601

Index

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2015 W. K.D. Davies (ed.), Theme Cities: Solutions for Urban Problems, GeoJournal Library 112, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9655-2

Symbols3T’s of success, 36512 Steps Guide, 267100% renewable energy solution, 190450 scenario, 180

AAbu Dhabi, 239Access to health care facilities, 490Accommodating Creative Knowledge, 372Acid Rain Programme, 197Acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS),

491Addictive substances, 502Adding local festivals, 259Adolescence and crime, 462Advantages of festivals, 554Advantages of renewable energy, 182Advocacy planning, 77Advocates, 86, 98Aerotropolis, 414Affirmativepolicies, 69Affluent society, 71Aftermath of Hazard Disasters, 351, 352, 353Agglomeration economies, 392Aging, 104Aging Cities, 13, 489Aging in Japan, 489Agreement Partnerships, 503Agricultural re-orientation, 262Ahwanee Principles, 17Air pollution, 153, 176, 316, 335, 478, 507Alienation from nature, 115Allahabad, 534Allotments, 262Alternative festival behaviours, 551Alternative music festivals, 542American Planning Association, 486

Amsterdam, 52, 53, 173, 225, 231, 415, 418Animal welfare labelling, 583Anthropocene era, 157Antibiotic doses to farm animals, 494Anti E-coli drugs, 493Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), 492Antiretroviral drugs, 491Anti-social behaviour, 437, 458Anti-Social Behaviour Orders, 452Arcigola, 566Aristotle, 66, 108Association Capital of Cities, 407, 408Asthma, 496Atmos, 263Attention Deficit Disorder, 115Attitude, not latitude approach, 308Authentic community, 23Autistic children, 497Autochthonous developments, 571Autoimmune diseases (AI), 496Automobile accidents, 317Aylsham, 580

BBangkok, 320Barcelona, 418Barcelona Resilience Board, 346Basic Needs, 81, 93, 94, 509Batteries, 187, 189Beaulieu, 549Beckton (east London), 174Bedford-Stuyvesant, 98Beer, 502Beijing, 152, 220, 225, 335Benefits of spa and seaside towns, 484Berkeley, 156, 165Berlin’s Love Festivals, 556Bhola cyclone, 311

Index602

Bicyclepaths, 503rentals, 225use, 224

Big Data, 230Big Health Debate, 517Big Sisters and Brothers, 465Bilboa, 594, 596Biofuels, 187, 191, 193Bio-gas, 187, 188Biological constitution, 500Biological embedding, 511, 513Biomedical model, 485, 500Biophilic Cities, 114Biotic hazards, 504Black Death, 504Blueprints Model Programme (BMP), 461Bogota, 224Bolsa Familia, 70, 80, 523Bonn, 346, 592Booth, Charles, 67, 482Bornholm, 195Bra, 540, 566Brighton and Hove, 221British Committee for the Study of Municipal

Institutions, 593British eco-towns, 239British Health of Towns Association, 593Broadacre City, 113Broken windows concept, 458, 459Broken Windows-Heavier Policing policies,

459Brunel, 263Bruntland report, 158Building

codes, 336communities, 44inputs., 215management methods, 215regulations, 481society, 265with nature, 342

Built-environment improvements, 506Bullying Prevention Programme, 465Business as usual approach, 201Business as usual energy approach, 181Buzz, 364, 397, 415

CC40 Climate Leadership Group (C40), 160,

198, 220Cairns, 348Calgary, 27, 32, 37, 175, 216, 224, 295, 305,

554

Calgary Regional Plan(CRP), 32Calgary Stampede, 552Cambridge, 263Campos, 545Cancer villages, 323Canterbury, 348Capabilities, 163, 417, 509Capability Building, 93Cap and Trade System of Emission

Reductions, 197Capital-asset of cities, 403Capital store of a city, 403Capital System Inventory, 420Carbon footprints, 251Carbon neutral city, 222Carbon reduction policies, 153Carbon tax, 196Cardiff, 47, 237Car exhaust emissions, 506Car-free days, 220Car licensing, 220Carneval, 534Car sharing, 221Catallus, 537Catalytic converters, 195Causes of death rate increases, 481CCTV cameras, 237Celebration U.S.A, 43Centre for Disease Control and Prevention,

491Centres of innovation in the industrial period,

386Changes in Mortalities, 487Characteristics of Festivals, 535, 536, 537, 538Character of the urban themes, 590Charter, 100Charter Cities, 12, 418, 419Charter of the New Urbanism, 20Chemax, 545Chernobyl, 324China, 2, 152, 184, 198, 222, 232, 239, 312,

598China’s free coal policy, 176Chinook, 295Cholera, 481Chronic diseases,, 487Ciclo Ruta in Bogota, 225Cities are for People, 235Citizen involvement in crime, 443Cittaslow, 25

accreditation, 572conservation, 574diverse approaches, 573international, 571, 578, 579

Index 603

membership, 564, 571, 576movement, 582network, 576policies, 573self-assessment, 582supporter, 577

Cittaslow Charter, 566, 567Cittaslow Coordination Committee, 571Cittaslow International Co-ordinating

