Jordanian OptionAvi Shlaim (1996)

Jordan RiverCurtis R. RyanSara Reguer (1996)

Joseph, DovChaim I. Waxman

Jubayl, al-J. E. Peterson

JudaismSamuel C. Heilman (1996)

Judeo-ArabicNorman Stillman (1996)

Jumayyil, AminMichael R. FischbachMajed Halawi (1996)

Jumayyil, BashirAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Jumayyil, PierreMajed Halawi (1996)

Jumblatt FamilyMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Jumblatt, KamalAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Jumblatt, WalidMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Justice PartyDavid Waldner (1996)

KKa�ba

Maysam J. al Faruqi

Kabak, Aaron AbrahamAnn Kahn (1996)

KabulGrant Farr

Kabul UniversityGrant Farr

KabyliaVanesa Casanova-FernandezThomas G. Penchoen (1996)

Kadivar, MohsenFarzin Vahdat

Kadri, MufideJessica Winegar

Kafr QasimElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Kahan Commission (1983)Laurie Z. EisenbergJenab Tutunji (1996)

Kahane, MeirGregory S. MahlerWalter F. Weiker (1996)

Kaid, AhmedPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

KalemiyyeElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Kalischer, HirschMartin Malin (1996)

Kalvaryski, Chaim Margaliut-Neil Caplan

Kamal, AhmadDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

Kamal, ZahiraRachel Christina

LIST OF ENTRIES



Kamil, Kibrish MehmetDavid Waldner (1996)

Kamil, MustafaArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Kanafani, GhassanLawrence Tal (1996)

KandaharGrant Farr

Kaniuk, YoramStephen SchecterZeva Shapiro (1996)

Kan, SunaFiliz Ali

Karacan, Ali NaciElizabeth Thompson (1996)

KaraitesSamuel C. Heilman (1996)

Karak, al-Michael R. FischbachPeter Gubser (1996)

Karama, Battle of (1968)Lawrence Tal (1996)

Karame, Abd al-HamidGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Karame, RashidGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Karam, YusufGeorge E. Irani (1996)

KarbalaScott Alexander (1996)

Karbaschi, GholamhosainAli Akbar Mahdi

Kariyuka, TahiyaRoberta L. Dougherty

Karmal, BabrakGrant Farr

Kar, MehrangizZiba Mir-Hosseini

Karnouk, LilianeJessica Winegar

Karp Report (1984)Gregory S. MahlerMartin Malin (1996)

Karzai, HamidRobert L. Canfield

Kasap, TeodorDavid Waldner (1996)

Kashani, Abu al-QasemHamid Algar (1996)

Kashif al-Ghita FamilyMichael Eppel (1996)

Kashwar Kamal, MeenaSenzil Nawid

Kasravi, AhmadEric Hooglund (1996)

KassallahRobert O. Collins (1996)

Kasztner AffairZev Maghen (1996)

Kateb, YacineYahia Zoubir

Kattani, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Kabir al-Edmund Burke III (1996)

Kattaniya BrotherhoodDale F. Eickelman (1996)

Katznelson, BerlDonna Robinson Divine (1996)

Kawakibi, Abd al-Rahman al-Fred H. Lawson (1996)

Kaylani, Abd al-Rahman al-Michael Eppel (1996)

Kaylani, Rashid Ali al-Peter Sluglett (1996)

Keban DamElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Keinan, AmosDonna Robinson DivineAnn Kahn (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Kemalettin BeyEric HooglundDavid Waldner (1996)

KemalismTaha Parla (1996)

Kenaz, YehoshuaStephen SchecterZeva Shapiro (1996)

Kennedy, John FitzgeraldMichael R. FischbachZachary Karabell (1996)

Kenter, YildizDavid Waldner (1996)

Keren HayesodChaim I. Waxman

KermanParvaneh Pourshariati

Kessar, IsraelGregory S. MahlerMartin Malin (1996)

KGBCharles C. Kolb

Khaddam, Abd al-HalimMichael R. FischbachFred H. Lawson (1996)

Khader, AsmaIsis Nusair

Khalaf, AbdulhadiEric HooglundEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)

Khalaf, SalahElizabeth Thompson (1996)

KhaldunniyyaKenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Khaled, LeilaFrances Hasso

Khal, HelenJessica Winegar

Khalidi, Ahmad al-Samih al-Michael R. Fischbach

Khalid ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Sa�udAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Khalidi, Husayn Fakhri al-Michael R. FischbachMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Khalidi, Wahida al-Ellen L. Fleischmann

Khalidi, WalidMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Khalid, Khalid MuhammadMaysam J. al Faruqi

Khalifa, SaharLaurie King-Irani

Khalil, Samiha SalamaLaurie King-Irani

Khalis, Mohammad UnisGrant Farr (1996)

Khal, Yusuf al-Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Khamenehi, AliRoxanne VarziHamid Algar (1996)

Kharg IslandEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)

Kharrazi, KamalAli Akbar Mahdi

KhartoumAnn M. Lesch

Khatami, MohammadEric Hooglund

Khatibi, AbdelkabirAida A. Bamia

Khattabi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-C. R. Pennell (1996)

Khayr al-DinLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Khaz�al KhanJohn R. Perry (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Khaznader, MustafaLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Khemir, SabihaJessica Winegar

Khider, MohamedPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Khidhir, ZahraJacqueline Ismael

Khomeini, RuhollahEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)

KhorasanParvaneh Pourshariati

Khraief, BechirAida A. Bamia (1996)

Khrimian, MkrtichRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Khrushchev, Nikita S.Oles M. Smolansky (1996)

Khubar, al-Eric HooglundLes Ordeman (1996)

Khuri, Bishara al-Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)

KhutbaElizabeth Thompson (1996)

KhuzistanParvaneh Pourshariati

Khyber, Mir AkbarGrant Farr

Khyber PassGrant Farr

Kianuri, Nur al-DinErvand Abrahamian

Kiarostami, AbbasRoxanne Varzi

KibbutzChaim I. Waxman

Kibbutz MovementDonna Robinson Divine (1996)

Kikhya FamilyJohn L. Wright (1996)

Kikhya, Rushdi al-George E. Irani (1996)

Kimche, DavidIan BlackAnn Kahn (1996)

King–Crane Commission (1919)Philip Mattar (1996)

King David HotelMordechai Bar-On

King Sa�ud UniversityAnthony B. Toth

Kirkbride, Alec SeathJoseph NevoJenab Tutunji (1996)

KirkukReeva S. Simon (1996)

Kiryat ArbaDavid NewmanElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Kisakürek, Necip FazilElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Kisch, Frederick HermannNeil Caplan (1996)

Kissinger, HenryPaola OlimpoDavid Waldner (1996)

Kitchener, Horatio HerbertPeter Mellini (1996)

Kléber, Jean-BaptisteZachary Karabell (1996)

KnessetGregory S. MahlerWalter F. Weiker (1996)

Koç, VehbiElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Kollek, TeddyGregory S. Mahler

LIST OF ENTRIES



Kol, MosheGregory S. Mahler

Martin Malin (1996)

KonyaEric Hooglund

Konya, Battle ofElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Kook, Abraham Isaac HacohenChaim I. Waxman (1996)

Kook, Zvi YehudaChaim I. Waxman (1996)

Koor IndustriesPaul Rivlin (1996)

Koprülü, Mehmet FuatUli Schamiloglu (1996)

KordofanRobert O. Collins

KosherZachary Karabell (1996)

Kovner, AbbaGeorge R. Wilkes

Zev Maghen (1996)

Krim, BelkacemPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Kuchek Khan-e JangaliNeguin Yavari (1996)

Kudsi, Nazim al-Michael R. Fischbach

Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Kurd Ali, MuhammadWilliam L. Cleveland (1996)

Kurdish Autonomous ZoneChris Kutschera

Kurdish RevoltsAmir Hassanpour

KurdistanChris Kutschera

Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)Martin Van Bruinessen

KurdsChris Kutschera

Kütahya, Peace ofZachary Karabell (1996)

Kut al-AmaraKaren Pinto (1996)

KuttabElizabeth Thompson (1996)

KuwaitMary Ann TétreaultMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Kuwait CityMary Ann TétreaultMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic DevelopmentMary Ann TétreaultEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)

Kuwait Petroleum CorporationMary Ann Tétreault

Kuwait UniversityAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

LLaabi, Abdellatif

Aida A. Bamia

LaayounneBruce Maddy-Weitzman

Labor and Labor UnionsEllis Goldberg

Labor ZionismDonna Robinson Divine

Lacheraf, MostefaPhillip C. Naylor

Lacoste, RobertPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

LadinoNorman Stillman (1996)

Lado EnclaveRobert O. Collins (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Lahad, AntoineAs‘ad AbuKhalilGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Lahhud, EmileAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Lahiji, ShahlaCherie Taraghi

Lahouel, HocineVanesa Casanova-FernandezPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Lamari, MohamedAzzedine G. Mansour

La Marsa ConventionMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Lamrani, Muhammad KarimAna Torres-GarciaMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Land Code of 1858David Waldner (1996)

Land DayLawrence Tal (1996)

Land ReformMartin BuntonAlan R. Richards (1996)

LandsmannschaftenZev Maghen (1996)

Langer, FeliciaCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith PettyFitzmaurice


Laraki, AhmadMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Lata’if al-Musawwara MagazineMona Russell

LatakiaAbdul-Karim Refaq (1996)

La Tunisie MartyreMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Lausanne Conference (1949)Michael R. Fischbach

Lausanne, Treaty of (1923)Eric HooglundDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Lavon AffairMordechai Bar-OnAmos Perlmutter (1996)

Lavon, PinhasMeron MedziniReeva S. Simon (1996)

Law, ModernNathan J. BrownAnn E. Mayer (1996)

Law of ReturnChaim I. WaxmanZev Maghen (1996)

Lawrence, T. E.Zouhair GhazzalBenjamin Braude (1996)

League of Arab StatesCharles G. MacDonald

Lebanese Arab ArmyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Lebanese Civil War (1958)Irene Gendzier (1996)

Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Lebanese Crises of the 1840sTayeb El-Hibri (1996)

Lebanese ForcesMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Lebanese FrontGeorge E. Irani (1996)

Lebanese National Movement (LNM)George E. Irani (1996)

Lebanese UniversityMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Lebanese Women’s CouncilLara Deeb

LebanonAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Lebanon, MountGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Legislative Council (Palestine)Philip Mattar

Leibowitz, YeshayahuChaim I. Waxman

Lemsine, AichaAida A. Bamia

Lend-Lease ProgramZachary Karabell (1996)

Leskofcali GalipDavid Waldner (1996)

Lesseps, Ferdinand deDavid Waldner (1996)

LevantinePhilip MattarJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)

Levinger, MosheDavid Newman

Levin, HanochDonna Robinson DivineAnn Kahn (1996)

Levin, ShmaryahuMartin Malin (1996)

Levin, Yizhak MeirAnn Kahn (1996)

Levontin, ZalmanBryan Daves (1996)

Levy, DavidGregory S. MahlerBryan Daves (1996)

Liberal Constitutionalist PartyDavid Waldner (1996)

Liberation RallyDavid Waldner (1996)

Liberty, USSIan BlackJenab Tutunji (1996)

LibyaRonald Bruce St JohnLisa Anderson (1996)

LICANorman Stillman (1996)

Ligue Tunisienne pour la Défense des Droits del’Homme (LTDH)

Ana Torres-GarciaLarry A. Barrie (1996)

LikudWalter F. Weiker (1996)

Lilienblum, Moses LeibWalter F. Weiker (1996)

Litani Operation (1978)Laurie Z. EisenbergElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Litani RiverSara Riguer (1996)

Literature: ArabicPierre Cachia

Literature: Arabic, North AfricanAida A. Bamia

Literature: HebrewNili Gold (1996)

Literature: PersianEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Literature: TurkishKyle T. EveredKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)

Livnat, LimorMeron Medzini

Lloyd George, DavidBernard Wasserstein

Lohamei Herut YisraelPierre M. Atlas

Loi CadrePhillip C. Naylor (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



London Conference (1956)Mordechai Bar-On

London ConventionArnold Blumberg (1996)

London (Roundtable) Conference (1939)Neil Caplan

London, Treaty of (1871)Zachary Karabell (1996)

London, Treaty of (1913)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Lotz, WolfgangZev Maghen (1996)

Luke, HarryJenab Tutunji (1996)

LursEric Hooglund

LuxorPaul RoweArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Luz, KadishZev Maghen (1996)

Lyautey, Louis-Hubert GonzalveRemy Leveau (1996)

LyddaYehuda GradusElizabeth Thompson (1996)

MMa al-Aynayn

Edmund Burke III (1996)

Ma�a lotYehuda GradusZev Maghen (1996)

Ma�arivAnn Kahn (1996)

Ma�barahShlomo Deshen

Mabarrat Muhammad AliNancy Gallagher

MaccabiNorman Stillman (1996)

MacDonald, MalcolmJoseph NevoJenab Tutunji (1996)

MacDonald, RamsayJenab Tutunji (1996)

MacMichael, HaroldJenab Tutunji (1996)

Madani, Abassi al-Robert Mortimer

Madani, Abdullah al-Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)

Madani, Tawfiq al-Phillip C. Naylor

Madkour, IbrahimCharles E. Butterworth

MadrasaDenise A. Spellberg (1996)

Madrid Conference (1991)Kenneth W. Stein

Magen David Adom (MDA)Neil CaplanMiriam Simon (1996)

MaghribElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Magic Carpet OperationNorman Stillman (1996)

Magnes, JudahChaim I. WaxmanNeil CaplanBryan Daves (1996)

Mahalla al-Kubra, al-Ellis Goldberg (1996)

Mahalle SchoolsElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Mahdawi, Fadil Abbas al-Louay Bahry (1996)

Mahd-e Ulya, Malek Jahan KhanumMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



MahdiDenise A. Spellberg

Mahdist StateAnn M. Lesch (1996)

Mahfuz, NajibRoxanne VarziPierre Cachia (1996)

Mahir, AhmadRoger Allen (1996)

Mahir, AliRoger Allen (1996)

Mahmud IIEric HooglundAvigdor Levy (1996)

Mahmud DurraniGrant Farr (1996)

Mahmudiyya CanalArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Mahmud, MuhammadArthur GoldschmidtRoger Allen (1996)

Mahmud, MustafaArthur Goldschmidt

Mahmud of SulaymaniyaChris Kutschera (1996)

Maimon, Yehudah Leib HacohenChaim I. Waxman (1996)

Majali FamilyMichael R. Fischbach

Majali, Hazza al-Jenab Tutunji (1996)

Majles al-ShuraEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)

Majlis Shura al-NuwwabArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Makdashi, HesnaCaroline Seymour-Jorn

Makhmalbaf FamilyRoxanne Varzi

Makhmalbaf, MohsenRoxanne Varzi

Makki, Hasan MuhammadRobert D. Burrowes

Maksoud, ClovisGeorge E. Irani

Maktum Family, al-M. Morsy Abdullah (1996)

Mala�ika, Nazik al-Elise Salem

Malik, Charles HabibMichael R. FischbachGeorge E. Irani (1996)

Maliki School of LawWael B. Hallaq (1996)

Malkom Khan, MirzaMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

Ma�louf, AminGeorge E. Irani

MamluksAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)

ManamaFred H. Lawson

MandaeansMamoon A. Zaki (1996)

Mandate SystemDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Manifesto of the Algerian Muslim PeopleJohn Ruedy (1996)

Mansura, al-Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Mansure ArmyElizabeth Thompson (1996)

ManufacturesCharles Issawi (1996)

Maqarin DamMichael R. Fischbach (1996)

MaraboutDale F. Eickelman (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Maratghi, Mustafa al-David Waldner (1996)

Mardam, JamilMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Mardom PartyParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)

Mareth LineLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Ma�ribRobert D. Burrowes

Mariette, AugusteDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

Mar�i, MariamIsis Nusair

Marine Barracks Bombing (Lebanon)George E. Irani (1996)

Maritime Peace in Perpetuity, Treaty of (1853)Anthony B. Toth

Marja al-TaqlidEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)

Mark VIIIDonald Spanel (1996)

Marmara UniversityBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)

MaronitesAs‘ad AbuKhalil

MarrakechEdmund Burke III (1996)

Marriage and FamilyRita Stephan

Marsh ArabsAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)

Ma�rufi, AbbasEric HooglundPardis Minuchehr (1996)

Marzouki, MoncefGeorge R. Wilkes

MasadaBenjamin Kedar

Mas�adi, Mahmoud al-Aida A. Bamia

MashhadEric HooglundCyrus Moshaver (1996)

Masira IslandAnthony B. TothRobert G. Landen (1996)

Masmoudi, MuhammadVanesa Casanova-FernandezMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Maspéro, GastonDonald Malcolm Reid

Masri, MaiLaurie King-Irani

MatrahRobert G. Landen (1996)

MatzpenGeorge R. Wilkes

Maude, Frederick StanleyZachary Karabell (1996)

MauritaniaNaomi ZeffBradford Dillman (1996)

Mawdudi, Abu al-A�la al-Maysam J. al Faruqi

MaysalunFred H. Lawson (1996)

Mazar-e SharifGrant Farr

Maziq, HusaynRonald Bruce St John

McMahon, HenryDavid Waldner (1996)

Meah She�arimChaim I. Waxman

MeccaAnthony B. TothKhalid Y. Blankinship (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Meddeb, AbdelwahhabAida A. Bamia

Medicine and Public HealthEvelyn A. Early (1996)

MedinaAnthony B. Toth

Mediterranean SeaVanesa Casanova-FernandezElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Meged, AharonGeorge R. WilkesAnn Kahn (1996)

Mehmet RaufDavid Waldner (1996)

Mehmet V ResatEric HooglundZachary Karabell (1996)

Meir, GoldaZaki ShalomGregory S. Mahler (1996)

MeknesRahma Bourqia (1996)

Meknes, Treaty of (1836)C. R. Pennell (1996)

MelillaBruce Maddy-Weitzman

Memmi, AlbertStefanie WichhartWill D. Swearingen (1996)

Menderes, AdnanEric HooglundWalter F. Weiker (1996)

Menou, Jacques FrançoisDavid Waldner (1996)

Mernissi, FatemaLaura Rice

Mesopotamia Campaign (1914–1918)Zachary Karabell (1996)

MessianismDavid Waldner (1996)

Mestiri, AhmadAna Torres-GarciaKenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Meushi, Paul PeterGeorge E. Irani (1996)

Mevlevi BrotherhoodRita StephanTayeb El-Hibri (1996)

MI-6Zachary Karabell (1996)

Michael, SamiNancy BergZvia Ginor (1996)

Middle EastKaren Pinto (1996)

Middle East Defense Organization (MEDO)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Middle East Supply Center (MESC)Daniel E. Spector (1996)

Middle East Technical UniversityEric HooglundI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Midfa�i, Jamil al-Peter Sluglett (1996)

Midhat PasaRoderic H. Davison (1996)

MihrabScott Alexander (1996)

Milani, TahminehRoxanne Varzi

Military in the Middle EastDaniel E. Spector

Millet SystemBenjamin Braude (1996)

Milli Görüs HareketiM. Hakan YavuzNermin Abadan-Unat (1996)

Milli I.stihbarat Teskilati


LIST OF ENTRIES



Millspaugh, ArthurDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Milner MissionArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Mimouna FestivalHarvey E. Goldberg

Mimouni, RachidRabia BekkarPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

MinaretElizabeth Thompson (1996)

MinoritiesBenjamin Braude (1996)

Minz, BenjaminAnn Kahn (1996)

Misri, Aziz Ali al-Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Missionary SchoolsJohn J. Donohue (1996)

Mission CivilisatriceZachary Karabell (1996)

Mixed Armistice CommissionsNeil Caplan (1996)

Mixed CourtsDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

Mizrahi MovementChaim I. Waxman (1996)

