Index of persons - Assets - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805216/16317/index/9780521616317... · 2006-11-25 · Cambridge University Press Index

Index of persons

Abass, A. 112Abramovsky, A. 232Ago, R. 108, 178, 181, 185, 203, 206, 210,

231, 240, 246, 253Ajibola, B.A. 75Akande, D. 324Akehurst, M. 145, 167, 233, 254, 257, 284Alexandrov, S. A. 256Allain, J. 108Alland, D. 238Amin, I. 233Amin, S.H. 240Amneus, D. 58, 325Ando, N. 48Andrassy, J. 316Anzilotti, D. 74Arai-Takahashi, Y. 213Arangio-Ruiz, G. 200, 226Arend, A.C. 293Arsanjani, M.H. 123Ary, V.A. 54Ashburton, Lord, 249Augusine, St. 64Aust, A. 58Ayala, 65

Badr, G.M. 195, 228Baehr, P. R. 316Bailey, S.D. 55, 216, 292, 300, 306Balling, F.C. 50Barboza, J. 243Bassiouni, M.C. 129Bastid, S. 52Bate, J. P. 65–6Baty, T. 12Baxter, R.R. 12, 51, 57, 71, 113, 157,

235, 326Beard, J.M. 207Beckett, W.E. 185, 261Bello, E.G. 75Beres, L. R. 48Bernhardt, R. xxiii

Beveridge, F. 321Biddle, F. 132Bilder, R.B. 213, 320Bindschedler, R. L. 92Blix, H.M. 171Blum, Y.Z. 202Boisson de Chazournes, L. 162Booth, K. 23Borchard, E.M. 15, 34Borel, E. 168Borght, K. Van der, 180Bothe, M. 199, 307Boustany, K. 274Bouthillier, Y. Le, 274Boutros-Ghali, B. 304Bowett, D.W. 108, 154, 183, 200, 214,

216, 226–7, 229–30, 234, 250, 253–4,262, 324

Brand, G. 134Breckenridge, L. 4Bretton, P. 48, 54Briand, A. 83–5, 95, 151, 167, 180, 184,

211, 256Brierly, J. L. 15, 67, 73, 76, 84, 95Briggs, H.W. 75Brohmer, J. 314Broms, B. 125, 128, 200, 281Brown, E.D. 16, 27, 278Brown, P.M. 32Brownlie, I. 18, 27, 73, 77, 111, 171, 206,

210, 221, 226, 232Bryan, W. J. 78Buchwald, T. F. 297, 299Buergenthal, T. 204Bugnion, F. 159Bush, G. 274Bush, G.W. 3, 31, 183, 297Butler, W.E. 96, 232Byers, M. 237, 299, 314

Carnahan, B.M. 274Caron, D.D. 108

329

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Cassese, A. 23, 70, 110, 115, 150, 213,225, 243

Cassin, V. 202Castren, E. 24, 33Charney, J. I. 315Chaumont, C. 305Chayes, A. 215Chesterman, S. 314Chimni, B. S. 319Chinkin, C. 265Christopher, W. 197, 234Churchill, R.R. 23Cicero, 15, 63Claude, I. L. 292Cohen, M. 290Cohen Jonathan, G. 288Colbert, E. S. 226Coll, A.R. 293Collins, E. 176Combacau, J. 216Condorelli, L. 24, 31, 162, 203Conforti, B. 284Conlon, P. 282Constantine, 64Corbett, P. E. 76Corten, O. 236Cot, J.-P. 85, 243, 288Cottereau, G. 106Coudert, F.R. 168Crawford, J. 6, 48, 108Cryer, R. 86

Dalton, R.E. 86D’Amato, A. 72, 87, 97, 186, 250Damrosch, L. F. 215D’Angelo, J. R. 90Danilenko, G.M. 102Davis, G.B. 67Daws, S. 216, 292, 300, 306Debevoise, W. 202Dekker, I. F. 53Delbruck, J. 21, 205Delissen, A. J.M. 166Dickinson, E.D. 76Dinh, N.Q. 213Doehring, K. 325Domb, F. 106Dominice, C. 276Donnedieu de Vabres, H. 132Doswald-Beck, L. 23, 113, 161Drago, L. 79Draper, G. I. A.D. 156Drost, P.N. 111Drumbl, M.A. 207Dubuisson, F. 236

Duncan, J.C. 182Dupuy, P.-M. 110, 296Durch, W. J. 307

Eagleton, C. 5, 33–4, 73, 163Elbe, J. von, 64Elias, T.O. 75Elliott, K. S. 215

Falk, R.A. 228Fassbender, B. 291Fawcett, J. E. S. 201, 245, 285Feder, N.M. 231Feinberg, N. 45, 152–3, 327Feinstein, B.A. 248Feliciano, F. P. 183, 185, 254Fenrick, W. J. 200Fenwick, C.G. 164, 179, 245, 262Ferencz, B. B. 128–31Ferretti, M. J. 240Finch, G.A. 121, 248Fitzmaurice, G.G. 43, 92, 100–1, 170, 195,

201, 267, 319Fonteyne, J.-P.L. 90Foster, B.O. 63Fox, H. S. 148, 249Francioni, F. 23Franck, T.M. 71, 93–4, 184, 194, 197, 286,

291, 316Francois, J. P.A. 159Froman, F.D. 198Frowein, J. A. 35, 276, 283, 310Fuller, G.E. 70Fuller, G.O. 33Furley, O. 115

Gaeta, P. 142, 264Gaja, G. 101, 311Galdorisi, G.V. 24Garcia-Mora, M.R. 246, 249Gardam, J.G. 237Garner, J.W. 113Garvey, J. I. 126, 308Garwood-Gowers, A. 284Gasser, H. P. 224Gattani, A. 108Gazzini, T. 311Geiger, R. 306Gentili, 66Gerard, A. 232Gilbert, G. 125Gill, T.D. 287Gilmore, W.C. 232Ginkel, B.T. van, 125Ginsburgs, G. 121

330 Index of persons






Giraud, E. 176Glahn, G. von, 44Glaser, S. 136Glennon, M. J. 71, 207Glueck, S. 156Gomaa, M.M. 58Goodhart, A. L. 132, 256Goodrich, L.M. 177, 281–2, 305–6Gordenker, L. 316Gorelick, R. E. 69, 89Gowlland-Debbas, V. 324Graham, D.E. 70Graham, M.W. 47Gray, C. 53, 114, 209, 214, 308Green, L.C. 23, 98, 117, 218, 227, 233–4,

275, 304Greene, P. L. 232Greene, W.C. 64Greenspan, M. 30, 49, 132, 134, 169Greenwood, C. 6–7, 14, 162, 201, 231,

241, 273, 276, 286, 295, 299Greig, D.W. 217, 229Grewe, W.G. 39Grimaldi, M.A. 191Grob, F. 15Gross, L. 120, 124Grotius 15, 66, 151, 167Guggenheim, P. 12