Committee, 578Cittaslow Scientific Committee, 579Cittaslow U.K., 571, 579City Beautiful, 7, 486City branding, 534City buzz, 364City-learning, 593City-learning classification, 595City milieu, 402City-region, 46City-region consciousness, 52City-region problems, 46City size and urban organization, 388City-to-city resilience networks, 346Classic locational factors, 360Clean diesel engines, 194Climate change deniers, 156, 189Climate-related disasters, 316Climate warming, 152, 154, 155, 159Climatic regimes, 504Clone Towns, 263Clusters of urban concepts, 587Cob houses, 266Codified or explicit knowledge, 384, 386, 397Cohesive ties, 550Collaborative networks, 242Collapse scenario, 255Collective efficacy, 461Commercial fair, 536Communicable diseases, 481, 487, 490Communication theorists, 98Communicative Approaches, 77Communities of Shalom (CS), 523Community

associations, 519authenticity, 45building, 23capability, 251capacity building, 312catalysts, 248chests, 263clinics, 523courts, 452dimensions, 23, 44

identity, 40indicators, 269re-energization, 273

Community participation in festivals, 556Comparative advantage in agricultural

products, 260Competitive cities, 72, 401, 410Complete communities, 37CompStat, 447Concentrations of poor people, 482Conditional cash transfers (CCTS), 80Conflictual relations, 550Congregations for Public Health, 523Congress for New Urbanism (CNU), 17Connections with other organizations

associated with risk mitigation, 347Consequences of Crime, 439, 440Conspicuous consumption, 536Contested and conflicted results, 543Continued dominance of fossil fuels, 178Contributionist, 72, 75, 76

ideas, 71principle, 90views, 71

Cool Cities Initiative, 373Co-operative tradition, 229Co-operative tradition in Denmark, 172Copenhagen, 165, 220, 224, 225, 228, 235,

238, 242, 298, 598Copenhagen’s Climate Plan, 336Copenhagen’s mass transit system, 222Coral reefs, 341Corporate control of festivals, 553Corporate headquarters, 392Costs of incarceration, 453Cottage country’, 307Countering Contributionist Views, 106Counter-publics, 98Covenant of Mayors, 578Covered arcades, 237Crap Towns, 14Creative, 360

buzz, 370cities, 10, 381, 402, 588class, 364Dublin Alliance, 369regions, 381tourism, 361

Creative city, 360, 406, 420benefits, 369economic evidence, 371indices, 367methodologies, 370

Index604

planning and design goals, 366strategies and intra-urban inequality, 373,

375Creative City Network of Canada (CCNC),

362Creative class and economic development,

372, 373Creative Class definition, 365Creative-knowledge

cities, 361development, 403growth, 372

Creativity in Copenhagen, 369Credit Unions, 264Crime agency organizing capacity, 442Crime and Anonymity, 457Crime and Behavioural Policy Solutions, 460,

461, 462, 463Crime and Business or Service Activity

Generators, 457Crime and Community Action Plans, 454Crime and Design Legibility of Routes and

Stops, 457Crime and greening, 116Crime and Green Space, 460Crime and Maintenance and Management

Systems, 458, 459Crime and Neighbourhood Organizations, 454Crime and Surveillance, 457Crime and Target Hardening, 458Crime and Urban Renewal Designs and

Materials, 459, 460Crime and Visibility, 456Crime areas, 427Crime-fighting social facilities, 455Crime fighting system’s effectiveness, 435Crime Growth from the 1970s, 429Crime hot spot, 449Crime management structure, 445Crime problem-spots, 448Criminal targeting, 449Criticism of the Creative City concept, 370Criticisms of New Urbanism, 41Critiques, 375Crop biodiversity, 163Crop-productivity–global warming

association, 316Cultural activities, 415Cultural amenities, 416Cultural authenticity, 547Cultural context-health connection, 512Cultural economy, 361, 364Cultural festival, 540Culture-led urban regeneration, 558

Curitiba, 167, 594Current urbanization trends, 2Cycle Superhighway, 225Cyclical festival type, 539Cyclone awareness, 348

DDaily drug regimes, 493Damages from natural hazards, 327Dangerous working conditions, 482Darling Basin, 545Dartington Hall, 250Dead air, 214Decreases in Crime, 431Defensible space, 456Defining Crime, 435Defoe, 536Deforestation, 322, 341De-humanizing urban renewals, 235De-industrialization, 3, 359Deliberated created festivals, 554Delivery of justice, 66Dementia, 488, 508Democracy and Just Cities, 85Departments of Aging, 489Deregulation in planning, 72Desalination plants, 173, 240Desalinization, 240Design codes, 25, 39, 54Design determinism, 40Design-natural conditions relationship, 277Design principles in NTD, 25Determinants of health, 478, 498Determinism, 44, 55Detroit, 167, 415Devonian Gardens, 290Dhaka, 101Diarrhoea, 504, 506Dickens, Charles, 67, 105, 481Dietary choices, 502Differential place characteristics, 498Differential Policing, 449Dimensions of city-regional governance, 48Disaggregation of Productive Processes, 386Disaster drills, 348Disaster Preparation Committees, 344Dispensation of justice, 452Distinctive ‘place’, 25District Energy Schemes, 227District heating schemes, 172, 231, 234Divali Festival, 534Diversity for Just Cities, 95Domains and dimensions of sustainability, 160Domains of crime policies, 446