Moadda, MohamedGeorge R. Wilkes

Moda�i, YitzhakGregory S. MahlerZev Maghen (1996)

ModernizationCharles Issawi (1996)

Mogannam, MatielEllen L. Fleischmann

Moghaizel, LaureElise Salem

Mohajerani, AtaollahAli Akbar Mahdi

Mohammad Ali Shah QajarEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)

Mohammadi, Maulawi Mohammad NabiGrant Farr

Mohilever, SamuelMartin Malin (1996)

Mojaddedi, SebghatullahGrant Farr

MojahedinGrant Farr

Mojahedin-e KhalqErvand Abrahamian

Mojtahed-Shabestari, MohammadFarzin Vahdat

Mollet, GuyZachary Karabell (1996)

Moltke, Helmuth vonZachary Karabell (1996)

MonastirMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Mond, Alfred MoritzZachary Karabell (1996)

Montazeri, Hosayn AliEric HooglundHamid Algar (1996)

Montefiore, MosesZachary Karabell (1996)

Montgomery, Bernard LawZachary Karabell (1996)

Montreux Convention (1936)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Moroccan–Algerian WarPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Moroccan QuestionEdmund Burke III (1996)

Morocco: OverviewHenri LauzièreLarry A. Barrie (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Morocco: ConstitutionHenri Lauzière

Morocco: Political Parties inBruce Maddy-Weitzman

Morrison–Grady Plan (1946)Zachary Karabell (1996)

MoshavPaul Rivlin (1996)

MosqueScott Alexander (1996)

MossadMordechai Bar-On

Mossadegh, MohammadMansoor Moaddel (1996)

Mostaghanemi, AhlamMichelle Hartman

MosulReeva S. Simon (1996)

Mosul, Anglo–Turkish Dispute overAyad al-Qazzaz (1996)

Motahhari, MortazaHamid Algar (1996)

Motherland PartyM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)

Mou�awwad, NailaElise Salem

Moudawana, al-Laura Rice

Mourou, AbdelfattahEmad Eldin Shahin

Mouvement de l’Unité Populaire (MUP)Ana Torres-GarciaLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Mouvement National AlgérienJohn Ruedy (1996)

Mouvement Populaire (MP)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman

Mouvement pour le Triomphe des LibertésDémocratiques

John Ruedy (1996)

Movement for Unity and Reform (MUR)Emad Eldin Shahin

Movement of RenewalVanesa Casanova-FernandezLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Mozaffar al-Din QajarMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

M’Rabet, FadelaAida A. Bamia

Mu�alla Family, al-Anthony B. Toth

Muasher, MarwanMichael R. Fischbach

Mubarak, HusniArthur Goldschmidt

Mufide KadriDavid Waldner (1996)

MuhammadTayeb El-Hibri (1996)

Muhammad VRémy Leveau (1996)

Muhammad VIMichael M. Laskier

Muhammad AliFred H. Lawson (1996)

Muhammad Ali MosqueDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

Muhammad al-SadiqLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Muhammad, AzizMichael R. FischbachMichael Eppel (1996)

MuharramPeter Chelkowski (1996)

MuharraqFred H. Lawson (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Muhsin, ZuhayrElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Muhtar, Gazi AhmetElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Muhyi al-Din, KhalidMaysam J. al FaruqiDavid Waldner (1996)

Muhyi al-Din, ZakariyyaGeorge R. WilkesDavid Waldner (1996)

Mukhtar, Umar al-George Joffe (1996)

Mukrani FamilyPeter von Sivers (1996)

Munif, Abdel RahmanCaroline Seymour-Jorn

Muntada al-Adabi, al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Muntasir FamilyGeorge Joffe (1996)

MurabitunBassam Namani (1996)

Musa DaghRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Musa KazimZachary Karabell (1996)

Musa, NabawiyyaLinda Herrera

Musa, SalamaDavid Waldner (1996)

Musavi-Ardebili, AbdolKarimEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)

Musavi, Mir-HosainAli Akbar Mahdi

MuscatAnthony B. TothRobert G. Landen (1996)

MusicVirginia Danielson (1996)

Muslim BrotherhoodMaysam J. al Faruqi

Muslim Sisters OrganizationCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Muslim World LeagueKhalid Y. Blankinship (1996)

Mustafa FazilElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Mustafa ResidDavid Waldner (1996)

Mustafa SuphiElizabeth Thompson (1996)

MuwahhidunMaria F. CurtisBassam Namani (1996)

MzabThomas G. Penchoen (1996)

Mzali, MohammedAna Torres-GarciaLisa Anderson (1996)

NNa�amaat

Paul Rivlin

Nabavi, BehzadAli Akbar Mahdi

Nabi Musa PilgrimageEmma Aubin BoltanskiBenjamin Joseph (1996)

Nabi Salih, al-Fred H. Lawson (1996)

Nabizade NazimDavid Waldner (1996)

NablusMichael R. FischbachBenjamin Joseph (1996)

Nabulsi, Sulayman al-Jenab Tutunji (1996)

Nadir Barakzai, MohammadGrant Farr (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Nadi, YunusElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Nafud DesertEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

Naguib, MuhammadDavid Waldner (1996)

NahalZev Maghen (1996)

NahalalDonna Robinson Divine (1996)

Nahda, al-Emad Eldin Shahin

Nahhas, Mustafa al-Michael R. Fischbach (1996)

Nahnah, MahfoudEmad Eldin Shahin

Nahum, HalfallahMaurice M. Roumani (1996)

Nahum, HayyimMichael M. Laskier (1996)

Najaf, al-Michael R. FischbachMamoon A. Zaki (1996)

NajdEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

NajibullahGrant Farr

Najjada, al-Elizabeth Thompson (1996)

Nakba, al- (1948–1949)Philip Mattar

Namik KemalEric HooglundZachary Karabell (1996)

Namir, MordekhaiZev Maghen (1996)

Namir, OrahMeron Medzini

NaqshbandiJoAnn Gross (1996)

Naser al-Din ShahEric Hooglund

Nashashibi FamilyMichael R. FischbachMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Nasir, Ahmed Sayf al-John L. Wright (1996)

Nasir, HannaMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)

Nasir, NajibElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Nasrallah, EmilyElise Salem

Nasrallah, HasanAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Nasruddin HocaBurçak Keskin-KozatKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)

Nassar, SadhijEllen L. Fleischmann

Nasser, Gamal AbdelRaymond William Baker (1996)

Nasser, LakeGregory B. BaecherArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Nassif, Malak HifniCaroline Seymour-Jorn

Nateq-Nuri, Ali AkbarFarhad Arshad (1996)

National BlocMichael R. FischbachGeorge E. Irani (1996)

National Congress PartyLisa Anderson (1996)

National Democratic Front (NDF)Robert D. Burrowes

National Democratic Front for the Liberation ofOman and the Arab Gulf

Malcolm C. Peck (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



National Democratic Party (Iraq)Reeva S. Simon (1996)

National Front for the Liberation of SouthYemen

Manfred W. Wenner

National Front for the Salvation of LibyaLisa Anderson (1996)

National Front, IranAfshin Matin-asgari

National Front, LebanonGeorge E. Irani (1996)

NationalismRichard W. Bulliet (1996)

Nationalist Action PartyM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)

National Liberal PartyGeorge E. Irani (1996)

National Liberation Front (Bahrain)Fred H. Lawson

National Oil Corporation (Libya)Mary Ann Tétreault (1996)

National Pact (Lebanon)As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

National Party (Egypt)Arthur Goldschmidt

National Party (Syria)Mahmoud Haddad (1996)

National Progressive Front (Syria)Khalil Gebara

National Progressive Unionist PartyRaymond William Baker (1996)

National Salvation Front (Lebanon)As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

National Salvation PartyEric HooglundNermin Abadan-Unat (1996)

National Security Council (Turkey)M. Hakan Yavuz

National Union (Egypt)Raymond William Baker (1996)

National Unity Committee (Turkey)Frank Tachau (1996)

National Water System (Israel)Sara Reguer (1996)

National Women’s Committee (Yemen)Susanne Dahlgren

Natural Gas: Economic Exploitation ofMary Ann Tétreault

Natural Gas: Middle East Reserves ofJean-François Seznec (1996)

Navon, YizhakGregory S. MahlerMiriam Simon (1996)

Nawfal, HindMarilyn Booth

NazarethLaurie King-IraniBenjamin Joseph (1996)

Nazif, SüleymanDavid Waldner (1996)

Nazmi, ZiyaDavid Waldner (1996)

Ne�eman, YuvalMordechai Bar-On

NegevYehuda GradusElizabeth Thompson (Negev Desert) (1996)

Nerval, Gérard deMaysam J. al Faruqi

Neshat, ShirinJessica Winegar

Nesin, Nüsret AzizElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Netanyahu, BenjaminEric SilverJulie Zuckerman (1996)

Neturei KartaChaim I. Waxman (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Neutral ZoneEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)

Newspapers and Print Media: Arab CountriesWilliam A. Rugh

Newspapers and Print Media: IranEric Hooglund

Newspapers and Print Media: IsraelDov Shinar

Newspapers and Print Media: TurkeyBrian Silverstein

New WafdGeorge R. WilkesRaymond William Baker (1996)

Nezzar, KhaledPhillip C. Naylor

Nhaisi, EliaMaurice M. Roumani (1996)

Niati, HouriaJessica Winegar

Nile RiverGregory B. BaecherArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Nimr, FarisGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Nissim, IsaacChaim I. Waxman (1996)

Nixon, Richard MilhousZachary Karabell (1996)

Nizam al-Jadid, al-Fred H. Lawson (1996)

Nizamiye CourtsElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Nizip, Battle of (1839)Fred H. Lawson (1996)

Noor al-Hussein (Queen Noor)Curtis R. Ryan

Nordau, MaxMartin Malin (1996)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Andrew FlibbertZachary Karabell (1996)

Northern TierZach Levey

NouakchottNaomi Zeff

Nouira, HediMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Nu�aymi Family, al-Anthony B. Toth

Nubar, BoghosRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Nubar PashaArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

