Index

Abnonnal song development, area X and IMAN, 256-257

Acetylcholine, cortical receptive field plasticity, 204ff, 209

Acoustic cues, ear occlusion, l2lff Activity, modifications in auditory sys­

tem, insects, 292ff Age, effects of auditory manipulation,

103-105 AMPA channels, calcium homeostasis,

30,35 Amygdala, cortical plasticity, 194, 202-

203 Ancistrura nigrovitatta (katydid), auditory

interneuron, 291 Androgen receptors (AR), song control

system, 245 Androgens, sensitive periods in song de­

velopment, 248 Anesthesia, and experience, 176-177

HVC response in zebra finch, 257-258 receptive field plasticity, 192, 200

Anterior forebrain pathway (AFP), song circuit, 241, 254ff

Area X, response to song, 254ff Arousal, auditory cortex physiology, 184 Ascending auditory interneuron, Chor-

thippus biguttulus, 290 Associative learning, primary auditory

cortex, 1 85ff, 189-190, 198 rapid, 212ff

Auditory brain stern, cell migration, 56-57

maturity, 71 Auditory cortex, arousal, 184

plasticity, 4-5, 173ff role of experience, 173ff roles in learning, 217-218 tonotopic maps, 180

Auditory cortex plasticity, behavioral con­text effects, 198ff

expanded frequency representation, 209-210

mechanisms, 200ff Auditory experience, binaural hearing,

139 Auditory feedback, adult song plasticity,

259ff Auditory map, alignment with visual,

131ff effects of visual experience, 131 ff

Auditory nerve, axon development, 14ff development of physiological activity,

18 effects on central auditory system, 103-

104 Auditory networks, modulation in insects,

296ff Auditory neurons, plasticity in insects,

302-304 Auditory plasticity, see Plasticity Auditory response, awake birds, 257-258

song control nuclei in various species, 249ff

Auditory space, map in superior collicu­lus, 126-127

Auditory stimulation, neuronal develop­ment, 268

response of song control system, 248ff Auditory system development, Iff

313

314 Index

Auditory system development (continued) inputs to birdsong brain circuit, 242ff modulation in insects, 286-287, 296-

298 moths, 292 regeneration in insects, 299-300 response to visual deprivation, 141

Auditory template theory, birdsong learn­ing, 234

Avian song control system, plasticity, 228ff

Avian systematics, 229 Axon development, auditory nerve, 14ff Axon guidance, molecular mechanisms,

58-59 Axon morphology, changes during devel­

opment, 62--64, 70 Axon outgrowth, target finding, 57ff Axonal connectivity, effects of cochlear

ablation, 74 Axons, cochlear nucleus, 107ff

Barn owl, binaural hearing, 125, 136ff effects of prism on sound source local-

ization, 137-138 hearing development, 124-126 ITD tuning, 133 maps of visual and auditory space, 120-

121, 132-133 Basal forebrain cholinergic cells, nucleus

basalis, 204 Bat, auditory pathway plasticity, 201-202 bei genes, cochlear nucleus development,

31, 33-34 Behavioral context, cortical plasticity,

136ff,209 Bengalese finch, song plasticity, 261ff Binaural auditory system, anatomy, 107ff Binaural cues, pinna removal, 140 Binaural hearing, auditory experience,

139 barn owl, 136ff effects of cochlear ablation, 128ff effects of ear plugging in humans, 146 ILD and ITD, 121ff plasticity, 4, 96ff

Binaural imbalance, 97-99 Binaural masking level difference

(BMLD), 148-149

Binaural plasticity, clinical issues, 154-155

feITet, 104 human, 141ff mechanisms, 152-153 physiological studies, 118-121

Binaural processing, central auditory sys­tem,96ff

SOC and cell size, 114 Binaural signal analysis, 51 Binaural system, anatomical plasticity

studies, 109 Binaural unmasking, conductive hearing

loss, 148-149 Binocular plasticity, visual system,

97 Binocular systems, similarities to binaural

systems, 97 Bird behavior, and auditory response, 257-

258 Birds, descending vocal motor pathway,

249ff song control system, 228ff

Bird's own song (BOS), HVC responses, 249ff

Birdsong, behavioral functions, 230ff deafening studies, 261-262 developmental sequence, 235ff dialects, 232-233 innate preferences, 233-234 memory, 244 neural control circuits, 228ff, 240ff neuronal survival in HVC, 268-269 plasticity, 5 repertoire size, 246-247 role of hearing, 235 seasonal variation, 231 and song nuclei volumes, 246 spectrograms, 230 vocal motor prograrn, 235 see also Song