Haggenmacher, P. 40Halberstam, M. 215Hall, W.E. 74Hambro, E. 163, 177, 281–2, 306Hampson, F. J. 224Hanessian, J. 22Hannikainen, L. 102Hargrove, J. L. 194–5, 283Harris, W.R. 73Harry, M.A. 203Hay, J. 20Hebel, H. von 122–3Heiskanen, V. 108Henderson, C. 297Henkin, L. 69–70, 89, 94, 110, 234, 315Hershey, A. S. 64, 76, 79, 180Higgins, A. P. 32, 47, 74Higgins, R. 145, 162, 204Highet, K. 321Hill, N. 30–1Hill, S.M. 312Hitler, A. 134, 140, 253Hofman, R. 298Hogan-Doran, J. 125Holsti, K. J. 326Holzgrefe, J. L. 314

Hope, Lord 147House, E.M. 117Howard, M. 83, 156Hudson, M.O. xxiii, xxv, 34Hussein, S. 121, 242Hyde, C.C. 245, 248

Israel, F. L. xxiv

Jackson, R.H. 156, 167Jacobsson, M. 58Jasani, B. 24Jeffery, A. 234Jekewitz, J. 267Jennings, R.Y. 40, 112, 147, 171, 202, 213,

222, 248–9, 254, 263, 269, 327Jessup, P.C. 15–16, 25, 28, 133, 158,

235, 243Jimenez de Arechaga, E. 42, 95, 101, 170,

177, 307Jones, J. R.W.D. 108Joyner, C.C. 191

Kaikobad, K.H. 239–40Kailes, H. 202Kalshoven, F. 222, 224Kaplan, W. 290Kearley, T. 249Kearney, R.D. 86Kellogg, F. 83–5, 95, 151, 167, 180, 184,

211, 256Kelsen, H. 49, 67–8, 75, 77, 84, 91, 143–4,

175, 180, 185, 235, 254, 257, 284,305, 312, 317, 327

Kelsey, F.W. 66, 151Kennedy, R. F. 324Kenny, K.C. 210Keohane, R.O. 314Keyes, C.W. 63Keynes, J.M. 107Khrushchev, N. 69Kioko, B. 115Kirgis, F. L., Jr. 93, 286Klafkowski, A. 42Knisbacher, M. 217Kolb, R. 282, 284Komarnicki, T. 25, 168Kooijmans, P.H. 145, 204, 287Kotzsch, L. 9, 47, 152Kress, C. 6Krift, T.R. 176Krisch, N. 276, 283, 310, 314Kritsiotis, D. 297, 309, 315Krutzsch, W. 18Kudriavtsev, V.N. 121

Index of persons 331






Kunz, J. L. 21, 49, 68, 76, 176, 185, 195,235, 242, 260

Lachs, M. 87Laden, O. bin 236, 301Lalive, P. 19, 33Lambert, J. L. 234Lapidoth, R. 138, 187Lauterpacht, E. 39, 152, 324Lauterpacht, H. 5, 38–9, 74, 152, 157–8,

167, 172, 185, 240, 246, 254, 267Lawrence, T. J. 32, 67Lawrence (Lord Oaksey) 137Leben, C. 317Lee, R. S. 122Lerner, N. 136Levenfeld, B. 230Levitin, M. J. 91Levitt, J. I. 115Levontin, A.V. 80Lillich, R.B. 71, 90, 106, 213, 231,

244, 326Linnan, D.K. 269Lipsky, G.A. 155Livy 63Lobel, J. 53Lorch, N. 7Lowe, A.V. 23Luca, S.M. De 276

MacArthur, D. 119Macdonald, R. St. J. 266–7Mackenzie, W.L. 248Makarczyk, J. 243Malanczuk, P. 247, 254, 284Malekian, F. 111Malik, S. P. 312Malone, D. 288Mann, F.A. 49Marek, K. 110, 171Martenczuk, B. 323Martin, A. 255Mathews. J.M. 47Maugham, Viscount 133May, R. 115McCormack, T.L.H. 186McDonald, G.K. 8, 136, 143McDougal, M. S. 71, 183, 185–6, 254McNair, A.D. (Lord) 4, 14, 18, 39, 264, 266McNeill, J.N. 232McRae, D. 290Meltzer, B.D. 157Mendelson, M.H. 96Menon, R. 70Menthon, F. De 156–7

Meriboute, Z. 24Meron, T. 8, 95, 103, 170Merrills, J.G. 324Meyen, J. E. 231Meyrowitz, H. 137, 158Mico, J. 40Miller, E. 187Miller, W. 63Millett, Lord 147Minear, R.H. 145Mohn, P. 51Moller, A. 81Monaco, R. 57Moore, J. B. 29Moore, J.N. 75, 113, 218, 254, 259,

275, 326Morin, M. 274Morrison, F.L. 269Morriss, D.M. 53, 55Mosler, H. 226Mrazek, J. 88Muller, A. S. 324Mullerson, R. 161, 208, 250Murphy, J. F. 121Murphy, S.D. 204, 298, 323Mushkat, R. 136Myjer, E. P. J. 186, 207, 241, 313

Nagy, K. 178Nahlik, S. E. 223Nanda, V. P. 232, 282Nasser, G. 33Necatigil, Z.M. 266Nguyen-Rouault, F. 236Noel Baker, P. J. 82Noriega, General 114Nowrot, K. 71Nussbaum, A. 63, 73

O’Brien, W.V. 229O’Connell, D. P. 198O’Connell, M.E. 88O’Donnell, B.T. 34, 196Oda, S. 256Oppenheim, L. 5–6, 9, 11–14, 20, 22, 27,

29, 39–40, 49, 51, 56–7, 74, 77,112–14, 141, 147, 167–8, 171–2,185, 211, 240, 246, 254–6, 263

Orakhelashvili, A. 149, 281Osterdahl, I. 280Ottensooser, D. 50Oxman, B.H. 23

Parker, E.B. 106Partsch, K. J. 267







Pasha, S. A.M. 319Pauncefote, J. 20Paust, J. J. 185, 200Paxman, J.M. 244Pearce, Lord 309Pedersen, F.C. 233Pella, V.V. 110–11Pellet, A. 85, 243, 288Penna, D.R. 276Philip II 65Phillipson, C. 48, 63–4Pictet, J. 17Plofchan, T.K. 215Pogany, I. S. 191, 289Politakis, G. P. 166Pompe, C.A. 74, 120Porter, H. 79Post, H.H.G. 53Poulantzas, N.M. 246Pratt, H.M. 81Pugh, M. 310Pugh, R.C. 110Pyrich, A. 275

Quigley, K.W. 210

Rama-Montaldo, M. 170Rambaud, P. 128Ramsbotham, O. 71Randelzhofer, A. 86–7, 189, 193, 202Ratner, M. 53Rauch, E. 20Reicher, H. 316Reichler, P. S. 216Reisman, W.M. 71, 90, 114Ress, G. 314Reuter 40Rezac, D. 183Roberts, G.B. 4Roberts, W.L. 4Robertson, H.B. 196, 295Robinson, D. 122–3Rochefoucauld, La 326Rodley, N. S. 72Rogoff, M.A. 176Rolfe, J. C. 66Roling, B.V.A. 46Ronzitti, N. 168, 199, 201Rosenne, S. 45, 161, 194, 241Rosenstock, R. 93Rossi, C.R. 79Rostow, E.V. 215, 310Rostow, N. 210, 275Rousseau, C. 55Rowles, J. P. 203