NubiansCarolyn Fluehr-LobbanAleya Rouchdy (1996)

Nuclear Capability and Nuclear EnergyRobert E. Harkavy

NuerCarolyn Fluehr-LobbanRobert O. Collins (1996)

Numeiri, Muhammad Ja�farRobert O. Collins

NumismaticsMichael L. Bates (1996)

Nuqrashi, Mahmud Fahmi al-Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Nuri, Abd al-MalikSasson Somekh (1996)

Nuri, FazlollahHamid Algar (1996)

Nursi, SaidM. Hakan YavuzNico Landman (1996)

Nusayba FamilyMichael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)

Nuun MagazineVanesa Casanova-Fernandez

LIST OF ENTRIES



OOasis Group

Mary Ann Tétreault

Occidental PetroleumMary Ann Tétreault

Oil Embargo (1973–1974)Bryan Daves (1996)

OmanCalvin H. Allen, Jr.Robert G. Landen (1996)

Omar, Muhammad (Mullah)Charles E. Butterworth

Omar Mukhtar ClubJohn L. Wright (1996)

OmdurmanKhalid M. El-HassanRobert O. Collins (1996)

OpiumAna Torres-GarciaKaren Pinto (1996)

OranPeter von Sivers (1996)

Ordinances on VeilingSenzil Nawid

Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS)John Ruedy (1996)

Organisation Marocaine des Droits de l’HommeVanesa Casanova-FernandezLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Organization for the Liberation of the OccupiedSouth

Manfred W. Wenner

Organization of African Unity (OAU)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Organization of Arab Petroleum ExportingCountries (OAPEC)

Karim HamdyEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)

Mary Ann Tétreault

Organization of the Islamic ConferenceVanesa Casanova-FernandezScott Alexander (1996)

OrientalismJohn Lundquist

Orientalists, International Congress ofVanesa Casanova-FernandezRichard W. Bulliet (1996)

Ormanian, MaghakiaRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Ormsby-Gore, William George ArthurElizabeth Thompson (1996)

OrtaoyunuKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)

OsirakRonen Zeidel (1996)

Oslo Accord (1993)Philip Mattar

Osman, House ofI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Ottoman Empire: OverviewDonald Quataert (1996)

Ottoman Empire: Civil ServiceCarter V. Findley (1996)

Ottoman Empire: DebtDonald Quataert (1996)

OttomanismHasan Kayali (1996)

Ottoman Liberal Union PartyElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ottoman Military: ArmyAvigdor Levy (1996)

Ottoman Military: NavyAvigdor Levy (1996)

Ottoman ParliamentHasan Kayali (1996)

Ouary, MalekAna Torres-GarciaPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Ouazzani, Mohamed HassanBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Oufkir, MuhammadMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Oujda GroupJohn Ruedy (1996)

Ould Sid�Ahmed Taya, Ma�ouiyaNaomi Zeff

Ouled Sidi CheikhPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Ouziel, Ben Zion Meir HaiChaim I. Waxman (1996)

OYAK (Ordu Yardimlasma Kurumu)Elizabeth Thompson (1996)

Özal, TurgutDavid Waldner (1996)

Oz, AmosAdina FriedmanZvia Ginor (1996)

Oz ve Shalom (Netivot shalom)Mordechai Bar-OnWalter F. Weiker (1996)

PPachachi, Muzahim al-

Mamoon A. Zaki (1996)

Pagis, DanAdina FriedmanJulie Zuckerman (1996)

Pahlavi, Mohammad RezaAhmad Ashraf (1996)

Pahlavi, RezaAhmad Ashraf

Pakistan and the Middle EastRasul Bakhsh Rais (1996)

PalestineNeil CaplanAnn M. LeschDon Peretz (1996)

Palestine Arab Revolt (1936–1939)Rashid Khalidi (1996)

Palestine Economic CorporationElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Palestine Exploration FundElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Palestine Land Development CompanyElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)Philip Mattar

Palestine National Charter (1968)Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Palestine National CouncilMaria F. CurtisMouin Rabbani (1996)

Palestine National Covenant (1964)Muhammad Muslih (1996)

Palestine Research CenterMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)

Palestinian Arab CongressesPhilip MattarAnn M. Lesch (1996)

Palestinian AuthorityMichael R. Fischbach

Palestinian Citizens of IsraelDon Peretz

PalestiniansPhilip MattarMuhammad Muslih (1996)

Palin Commission Report (1920)Ann M. Lesch (1996)

PalmahPierre M. AtlasAmos Perlmutter (1996)

Palmerston, Lord Henry John TempleEric HooglundArnold Blumberg (1996)

PalmyraElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Pamir MountainsGrant Farr

LIST OF ENTRIES



Pan-ArabismRonald Bruce St John

Pan-TurkismHasan Kayali (1996)

ParchamGrant Farr (1996)

Paris Peace Settlements (1918–1923)Eric HooglundFawaz A. Gerges (1996)

Paris, Treaty of (1857)Farhad Shirzad (1996)

Parliamentary Democratic FrontMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Parsipur, ShahrnushMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Parti de l’Avant-Garde Socialiste (PAGS)Yahia ZoubirPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Parti Démocratique Constitutionnel (PDC)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Parti Démocratique de l’Indépendance (PDI)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman

Parti d’Unité Populaire (PUP)Ana Torres-GarciaMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA)John Ruedy (1996)

Parti NationalBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Parti National Démocratique (PND)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman

Partition Plans (Palestine)Avi Shlaim (1996)

PatriarchZachary Karabell (1996)

Patriarchs, Tomb of theChaim I. Waxman (1996)

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)Chris Kutschera

Peace and Amity, Treaty of (1805)Larry A. Barrie (1996)

Peace CorpsChristopher Reed StoneZachary Karabell (1996)

Peace NowMordechai Bar-On

Peake, Frederick GerardJenab Tutunji (1996)

Pearl Diving (Bahrain)Fred H. Lawson (1996)

Peel Commission Report (1937)Ann M. Lesch

Peled, MattityahuMordechai Bar-OnBryan Daves (1996)

Pelt, AdrianRonald Bruce St John

People’s AssemblyRaymond William Baker (1996)

People’s Democratic Party of AfghanistanGrant Farr (1996)

People’s Democratic Republic of YemenRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

People’s HousesPaul J. Magnarella (1996)

People’s Socialist PartyManfred W. Wenner

PeraI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Peres, ShimonGregory S. Mahler

Pérez de Cuéllar, JavierRonald Bruce St JohnBryan Daves (1996)

PerimRobert D. Burrowes

Permanent Mandates CommissionElizabeth Thompson (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



PersianM. A. Jazayary (1996)

Persian (Arabian) GulfEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Persian CatsEric Hooglund

Persian ScriptRoxanne Varzi

Petah TikvahChaim I. Waxman

Peter VIIDonald Spanel (1996)

PetraPeter Gubser (1996)

PetrochemicalsJean-François SeznecMary Ann Tétreault (1996)

Petroleum, Oil, and Natural GasMary Ann Tétreault

Petroleum Reserves and ProductionJean-François Seznec

PETROMINJean-Francois Seznec (1996)

PhalangeMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

PharaonicismJames Jankowski (1996)

Pharaon, RashadGeorge R. WilkesLes Ordeman (1996)

PhilaeJohn LundquistDavid Waldner (1996)

Philby, Harry St. JohnNeil CaplanBenjamin Braude (1996)

PhoenicianismAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

PhosphatesKarim Hamdy

Pinsker, LeoMartin Malin (1996)

PlagueJenab Tutunji (1996)

Plumer, Herbert Charles OnslowAnn M. Lesch (1996)

PogromJon Jucovy (1996)

Point FourElizabeth Thompson (1996)

POLISARIOBruce Maddy-Weitzman

Politi, ElieGeorge R. Wilkes

Michael M. Laskier (1996)

Pollard AffairIan Black

PolygamyJenab Tutunji (1996)

Popular FrontCharles U. Zenzie (1996)

Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestineMaria F. Curtis

Mouin Rabbani (1996)

Popular Front for the Liberation ofPalestine–General Command

George R. Wilkes

Mouin Rabbani (1996)

Popular Front for the Liberation of the OccupiedArabian Gulf

Malcolm C. Peck (1996)

PopulationPaul Rivlin

Justin McCarthy (1996)

Port Sa�idCharles C. Kolb


LIST OF ENTRIES



Postage StampsDonald Malcolm Reid

Potash IndustryChaim I. WaxmanPeter Gubser (1996)

Potsdam ConventionZachary Karabell (1996)

Powell, Colin L.Michael R. Fischbach

Princess Basma Women’s Resource CenterIsis Nusair

Progressive Socialist PartyAs‘ad AbuKhalilGeorge E. Irani (1996)

Protectorate StatesRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Protestantism and Protestant MissionsEleanor Abdella Doumato

Protocols of the Elders of ZionMichael R. MarrusJane Gerber (1996)

PushtunEric HooglundAshraf Ghani (1996)

PyramidsDonald Malcolm Reid

QQabbani, Nizar

Michael R. FischbachBassam Namani (1996)

Qaddafi, Muammar al-Ronald Bruce St JohnLisa Anderson (1996)

Qaddumi, FaruqMichael R. Fischbach

QadiScott Alexander (1996)

Qadiriyya OrderLaurence Michalak (1996)

Qafih, Yihye ben SolomonMichael M. Laskier (1996)

Qa�ida, al-As‘ad AbuKhalil

QairawanMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Qajar, Abdullah MirzaMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

Qajar, Agha MohammadMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

Qajar DynastyEric HooglundJohn Foran (1996)

QalqiliyaMichael R. Fischbach

QanunElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Qaradawi, Yusuf al-Abdin Chande

Qaramanli DynastyRachel Simon (1996)

Qarawiyyin, al-Rahma Bourqia (1996)

Qasim, Abd al-KarimLouay Bahry (1996)

Qasimi Family of Ra�s al-Khayma, al-Anthony B. Toth

Qasimi Family of Sharjah, al-Anthony B. Toth

Qassam, Izz al-Din al-Philip Mattar

QatarAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Qatar PetroleumAnthony B. TothMary Ann Tétreault (1996)