Birdsong control, gonadal steroid hor­mones, 245

Birdsong development, 231ff action-based learning, 239

Birdsong learning, role of feedback, 242-243,259ff

sensory-motor integration, 234ff types, 239-240

Blindness, effects on human hearing, 149-150

Bone conduction, ear occlusion, 121 Brain, insects, 286-287 Brain darnage, cholinergic systems, 205 Brain development, neurotrophic factors,

69 Brain stern, plasticity, 110 Bushcrickets, auditory interneuron, 291

Cadherins, cochlear nucleus development, 9ff

Calcium concentrations, deafferentation effects,29

Calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial in-fiuences, 32-34

Calls, vs. song in birds, 229 Calyces of Held, 63 cAMP response element binding protein

(CREB), area X, 258-259 cell death, 33-34

Canary, added HVC neurons, 266-267 anterior forebrain pathway develop­

ment, 245-246 effects of auditory feedback, 259ff

Cat, auditory cortex plasticity, 188 ear occlusion, 123

Caudomedial mesopallium (CMM), song circuit, 243-244

Caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), song circuit, 243-244

Cell adhesion molecules (CAM), 9ff Cell death, cochlear nucleus development,

30ff Cell migration, 55ff

nucleus magnocellularis, 56 Cell morphology, plasticity in adult SOC,

78-79 Cell regeneration, insect auditory system,

299-300 Cellular plasticity, after hearing onset, 77-

78 central auditory system, 107ff

Central auditory plasticity, 2-DG studies, 135-136

use of fMRI, 135 Central auditory system, binaural anat­

omy, 96ff, 107ff cellular plasticity, 107ff

Index 315

effects of auditory manipulation, 101ff, 128ff

effects of changes in auditory nerve in­put, 103-104

effects of ototoxicity, 130 insects, 286ff

Central nervous system, see Central audi­tory system

Chaffinch, sensitive period for song de­ve1opment, 238

Chick, cochlear ablation, 72 cochlear nucleus development, 10-11 development of topographic specificity,

59 otocyst ablation, 112 plasticity in CNS, 77-78

Children, masking level difference, 148-149

otitis media, 97-99 Chloride channels, modification during

development, 69 Choline acetyltransferase, auditory condi­

tioning, 206 Cholinergic systems, learning and mem­

ory,204ff Chorthippus biguttulus (grasshopper), as­

cending auditory interneuron, 290 regeneration of sensory fibers, 301

Cistothorus palustris (marsh wren), sensi­tive period for song development, 238

Classical conditioning, and association, 179

rapid cortical plasticity, 213 CN, see Cochlear nucleus development CNS, cell migration, 55-57

see also Central auditory system Cochlea, development of projections, 18-

19 Cochlear ablation, auditory system ef-

fects, 102 chick,72 effects in gerbil, 129 effects on axonal connectivity, 74 effects on binaural hearing, 128ff effects on central auditory system, 111-

112, 128ff effects on hearing onset, 74--75 effects on inferior colliculus, 128-129 effects on SOC, 72-74, 75

316 Index

Cochlear implant, cochlear nucleus devel­opment in cat, 25-26

memory code, 213 Cochlear nucleus development, AN integ-

rity,22ff assembly in development, 8ff connections to MNTB, 63 development of connections to SOC,

62ff effects of conductive hearing loss, 113 innervation, 13-14 neuron survival during development,

23ff projections, 107ff projections to inferior colliculus, 114-

115 survival and death pathways, 34-35

Conditioning, CS-lPre-Post designs, 186-187, 189, 195ff

experimental designs, 182ff and simultaneous neurophysiological

studies, 182 Conductive hearing loss, binaural un­

masking, 148-149 effects on cochlear nucleus, 113

Consolidation, associative learning in cor-tex, 190

Contactin, cell recognition, 12 Context effects, cortical plasticity, 198ff Cortex, organization, 180

ventral ectosylvian field, 188-189 Cortical activation, nucleus basalis, 207ff Corticofugal pathways, plasticity, 201-