Index 605

Dongtan, 239Dordrecht, 342Drake’s Landing, Okotoks, 233Drug Courts, 452Dr Weyl and hygiene, 484Dublin Economic Development Strategy, 369Dutch reclamation projects, 344

EEarly childhood interventions, 512Early environmental influences and crime, 462Early Warning Systems, 334, 335, 336Earthquakes, 310, 320, 335, 337Ebola, 492, 526Eco-car rentals, 266Ecocity, 114, 162, 163Eco-cycles, 170, 418Eco-District, 9, 88, 247, 249, 267EcoDistrict Steering Committee, 270Ecological awareness, 266Ecological footprints, 164Ecological system, 157Economic Determinants of Health, 508Economic North, 285Economic restructuring, 361Economist Intelligence Unit, 165, 588Eco-Villages (EV), 249, 263Eden project, 240Edge cities, 19Edinburgh Festival, 542, 546EDISON, 195Edmonton, 175, 212, 307, 598Edmonton Wintercity plan, 304Effective and accountable crime-fighting

policies, 444Effects of

crime, 441natural hazards on urban places, 2the aging trend, 489

Efficiency Improvements to Reduce Emissions, 195

Eiffel Tower, 556Eisteddfod, 545Elderly insurance scheme, 489Electric cars, 194, 195Elements of Safe City Strategies, 442Emancipatory city, 65, 85, 97, 108Emissions reductions, 159Encyclopaedia project, 385Energy demand reduction, 257Energy Descent Action Plan (EDAP), 256Energy descent plan, 255Energy Descent Scenario, 255Energy efficiency in buildings, 215

Energy Teams, 216Engels of the labouring classes who were, 482Engine efficiency and emissions standards,

196Enkoping, 176Enlightenment, 68, 75Entrepreneurial capabilities, 392Entrepreneurial hub, 263Entrepreneurial State, 399Environmental Design Changes and Crime,

455, 456Environmental design changes to reduce

crime, 453Environmental determinants, 504Environmental-embodiment relationship, 511Environmental Impact Assessments, 514Environmental movements, 484EnvironSmart lighting system, 216Ephemeral Character, 544, 545Epidemiology, 481, 500Epigenesis, 511Epigenetic processes, 498, 504, 511Equity for Just Cities, 90Erin Brockovich, 323Essence festival, 539, 551Estimates of energy sources, 178Ethnic festivals, 540European Commission Indicators (ECI), 162European Sustainable Cities and Towns

Campaign, 160European Trading Scheme (ETS), 197Evidence-based policing, 444Evidence-based policy evaluation, 522Export-processing zones, 419Externalised costs of fossil fuel use, 189

FFacking, 181, 256Factors of future economic success, 360Faecal matter disposal from urban areas, 174Fairness as a basic principle for redistributive

justice, 75Fairness as a foundational function of

redistribution, 76Fairness as an aspirational goal, 109Fairness as a redistributive principle, 108Fairness in redistributive justice, 65Fair Trade movements, 101, 261Farmers markets, 260Farming specialization,, 257Feminist critiques, 96Fermont, 288Fertility festival, 539

Index606

Festivalconnectivities, 549, 550constructions, 550, 551coping mechanisms, 551courts, 537decline, 542economic impact, 552exchanges, 549experiences, 548, 549forms, 546, 547functions, 546growth, 542impacts, 551, 552, 553policing, 556regulation, 549special events, 557typology, 538

Festivals as escape valves, 558Festive cities, 10, 534, 588Few rehabilitation programmes, 439Filtering water, 483Finland, 398Fire risks, 214, 341Fires in communities, 344First aid training, 266First healthy city movement, 478Flood gates, 330Flooding, 329Flood plains, 338Flood prevention, 342Floods, 334, 350Flood waters, 338Fly in-fly out camps, 306Föhn, 285Food banks, 94, 210Food deserts, 135, 509Food Reliance, 257Food security, 261Food waste, 210, 258Fossil energy, 176Fossil fuel advantages, 178Fossil fuel subsidies, 189Foundational Features of Safe City Plans, 443Fourth Generation District Energy systems, 228Fracking, 181, 273Free coal policy, 189Freiberg’s Solarsiedlung, 233Frequency of large storms, 316Fresh water supplies, 481Fringe events, 546Fringe festival, 542Frugal technologies, 501Fukishima, 324, 353

Functional Family Therapy Programme (FFT), 466

Functional regions, 46Future energy alternatives, 255

GGaia movement, 156Galicia, 238, 267Garden Cities, 7, 38, 45, 113, 116, 118, 241,