Qa�war, WidadLaurie King-Irani

LIST OF ENTRIES



Qawuqji, Fawzi al-Ann M. Lesch (1996)

Qiyomijian, OhannesAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

QomParvaneh Pourshariati

Qotbzadeh, SadeqNeguin Yavari (1996)

Queen SurrayaSenzil Nawid

Qurai, Ahmad SulaymanGeorge R. WilkesMouin Rabbani (1996)

Qur�anMaysam J. al FaruqiElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Qusayr, al-Donald Malcolm ReidArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Qutb, SayyidAhmad S. MoussalliJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)

Quwatli, Shukri al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)

RRaab, Esther

Shibolet Zait (1996)

Raad, In�amMichael R. FischbachGeorge E. Irani (1996)

RabatDonna Lee Bowen (1996)

Rabbani, BurhanuddinGrant Farr

RabbiSamuel C. Heilman (1996)

Rabi, MubarakAida A. Bamia

Rabin, YitzhakGregory S. Mahler

Rabiyya Ali, SalimRobert D. Burrowes

Radio and Television: Arab CountriesWilliam A. Rugh

Radio and Television: IsraelDov Shinar

Radio and Television: TurkeyBrian Silverstein

Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar HashemiEric HooglundHamid Algar (1996)

Rahnavard, ZahraJanet Afary

Rajavi, MasudErvand Abrahamian

Rajub, JibrilMichael R. Fischbach

Ramadan, Taha YasinMichael R. FischbachAmatzia Baram (1996)

RamallahMichael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)

Ramgavar Azadagan PartyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

RamlaYehuda GradusElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ramses College for GirlsLinda Herrera

Rania al-Abdullah (Queen Rania)Curtis R. Ryan

Rasafi, Ma�ruf al-Sasson Somekh (1996)

Ra�s al-KhaymaAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Rassemblement National Démocratique (RND)Azzedine G. Mansour

Rassemblement National des Indépendants (RNI)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman

Rassemblement pour la Culture et la Démocratie(RCD)

Azzedine G. Mansour

Rateb, AishaMaria F. Curtis

Ratebzad, AnahitaGrant Farr

Ratosh, YonatanBryan Daves (1996)

Rauf Ezzat, HebaMarilyn Booth

Ravikovitch, DahliaZafrira Lidovsky-CohenNili Gold (1996)

Reagan Plan (1982)Laurie Z. Eisenberg

Reagan, RonaldMichael R. Fischbach

Recaizade Mahmud EkremDavid Waldner (1996)

Red Crescent SocietyVanesa Casanova-Fernandez

Red Line AgreementMary Ann Tétreault (1996)

Refah PartisiNermin Abadan-Unat

Refugees: AfghanGrant Farr

Refugees: Balkan MuslimNoah ButlerJustin McCarthy (1996)

Refugees: JewishMeron MedziniMichael M. Laskier (1996)

Refugees: KurdishChris Kutschera

Refugees: PalestinianPhilip MattarDon Peretz (1996)

Rejection FrontMichael R. FischbachElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Republican BrotherhoodCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Republican People’s Party (RPP)Nermin Abadan-Unat

Revolutionary Association of the Women ofAfghanistan (RAWA)

Senzil Nawid

Revolutionary Command Council (Egypt)Matthew S. Gordon (1996)

Revolutionary Command Council (Libya)Ronald Bruce St John

Revolutionary GuardsEric Hooglund

Richmond, Ernest T.Jenab Tutunji (1996)

Rida, RashidDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

RifC. R. Pennell (1996)

Rifaat, AlifaCaroline Seymour-Jorn

Rifa�i, Samir al-Jenab Tutunji (1996)

Rifa�i, Zaid al-Michael R. Fischbach

Rif WarC. R. Pennell (1996)

Rishon le-ZionYehuda GradusBryan Daves (1996)

RiyadhJ. E. Peterson

Riyad, MahmudGeorge E. Irani (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Riyad, Mustafa al-Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Rockefeller MuseumMichael R. FischbachMia Bloom (1996)

Rogers, William PierceAhmed H. IbrahimZachary Karabell (1996)

Rolo FamilyMichael M. Laskier (1996)

Roman Catholicism and Roman Catholic MissionsJohn J. Donohue (1996)

RomanizationKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)

Rome, Treaty of (1935)Zachary Karabell (1996)

Rommel, ErwinDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Roosevelt, Franklin DelanoDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Roosevelt, KermitNeguin Yavari

Rothschild, Edmond deReeva S. Simon (1996)

Royal Dutch ShellJean-François Seznec (1996)

Rub al-KhaliJ. E. PetersonEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

Rubinstein, AmnonGregory S. MahlerBryan Daves (1996)

RumeliaKaren Pinto (1996)

Ruppin, ArthurDonna Robinson Divine (1996)

Rusdiye SchoolsElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Rusk, DeanCharles C. Kolb

Russia and the Middle EastRobert O. FreedmanOles M. Smolansky (1996)

Russian–Ottoman WarsEric HooglundOles M. Smolansky (1996)

Rutenberg, PinhasNeil CaplanSara Reguer (1996)

SSa�ada, Antun

Sami A. OfeishCharles U. Zenzie (1996)

Saadawi, Nawal al-Rita StephanDavid Waldner (1996)

Saade, GeorgeMichael R. FischbachGeorge E. Irani (1996)

Saba FamilyElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Sabah, Rasha al-Mary Ann Tétreault

Sabah, Suad al-Rita Stephan

Sabbagh, HasibGeorge R. WilkesMouin Rabbani (1996)

Sabbagh, Salah al-Din al-Reeva S. Simon (1996)

SabbathSamuel C. Heilman

SabraBryan Daves (1996)

Sabra and Shatila MassacresPhilip Mattar

Sabri, AliDavid Waldner (1996)

Sadat, Anwar al-Fred H. Lawson (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Sadat, Jihan al-Arthur Goldschmidt

Sadawi, BashirJohn L. Wright (1996)

Sadiqi CollegeAida A. Bamia (1996)

Sadi, SaidYahia Zoubir

Sadr, Muhammad Baqir al-Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)

Sadr, MuhsinNeguin Yavari (1996)

Sadr, Sitt Rabab al- (Charafeddine)Rula Jurdi Abisaab

Sa�dun, Abd al- Muhsin al-Albertine Jwaideh (1996)

Sa�dun Family, al-Albertine Jwaideh (1996)

Sa�edi, GholamhosseinPardis Minuchehr (1996)

SafedBryan Daves (1996)

Safveti ZiyaElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Sagues, AlbertMichael M. Laskier (1996)

SaharaBruce Maddy-Weitzmann (1996)

Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman

Sahnoun, AhmedEmad Eldin Shahin

Sa�id, Amina al-Linda Herrera

Said, EdwardJohn M. Lundquist

Sa�id, Nuri al-Louay Bahry (1996)

Sa�id PashaDonald Malcolm Reid

Sa�idzadeh, Seyyed MohsenZiba Mir-Hosseini

Saint Catherine’s MonasteryThomas Stransky

Saint Joseph UniversityAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Saint Mark’s CathedralRaymond William Baker (1996)

Sa�iqa, al-George R. WilkesMouin Rabbani (1996)

SaisonPierre M. Atlas

Sakakini, Khalil al-Elizabeth Thompson (1996)

Salafiyya MovementMahmoud Haddad (1996)

Salam FamilyMichael R. Fischbach

Salam, Sa�ibMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Salant, SamuelChaim I. Waxman (1996)

Salih, Ali AbdullahManfred W. Wenner

Salih, TeyibKhalid M. El-Hassan

Salim HasanDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

Salim, AliNancy BergRoger Allen (1996)

Salim, JawadSasson Somekh (1996)

Sallal, Abdullah al-Robert D. Burrowes

LIST OF ENTRIES



SalonikaEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Salt, al-Jenab Tutunji (1996)

SamaritansBenyamim Tsedaka

SamarraPaul S. RoweNazar al-Khalaf (1996)

Samar, SimaSenzil Nawid

Samman, GhadaElise Salem

Samuel, Herbert LouisBernard Wasserstein

San�aRobert D. Burrowes

San�a UniversityRobert D. Burrowes

Sanctions, IraqiPeter Sluglett

Sane‘i, YusefAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut

San Remo Conference (1920)Zachary Karabell (1996)

San Stefano, Treaty of (1878)Oles M. Smolansky (1996)

Sant Egidio PlatformGeorge R. Wilkes

Sanusi, Muhammad ibn Ali al-Rachel Simon (1996)

Sanusi OrderRachel Simon (1996)

Sanu, Ya�qubDavid Waldner (1996)

Sapir, PinhasMartin Malin (1996)

Sarid, YossiMordechai Bar-OnBryan Daves (1996)

Sarkis, IlyasBassam Namani (1996)

Sartawi, IssamBenjamin Joseph (1996)

Sasson, EliyahuItamar RabinovichNeil Caplan

Sassoon FamilySylvia G. Haim (1996)

Satellite Cities DevelopmentMaria F. CurtisHani Fakhouri (1996)

Saudi ArabiaJ. E. Peterson

Saudi, MonaJessica Winegar

Saunders, HaroldGeorge R. Wilkes

Saygun, Ahmed AdnanDavid Waldner (1996)

Sayyab, Badr Shakir al-Kamal abu-Deeb (1996)

Sayyida Zaynab MosqueRaymond William Baker (1996)

Sayyidna Husayn MosqueRaymond William Baker (1996)

School for Hak �matNancy Gallagher

Science and TechnologyAntoine Benjamin Zahlan

ScoutsGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Sebastiani, HoraceZachary Karabell (1996)

Sebbar, LeilaAida A. Bamia

LIST OF ENTRIES



Sediq, SohailaSenzil Nawid

Sefrioui, AhmedAida A. Bamia

Seker AhmetDavid Waldner (1996)

Selçuk, Munir NurettinDavid Waldner (1996)

Selim IIII. Metin Kunt (1996)

Semitic LanguagesDavid Waldner (1996)