Roxburgh, R. F. 95Rozakis, C.L. 41, 102Rubin, A. P. 17, 181Rumpf, H. 38, 278

Saavedra Lamas, C. 98, 171Sadurska, R. 86, 198Salpeter, A.N. 16Sandoz, Y. 162Sands, P. 162Sarooshi, D. 122, 311Scelle, G. 165Schabacker, E.W. 71Schabas, W.A. 150Schacht, H. 137Schachter, O. 88–90, 94, 110, 178, 197–8,

206, 210, 213, 215, 221, 226–7,233–4, 237, 247, 254, 256, 274, 290,296, 314, 319

Scheffer, D. J. 69, 215Schick, F. B. 120, 256Schindler, D. 163–4, 166, 168Schmitt,M.N. 23, 34, 98, 114, 192, 196, 239Schrijver, N. 261Schwarzenberger, G. 15–16, 32, 35, 49,

111, 180, 278, 280Schwebel, S.M. 69–70, 90, 127, 131, 161,

183, 195, 198, 203, 211–12, 214, 217,222, 230, 242, 318, 323

Schweisfurth, T. 201Scott, G.W. 79Scott, J. B. xxiii, 117Sen, B. 18, 176Sette-Camara, J. 100Seyersted, F. 155Seymour, C. 117Shahabuddeen, M. 161Shaw, A. 69Shaw, M.N. 191, 324Shawcross, H. 156–7Sherman, G.E. 67Shoham, U. 47Sibert, M. 50Sicilianos, L.A. 227, 312Siekmann, R.C.R. 309Silk, J. 114Simma, B. 86, 91, 110, 189, 194, 238, 276,

283, 315Simons, A. P. 177, 281–2, 305–6Sims, S. 180Sinclair, I. 40–1, 92, 101, 103Singh, N. 100, 229Skubiszewski, K. 172, 185, 226Smit, H. 110Sohn, L.B. 194







Sommereyns, R. 307Sørensen, M. 186, 226Spencer, J.H. 279Spiermann, O. 102Spinedi, M. 110, 238Stahn, C. 205Stavropoulos, C.A. 291Stein, T.L. 197Stephen, N. 8Stephens, D.G. 199Stone, J. 9, 47, 87, 126, 183, 257, 316Stowell, E.C. 31Suarez 66Sucharitkul, S. 205Sur, S. 296Suy, E. 108, 162, 287Svanberg-Torpman, K. 58, 325Swaak-Goldman, O. 136Swinarski, C. 163Sztucki, J. 100

Tabory, M. 309Taft, W.H., IV 195, 209, 297, 299Tams, C. J. 111Tanja, G. J. 166Tansill, C.C. 47Taubenfeld, H. J. 164Taulbee, J. L. 250Taylor, H. 76Taylor, T. 131, 134Temperley, H.W.V. 42Teson, F.R. 72Textor 66Thiam, D. 124Thomas, A. J. 130, 257, 317Thomas, A.R. 182Thomas, A.V.W. 130, 257, 317Thomas Aquinas, St. 64Thompson, T.W. 202Thomson, D. 107Thurer, D. 113Tigroudja, H. 3Tittemore, B.D. 162Tomuschat, C. 108, 171, 311Torrelli, M. 163Toufayan, M. 287Trapp, R. 18Triffterer, O. 123Truman, H. S. 49Tucker, R.W. 74, 171, 227Tunkin, G. I. 16, 110

Vanderpol, A. 65Vattel 178–9Venezia, J.-C. 272

Verdross, A. 179, 257Verhoeven, J. 177Verosta, S. 21, 75Verwey, W.D. 70, 162Verzijl, J.H.W. 21, 45, 49, 84, 264, 267Vetschera, H. 280Victoria 65–6Villa, F. 248Villani, U. 314Villiger, M.E. 96Virally, M. 76, 85, 87, 180, 261Visscher, C. De 76Visscher, P. De 163Vlasic, I. A. 24Voelckel, M. 31Vohrah, L.C. 8, 143Vulcan, C. 88

Waldock, C.H.M. 41, 85, 191, 215,231–3

Walker, G.K. 192, 306Wall, A. E. 183, 277, 296–7Waller, J. C. 16Walter, C. 311Warbrick, C. 296Warner, A.M. 121Watts, A. 4, 18, 22, 40, 112, 147, 171, 263Webb, W.F. 133Webster, D. 176, 209, 249–50Wechsler, H. 132Weckel, P. 295, 299Wedgwood, R. 53, 197, 232, 245, 297, 314Weeramantry, C.G. 323–4Wehberg, H. 84, 86, 186Weightman, M.A. 176Weiler, J.H.H. 110, 225Weiss, F. 135Wellens, K. 108, 162, 287–8Weller, M. 53Wellman, H.R. 28Wengler, W. 189, 227Westerfield, D.L. 4Westlake, J. 74Weston, B.H. 106Wet, E. de 284–5Wharton, F. 178White, N.D. 86, 207, 241, 308, 310,

314, 317Whiteman, M.M. 190Whitton, J. B. 81Wickremasinghe, C. 148Wilhelm II 117Williams, G.L. 66Williams, J. F. 78, 112, 266, 279Wilson, W. 248







Winfield, P. H. 32, 67Wingfield, T.C. 231Wippman, D. 216, 308Woetzel, R.K. 145Wolfrum, R. 23, 98, 210, 298Woodhouse, T. 71Woolsey, L.H. 316Wright, Lord 120Wright, Q. 9, 57, 73, 76–7, 105, 114, 120,

151–2, 155, 157–8, 170, 186

Yoo, J. 298Young, R.W. 4Yoxall, T. 243

Zanardi, P. L. 244Zedalis, R. J. 23, 201Zegveld, L. 224Zimmermann, A. 123Zimmern, A. 78Zourek, J. 89, 179, 187, 242







Index of subjects

AAaland Islands 21acts of state 143–4actus reus 136–7Afghanistan

and Al-Qaeda 7, 31, 207–8, 216, 236–7,286, 301

consent to Soviet intervention 114International Assistance Force 303intra-State and inter-State conflicts

blending into single war 7sanctions against 302Soviet withdrawal from 265ultimatum to 31UN Security Council resolutions

regarding 286, 301, 303US supply of arms to rebels in 10war against 7, 236–7, 328

African continent, consent to the use offorce in 115

aggressionand armed attack 184, 283criminality 104, 124–6definition by the UN General

Assembly 70, 124–31, 136,170, 184, 188–9, 193, 196, 200–3,283

distinction from breach of thepeace 288

general 44, 89, 92high seas 23non-aggression treaties 77, 98, 171pacts of aggression 100–1reparations 105–8State responsibility 104–8UN Charter provisions 87, 280, 283,

288, 290air embargoes

Bosnia-Herzegovina 302Iraqi ‘no-fly’ zones 297Libya 282, 302, 321Sudan 302

air space 20, 199Al-Qaeda. 7, 31, 197, 207–8, 216, 236–7,

286, 301Alabama rules 29Albania 301, 309‘all necessary means’ provisions 296, 300,

303–4Angola 224, 287, 293, 301–2animus agressionis 136animus belligerendi 14–15annexation 89, 128, 168–72Anschluss of Austria 269Antarctica 22Arab-Israeli conflict

armistice agreements 44–6cease-fires 54–6civil war and inter-State war 7Israel’s War of Independence 7,