484Gardens, 115Garrison Woods, 29Gas-burning engines, 224Gated communities, 43, 455Gender equality, 107General causes of crime, 427General justice, 66Genome sequencing, 493Genome typing, 491Genres de vie, 564Gentrification, 515Geo-engineering, 198Geography of

nowhere, 19otherness, 43somewhere, 23

Geothermal, 187, 191communities, 234

German Love Festival, 549Germ theory, 485Global financial services location, 390Globalised supply chains, 248Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and

Communities, 489Global warming, 3, 155, 247, 316, 505, 591Gondolas, 224Gonorrhoea, 493Göteborg Eco-handbook, 208Gothenburg Consensus, 514Grameen Bank, 80Greek city states, 66, 419Green areas and crime, 460Green Belt, 116, 118, 120Green Cities, 9, 507, 588Green fingers, 121Greenhouse effect, 154Greenhouse gas (GHG), 156, 177, 193, 196,

198, 241, 243build-up, 159emissions, 178, 219

Green Index, 165Greening provides physical advantages, 116Green mobility, 235

Index 607

Greenpeace, 152Green practice, 114Green roofs, 139Green sectors, 121Green space and health, 507Green spaces, 3Green walls, 140, 215Greve, 566Grey-water, 231, 240GWL-Terrein, 231

HHabitat International Coalition (HIC), 81Haiti earthquake, 311, 346Half-way houses, 455Hammerfest, 295, 298Hanseatic League, 100, 108, 419, 593Hazard Mechanisms, 329Hazard Risks and Human Activities, 320, 321,

323Headquarter and Research Locations, 391,

392, 393Health care availability, 500, 501Health care costs, 501Health care fraud, 501Health definition, 479Health determinants, 498Health field, 498Health Impact Assessment (HIA), 514Health inequalities, 521Health of Towns Association, 483, 517Health Profile, 516Health promotion schemes, 266Healthy Cities, 10, 12, 115, 513, 589, 596Healthy City Programme, 478Healthy living, 480Healthy Start, 497Heart of the community, 522Heat island effects, 117Heidelburg, 216Helsinborg, 209Helsinki, 519Heritage City, 13, 595Heritage festival., 540Hierarchy of human needs, 425High rise towers, 119High winds and tidal surges, 322Hindu Deepavali, 536Hindu Maha Kumbh Mela, 534Historical attitudes to poverty, 67Historic crime reduction, 427Hong Kong, 419, 421Honshu earthquake, 348

Horizontal urban linkages, 592Hospital re-planning, 519Hot spots of crime, 444, 449Hué, 593Hukou system of household registration, 103Human- Created Hazards, 323, 324Human or Agent Capital of Cities, 403, 404,

405, 406Human Preparedness for Disasters, 330, 331,

332Human Requirements in Risk Reduction, 343Hybrid and electric cars, 194, 196Hybrid regionalizations, 49Hydro-electric power, 179, 187Hydrogen power, 194Hygiene, 481Hyogo resolutions, 328Hyper-festive society, 535

IIce-hotels, 303Ice-storms, 283Ididarod, 305Improved morality, 484Improving bus services, 224Improving city-learning, 594Incarceration rates, 439Incineration plants, 208, 211, 212Income inequality, 64Increasing local resilience, 262Incredible Years Programme, 465Incremental approaches to Just Cities, 107Incubator Units, 391Indiscriminate use of ‘city’ and ‘town’, 14Individualistic personal behaviours, 430Indoors health problems, 495Industrial estates, 418Industrial Initiatives to Reduce Emissions, 192Industrial Revolution, 386, 402Indus valley, 477Inequalities within cities, 5Inequality in Britain, 64Innovation agencies, 398Innovation characteristics, 393, 394Innovative capacity in cities, 364Institutional capacity to mitigate risks, 344Intellectual capital (IC), 381Intelligence complex of merchants, 401Intelligent Cities, 381Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC), 154Interior gardens, 290International Energy Agency, 157, 178

Index608

International Network for Designing Earthquake Resistant Cities (INDERC), 346

Invention-Innovation Support, 399, 400, 401Involve schools in Transition concepts, 259IPCC panel, 156, 159, 201, 203I.Q. growth and disease reduction, 480Israel, 395

JJacobs, Jane, 17, 19, 23Jakarta, 320Japanese agriculture, 259John Gaunt, 480John Snow,, 481Just Cities, 8, 12, 65, 163, 509, 588Just city policy guides, 84Justice in cities, 5Just-in-time supply, 258

KKalundborg, 171Kanto earthquake, 348Kashmir, 322, 327Kentlands, 26Keynes, John Maynard, 70Kiev, 166Kinsale, 249Kitchener-Waterloo, 417Knowledge acquisition, 419Knowledge Acquisition, 396, 397, 398, 399Knowledge as being, 385Knowledge as ‘doing’, 402, 419Knowledge as doing, 385Knowledge centres, 420Knowledge Cities, 10, 381, 421, 588, 589, 594Knowledge City network (KCN), 384Knowledge Clusters, 421Knowledge creation, 386Knowledge-creation processes, 4Knowledge definition, 384Knowledge Economy (KE), 383Knowledge Economy location, 388Knowledge spaces (KS), 415Knowledge spill-overs, 397Kobe, 322Kyoto, 159