Sepehri, SohrabEric HooglundPardis Minuchehr (1996)

September 11th, 2001As‘ad AbuKhalil

Seri, Dan-BenayaZvia Ginor (1996)

SetifPhillip C. Naylor (1996)

Setif Revolt (1945)Phillip C. Naylor (1996)

Sevket, MahmutElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Sèvres Protocol (1956)S. Ilan Troen

Sèvres, Treaty of (1920)Sara Reguer (1996)

Sezer, AhmetM. Hakan Yavuz

Sfar, BashirLaurence Michalak (1996)

Sfar, TaharVanesa Casanova-FernandezMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

SfaxMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Sfeir, NasrallahAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Shab�a FarmsAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Shabbi, Abu al-Qasim al-Larry A. Barrie (1996)

Sha�bi FamilyManfred W. Wenner

Shader, JosephGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Shafi�i School of LawWael B. Hallaq (1996)

Shafiq, DurriyyaDavid Waldner (1996)

Shahada, GeorgeMichael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Shahbandar, Abd al-RahmanCharles U. Zenzie (1996)

Shahin, TanyosAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Shahin, YusufRoxanne VarziDavid Waldner (1996)

Shaltut, MuhammadCrystal ProcyshenRaymond William Baker (1996)

Shalvi, AliceGeorge R. Wilkes

Shami, Ahmad Muhammad al-Robert D. Burrowes

Shamikh, Mubarak Abdullah al-Ronald Bruce St John

Shami, Muhammad Abdullah al-Robert D. Burrowes

Shamir, MosheDonna Robinson DivineAnn Kahn (1996)

Shamir, YitzhakCharles EnderlinYaakov Shavit (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Shamlu, AhmadEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)

Shammas, AntonMichael R. FischbachAnn Kahn (1996)

Shapira, Hayyim MosheBryan Daves (1996)

Sharabati, Ahmad al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Sha�rawi, Huda al-Marilyn BoothDavid Waldner (1996)

Sha�rawi, Muhammad Mutwalli al-As‘ad AbuKhalil

Sharef, Ze�evGregory S. MahlerBryan Daves (1996)

Sharett, MosheGregory S. Mahler (1996)

Shari�aWael B. Hallaq (1996)

Shari�ati, AliHamid Algar (1996)

Shariatmadari, KazemNeguin Yavari (1996)

SharifScott Alexander (1996)

Sharif, AzizMichael R. FischbachMarion Farouk-Sluglett (1996)

Sharif-Emami, Ja�farNeguin Yavari

Sharifian DynastiesEdmund Burke III (1996)

Sharif of MeccaKhalid Y. Blankinship (1996)

Sharif, OmarRoxanne VarziDavid Waldner (1996)

SharjahEric HooglundMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Sharm al-ShaykhArthur GoldschmidtZachary Karabell (1996)

Sharon, ArielEric SilverYaakov Shavit (1996)

Sharqi Family, al-Anthony B. TothM. Morsy Abdullah (1996)

Shatt al-ArabNeguin Yavari

Sha�ul, AnwarSasson Somekh

Shawa, LailaJessica Winegar

Shaw CommissionPhilip Mattar (1996)

Shawqi, AhmadIrfan Shahîd

ShaykhMarilyn Higbee (1996)

Shaykh al-IslamScott Alexander (1996)

Shaykh, Hanan al-Elise Salem

ShaykhiJuan R. I. Cole

Shazar, Shneour ZalmanBryan Daves (1996)

Shazli, Sa�d al-DinDavid Waldner (1996)

ShekelBryan Daves (1996)

Shenhar, YitzhakBryan Daves (1996)

Shenouda IIIArthur GoldschmidtDonald Spanel (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Shepheard’s HotelZachary Karabell (1996)

SheshbeshCyrus Moshaver (1996)

ShiberghanGrant Farr

Shid, NahidAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut

Shidyaq, Ahmad Faris al-Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Shihabi, Zlikha al-Ellen L. Fleischmann

Shi�ismRoxanne VarziTayeb El-Hibri (1996)

ShillukDavid Waldner (1996)

Shiloah, ReuvenIan Black

Shim�un, MarPeter Sluglett (1996)

Shin BetIan BlackJulie Zuckerman (1996)

ShirazEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)

Shirazi, Mirza HasanFarhad Arshad (1996)

Shiraz UniversityParvaneh Pourshariati

Shitreet, BekhorBryan Daves (1996)

Shlonsky, AvrahamMordechai Bar-On

Shochat, ManyaGeorge R. Wilkes

ShorfaRahma Bourqia (1996)

ShufMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Shufman, GershonAnn Kahn (1996)

Shukri, MohammadAida A. Bamia

Shultz, GeorgeOliver Benjamin Hemmerle

Shumayyil, ShibliElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Shuqayri, AhmadMichael R. Fischbach

Shuqayri FamilyElizabeth Thompson (1996)

ShuraElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Shuster, W. MorganDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Sib, Treaty of (1920)Robert G. Landen (1996)

Sidera, ZinebJessica Winegar

SidonCharles C. KolbGeorge E. Irani (1996)

Sidqi, BakrPeter Sluglett (1996)

Sidqi, Isma�ilDavid Waldner (1996)

Sidra, Gulf ofStuart J. Borsch (1996)

SilkElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Silver, Abba HillelMark A. RaiderMia Bloom (1996)

Simavi, SedatElizabeth Thompson (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Sinai PeninsulaPaul S. RoweElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Sinasi, I.brahim


Sirket-i HayriyeElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Sirry, GazbiaJessica Winegar

Sisco, JosephGeorge R. Wilkes

Sistan and BaluchistanParvaneh Pourshariati

Sistani, Ali al-Michael R. Fischbach

SitraFred H. Lawson (1996)

Sivas Conference (1919)Ahmet Kuyas (1996)

Siwa OasisArthur Goldschmidt

Slave TradeEhud R. Toledano (1996)

Smilansky, MosheGeorge R. WilkesAnn Kahn (1996)

Sneh, MosheGregory S. MahlerWalter F. Weiker (1996)

Sobol, YehoshuaDonna Robinson DivineJulie Zuckerman (1996)

Social Democratic Party of AzerbaijanAudrey L. Altstadt (1996)

Social Democratic Populist PartyM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)

SocotraRobert D. Burrowes

Soheyli, AliNeguin Yavari (1996)

Sokolow, NahumPierre M. Atlas

Soltani, AbdellatifEmad Eldin Shahin

Somikh, AbdullahMichael R. FischbachSasson Somekh (1996)

SONATRACHAna Torres-GarciaDirk Vandewalle (1996)

Soroush, AbdolKarimAfshin Matin-asgari

SousseMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Soustelle, JacquesZachary Karabell (1996)

South Arabian Armed ForcesRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

South Arabian LeagueManfred W. Wenner (1996)

Southeastern Anatolia ProjectDavid Waldner (1996)

South Lebanon ArmyLaurie Z. EisenbergElizabeth Thompson (1996)

South Persia RiflesEric HooglundJack Bubon (1996)

Spain and the Middle EastVanesa Casanova-Fernandez

Spanish MoroccoBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Special Forces of the LevantAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

SphinxDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)

Sprinzak, JosephBryan Daves (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Srvantziants, GareginRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Stack, LeeOles M. Smolansky (1996)

Stanhope, HesterMarilyn Booth

Stark, FreyaRonald Bruce St John

Star of North AfricaJohn Ruedy (1996)

State Planning Organization (SPO)Nermin Abadan-Unat

Stern, AbrahamJulie Zuckerman (1996)

Stock MarketJean-François Seznec

Storrs, RonaldMichael R. Fischbach (1996)

Straits ConventionDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Straits, TurkishJ. C. Hurewitz (1996)

StrumaMiriam Simon (1996)

Students in the Line of the ImamEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)

Suarès FamilyMichael M. Laskier (1996)

Sublime PorteZachary Karabell (1996)

SudanAnn M. Lesch

Sudanese Civil WarsAnn M. Lesch

Sudanese Women’s UnionSondra Hale

SuddRobert O. Collins

Suez CanalJean-François SeznecArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

Suez Canal UniversityDonald Malcolm Reid

Suez Crisis (1956–1957)Mordechai Bar-On

Suez–Mediterranean PipelineJean-François Seznec

Sufism and the Sufi OrdersMaysam J. al Faruqi

Suissa, AlbertDonna Robinson DivineZvia Ginor (1996)

Sulayman, HikmatPeter Sluglett (1996)

SulaymaniyaNazar al-Khalaf (1996)

Suleiman, MulayMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Sulh, Kazem al-Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Sulh, Rashid al-Michael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Sulh, Riyad al-Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Sulh, Sami al-As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Sulh, Taki al-Din al-Michael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

SultanI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Sultan Ahmet MosqueAptullah Kuran (1996)

Sultan Hasan MosqueRaymond William Baker (1996)

Sultani SchoolsElizabeth Thompson (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



SumudElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Sunay, CevdetElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Sun Language TheoryElizabeth Thompson (1996)

SunnaMaysam J. al FaruqiScott Alexander (1996)

Sunni IslamMaysam J. al FaruqiTayeb El-Hibri (1996)

Suphi EzgiDavid Waldner (1996)

Supreme Muslim CouncilPhilip Mattar

Sursock, Lady CochraneMona Takieddine Amyuni

Sursuq FamilyElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Suwaydi FamilyAyad al-Qazzaz (1996)

Suwaydi, Tawfiq al-Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)

Suwaydiya Oil FieldsAbdul-Karim Rafeq

Suwayhli, Ramadan al-George Joffe (1996)

Sykes, MarkRoger AdelsonZachary Karabell (1996)

Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916)Zachary Karabell (1996)

SyriaRonald Bruce St JohnFred H. Lawson (1996)

Syrian DesertAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Syrian Social Nationalist PartyRonald Bruce St John

Syrkin, NachmanDonna Robinson Divine (1996)

Szold, HenriettaMia Bloom (1996)

TTaba

Philip MattarAnn M. Lesch (1996)

Taba Negotiations (1995, 2001)Philip Mattar

Tabaqa DamJohn R. Clark (1996)