288, 293peace preliminaries 39peace treaties 36–8‘Six Days War’ 55–6, 192‘Yom Kippur’ hostilities 55–6,

192archipelagic waters 20Argentina. See Falkland Islands Wararmed attack

aggression, as type of 184arms, choice of 196beginning of 187–92collective self-defence 268–70constructive 189, 196, 198de minimis clause 128, 193‘first shot’ rule 188–92incipient 191–2, 199irregular forces, by 201–4locale 196–9‘pin-prick’ attacks 202, 230–1preventive war 182–7self-defence as response to 177, 182–7small scale 193–6, 219target of 199–201

336






terrorists, by 201–8, 244–5and threat to the peace 286

armistice agreements 42–7, 50arms embargoes

Liberia 302Libya 302, 321Rwanda 302Sierra Leone 302Somalia 302South Africa 293Yugoslavia 302

asymmetry/symmetry in war 14–15Australia 112Austria 269authorizations of military action for

collective security purposes 310–15

BBangladesh 53Belgium 148, 232, 265belligerent occupation 128, 160, 168–9,

197, 297, 300belligerent reprisals 222–4, 229–30bellum justum. See just war doctrinebellum legale versus bellum justum 68Benin 293bilateral treaties

general liberty to go to war limited by77–8

mutual assistance 257, 259prohibiting use of inter-State force 98

biological weapons. See weapons of massdestruction

blockade 129, 273, 282, 295, 306Bosnia-Herzegovina

authorization of regional organizations touse military force in 312–13

NATO in 312–13, 327peacekeeping forces in 308transition from civil war to inter-State

war 7–8UN Security Council resolutions

regarding 301–3, 312–13boycott 10, 86, 276, 292breach of the peace

distinction from aggression 288Falkland Islands War 292–3general 92, 300–1, 306, 314Gulf War 165, 273, 276, 294Iran-Iraq War 292–3Korean War 153–4, 276, 292–3‘Uniting for Peace’ Resolution

315, 317UN charter provisions 87, 280, 283,

288, 290

Britain. See United KingdomBryan treaties 78Bulgaria 35Burundi 302, 309

Ccanals 20–1, 45Caroline incident 184–5, 247–9‘cash and carry’ 28casus foederis 263cease-fire agreementsand self-defence 235–6, 277Arab-Israeli conflict 54–6by agreement 51–2denunciation 56–7general 51–2Gulf War 53, 242, 296–9, 308local 51‘material breach’ 57–9, 298–9nature of 54–5terminology 50–1UN General Assembly, recommended

by 53–4UN Security Council, ordered by 52–4violations 56–7

Central African Republic 301Chechnya conflict 70chemical weapons. See weapons of mass

destructionChinaGulf War 276Korean War 154Permanent Member of UN Security

Council 291choice of arms 196Christian theology of just war doctrine 64–5civil (intra-State) wars 5–9, 112–14coalitions in self-defence 154, 252–3,

273–7‘ColdWar’ 10, 35, 54, 98, 262, 276, 292–4,

315–16, 327collective punishment 111collective security. See also UN Security

CouncilCovenant of League of Nations 278–9definition 278distinguished from collective self-defence

278, 317, 327enforcement action by regional

organizations 310–15equal application of jus in bello between

opponents 162–3Gulf War 294–300neutrality, implications for 163–8peacekeeping operations 307–9

Index of subjects 337






collective security (cont.)prohibition of inter-State force, exception

to 88self-defence co-existing with 285–6self-defence taking place of 327–8UN Charter 279–83

collective self-defencearmed attack required to trigger 268–70coalitions 154, 252–3, 273–7definition 252–6distinguished from collective security

278, 317, 327guarantees 263–7Gulf War fought on basis of 273–7Korean War fought on basis of 154limitations and conditions 267–71military alliances 260–3modalities 271–3mutual assistance treaties 257–61,

264, 267obligations regarding 179regional arrangements 256–7spontaneous or premeditated 255–6treaties 256–67UN Charter’s primacy over other treaties

of 267–8UNGeneral Assembly exhortation to 317UN Security Council authorization not

required for 312World War II fought on basis of 153

colonialism and decolonialization 68–70, 89.See also self-determination, and‘national liberation’, wars of

compensation 104–8comprehensive use of force

defining war by 11–13, 33–4computer network attacks 34Congo 148, 232, 293, 301–2, 311consent

abuse of 114ad hoc 112–14peacekeeping operations 308treaty 115–16

conspiracy to wage war 131–3constructive armed attack 189, 196, 198consular immunity from criminal

jurisdiction 147contiguous zones 246continental shelf 23–4counter-measures 226crimes against humanity 118, 121crimes against peace

actus reus 136–7aggression as 104, 124–6attempt 132

civilians 134complicity 118, 132conspiracy 118, 132defences, admissible 137–40defence pleas, inadmissible 140–4immunities from jurisdiction and 146–50individual responsibilityratione materiae 131–3ratione personae 133–4ratione temporis 134–6

mitigation of punishment143penal proceedings 144–5planning 118, 132policy-making level 133–4mens rea 136–40State responsibility 108–12statutory limitations on 135–6universal jurisdiction 145war of aggression as crime against peace

117–25Croatia 301Cuban Missile Crisis 186customary international law

collective self-defence 256definition 92–3future developments 97immunities from criminal jurisdiction 146opinio juris 93–6prohibition of use of inter-State force

91–5self-defence beyond the UN charter

183–4treaty law, interaction with 95–7use of armed bands 129, 201

Cyprus 262, 266, 293, 309Czechoslovakia 263

Ddebellatio 48–9, 169–72declarations of war 9–10, 30–4, 152, 186decolonialization 68–70, 89. See also

self-determination and ‘nationalliberation’, wars of

de facto State organs 203–4, 244defensive armed reprisals 221–31, 272de minimis clause

definition of aggression 128–9irregular forces under control of State,

armed attacks by 202small-scale armed attacks 193, 195

defence pleas in criminal trialsacts of State 143–4duress 139–40, 142immunities from jurisdiction 146–50

338 Index of subjects






inadmissible pleas 140–4insanity 140mens rea, lack of 137–40, 143mistake of fact 138, 142mistake of law 138, 142obedience to national law 140–1obedience to superior orders 141–3

definition of war 3–15demilitarized zones 21–2deterrence 277, 280diplomatic relations

armed attacks on embassies anddiplomats 197, 200, 236

armistice not necessarily restoring 46diplomatic immunity from jurisdiction

146, 149severing of 18–19, 38, 46, 176

domestic jurisdiction 80–1, 288domestic law 3–4, 140–1Dominican Republic 232Drago doctrine 79Draft Articles on Responsibility of States

for Internationally Wrongful Acts100, 104–5, 108–12, 171, 203, 226,246

Draft Code ofCrimes (Offences) against thePeace and Security of Mankind 108,123–5, 130, 132, 134, 141–2, 144–5,202, 206

due diligence 29due process in criminal proceedings 144duels, war treated in same manner as 151,

164duress 139–40, 142

EEast Timor 301, 303economic sanctions 215, 279, 281–2,

294–5, 302–3Egypt

armistice with Israel 43–6cease-fire agreements with Israel 44, 55declaration of war (1956) 33peacekeeping forces 309Sinai Multinational Force and Observers