LLa Cavalcata Sarda, 547La Coruña, 236Lagos, 321Landfills, 209

Land use changes to discourage car use, 221Largest Research Centres, 388Las Vegas, 338Latino Access, 523Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design (LEED), 216Learning Cities, 381, 594, 597Le Corbusier, 298LED bulbs, 218Legibility of cities, 456Leidsche Rijn, 230Leipzig, 416Lewes, 257Lewes Pound, 264Life-course development, 461Life skills Training, 465Life-style choices, 501Life-style festivals, 541Light rail, 222Lille, 592Limitations of the Green Index, 169Lincoln University, 260Lisbon, 311Liveability scales, 588, 589Liveable, 248, 267Liveable Cities, 14, 267, 488Liveable Rotterdam, 442, 444Liveable Winter City Association (LWCA),

279Liverpool, 516, 517, 519Living or shared street, 236Living Over The Shop, 237Living Well in London, 521Local action, 248Local Agenda 21 report, 160Local bio-diversity, 266Local clusters, 417Local community engagement, 517Local culture-brains, 351Local food centre, 263Local Food Directory, 260Local harvesting, 258Local land use intensity, 258Local place festivals, 540Local resilience, 252, 255Local resilience against dependency, 254Local traditions in festivals, 557Locational requirements, 4Locational stickiness, 392Location of higher education, 390Location of innovative processes, 393Location of Knowledge Activities, 386Location of Knowledge Workers, 387Locavores, 137, 260

Index 609

London, 174, 214, 221, 323London Health Commission, 521London smogs, 154Los Angeles, 89Low car (bon) communities, 232, 238Low carbon principles, 231Lower respiratory causes,, 504Low sunlight exposure, 496Ludlow, 580Lyon, 554

MMachiavelli, 539Maha Kumbh Mela festival, 555Maintaining traditions, 571Major Determinants of Health, 500Major Sustainability Principles, 161Malaria, 341, 504, 505, 512Mälmo, 225Managing future growth, 22Manchester, 51Mardi Gras, 534, 546, 550, 552Margarethenhöhe, 118Market failure, 493Martin Prosperity Insights (MPI), 371Marxist, 68Masdar City, 239Mashhad, 338Mass transit systems, 221, 222Mayan Spring festival, 545McKenzie Towne, 41McKenzie Towne (MT), 27Meals on Wheels, 94Measuring greenhouse gas emissions, 165Measuring knowledge-based activities, 387Measuring Sustainability, 158Medellin, 224Medellín, 94Medellín’s, 594Medical difficulties, 478Medical knowledge, 500Medical Officer of Health, 492Medical Officers of Health, 483Medicines for Malaria Venture, 493Médicine sans Frontières, 526Medieval festivals, 541Mega-event festivals, 542Melbourne, 53Melbourne laneways, 237Memphis, 189Mental health problems, 430Mentalisation, 462Mercer International, 589Messina, 321

Metabolism of urban places., 170methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

bacterium (MRSA), 494Mexico, 503Mexico City, 535Mezzogiorno, 53, 54Miasma, 480Micro-credit, 80Midwestern Prevention Project, 465Milan, 416Millennium Dome, 556Minneapolis, 88Minneapolis–St Paul, 98Minoans, 477Mission Anti-Displacement Coalition (MAC),

515Mission Locales, 455Mobility of the creative class, 369Modifiable environmental factors, 504Mold, 579Monitoring community progress, 267Montreal, 292Montreal Protocol, 192More Sustainable Inputs and Outputs, 169Motives for Greening, 114Moving staircases, 224Multi-agency crime fighting approaches, 444Multi-Agency School Support Team, 466Multidimensional festival framework, 543Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care

(MTFC), 466Multi-drug treatment, 493Multi-sectoral mitigation structures, 345Multisystemic Therapy Programme (MST),

466Munich, 228, 416, 420Murders in New York City, 427Myopia, 525

NNagoya, 199Napierville, 229National Cittaslow networks, 579National Health Service in 1948, 484Natural disasters and corruption, 351Natural disasters have differential group

impacts, 322Natural gas, 182Natural hazard dangers, 266Natural hazards, 504Natural Hazards Effects, 317, 318, 319, 320Natural Hazard Trends, 314Natural Step Foundation, 160Nature deficit, 115, 484

Index610

Need for redistributive measures, 67Negative effects, 176Negative effects of climate warming, 154Negative effects of festivals, 553Negative effects of urban living, 497Negative externalities of fossil fuel use, 154Neighbourhood assessment reports, 269Neighbourhood Empowerment Network, 347Neighbourhood houses, 519Neighbourhood Planning, 119Neighbourhood policing, 447Neighbourhood Revitalization Programme, 88Neighbourhood units, 18, 486Neighbourhood Watch, 461Neighbouring, 20Neo-liberal, 6, 76, 105Neo-liberal policies, 71Neo-Traditional Design (NTD), 18, 24Neo-Traditional Neighbourhood Design, 23Networks, 101New community approaches to reduce crime,