Tabataba�i, MohammadEric HooglundHamid Algar (1996)

Tabataba�i, ZiyaHamid Algar (1996)

TabrizNeguin Yavari

Tabriz UniversityParvaneh PourshariatiNeguin Yavari (1996)

Tagger, SionehJulie Zuckerman (1996)

Taha, Mahmud MuhammadCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Tahir, KemalDavid Waldner (1996)

Tahtawi, Rifa�a al-Rafi al-Abdel Aziz EzzelArab (1996)

Ta�if AccordGeorge E. IraniBryan Daves (1996)

Ta�if, al-J. E. Peterson

Ta�if, Treaty of al-Anthony B. TothF. Gregory Gause, III (1996)

Ta�izRobert D. Burrowes

LIST OF ENTRIES



TajiksGrant Farr

Takfir wa al-Hijra, al-Ahmad S. MoussalliDavid Waldner (1996)

Talabani, JalalChris Kutschera

Talal ibn AbdullahJenab Tutunji (1996)

Talat, MehmetZachary Karabell (1996)

Taleqani, AzamAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut

Talfa, Adnan Khayr AllahAmatzia Baram (1996)

TalibanHafeez Malik

Tallal, ChaibiaJessica Winegar

Tall al-Za�tar Refugee CampElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Tall, Mustafa Wahbi al-Michael R. Fischbach (1996)

Tall, Wasfi al-Jenab Tutunji (1996)

TalmudEphraim TaboryBenjamin Joseph (1996)

TamimahsCalvin H. Allen, Jr. (1996)

Tamimi, Amin al-Elizabeth Thompson (1996)

Tamir, ShmuelGregory S. MahlerJulie Zuckerman (1996)

Tammuz, BenyaminAnn Kahn (1996)

Tanburi CemilDavid Waldner (1996)

Taner, HaldunElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Tangier, Treaty ofKenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Tanpinar, Ahmed HamdiDavid Waldner (1996)

Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyid al-Ahmad S. Moussalli

TanzimatElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Taqla, PhilippeKhalil GebaraGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Tarhan, Abdülhak HamitDavid Waldner (1996)

Tarikh TolanaGrant Farr

Tariki, AbdullahAnthony B. TothLes Ordeman (1996)

Tashilhit LanguageRahma Bourqia (1996)

Taurus MountainsJohn R. Clark (1996)

Tax FarmingAriel Salzmann (1996)

Tchernichovsky, SaulAnn Kahn (1996)

TeaEric HooglundClifford A. Wright (1996)

Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyMiriam Simon (1996)

TehranEric HooglundMansoureh Ettahedieh (1996)

Tekeli, SirinYesim Arat

TekkeScott Alexander (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Tel AvivDonna Robinson Divine (1996)

Tel Aviv UniversityMiriam Simon (1996)

Tel HaiDonna Robinson Divine

TemplarsMichael R. Fischbach

TerrorismEric HooglundRichard W. Bulliet (1996)

TetuanBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Tevfik FikretDavid Waldner (1996)

Textile IndustryCharles Issawi (1996)

Thaalbi, Abd al-AzizKenneth J. Perkins (1996)

Tharthar ProjectAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)

Tharwat, Abd al-KhaliqDavid Waldner (1996)

TheaterDina Amin

TiberiasBryan Daves (1996)

Tigris and Euphrates RiversJohn R. Clark (1996)

TikritMichael R. FischbachAmatzia Baram (1996)

Tikriti FamiliesAyad Al-Qazzaz

Tikriti, Hardan al-Michael R. FischbachAmatzia Baram (1996)

TimarEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)

TindoufDavid Gutelius

Tiran, Strait ofAnthony B. Toth

Tlas, MustafaMichael R. Fischbach

Tlatli, MoufidaLaura Rice

TlemcenLaurence Michalak (1996)

Tlili, MustafaAida A. Bamia

Tobacco RevoltEric HooglundRoshanak Malek (1996)

TobrukDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Topkapi PalaceEric HooglundAptullah Kuran (1996)

Toumi, KhalidaYahia Zoubir

TourismAnthony B. Toth

TradeMary Ann TétreaultCharles Issawi (1996)

Trad, PetroAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

Trans-Arabian PipelineMary Ann Tétreault

Trans-Iranian RailwayJack Bubon (1996)

Transjordan Frontier ForceJenab Tutunji (1996)

TransportAnthony B. TothCharles Issawi (1996)

Trans-Turkey PipelineNiyazi Dalyanci (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Treaty of 1815Eric Hooglund

Treaty of Protection (1886)Robert D. Burrowes (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Arabian PeninsulaEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Butayna TribeAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Dawasir TribeEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Fadan Kharasa TribeAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Guish TribesRahma Bourqia (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Hassana TribeAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Matawirah TribeAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Muntafiq TribeAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Murrah, al-Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Mutayr TribeEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Qashqa�iLois Beck (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Quraysh TribeEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: ShammarEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Tebu TribeStuart J. Borsch (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: Utayba TribeEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: YazidisReeva S. Simon (1996)

Tribes and Tribalism: YemeniRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Tripartite Treaty of AllianceEric Hooglund

TripoliJohn L. Wright (1996)

Tripoli Conference (1977)Elizabeth Thompson (1996)

Tripoli Programme (1962)Phillip C. Naylor (1996)

TripolitaniaRonald Bruce St John

Trucial CoastMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

True Path PartyM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)

Truman, Harry S.Antonio Donno

Trumpeldor, YosefDonna Robinson Divine

Tsemel, LeahMona Ghali

Tubi, TawfiqBryan Daves (1996)

Tudeh PartyErvand Abrahamian

Tuhami al-GlawiEdmund Burke III (1996)

Tuman BeyBassam Namani (1996)

Tunb IslandsEric HooglundMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

TunisLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Tunisia: OverviewAngel M. FosterLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Tunisia: Personal Status CodeMounira Charrad

LIST OF ENTRIES



Tunisia: Political Parties inAna Torres-GarciaLarry A. Barrie (1996)

Tunisi, Bayram al-David Waldner (1996)

Tuqan, FadwaMichael R. FischbachAbla M. Amawi (1996)

Tuqan FamilyMichael R. FischbachElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Turabi, Hasan al-Ahmad S. MoussalliJillian Schwedler (1996)

Turabi, Wisal al-MahdiCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Türkes, AlparslanM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)

TurkeyEric HooglundDavid Waldner (1996)

Turki, FawazMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)

Turkish–Afghan Treaty (1928)David Waldner (1996)

Turkish Grand National AssemblyNermin Abadan-Unat

Turkish Hearth AssociationPaul J. Magnarella (1996)

Turkish Historical SocietyUli Schamiloglu (1996)

Turkish–Italian War (1911–1912)Eric HooglundRachel Simon (1996)

Turkish LanguageEric HooglundErika Gilson (1996)

Turkish Law on the Protection of the Family(1998)

Burçak Keskin-Kozat

Turkish Linguistic SocietyUli Schamiloglu (1996)

Turkish National PactFrank Tachau (1996)

Turkish ScriptNoah Butler

Turkish Workers PartyFrank Tachau (1996)

TurkismElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Turkmanchai, Treaty of (1828)Eric HooglundFarhad Shirzad (1996)

Turko–Iranian War (1821–1823)Daniel E. Spector (1996)

TurkologyUli Schamiloglu (1996)

TurksEric Hooglund

TwaregThomas G. Penchoen (1996)

Twayni, GhassanMichael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Twin Pillars PolicyEric HooglundZachary Karabell (1996)

TyreGeorge E. Irani (1996)

UUganda Project

Chaim I. Waxman

UlamaDenise A. Spellberg

Umar, MadihaJessica Winegar

Umayyad MosqueMuhammad Muslih (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Umm al-QaywaynAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Umm al-Qura UniversityKhalid Y. Blankinship (1996)

Umma PartyRobert O. Collins

Umm KulthumVirginia Danielson (1996)

Umm Na�sanFred H. Lawson (1996)

Union Démocratique du Manifeste Algérien(UDMA)

John Ruedy (1996)

Union Générale des Travailleurs Marocains(UGTM)


Union Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens(UGTT)


Union Marocaine du Travail (UMT)Ana Torres-GarciaBradford Dillman (1996)

Union Nationale des Etudiants Marocains(UNEM)

Bruce Maddy-Weitzman

Union Nationale des Forces Populaires (UNFP)Vanesa Casanova-FernandezBradford Dillman (1996)

Union of Tunisian WomenAngel M. Foster

Union Socialiste des Forces Populaires (USFP)Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez

Union Tunisienne des Industrialistes,Compagnies, Artisans (UTICA)

Vanesa Casanova-FernandezLarry A. Barrie (1996)

United Arab EmiratesAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

United Arab Republic (UAR)Michael R. Fischbach (1996)

United Jewish Appeal (UJA)Paul Rivlin

United Nations and the Middle EastThomas G. WeissF. T. Liu (1996)

United Nations Conciliation Commission forPalestine (UNCCP)

Neil CaplanFred J. Khouri (1996)

United Nations Economic Survey Mission (1949)Zach Levey

United Nations Emergency ForceF. T. Liu (1996)

United Nations Interim Force in LebanonBrian UrquhartAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)

United Nations Relief and Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)

Michael R. FischbachF. T. Liu (1996)

United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM)Ayad Al-Qazzaz

United Nations Special Committee on Palestine,1947 (UNSCOP)

Joseph NevoF. T. Liu (1996)

United Nations Truce Supervision Organization(UNTSO)

Neil CaplanCharles U. Zenzie (1996)

United States of America and the Middle EastDon Peretz

Unity PartyFrank Tachau (1996)

University of JordanMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)

University of KhartoumRobert O. Collins

LIST OF ENTRIES



University of TehranEric Hooglund

Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)

Urabi, AhmadArthur Goldschmidt (1996)

UrbanizationAnthony B. Toth

John R. Clark (1996)

Urban PlanningEric Hooglund

Hooshang Amirahmadi (1996)

Urwa al-Wuthqa, al-Nikki Keddie (1996)