202 Cotumix japonica (quaii), neurogenesis,

267 Covariance plasticity, auditory cortex,

207ff Cricket, auditory habituation, 293

see also Gryllus bimaculatus Critical period, CN development, 23ff

cochlear nucleus development, 30-31 Crystallized song, 236 Cytoskeletal proteins, deafferentation ef­

fects,28

Deafening, and song development, 266 Deafferentation, cochlear nucleus devel­

opment, 26ff, 31ff

Deafness, effects on cochlear nucleus, 8ff Deafwaddler mouse, calcium homeostasis,

30 Delayed auditory feedback, birds, 257 Dendrite, morphological plasticity, 77-78

neurotransmitter effects on develop­ment,75

Dendritic development, inhibition effects, 74-75

Dendritic morphology, changes during development, 64-65, 70

2-deoxyglucose, cortical plasticity, 135-136, 194-195

Descending vocal motor pathway, birds, 249ff

Development, auditory maps, 131ff axonal connections, 57ff birdsong, 231 ff cochlear nucleus, 3 insect auditory system, 288ff serotonin contributions, 68 SOC, 4, 49ff, 61-62

Didelphis marsupialis (opossum), AN de­velopment, 15

Didelphis virgiana (North American opossum), connections from medulla to Ie, 60

Discrimination learning, auditory cortex plasticity, 196ff, 215

and simultaneous neurophysiological studies, 182ff

Dopamine, auditory cortex plasticity, 204 Drosophila (fruit fty), metamorphosis, 292

sensory deprivation and development, 294

Ear occlusion, acoustic cues, 121ff barn owl, 124-126 effects on human binaural hearing, 146 mammal, 121-123

Ectosylvian field, ventral, 188-189 Efferent system, development, 9 egr-l gene, ZENK, 244 Electrical stimulation, as reinforcement,

190 Emblemasoma auditrix (parasitic fty),

modulation of auditory system, 297 End bulb of Held, development, 16ff Eph receptors, cell migration, 12-13

EPSP, cochlear nucleus development, 17 Estradiol, song control system develop­

ment, 247 Estrogen receptors (ER), song control

system, 245 Excitation, effects on connectivity devel-

opment, 72ff Excitatory input, LSO, 67 Excitatory synapses, synaptogenesis, 61 Excitotoxic lesions, GABA, 205 Experience, auditory cortex plasticity,

173ff definition, 174 sound localization cues, 96

Extinction, auditory receptive fields, 189

FeITet, binaural plasticity, 104 effects on SOC of hearing loss, 112 monaural occlusion and sound source

localization, 139-140 projections to inferior colliculus, 114-

115 removal of pinna, 127 superior colliculus auditory space map,

126-127 Fibroblast growth factor, AN develop­

ment, 16 Field L, song circuit, 242ff, 252-253 tMRI, use in central auditory system

plasticity, 135 Forebrain circuits, adult song plasticity,

264-265 Frequency discrirnination, auditory cortex

plasticity, 213 auditory cortex role, 212, 215

Fringilla coelebs (chaffinch), song learn­ing, 232

Fruit fly, see Drosophila

GABA, excitotoxic lesions, 205 GABAergic systems, effects of age and

trauma, 129-130 Gallus domesticus (chicken), neurogene­

sis, 267 Gbx2 gene, 9 Generalization gradients, auditory cortex

plasticity, 197 Gerbil, auditory brain stern plasticity, 110

auditory cortex plasticity, 194-195

Index 317

development of connections from coch-lear nucleus to SOC, 58

development of LSO, 67, 68 development of SOC, 62, 111 inferior colliculus response after coch­

lear ablation, 129 maturity of auditory brain stern, 71 projections to inferior colliculus, 115

Globular bushy cells, 62, 63 Globus pallidus, rat, 204 Glucose uptake, deafferentation effects, 28 Glutamate, cochlear nucleus development,