453New crime management process, 448New Economic Foundation, 263New Economy, 359New Health Society, 484New Jersey, 329New Medical Challenges, 486New oil reserves, 182New orchard planting, 258New Orleans, 321, 553, 554New policing policies, 446New Regionalism(NR), 18, 45, 100New suburbanism, 55New urban cultural experiences, 559New Urbanism, 8, 17, 96, 114, 218, 227, 588,

590New waste treatment solutions, 209New York, 198, 210, 329, 330New York Opportunity Zones, 459New York’s knowledge hub, 414Niche production of local goods, 260Night-time problems of parks, 117Nijmegen, 342Noise levels, 214Nordic countries, 307Nordic Eight Network, 279Nordicity, 280North Brothers Island, 491Northern allowances, 306Nostalgic townscapes, 42Not-In-My-Back Yard (NIMBY), 77, 87, 88Notting Hill, 549Notting Hill Festivals, 556

Nova Nordisk, 172Nuclear power, 179, 180Nuclear safety, 324Nurse Home Visitation, 465Nurture capital, 265Nutrition North website, 286Nut trees, 258Nuuk, 298

OObesity, 116, 502, 503Off-shore justice, 101Oktoberfest, 534Old skills, 266On-shoring, 420Orange Parade, 545Orenco Station, 37Origin of sustainability, 158Orvieto, 566, 578Oslo, 168Other Transition Sectors, 266Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 479Outside of Hospital Strategy, 518Oxfam, 312, 335, 344, 346

PPandemics, 492Paolo Saturnini, 566Paris, 544Parking, 238Parks origins, 114, 118Particular justice, 66Passivhaus, 257Passivhaus(PH), 217PATHS programme, 465paths to invention, 393Pattern language, 18, 24, 42Pays, 564Peak Oil, 181, 182, 247Pedestrianized street, 235Penicillin, 492People-centred approaches, 558Perception of crime, 430Permaculture, 249Permafrost, 281, 286, 337Permeable paving, 343Petrini Carlo, 566Philadelphia’s Empowerment Areas, 459Philippines, 350, 352Phoenix Cities, 12Physical benefits for winter settlements, 306Physical Capital of Cities, 406, 407Physical severity of winter, 280

Index 611

Place marketing, 368Place-sustaining, 563, 574Plague years, 480Planned sprawl, 119Plato, 66Pneumonia, 493Policies for age-friendly cities, 489Policing problems, 437, 438, 446Polio, 490Political engagement, 516Political festivals, 539Pollution, 153, 161, 170, 481, 507Pompei and Herculaneum, 311Pop-up mega-city, 555Port au Prince, 312Porthcawl, 541Portland, 9, 30, 37, 50, 88, 176, 256, 269, 598Portland Sustainability Institute, 267Positano, 566Positive Aspects of New Urbanism, 38Possibilist geographers, 581Postmodern exploitation, 553Post modernism, 6, 44, 361Postmodern urbanism, 534Postmodern weak thought, 367Post-traumatic stress, 353Poundbury, 36Predisposition to crime, 460Preventative crime programmes, 445Primal information processing, 461Primary Behavioural Treatments, 463, 464Principles for Greater Justice, 81Principles of TND, 27Priority buildings, 340Priorize risk reduction, 343Prison populations, 439, 453Privatopia, 43Proactive risk reduction approaches, 327Problems in planning, 71Problems of festivals, 554Problems of renewable energy expansion, 184Problems of Specific Renewable Energy

Sources, 187Problems of urban sprawl, 19Process of decision-making, 77Producer services, 387, 392, 395Productive capacity of cultural activities, 361Progressive social programmes, 69Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategy

(PATHS) programme, 464Protestant Reformation, 548Protest festivals, 539Psychological North, 284Public Health officials, 485, 498, 515

Public housing clustering, 523Public housing estates, 102Public housing privatization, 90Public realm, 43Public space, 23, 43Public squares, 238Public transit connectivity, 18Puma sports company, 101Punctuated evolution, 383Puritanism and festivals, 542Pythagoras, 66

QQuarantine hospitals, 491Quarry Park, 33, 42Quebec’s City’s Bon Homme Festival, 303

RRadical cleaning methods, 494Randstadt, 231Rapid bus routes, 222Raves, 541Reasons for poverty, 71Reasons for AMR, 494Reasons for Redistributive Justice, 73Rebel Cities, 74, 107Recidivism, 439, 467Recycled or ‘grey’ water, 173Recycling, 210, 211, 266Red Cross, 312, 320Redistributive justice, 63Reducing Car Use, 219Reducing Remoteness from the Public, 450Reduction of addiction levels, 502Reduction, re-cycling and re-use, 208Regaining prosperity in western cities, 72Regent’s Park, 118Regime overthrow, 557Regional conservation measures, 120Regional governance, 47, 48Regional Planning, 113, 120Regulatory and engineering phase of

improvement., 483Religious festivals, 539Re-localization of food supply, 258Re-localization of the economy, 266Re-localizing, 272Re-localizing practices, 267Renewable Energy Developments, 183Re-offending, 439, 467Reported-recorded crime difference, 437Representative judges, 451Research clusters, 388