309‘Six Days War’ 55–6, 192treaty of peace with Israel 36–8,

56, 99‘Yom Kippur’ hostilities 55–6, 192

embargoes. See air embargoes; armsembargoes; trade embargoes

embassies 197, 236enemy nationals 9, 152England. See United Kingdom

Entebbe rescue mission 233–4equal application of jus in bello between

opponentscollective security 162–3self-defence 156–62

erga omnes obligations 109, 254, 264Eritrea 36, 99, 288, 301Ethiopia 36, 99, 279, 288, 301European Union force in Bosnia-

Herzegovina 313exclusive economic zone 23–4ex factis jus oritur doctrine 172ex injuria jus non oritur doctrine 157, 170,

172ex post facto criminalization of war 119expressio unius est exclusio alterius

doctrine 185extra-legality of war 73–5extra-territorial law enforcement 244–51

F‘failed States’ 113, 205Falkland Islands War 52, 89, 243, 292–3‘fathers’ of international law and just war

doctrine 65–7fetiales 63–4Finland 35‘first shot’ rule 188–92flag of truce 119foreign ministers, immunity of 148–9former Yugoslavia. See Yugoslavia, former,and successor countries

FranceLocarno treaties 263, 265Permanent Member of UN Security

Council 291ultimatum to Germany in WWII 31

‘Friendly Relations’ Declaration 45, 69–70,93, 124, 130, 169–70, 202, 229

frontier incidents 11, 195, 220

G‘gaps’ (in the Covenant of the League of

Nations) 81–2, 118genocide 71–3, 90, 109, 121Germany. See also World War I; World

War IIAnglo-Soviet Alliance against 253Anschluss of Austria 269British declaration of war in WWII 241debellatio of 49Locarno treaties 263, 265Norway invaded by 249reprisals in Angola 224treaties of peace ending WWII 38







Germany (cont.)ultimatum issued by France and Britain

in WWII to 31unconditional surrender inWWII153, 241US unilateral declaration of termination

of war with 49war reparations after WWI 106–7

Goa 89Great Britain. See United KingdomGreece 262, 266, 293, 309Grenada 232guarantees 263–7Gulf War

asymmetrical aims of opposingparties 14

beginning of war in material sense 12cease-fire and ‘material breach’ 53, 58,

274, 277, 296–300collective self-defence vs. collective

security 273–7, 327Compensation Commission 107–8continuation of war of self-defence to

total victory 242debellatio avoided in 49first phase 294–6immediacy as condition precedent for

self-defence 210, 243Korean War compared 276neutral States’ involvement in 165–6not a ‘preemptive’ war 183, 297reparations 107second phase 296–7self-defence war’s continuing status

despite cease-fire 235spontaneous vs. premeditated collective

self-defence 256third phase 297–300total vs. limited wars 12UNIKOM (UN Iraq-Kuwait

Observation Mission) 308WMDs 53, 58–9, 298

HHague Rules of Aerial Warfare (1923)

26–7, 29Haiti 165, 287, 301–3Heads of States, imunity of 147–8Helsinki Final Act (1975) 98high seas 22–3, 197hostages

Iranian hostage crisis 197, 213, 236nationals abroad as targets of armed

attack justifying self-defence 201‘hot pursuit’ 246humanitarian assistance 297, 303

‘humanitarian intervention’just war doctrine 70–3not an exception to general prohibition

of use of force 90, 315rescue of nationals abroad not to be

confused with 234UN Security Council’s sole power to

order 71–2, 90–1, 266–7Hungary 35, 42–3, 114

Iidentity of attacker, verification of 209ignorantia facti excusat 138ignorantia juris non excusat 138–9immediacy

collective self-defence 270condition precedent to self-defence

208–11extra-territorial law enforcement against

non-State actors 250Gulf War 210, 243on-the-spot reaction 221reprisals 225wars of self-defence 242–3

imminent threat 182–7immunities from jurisdiction 146–50

consular agents 147diplomatic agents 146, 149foreign ministers 148–9Heads of States 147immunity from criminal responsibility

distinguished 149limits on 149

India 33, 89, 99, 188Indians (Native Americans) and just war

doctrine 65individual self-defence. See self-defenceinsanity 140Institut de Droit International

civil war interventions 112–13continued existence of treaties in

wartime 19equal application of jus in bello between

opponents 159–63immunity of Heads of States from

jurisdiction 147–8neutral States assisting UN forces 165

intent or motiveanimus belligerendi and definition of war

14–15mens rea and criminal responsibility for

acts of aggression 136–40reprisals 227self-defence, determining intent of

attacker before engaging in 209







internal waters 20, 198inter-State vs. intra-State (civil) wars 5–9interceptive self-defence 190–2International Court of Justice.See alsoTable

of casesconcurrent vs. consecutive competence

of the UN Security Council and318–21

enforcement of judgments by the UNSecurity Council 88

invalidation of binding decisions adoptedby the UN Security Council 321–5

jus cogens and jurisdiction of 101on definition of aggression 129self-defence determinations, jurisdiction

over 212–13State responsibility for reparation 105

International Criminal Court (ICC) 122–3,145, 150

international humanitarian law 16–17. Seealso jus in bello

International Law Association 167, 199International Law Commission. See also

Draft Articles on Responsibility ofStates for Internationally WrongfulActs; Draft Code of Crimes (Offences)against the Peace and Security ofMankind; Nurnberg Principles

consent 112countermeasures 226criminal responsibility 125, 134jus cogens 99–100, 102punitive damages 111reprisals 226, 231treaties 40, 99, 101–2

international policy, war as instrumentof 84

intra-State (civil) wars 5–9, 112–14invasion 12, 24, 89, 107, 128, 165, 188,

210, 221, 227, 240, 249, 259, 269–70,273–4, 294

Iran–Iraq Warcontinuation of war of self-defence after

aggressor sues for Peace 240necessity as condition precedent for

justifiable self-defence 209UN Security Council resolutions

regarding 52–3, 292–3Iranian hostage crisis 197, 213, 236Iraq. See also Gulf War; Iran–Iraq War

Israel, continuing hostilities with 47–8,186

Kurdish population 247, 297occupation of 2003 (See Gulf War, third

phase)

Turkish extra-territorial law enforcementin 247

irregular forces under control of State,armed attacks by 201–4

Israelarmistice agreements 44–6cease-fire agreements 52, 54–6Entebbe rescue mission 233–4Iraq, continuing hostilities with 47–8, 186Lebanon extra-territorial law

enforcement in 247peacekeeping forces 309peace preliminaries 39reprisals by 230strike at Iraqi nuclear reactor 47–8, 186‘Six Days War’ 55–6, 192treaties of peace 36–8, 56, 99War of Independence 7, 288, 293‘Yom Kippur’ hostilities 56, 192