25-26 Grasshopper, central auditory system, 287

response of neurons to lesion, 300 see also Chorthippus biguttulus

Growth cones, 58-59 Gryllus bimaculatus, auditory habituation,

294 see also Cricket

Guinea pig, auditory cortex plasticity, 189-190, 203, 207ff

covariance plasticity, 209

Habituation, Gryllus bimaculatus, 294 and learning, 178, 185 Pre-Post designs, 189

Head orientation, barn owl, 137 Hearing, effects of binaural imbalance, 97-

99, 121ff Hearing, insects, 285ff Hearing aids, monaural, 147-148 Hearing development, barn owl, 124-126 Hearing loss, ear occlusion, 121ff

effects on SOC, 112-114 neuronal atrophy, 24 SOC of ferret, 112

Hearing onset, changes in neuron mor-phology,70

and cochlear ablation, 74-75 developmental changes after, 69-71 plasticity, 77-78 SOC changes before, 62ff

Hebbian-like mechanisms, auditory cortex plasticity, 200--201, 207ff

Higher vocal center (nidopallial nucleus HVC), song circuit, 240ff

Homology, SOC in bird and mammal, 56 Hox gene, 9

318 Index

Human, AN deve1opment, 15 binaural cues, 142 binaural plasticity, 141ff conductive hearing loss, 148-149 effects of monaural hearing aids, 147-

148 hearing in blind people, 149-150 sound source localization, 141ff

Human speech, and birdsong, 228ff HVC (higher vocal center), added neu-

rons,266-267 descending vocal motor pathway, 249ff effects on RA, 254 functional significance of neuron tum­

over, 267ff, 270-271 song circuit, 240ff, 245

Hypoglossal motor nuc1eus, song circuit, 240ff

ILD, binaural plasticity, 121ff human, 142 SOC,51

Inferior colliculus, and auditory cortex plasticity, 202

ear occ1usion effects, 121-122 effects of cochlear ablation, 128-129 plasticity, 121-123 projections from cochlear nuc1eus, 114-

115 projections from SOC, 116-117

Inhibition, influence on dendritic develop-ment,74-75

Inhibitory input, LSO, 67 Inhibitory synapses, SOC, 61-62 Insects, activity-dependent modifications

in auditory system, 292ff auditory habituation, 293 auditory plasticity development, 285ff,

288ff auditory system, 286-287 auditory system development, 288ff cell regeneration, 299-300 compensation for lesions in auditory

system, 299ff fiber regrowth in auditory system, 300-

302 leaming and memory, 295-296 modulation of auditory networks, 296ff modulation of sensory responses, 296-

298

neuronal developmental plasticity, 289-291

plasticity, 5-6 plasticity of auditory neurons, 302-304 postembryonic auditory system devel-

opment, 291-292 sensory cells, 286 see also Ancistrura nigrovitatta, Bush­

crickets, Chorthippus biguttulus, Cricket, Drosophila, Grasshopper, and Moths

Integrins, deve1opment, 9 Interaural intensity difference, see ILD

andITD Interaural level difference, see ILD and

ITD Interaural time difference, see ITD Intercollicular nuc1eus (ICo), song circuit,

240ff ITD, binaural plasticity, 121ff

human, 142 SOC,51 tuning in bam owl, 133

Katydid, see Ancistrura nigrovitatta Kreisler gene, 9 Krox20 gene, 9

Lateral superior olivary nucleus, develop­ment,20-21

see also LSO Leaming, auditory cortex plasticity, 173ff,

211ff avian song control, 228ff, 231ff behavioral assessment, 177-178 and performance, 184ff role of auditory forebrain neurons,

255ff Leaming and memory, insect auditory

system, 295-296 IMAN area, response to song, 254ff Locust, sound source localization, 292-