Index612

Researching new antimicrobial drugs, 493Research or Science Parks, 391Resiliency, 312Resiliency deficiencies, 327Resilient Cities, 9, 312, 588, 589Resilient Settlement Policies, 328Re-skilling local residents, 259Respiratory diseases, 481Restorative justice, 451Restricting car supply, 220Restrictive covenants, 40Results of the judicial system, 438Retributive justice, 63, 66Reykjavik, 296, 297Rhein-Hunsruck sustainability, 244Rickets, 481, 495, 496Rights to the city, 74, 81, 455Rights to the City Alliance, 81, 109Rio Carneval, 545Rio de Janeiro, 95, 159, 321Risk mitigation approaches, 346Risk Reduction Policies, 324, 325, 326, 327,

333, 334Risk Understanding and Education, 348, 349Rjuken, 298Road accidents, 506Road pricing, 221Rob Hopkins, 249Roman engineering, 477Rome, 535Room for a River strategy, 342Rospuuto, 284Rotterdam Security Index, 442Route 128, 388, 401, 414Rowntree, Seebohm, 67Russian males, 502

SSaarbrucken, 215Safe Cities, 10, 425, 588Safe City strategies, 426, 440Safe Community policies, 426Safe drug consumption sites, 455Safer Buildings, 214Saint-Vincent-Tourante wine festival, 545Sambadrome, 545Sanctuary City, 89San Diego, 189Sandy hurricane, 329San Francisco, 12, 167, 212, 321, 347, 515,

598Sanitation and water supply, 506Sanitation of cities, 481Sanitation phase, 483

Sapporo, 278, 279Sapporo Winter Festival, 303SARS, 491Saturnalia, 537School health education and provision, 523Scourges of childbirth, 490Scout movement, 484Sea level rise, 320Seaside, 25Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), 284, 495Sea surges, 329Seattle, 93, 596Seattle Trade Development Alliance, 596Secondary behaviour interventionist polices,

465Second Delta programme, 328Secret science-based activities, 390Sectors of transitioning, 254Security Policies, 425, 468, 469, 470Security Steering Group in Rotterdam, 446Seed bank, 164Segregated bicycle ways, 225Selective city environment, 392Selective environments, 400Seneca, 537Senior centres and homes, 488Sense of community, 20, 44Sense of liberty, 106Sensory experiences, 535Sequence of crime reporting, 435Sequestration process for carbon, 193Serious Habitual Offender Programme, 466Settlement houses, 523Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS),

491Sewage processing plants, 483Shanghai Metro, 222Shanty towns, 224, 321, 524Sharing information on risks, 347Shelter belts, 341Shelter Box, 352Shensi earthquake, 312Shenzhen, 198Shrinking Cities, 13Sick building syndrome, 495Sierra Club, 175Silicon Valley, 388, 398, 401, 413, 414Silo approach, 12, 589Similarity in townscapes, 263Singapore, 167, 221, 421, 559Sir Alexander Fleming, 492Slow Cities, 11, 14, 164, 256, 261, 563, 588Slow Food, 261, 564, 566Slow Food Congress, 566

Index 613

Slow Food International, 566Slow living, 565Slow Money Principles, 265, 582Smallpox, 490Small town festivals, 542Smart Cars, 195Smart Cities, 13, 229, 234, 448, 593Smart growth, 30, 95Smart Growth principles, 18, 30, 31Smart systems, 229Snow Festival, 534Sochi, 306Social capital, 20Social changes in health improvement, 484Social commentators, 481Social construction of crime, 435Social construction of places, 102Social contracts, 68Social degeneration, 484Social deterioration, 72Social determinants of health, 482, 498, 508Social determinism in planning, 486Social fragmentation in modern society, 249Social gradient, 508Social justice, 64Social North, 287Social problems of the suburbs, 19Social urbanism projects, 94, 524Society of the spectacle, 535Soft locational factors, 401Soho, 481Soil Trust, 265Solar development, 183, 185, 189, 239 233Solar mirrors, 298Solar panels, 217Solar power plant, 239Solspeil, 298Sonkaäjarven, 540Spanish flu, 492Spatial dialectics of justice, 102Spatial Incidence of Crime, 445Special Event Festivals, 550Specialist crime-detection techniques, 448Specialized waste centres, 209Sports and physical exercise, 484Sri Lanka, 354Stages of Interpreting Crime, 435Stampede, 534, 535Standards for employment and building

structures, 101Statoil, 172St Bartholomew’s Fair, 537Step-by-step action, 595Stewardship of the land, 158

Stop and search’ procedures, 449Storm ponds, 343Stourbridge, 536Strøget, 235Stuttgart, 47, 50, 420Suburban sprawl, 41Sudbury, 192Sumatra, 322Sumatran earthquake, 336Sunlight deficiencies, 495Sunlight League, 484Supporting built-environment changes, 482Sustainability, 104, 152, 207, 248, 252, 272,