Italy 35, 265, 279Ivory Coast 292, 302

JJapan. See also World War IIarmed conflict with Soviet Union

(1939) 18Pearl Harbor 34, 190, 241treaties of peace ending World War II

35–6unconditional surrender 153, 241

Jordanarmistice with Israel 43–6Article 50 of the UN Charter invoked

during Gulf War by 281‘Six Days War’ 55–6, 192treaty of peace with Israel 36–8, 56, 99

jus ad bellumand jus in bello 16–17, 135, 156–62, 222applicability of crimes against peace

ratione temporis 135consent and jus cogens 102customary international law and treaty

law on prohibition of inter-Stateforce, relationship between 96

extra-legality of war 74general 5, 94Hague Conventions 79Kellogg–Briand Pact 83–5, 95, 184UN Charter 85war of aggression as violation of 117, 121

jus cogens 99–102modification of 102–4pacts of aggression 100–1self-defence as 181







jus cogens (cont.)territorial annexation in contravention

of 169–70treaty law and customary international

law, relationship between 97UN Security Council decisions

contravening 324–5jus dispositivum 100jus fetiale 63–4jus in bello

alternative terms for 16and jus ad bellum 16–17, 135, 156–62application in ‘short of war’ incidents

17–18applicability of crimes against peace

ratione temporis 135duties vs. rights according to 18equal application between belligerents

156–62extra-legality theory of war 74material vs. technical existence of state of

war 10, 152peacetime status mixtus, applicability to 17reprisals 222, 230reparation, duty of 106wartime status mixtus, applicability to 18

jus naturale 179jus standi 109just war doctrine

bellum legale replacing bellum justum 68Christian theology of 64–5discrediting of (nineteenth–early

twentieth centuries) 67‘fathers’ of international law on 65–7‘humanitarian intervention’ 70–3justice on both sides, possibility of 66–7Kelsen’s theory of 67–8‘national liberation’, wars of 68–70Roman origins of 63–4self-defence and 176

justiciability 212–13

KKenya 197Korean War

armistice agreement ending 43,46, 154

Gulf War compared 276inconclusive police actions, problems of

153–6mutual assistance treaty between US and

South Korea 258NATO’s evolution and 261UN Security Council resolutions

regarding 292–3

KosovoNATO actions in 313–15, 327total vs. limited wars 13UN Security Council resolutions

regarding 301, 314Kurds in Iraq 247, 297Kuwait, Iraqi invasion of. See Gulf War

LLeague of Nations 80–4, 278–9Lebanon

armistice agreement with Israel 43–6extra-territorial law enforcement in 247unratified peace treaty with Israel 37

legality of war 75–7legal status of war. See extra-legality of war;

legality of war; just war doctrine;prohibition on use of inter-State force;war of aggression

‘lend lease’ 166–7Liberia 115, 301–2Libya

air and arms embargoes imposed on 282,302, 321

determination of threat against peaceposed by 301

Lockerbie bombing 301, 321–4non-Member States’ involvement in UN

sanctions against 165US air strikes against 229

limited wars 11–13Lockerbie bombing 301, 321–4lump sums 106

MMackenzie Rebellion 248mala in se, war of aggression as 120manifest illegality 139, 142maritime law

archipelagic waters 20armed attacks, right of self-defence

against 198–9contiguous zones 246continental shelf 23–4exclusive economic zone 23–4fleets as targets of armed attacks 200high seas as region of war 22–3, 197‘hot pursuit’ 246internal waters 20, 198, 246territorial waters 20, 23, 26, 198–9, 246

‘material breach’ 57–9, 298–9material sense, war in 9

beginning of war 33–4jus in bello during 10, 152

Mayaguez incident 200







mens rea 136–40Mexico, extra-territorial law enforcement

in 248military alliances 260–3military sanctions 282, 304–5Military Staff Committee 306military supplies

by Governments to armed bands andterrorists 10, 201–4

by neutrals to belligerents 27–9in mutual assistance 258

missile attacks 189, 197, 199mistake of fact 138, 142mistake of law 138–9, 142moon, outer space and other celestial

bodies 24moral choice 139, 141motive. See intent or motiveMozambique 282mutual assistance treaties 257–61, 264, 267

Nnational law, criminal defence of obedience

to 140‘national liberation’, wars of 68–70,

89–90, 130national vs. unit self-defence 220nationals abroad, protection of 90, 200–1,

231–4, 271NATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization) 208, 261–2, 312–15, 327natural catastrophe, war viewed as 73natural law ( jus naturale) 179necessity

collective self-defence 270condition precedent to self-defence

208–11extra-territorial law enforcement 246–7,

249–50on-the-spot reaction 221regarded as distinct from self-defence

246–7reprisals as self-defence 225wars of self-defence 237

Netherlands 117neutrality

air space of neutral State, penetration ofor transit through 199

and UN Charter 163–6armed attack against a neutral State 199base of military operations for belligerents

28–9basic principles 24–5change in status of neutral States 25,

167–8

due diligence requirements 29enrolment in belligerent armed forces

26–7impartial 163–8laws of 24–9, 199military supplies to belligerents 27–9non-discrimination 25non-participation 25notification to neutral states 34passage of belligerent troops and

materials through neutralterritory 26

permanent 20prize 26‘qualified’ 167–8territorial waters 26

neutralization 20–1‘no-fly’ zones 297non-aggression treaties 78, 98, 171non-liquet 161non-Members of UN 91–5, 267–8non-recognition of territorial acquisition

170–2non-State actorsendorsement of acts by a State 236extra-territorial law enforcement against

244–51right of self-defence against 207–8

‘no-quarter’ policy 10–11normalization of relations 38, 46North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO) 208, 261–2, 312–15, 327Norway 198, 249nuclear weapons. See weapons of mass

destruction (WMDs)nullum crimen sine lege 119Nurnberg Principles 123, 134,

141, 144

Oobedience to national law 140–1obedience to superior orders 141–3official position 144on-the-spot reaction 179, 219–21, 271,

308opinio juris 93–6Organization of African Unity 311outer space, moon and other celestial

bodies 24

Ppacts of aggression 100–1Pakistan 33, 99, 188, 265Palestine. See Arab-Israeli conflictPanama Canal 20–1







Panama, US intervention in 114, 232peace preliminaries 39, 42peace treaties. See treaties of peacepeacekeeping forces 307–9Pearl Harbor 34, 190, 241penal proceedings 144–5peremptory norms of international law.

See jus cogenspermanent neutrality 20–1planning to wage war 131–3, 137Poland 241, 258, 263‘police action’ 153–6, 244–51, 272policy-makers 133–4, 138–40, 143Portugal 89, 224preemption 183, 297preparation to wage war 131–3, 137preventive war 182–7prisoners of war 119, 157, 223prize 26prohibition of use of inter-State force.