293 Locusta migratoria, neuronal morphology

and activity, 295 Locusts, see Locusta migratoria Lonchura striata domestica (Bengalese

finch), sensitive period in song de­velopment, 238

Long-tenn potentiation, and memory, 178 plasticity, 203

LSO, dendritic changes at hearing onset, 70

neuro genesis, 54 physiological development, 67 projections from MNTB, 66--67 synaptogenesis, 62 see also Lateral superior olivary nu­

cleus and SOC

Mammals, auditory map, 132, 134 SOC, 49

Maps, bam owl, 120-121 effects of modifying visual experience,

131ff organization in bam owl, 132

Marsh wren, song and brain development, 246

Masking, induced song plasticity, 263-264

Masking level difference, binaural hear­ing, 148-149

Maturity, auditory brain stern, 71 Medial geniculare body, auditory cortex

plasticity, 194, 201ff Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, see

MNTB Medial superior olivary nucleus, see

MSO Melopsittacus undulatus (parakeet), neu­

rogenesis, 267 Melospiza georgiana (swamp sparrow),

song leaming, 233-234 Melospiza melodia (song sparrow), song

leaming, 233-234 Memory, aging effects, 213

auditory cortex plasticity, 174ff, 213 behavioral assessment, 177-178 birdsong sensory acquisition, 234-235 perceptual vs. associative in cortex,

213ff Memory and learning, insect auditory

system, 295-296 Mesocricetus auratus (hamster), AN de­

ve1opment, 15 Metabotrophic glutamate receptors

(mGluRs), deafferentation effects, 29 Metamorphosis, Drosophila, 292 Minimum audible angle, human, 142

Index 319

MNTB, development of connections from cochlear nucleus, 63

excitation, 62 projections to LSO, 66--67 see also SOC

Molecular mechanisms, axon guidance, 58-59

Molothorus ater (cowbird), IMAN vol­urne, 259

Monaural occlusion, effects on hearing, 121ff

Monkey, auditory cortex, 209 sound frequency discrimination, 195,

212 Monodelphis domestica (Brazilian opos­

sum), AN development, 14-15 Moths, development of auditory system,

292 Motor pathway, descending, 249ff Motor pathway development, song sys-

tem, 246 Mouse, AN development, 15 Mouse brain, cadherin-6, 11-12 MSO, binaural function, 51

neurogenesis, 54 see also SOC

Muscimol, cortical plasticity, 201-202 Mustela putorius (feITet), AN develop­

ment, 15

NB2 mo1ecule, cell recognition, 12 Neural plasticity, mechanisms, 152-153 Neural tube, brain development, 8ff Neurogenesis, SOC, 53-55 Neuromodulators, auditory system plastic-

ity, 200, 204ff Neuronal development, insect auditory

plasticity, 289-291 Neuronal morphology, developmental ef­

fects in Locusta migratoria, 295 Neuronal tumover, bird telencephalon de­

ve1opment, 267ff functional significance, 270-271

Neurotransmitters, adult SOC, 80 effects on dendrite development, 75

Neurotrophic factors, brain development, 69

ngfi-a gene, ZENK, 244 NMDA receptors, song control develop­

ment,248

320 Index

Norepinephrine, auditory cortex plasticity, 204

covariance plasticity, 209 North American opossum, see Didelphis

virgiana Nuc1eus ambiguus (AM), song circuit,

241 Nucleus angularis, development, 10-11,

13, 15 Nuc1eus basalis, and AI cortex activation,

205ff associative leaming, 207ff basal forebrain cholinergic cells, 204ff and memory, 205ff plasticity, 204ff

Nucleus interfacialis (NIf), song circuit, 240

Nuc1eus laminaris, development, 10-11, 20, 56

Nucleus magnocellularis, cell death, 32 cell migration, 56 deafferentation effects, 26ff dendrite resorption, 21 development, 10-11, 13, 20 homologies with SOC, 56