588Sustainability culture, 157Sustainability Framework Reports, 218Sustainability leap, 157Sustainable Buildings, 213Sustainable building standards, 216Sustainable Cities programme, 160Sustainable City Policies, 9, 207, 588Sustainable development of areas, 226Sustainable development principles, 227Sustainable futures, 267Sustainable New Urban Areas, 230Sustainable policies, 3, 151Swansea, 47Sydney, 545Symbolic representations, 536

TTacit knowledge, 384, 397, 416Tactical urbanism, 14, 274Talented people clusters, 365Taxes and Emission Reductions, 196Techno-creep, 13Tech City cluster, 416Techno-Explosion scenario, 255Techno-festivals, 539Technopolis, 391Techno-Stability Scenario, 255Teen socialization into delinquent behaviour,

462Telomeres, 511Ten basic capabilities, 78Terrains of community character, 449Territorial Exclusion, 450Terroir, 564Tertiary Behavioural Treatments, 467The Big Debates, 518The Bridges, 37The design code, 25The Inconvenient Truth, 152Thrasymachus, 66

Index614

Tidal, 187, 191, 338Toilet development, 175, 483Tokyo, 198, 323Tornadoes, 349Toronto, 290, 292, 295Totnes, 250, 256, 267Totnes Development Trust, 263Totnes Energy Company, 263Totnes Gardenshare, 259Totnes Pound, 264Toulouse, 414Tower blocks, 486Toxic waste, 3, 170, 175, 213Traditional Neighbourhood Design(TND), 24Tragic choice in needs, 79Tram systems, 222Transfer of Development Rights(TDR), 32Transformational and affirmative approaches

to redistribution, 68Transformationalist policies, 68Transformative or transgressive natures, 548Transforming the urban health conditions, 483Transitioning Sectors, 254Transition Town, 9, 14, 247, 588, 590Transition Town imperatives, 248Transition Town Network, 251Transition Town Organization, 252Transition Town Primer, 251Transition Towns Origin and Growth, 249Transition Town Workshops, 251Transit-Oriented Development(TOD), 18, 36,

222Transport Systems, 221Treating drug use, 502Tree Guardians, 258TRESCO, 257Trinity Plaza, 515Trust in the police, 431Tsukuba, 390, 414Tsunami, 324, 334, 336, 340, 349Tuberculosis, 491, 492Types of global warming effects, 155Types of Hazards, 313, 314

UU.K. Community Councils, 88Umbrella offices, 415Umeä, 301Unanticipated crime results, 445Uncertainties in Knowledge, 394Unconditional cash transfer schemes (UCTS),

80

UNESCO Creative Cities Network, 361United Nations International Strategy

for Disaster Reduction Platform for Promotion of Early Warnings (UNISDR-PPEW), 346

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), 312, 325, 326, 330, 332, 333

Unstable slopes, 341Unstainable practices, 154Urban acupuncture programme, 524Urban budget problems, 117Urban Capital Inventory approach, 10Urban competitiveness, 359Urban competiveness, 4Urban container perspective, 6Urban crime rates, 426Urban cultural milieu, 362Urban cultural redevelopment, 552Urban densities and pollution levels, 219Urban disadvantaged, 3, 69, 78, 80, 521Urban diseconomies, 388Urban emissions proportions, 157Urban field view, 485Urban Growth Boundary(UGB), 30Urban health disadvantage, 477Urban health penalty, 513Urban homogeneity, 3Urban life in climatic regimes, 309Urban Revitalization Schemes, 234Urban self-sufficiency, 248Urban social movements, 250Urban synergy, 364Urban themes, 6, 587Urban Villages(UV), 18, 33Urban vitality, 534Urban water supplies, 173U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency

(FEMA), 332Utilitarian concept, 75Utility of Festivals, 553, 554Utrecht, 230

VValle de Itata, 340Valuation of nature, 484Vancouver, 47, 49, 191, 306Variations in mortality rates, 480Venice, 338, 554Venice carnival, 537Villas miserias, 524Villermé, 480

Index 615

Violence prevention, 463Vitality of urban places, 3Vitamin D, 495, 496Vitamin D levels in pregnancy, 496Vitruvius, 477Vulnerability of Structures to Hazards., 329,

330Vulnerable people, 266

WWalkability, 18, 20, 116, 503Walmart, 218Warehousing and segregation of old people, 490Warning sirens, 349Waste in towns, 208, 481Waste to Energy plants (WtE), 212Water conservation, 506Water disposal solutions, 175Water-gardens, 343Waterloo (Iowa), 116Water-saving devices, 173Well London Alliance, 522Wellness, 480Wetlands, 341

Whitstable, 263WHO, 10, 14, 153, 176, 478, 487, 492, 513,

514Wind Energy, 183, 187, 188 187, 188Wind farms, 239Winnipeg Floodway, 339, 350Winter as an asset, 278Winter Cities, 9, 217, 277, 588, 590Winter Cities Institute (WCI), 279Winter City aims, 279Winter City problems, 280Winter City Settlement Designs, 288Winter climate effects upon buildings, 282Winter Social and Economic Opportunities, 300Winter sports, 303Working Regions, 420Working with Nature, 341World cities, 5World Cities group, 390World Winter Cities Association for Mayors

(WWCAM), 279

YYedo, 214