See also consent; jus cogens; war ofaggression

consequences of 151–2customary international law 91–5, 326exceptions to 83–5, 88–91Kellogg-Briand Pact 83–5, 95, 184multilateral, bilateral and regional treaties

97–9neutrality, implications for 163–8self-defence as an exception to 88,

177, 180technical vs. material sense of war and

152–3territorial changes, validity of 168–72treaty law and customary international

law, relationship between 95–7, 103UN Charter provisions 85–91, 95, 326

proportionality‘accumulation of events’ 202, 230–1collective self-defence 270condition precedent to self-defence

208–11extra-territorial law enforcement against

non-State actors 250on-the-spot reaction 221reprisals as self-defence 224–5, 231rescue of nationals abroad 232war of self-defence 237–42

protection of nationals abroad 90, 200–1,231–4, 271

punitive damages 111

Q‘qualified’ neutrality 167–8‘quarantine’ 186

Rrecruitment 26–7, 304–5recognition

of state of war 10, 152of States 38, 46of situations 110, 170–2

regional arrangements for collectiveself-defence 177, 256–7, 271

regional organizations, authorizedenforcement action by 310–15

regional treaties 98, 115–16region of war 19

air space 20, 199archipelagic waters 20continental shelf 23–4demilitarized zones 21–2exclusive economic zone 23–4high seas 22–3, 197internal waters 20, 198land 20neutralization agreements 20–2outer space, moon and other celestial

bodies 24territorial waters 20, 23, 26, 198–9, 246

reparations 104–8reporting self-defence to UN Security

Council 213, 216–18, 271reprisals

collective self-defence 272definition 221–2deterrence 227extra-territorial law enforcement

distinguished 250International Court of Justice 229–30International Law Commission 226, 231Israeli practice 230self-defence ‘short of war’ 221–31, 272terminology 226–7time-lag inevitable 227‘qualified’ neutrality explained in terms

of 167UN General Assembly 229UN Security Council 229

rescue missions for nationals abroad 231–4,271

respondeat superior 141restitution 104–8Roman origins of just war doctrine 63–4Romania 35, 42–3rules of engagement 182, 220Russia/Soviet Union. See also Afghanistan/

Soviet withdrawal from; ‘Cold War’Anglo-Soviet Alliance (1942) 253armed conflict with Japan (1939) 18boycott of UN Security Council 276, 292







Chechnya conflict 70definitions of aggression in treaties of 127guarantee with US re Afghanistan 265just war doctrine and wars of ‘national

liberation’ 69–70, 89neutrality with regard to Japan in World

War II 25Permanent Member of UN Security

Council 291Warsaw Pact 262

Rwanda 121, 301–3

SSan Remo Manual on International Law

Applicable to Armed Conflicts atSea 23

sanctionseconomic 215, 279, 281–2, 294–5, 302–3just war as 67–8League of Nations imposing 279military 282, 304–5neutral States’ participation in 165UNCharter on hardships caused to other

nations by 281UN Charter provisions on 281–2UN resolutions imposing 302

satellites 197satisfaction 104–8self-defence. See also collective self-defence

aggression for purposes of 130–1anticipatory (See preventive war)as an exception to the prohibition of use

of inter-state force 88, 94, 177–8,180

as response to armed attack 177, 182–7basis of 176, 179–82both parties claiming 178, 188, 211coalitions in 252–3, 273–7collective security co-existing with

285–6continuation of conflict after aggressor

sues for peace 239–42covert 217definition 175–7defensive armed reprisals 221–31, 272duty of 178–9equal application of jus in bello between

belligerents 156–62extra-territorial law enforcement against

non-State actors 244–51, 272extreme 161–2immediacy as condition precedent to

(See immediacy)inherent right of 179–82

interceptive 190–2irregular forces under control of State,

armed attacks by 201–4Kellogg-Briand Pact’s prohibition on

war, exceptions to 83modality of collective self-defence

271–3modality of individual 219–51national vs. unit 220necessity as condition precedent to

(See necessity)necessity as distinct from 246–7non-State actors 204–8no self-defence against 178, 250not affected by cease-fire violations

235–6, 277on-the-spot reaction 179, 219–21,

271, 308peacekeeping forces’ right to 308physical persons’ rights vs. States’ rights

to 181‘preemptive’ 183, 191, 297proportionality as condition precedent to

(See proportionality)protection of nationals abroad 231–4,

271report to the UN Security Council 177,

213, 216–18, 271right of 178–82self-help as essence of 175–6, 211‘short of war’ incidents 219–34and sovereignty of States 180–1sub judice situations, use during 213taking place of collective security 327–8two phases rule 211–13UNSecurity Council options on report of

213–16verification of identity of attacker 209war 235–43, 272

self-determination 68–70, 109, 130,169–70

September 11, 2001, attacks. See alsoAfghanistan and Al-Qaeda

‘Bush doctrine’ 182–3Inter-American resolution in response

to 208intra-State and inter-State conflicts

blending into single war 7metaphorical war segueing into real

war 236non-State actors, right of self-defence

against 207–8, 236North Atlantic Council’s resolution in

response to 207–8proportionality 240–1







September 11, 2001, attacks (cont.)report to UN Security Council of self-

defence actions in response to 216UN Security Council resolutions in

response to 285–6Serbia and Montenegro 302‘short of war’ incidents

anti-terrorist strikes as 328crimes against peace 125–6, 129, 131–3defensive armed reprisals 221–31, 272definition 11–13extra-territorial law enforcement 244–51Kellogg-Briand Pact 85on-the-spotreaction179,219–21,271,308UN Charter prohibiting inter-State force

extended to 85si vis pacem, para bellum 260Siam (Thailand) 36Sierra Leone 115, 301–2, 307‘Six Days War’ 55–6, 192small-scale armed attacks 193–6, 219Solomon Islands, Regional Assistance

Mission to 112Somalia 301–3South Africa 293–4Southern Rhodesia 293–4, 311sovereignty of States

collective security powers of UN SecurityCouncil overriding 288

right to make war as condition of 76self-defence based on 180–1

Soviet Union. See Russia/Soviet UnionState responsibility

compensation 105–6de facto State organs 203–4, 244international crimes 108–12reparation 104–5satisfaction 105war reparations 106–8

State sovereignty. See sovereignty of Statesstatus mixtus 15–16

peacetime status mixtus 16–18wartime status mixtus 18–19

statutory limitations on crimes againstpeace 135

Submarines 198Sudan 301–2Suez Canal 20, 45super-powers 263–4superior orders, obedience to 141–3surrender, unconditional 48–9, 153, 241suspension of hostilities

armistice, in the past 42, 50cease-fires 47, 50–9de facto hiatus in military action 47, 50

terminology 50truces 50

Sweden 198Switzerland 166Syria

armistice with Israel 43–6cease-fire agreements with Israel 38hostilities with Israel in Lebanon 248‘Six Days War’ 55–6, 192war with Israel not over 56‘Yom Kippur’ hostilities 56, 192

TTaliban. See AfghanistanTanzania 197technical sense, war in 9

beginning of war 30–3consequences of prohibition on

inter-State force 152–3jus in bello during 10

termination of war. See also treaties of peacearmistice agreements 42–7, 50debellatio 48–9implied mutual consent of 47–8unilateral declaration of 49–50

‘territorial integrity and politicalindependence of States’ 85–7, 90, 97,127

territorial waters 20, 23, 26, 198–9, 246territories of States. See also regions of war

armistice demarcation lines 45–6extra-territorial law enforcement 244–51,

272locale of armed attack 196–9non-recognition of territorial acquisition

by unlawful force 171–2non-State actors 204–8, 236, 244–51refusal to withdraw from 189, 196, 199target of armed attack 199–201territorial changes by unlawful force