Nucleus ovoidalis (Ov), thalamic song circuit, 242-243

Nucleus uvaformis (Uva), thalamic song circuit, 240

Olivocochlear system, development, 9 Optic tectum, bam owl, 124-126

maps, 131ff Otitis media, children, 97-99

masking level difference in children, 148-149

Otocyst ablation, chick, 112 Ototoxicity, effects on central auditory

system responses, 130

Paradoxical sleep, auditory system plas­ticity, 203

Parasitic fly, see Emblemasoma auditrix Perception of birdsong, telencephalon,

258-259 Perceptualleaming, auditory cortex, 212

time course, 212 Performance, and leaming, 184ff Philestumus carunculatus (saddleback),

song development, 239

Pinna removal, effects on binaural cues, 140

Pipilo maculatus (spotted towhee), plas­ticity, 271

Plastic song, 236 Plasticity, activity-related in insects, 293-

294 adult SOC, 78ff amygdala and thalamus, 202-203 auditory and visual space map align-

ment, 126-127, 131ff auditory cortex, 4-5, 173ff auditory neurons in insects, 302-304 auditory system, 1ff bam owl hearing, 124-126 binaural systems, 96ff, 109, 118-121 birdsong development, 5 cellular after hearing onset, 77-78 definition, 2, 52, 173, 285 ear occ1usion, 121ff functional properties of SOC, 80-81 gerbil auditory brain stern, 110 human hearing, 141ff insect auditory system, 5--6, 285ff mechanisms, 200ff models, 200ff noncortical sites, 202ff nucleus basalis, 204ff seasonal and social, 271-272 SOC,72ff superior colliculus, 126-127

Plexins, cell repulsion, 12 PMCA2, cochlear nucleus development,

30 Postembryonic development, insect audi­

tory system, 291-292 SOC, 62

Postnatal development, SOC, 69 Protein synthesis, deafferentation effects,

28,32 Proteins, SOC, 81 Pyramidal cells, plasticity, 209

Quail, cochlear nucleus development, 10-11

RA, neuronal turnover, 267ff see also Robust nuc1eus of the arcopal­

lium

Rat, development of connections from cochlear nucleus to SOC, 58

development of projections from SOC, 59-60

globus pallidus, 204 inferior colliculus plasticity, 121-123 neuorgenesis of SOC, 53-54 postnatal SOC deve1opment, 69 stimulus generalization design, 207 substantia innominata, 204

Receptive field plasticity, 195ff auditory cortex, 190ff

Regeneration, sensory fibers in Chortip­pus biguttulas, 301

Respiratory nucleus (RAm), song circuit, 241

Rhombencephalon, CN development, 9ff RNA synthesis, deafferentation effects,

27ff,32 Robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA),

song circuit, 240ff, 253-254

Seasonal changes, neuronal tumover, 270-271

Seasonal plasticity, birdsong, 271-272 Segmentation, hindbrain, 9ff Se1ective attention, auditory cortex plas-

ticity, 213 Sensitive period, birdsong leaming, 237ff Sensitization, auditory cortex, 181 Sensorineural hearing loss, 1

human sound source localization, 142 Sensorineural manipulation, effects on

central auditory system, 102-104 Sensory deprivation, Drosophila, 294 Serinus canaria (island canary), open­

ended leamer, 240 Serotonin, auditory cortex plasticity, 204

function in development, 68 Skilliearning, auditory cortex, 212 SOC,4

adult neurotransmitters, 80 adult plasticity, 78ff axon morphology development, 57-58,

62-64 binaural function, 51, 114 cell migration, 55-57 cochlear nucleus projections, 107, 116-

117 connections from cochlear nucleus, 58

Index 321

dendrite morphology development, 64-65

development, 49ff development of connections from coch­

lear nucleus, 62ff deve10pment of projections from, 59-

60 development of spontaneous activity,

65 effects of cochlear ablation, 72ff, 111-

112 effects of hearing loss, 112-114 excitatory and inhibitory connection

development, 61-62 function, 49-51 molecular deve1opment, 56 morphology, 112-114 neurogenesis, 53-55 and onset of hearing, 62ff, 70-71 plasticity, 72ff, 80-81 plasticity in gerbil, 111 protein composition, 81 rat neurogenesis, 53-54 soma size, 78-79 synaptic function development, 65ff synaptogenesis, 60ff, 68-69 topographic specificity of connections,

59 see also LSO and MSO

Song, development in insects, 296 selectivity of HVC neurons, 249 vs. calls in birds, 229 see also Birdsong