Usaklig�il, Halit Ziya


ÜsküdarElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Ussishkin, MenahemDonna Robinson Divine

UsuliNeguin Yavari

Utaybi, Juhayman al-Eric Hooglund

Abdel Aziz EzzelArab (1996)

Uthman, Muhammad AliRobert D. Burrowes

Uthman, Uthman AhmadArthur Goldschmidt

UzbeksM. Nazif Shahrani (1996)

VVa�ad Le�umi

Neil Caplan

Vaka-i HayriyeEric Hooglund

Avigdor Levy (1996)

Valensi, AlfredNorman Stillman

Vance, CyrusDaniel E. Spector

Van, LakeJohn R. Clark

Vanunu AffairGregory S. MahlerJulie Zuckerman (1996)

Varlik VergisiElizabeth Thompson

Vatican and the Middle EastGeorge E. Irani

Vazhapetian, NersesRouben P. Adalian

Vazir Afkham, Soltan Ali KhanNeguin Yavari

Vaziri, Qamar al-MolukParvaneh Pourshariati

Velayat-e FaqihEric HooglundHamid Algar (1996)

Velayati, Ali AkbarAli Akbar Mahdi

Versailles, Treaty of (1920)Daniel E. Spector

Victoria CollegeWilliam L. ClevelandAlain Silvera (1996)

Village InstitutesPaul J. Magnarella

Volpi, GiuseppeGeorge Joffe

Vozuq al-Dowleh, Mirza Hasan KhanNeguin Yavari

WWadi Hadramawt

Robert D. Burrowes (1996)

Wadi NatrunArthur GoldschmidtRaymond William Baker (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



WafdJ. Janice Terry

Wafdist Women’s Central CommitteeMaria F. Curtis

Wahrhaftig, ZerahGregory S. MahlerBryan Daves (1996)

Wallach, YonaNili Gold (1996)

WaqfImad-ad-Dean AhmadDenise A. Spellberg (1996)

War in Iraq (2003)Michael R. Fischbach

Warnier LawPeter von Sivers (1996)

War of Attrition (1969–1970)Arthur GoldschmidtBenjamin Joseph (1996)

WaterDavid B. Brooks

Wattar, al-TaherAzzedine G. MansourAida A. Bamia (1996)

Wauchope, ArthurBernard WassersteinKaren A. Thornsvard (1996)

Wavell, Archibald PercivalDaniel E. Spector (1996)

Wazir, Intisar al- (Umm Jihad)Khaled Islaih

Wazir, Khalil al-Mouin Rabbani (1996)

Wazzani, Muhammad Hassan al-Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Weizman, EzerGregory S. Mahler

Weizmann, ChaimBernard Wasserstein

Weizmann Institute of ScienceMiriam Simon (1996)

West BankDavid NewmanGeoffrey Aronson (1996)

WesternizationPeter Sluglett

Western SaharaAna Torres-GarciaBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)

Western Sahara WarBruce Maddy-Weitzman

Western WallSamuel C. Heilman (1996)

Western Wall DisturbancesPhilip Mattar (1996)

West German Reparations AgreementPaul Rivlin

Wheelus Air Force BaseStuart J. Borsch (1996)

White Flag LeagueKenneth S. Mayers (1996)

White Papers on PalestineAnn M. Lesch

White Revolution (1961–1963)Eric Hooglund

Wifaq, al-Norman Stillman (1996)

Wilson, Arnold T.Peter Sluglett (1996)

Wilson, WoodrowLawrence DavidsonZachary Karabell (1996)

Wingate, Charles OrdeReeva S. Simon (1996)

Wingate, ReginaldJanice J. Terry (1996)

Wise, Stephen S.Mark Raider

Wolff, Henry DrummondParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Women and Family Affairs CenterIslah Jad

Women in BlackGeorge R. Wilkes

Women’s Affairs Center (Gaza)Islah Jad

Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and CounselingIslah Jad

Women’s Forum for Research and Training(Yemen)

Susanne Dahlgren

Women’s International Zionist OrganizationShimon Avish

Women’s Library and Information Center(Istanbul)

Yesim Arat

Women’s Organization of Iran (WOI)Haleh Vaziri

Women’s People’s Party (1923)Burçak Keskin-Kozat

Women’s Religious RitualsSabine Kalinock

Women’s Renaissance ClubJacqueline Ismael

Women’s ServicesNermin Abadan-Unat (1996)

Women’s Studies Center (Jerusalem)Islah Jad

Woodhead Commission (1938)Pierre M. AtlasBenjamin Joseph (1996)

World BankJean-François Seznec

World Federation of Sephardi CommunitiesMia Bloom (1996)

World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries(WOJAC)

Michael M. Laskier

World War ISara Reguer (1996)

World War IIDaniel E. Spector (1996)

World Zionist Organization (WZO)Bernard Wasserstein

YYa’ari, Me’ir

Bryan Daves (1996)

Yacine, AbdessalameHenri Lauzière

Yacoubi, RachidaRabia Bekkar

Yadin, YigaelGregory S. MahlerMia Bloom (1996)

Yad MordekhaiJon Jucovy

Yad VashemJon Jucovy (1996)

Yahya ibn Muhammad Hamid al-DinManfred W. Wenner (1996)

Yamani, Ahmad ZakiAnthony B. Toth

YanbuJ. E. Peterson

Yariv, AharonJulie Zuckerman (1996)

Yarmuk RiverElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Yarmuk UniversityJenab Tutunji (1996)

Yasar KemalChris KutscheraKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)

Yasin, Ahmad Isma�ilAs‘ad AbuKhalil

Yata, AliC. R. Pennell (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



YazdEric Hooglund

Yazdi, IbrahimNeguin Yavari

Yaziji, IbrahimGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Yaziji, NasifMark Mechler (1996)

Yehoshua, Avraham B.Stephen SchecterAnn Kahn (1996)

Yellin-Mor, NatanPierre M. AtlasBryan Daves (1996)

YemenManfred W. Wenner

Yemen Arab RepublicRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Yemen Civil WarRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Yemen DynastiesManfred W. Wenner (1996)

Yemen Hunt Oil CompanyRobert D. Burrowes

Yemeni Socialist PartyManfred W. Wenner

Yemeni Women’s UnionSusanne Dahlgren

YeshivaSamuel C. Heilman (1996)

YiddishNeil CaplanReeva S. Simon (1996)

Yildirim ArmyElizabeth Thompson (1996)

YishuvDonna Robinson Divine

Yizhar, S.Donna Robinson DivineBryan Daves (1996)

Yosef, OvadiahEphraim TaboryJulie Zuckerman (1996)

Young AlgeriansJohn Ruedy (1996)

Young EgyptJames Jankowski (1996)

Young OttomansHasan Kayali (1996)

Young TunisiansO. W. Abi-Mershed

Young TurksHasan Kayali (1996)

Youssef, MulayMatthew S. Gordon (1996)

Youssoufi, AbderrahmaneHenri Lauzière

Youth AliyahDonna Robinson Divine

Youth MovementsGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)

Yücel, Hasan AliElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Yüksek Ögretim Kurulu (YOK)Burçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)

Yunis Jabir, Abu BakrRonald Bruce St John

Yurdakul, Mehmet EminDavid Waldner (1996)

Yusufian, BoghosRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Yusuf, Yusuf SalmanMarion Farouk-Sluglett (1996)

ZZab Rivers

John R. Clark (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



ZabulGrant Farr

Zach, NatanAdina FriedmanYaron Peleg (1996)

Zaghlul, Sa�dJanice J. Terry (1996)

ZagrosParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)

Zahawi, Jamil Sidqi al-Jacqueline Ismael

ZahedanEric Hooglund

Zahir ShahM. Nazif Shahrani

ZahlaGeorge E. Irani (1996)

Za�im, Husni al-Eyal ZisserCharles U. Zeznie (1996)

ZamzamScott Alexander (1996)

Zana, LeylaShahrzad Mojab

Zanan MagazineNayereh Tohidi

Zangwill, IsraelMiriam Simon (1996)

ZanzibarMalcolm C. Peck (1996)

Zaqaziq UniversityDonald Malcolm Reid

Zaraniq ConfederationRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Zarqa, al-Abla M. Amavi (1996)

Zaydan, JurjiThomas Philipp (1996)

ZaydismRobert D. Burrowes (1996)

Zaytuna UniversityAida A. Bamia (1996)

Zayyat, LatifaMarilyn Booth

Zbiri, TaharPhillip C. Naylor

Zeid, FahralnissaJessica Winegar

ZeldaDonna Robinson DivineZvia Ginor (1996)

Zell al-Soltan, Mas�ud MirzaLawrence G. Potter (1996)

Zeroual, LiamineYahia ZoubirMia Bloom (1996)

Ziadeh, MayElise Salem

Zikhron Ya�akovBryan Daves (1996)

Zili, RidhaAida A. Bamia

ZionismNeil CaplanDonna Robinson Divine (1996)

Zionist Commission for PalestineDonna Robinson Divine (1996)

Zionist Organization of AmericaJerry KutnickBryan Daves (1996)

Zionist Revisionist MovementYaakov Shavit (1996)

Ziwaj Mut�aRula Jurdi Abisaab

Ziya, AbdülhamitElizabeth Thompson (1996)

Zohar, UriChaim I. Waxman

LIST OF ENTRIES



Zohrab, KrikorRouben P. Adalian (1996)

Zonnenfeld, Yosef HayyimChaim I. Waxman (1996)

ZoroastrianismEric HooglundJamsheed K. Choksky (1996)

Zubayri, Qa�id Muhammad Mahmud al-Manfred W. Wenner (1996)

Zu�bi, Mahmud al-Michael R. FischbachCharles U. Zenzie (1996)

Zurayk, ConstantineMichael R. FischbachCharles U. Zenzie (1996)

LIST OF ENTRIES



Documents

List of Entries - rdsinc.com · Anthony B. Toth Abdülhamit II Justin McCarthy (1996) Abdullah I ibn Hussein Jenab Tutunji (1996) Abdullah II ibn Hussein Michael R. Fischbach Abdullahi,