168–72terrorism. See also September 11, 2001,

attacksarmed attack concept embracing terrorist

attacks 201–8, 244–5consent issues 114intra-State and inter-State conflicts

blending into single war 7irregular forces under control of State

201–4metaphorical war segueing into real war

3, 236nationals abroad as targets of armed

attack 201







non-State actors 204–8, 236, 244–51threat to the peace 285–6UN Security Council resolutions

regarding 285–6Thailand (Siam) 36third States

determination of existence of war by12, 18

reprisal actions and rights of 222threat of force 10, 39–40, 85–6, 97, 127–8,

184, 193, 284threat to the peace

and armed attack 286‘Cold War’ era 293discretion of UN Security Council in

responding to 284–8Iraq (2003) 300Post-‘Cold War’ era 301–2terrorism 285–6WMDs 287

time factorsimmediacy requirements (See

immediacy)interceptive self-defence 190–2war of aggression as crime against peace

ratione temporis 134–6total wars 11–13trade embargoes

Haiti 302Liberia 303

treaties. See also bilateral treaties; treaties ofpeace; Table of treaties

collective self-defence 256–67consent by 115–16customary international law, interaction

with 95–7definitions of aggression in 127guarantees 263–7jus cogens modified by 103jus cogens requirements 101military alliances 260–3mutual assistance 257–61, 264, 267non-aggression 78, 98, 171pacts of aggression 101region of war, exclusion of territories

from 20regional 98, 115–16void 39–42wartime status mixtus, existence during 19

treaties of peace 34–9aggressors imposing 39–42, 151, 168armistices compared to 46legal validity of 39–42territories ceded by 39–42, 168

Truce of God (Treuga Dei ) 50

truces 58. See also cease-fire agreementsTurkey 247, 262, 266, 293, 309two phases rule, self-defence 211–13

UUganda 233–4ultimatums 30–3UN Charter. See also Table of treaties for

specific references to text of Charteramendment of 91, 103and non-Member States 91–5primacy over other treaties 267–8

UN forcesequal application of jus in bello between

opponents in collective securityactions 162–3

inconclusive police actions fought by 153–6internal police force compared to 155neutral States assisting 163–8peacekeeping forces 307–9special agreements for providing forces to

304–7UN General Assembly. See also Table of

General Assembly resolutionscollective security 315–18collective self-defence 317definition of aggression 125–31modification of jus cogens by resolution

of 102Security Council, not an alternative to the

315–18war of aggression viewed as crime against

peace by 123–4UN Security Council. See also aggression;

breach of the peace; threat to the peace;Table of Security Council resolutions

and definition of aggression 126authorization of enforcement action

310–15, 327cease-fire agreements ordered by 52–4Charter of UN on collective security

279–83‘Cold War’ record 292–4discretion of 283–9failure to report use of self-defence to

216–18General Assembly not an alternative to

315–18guarantees 264Gulf War 294–300‘humanitarian intervention,’ sole power

to order 71, 88, 91, 266inconclusive police actions fought under

aegis of 153–6







UN Security Council (cont.)International Court of Justice, interaction

with 88, 318–25invalidation of binding decisions by

International Court of Justice 321–5mechanism for employing force 304–15non-binding resolutions vs. binding

decisions 291options in case of self-defence 213–16post-Gulf War record 300Permanent Members 290–2political rather than judicial nature

of 214, 285reluctance to identify aggressors 214reporting exercise of self-defence to 213,

216–18, 271reprisals 229responsibility of 290–2sanctions 215, 281–2, 294–5, 302–3special agreements 304–7veto powers 291–2, 302, 315

unconditional surrender 48–9, 153, 241Union for the Total Independence of

Angola (UNITA) 287, 302Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See

Russia/Soviet Unionunit self-defence. See on-the-spot reactionUnited Kingdom

Anglo-Soviet Alliance of 1942 253Caroline incident 176, 184, 247–9conflict with Egypt 33Cyprus guarantee 266Falkland Islands War 52, 89, 243, 292–3Locarno guarantee 265Lockerbie bombing 301, 321–4mutual assistance treaty with Poland 259Permanent Member of UN Security

Council 291ultimatum issued to Germany in World

War II 31United States. See also Afghanistan and

Al-Qaeda; September 11, 2001, attacks;Gulf War

anticipatory self-defence, long-termposition on 182

Cuba Missile Crisis 186Dominican Republic and 232embassy bombings 197extra-territorial law enforcement in

Mexico 248Grenada and 232guarantee with USSR re Afghanistan

265initial neutrality in World War II 25, 28,

166–7

Iranian hostage crisis 197Libyan air strikes 229Lockerbie bombing 301, 321–4Mexico, extraterritorial law enforcement

in 248mutual assistance treaty with South

Korea 258Panama and 114, 232Pearl Harbor 34, 190, 241Permanent Member of UN Security

Council 291Protocol I (1977) not ratified by 224rescue of nationals in the Congo

232Rules of Engagement 182, 220unilateral declaration of termination

of war with Germany in 1951 49‘Uniting for Peace’ Resolution 315–18USSR. See Russia/Soviet Union

Vverification of identity of attacker and

self-defence rights 209veto powers, UN Security Council 291–2,

302, 315

Wwar

avoidance of term 32, 326, 328declarations of 9–10, 30–4, 152, 186definition 15duels compared to 151, 164natural catastrophe, viewed as 73numerous meanings of 3–5Oppenheim’s definition of 5–15single State only required to wage 11

war crimes 118, 122war games 137war of aggression

as mala in se 120annexations following 168–72crime against peace, as 117–25definition of aggression 125–31equal application of jus in bello between

opponents 159–62ex post facto criminalization of 119

war of self-defence 235–43, 272. See alsoentries at self-defence

Warsaw Pact 262weapons

choice of 196embargoes (See arms embargoes)missile attacks 189, 197, 199supply to irregular forces 202–3







weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)choice of arms and scale of attack

justifying self-defence 196first use of nuclear weapons 230Gulf War 53, 58–9, 298Israli strike at Iraq’s nuclear reactor

47–8, 186occupation of Iraq 298preemption against 183reprisals 230threat to the peace 287UN Security Council resolution

regarding proliferation of 287wars of self-defence, use in 238

‘without prejudice’ formula in armisticeagreements 44–5

WMDs. See weapons of mass destructionWorld War I

armistice 42initial neutrality of US in 25reparations 106responsibility for 117technical sense of war 9

World War IIAnglo-Soviet Alliance of 1942 253Anschluss of Austria 269armistices 42–3composition of Grand Alliance in 298debellatio of Germany in 49initial neutrality of US in 25, 28,

166–7Korean War compared 153

mutual assistance treaty between Polandand UK 258

neutrality of Soviet Union with regard toJapan in 25

Pearl Harbor 34, 190, 241technical sense of war 9treaties of peace ending 35–6, 38ultimatum issued by France and Britain

to Germany 31unconditional surrender 48–9,

153, 241unilateral declaration of termination

of war with Germany by US 49war criminals’ trials 118–20

Y‘Yom Kippur’ hostilities 55–6, 192Yugoslavia, former. See also successor

countriesad hoc international war crimes tribunal

for 121alliance with Greece and Turkey 262non-Member States’ involvement in

UN sanctions against 165–6total vs. limited wars 13transition from civil war to inter-State war

7–8UN resolutions regarding 301–3

ZZaire 301







Documents

Index of persons - Assets - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805216/16317/index/9780521616317... · 2006-11-25 · Cambridge University Press Index