Song control nuclei, auditory response in various species, 249ff

Song deve1opment, abnormal, 256-257 area X, 265 IMAN, 265 role of feedback, 266

Song learning, development of, 263-264 induced song plasticity, 263ff

Song perception, neuronal tumover, 270-271

telencephalon, 258-259 Song plasticity, adults, 259ff

induced, 263ff neural bases, 264ff neurogenesis, 266-267

Song responses, area X and IMAN, 254ff Song structure, birds, 229-230

322 Index

Song-selective neurons, bird's own song, 249

HVC,253 RA,253ff

Sound source localization, barn owl, l38 behavioral effects, l36ff crickets, 293 cues,96 development of maps, l3lff effects of monaural occ1usion, 121ff,

l39-140 effects of pinna removal, 127-128 and experience, 96 human adaptation to altered cues, 141ff insects, 292-293

Sparrows, gonadal steroid hormones, 244

HVC and RA volume, 271-272 seasonal song variation, 270-271 sensitive period for song development,

238-239 stable adult song, 261

Spatial tuning, barn owl, 125 Speech, and birdsong, 228ff Spizella pusilla (field sparrow), song de­

velopment, 239 Spontaneous activity, after hearing onset,

69-70 brain development, 21, 24 cochlear nuc1eus development, 29-30 development in SOC, 65

Steroid hormones, neuronal survival, 268-269

song control development, 244-245, 247-248

Streptopelia risola (ring dove), neuroge­nesis, 267

Sturnus vulgaris (European starling), open-ended 1earner, 240

Stuttering, birdsong, 265 Subsong, 236 Substantia innominata, rat, 204 Superior colliculus, auditory space map,

126-127 maps, l31ff

Superior olivary complex, see SOC see also MSO and LSO

Synapse consolidation, 60-61 Synapse development, cochlear nuc1eus,

16ff

Synaptic changes, auditory cortex plastic­ity,2oo

Synaptic function, development in SOC, 65ff

Synaptogenesis, 61-62 SOC, 60ff, 68-69

Syrinx, abnormal song development, 256 song circuit, 240ff

Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch), song development, 237

Target finding, axon outgrowth, 57ff Taxostoma rufum (brown thrasher), song,

229 Telencephalon development, neuronal

turnover, 267ff Testosterone, BNDF and song control

system, 247 neuronal survival, 268-269 seasonal neuronal turnover, 271-272 song crystallization, 244-245

Tonotopic maps, auditory cortex, 180 autonomy of, 21-22 c-fos labeling in CN, 20 2-deoxyglucose labeling in CN, 20 development, l3-14, 19ff

Topographic organization in brain, molec­ular bases, 22

Topographic specificity in auditory path­way, 59

Tutor's song, area X and IMAN, 256-257 HVC,253

Tyrosine kinase, cell migration, 12-l3 Tyrosine kinase receptors, deafferentation

effects,28

Vestibular nuc1ei, patterning genes, 9 Visual deprivation, auditory system adap­

tation, 141 Visual experience, effects on auditory

maps, l31ff Visual map, alignment with auditory,

l31ff Vocal motor circuits, song development,

249ff, 265-266

White-crowned sparrow, HVC, 249ff song learning, 232, 234, 240

X area, response to song, 254ff

Zebra finch, anterior forebrain pathway development, 245-246

BDNF and song control system, 247 effects of delayed auditory feedback,

257, 262-263 estradiol effects on song control sys­

tem, 247 HVC and RA response and behavior,

257-258 induced song plasticity, 263 IMAN responses, 259 masculinization of song system, 248

Index 323

neuronal tumover, 268ff neurophysiology of song circuit, 242 open-ended learners, 240 responses of auditory forebrain neu-

rons, 255-256 selectivity of HVC neurons, 249ff sensitive periods, 238, 256 song development, 246-247, 264-265

ZENK gene, song circuit in birds, 242, 244

Zonotrichia albicollis (white-throated sparrow), song, 229, 231-232

SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF AUDITORY REsEARCH (continued from page ii)

Volume 22: Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System Edited by Geoffrey A. Manley, Arthur N. Popper anti Richard R. Fay

Volume 23: Plasticity of the Auditory System Edited by Thomas N. Parks, Edwin W Rubel, Richard N. Popper, anti Richard R. Fay

For more information about the series, please visit www.springer-ny.comlshar.