8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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ndash 231 ndash

INDEX

Abbott George 181 182 184 185 190

Abernethy Tomas 93able seamen 85 174Aboriginals 117accommodation and class divisions 8 130

133 176ndash7Act or the Encouragement o the Southern

Whale Fishery 34ndash5Adams Jameson Boyd 191Adelie Land 46 52 58ndash9 62 163Admiralty 14 17 39 127Admiralty Bay 156Admiralty Ranges 61

Adventure 21 22 23 28 29 50 64 69 75

124 126 139 143adventure spirit o 195Arica

native populations 164scramble or 150slave trade 12

Arican Americans 76agricultural mechanization 72Albert Prince 66alcohol

as compensatory pay 136ndash9crew consumption o offi cersrsquo 143or offi cers 134reusal o 142

or sailors 133 136ndash9or sealers 139

Alexander I sar 38 60Alexander I Land 60aloneness and Antarctic exploration 163ndash6ambition leadersrsquo 58ndash60 65American Revolutionary War (War o Inde-

pendence) 33 35 37 69

Amsterdam Island 22 30 36 76 115 116

117 151Amundsen Roald 2 3 60 163 166 167

168 173ndash4 182 191national pride elt by 162Andersson Gunnarr 160animals 164 165annexation 151 157

Antarctic 79 152 155 171 187Antarctic convergence 55Antarctic divergence 55Antarctic exploration

accolades or 193ndash4and aloneness 163ndash6

challenges o maritime labour in 80ndash4and class 55ndash145as collective endeavour 195ndash6and colonial outlook 159ndash63and colonialism 11ndash32 147 149ndash55

159ndash63death toll 98ndash9differing views o 153divergent class experiences 55 57 63ndash4

123economic reasons or 149ndash50 151ndash2 155establishing expeditions on land 171ndash41047297nancing 159our state expeditions compared 38ndash46

and ur trade 101 109ndash12geographic and scienti1047297c 152Heroic Age 167ndash91historical sources 6historiography 1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8 9 79

102 118 123 130 156 193ndash4 195197ndash8

journey to ice 167ndash70

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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232 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

as labour 79ndash100labour as 109ndash17motivations o leaders 58ndash63as national duty 61and nationalism 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161organization o 167and ownership 161

physical suffering during 94ndash9 111ndash12reaching South Pole 3 162 166 198reality versus heroic vision o 195ndash6renewed interest in 150and the sublime 62ndash3transormed rom 1908 157 166and unanimity o purposeconsensual-

ism 57 61 62 63 190Antarctic reaty 166Antarctica

circumnavigation 42 151climate 51 165discovery o continent 17expanding knowledge about 381047297rst landing on 121 193ndash41047297rst voyages to 9geographic knowledge o 163ndash4and global geopolitics 198and imperial race 147 149and industrialization 152 157locating o 33map xiinativeshabitation 48ndash53 163 164ndash6new colonialism in 149ndash66ownership o 161sailing conditions in 80ndash4 136 168ndash70rsquoscramble orrsquo 152secrecy surrounding discoveries 1ndash2 110size o 147as terra nullius 52 163 165topography 184

wildlie 164Antipodes Island 116Argentina 34 151 155 156 157 196Armitage Albert 183Armytage Bertram 159articles o agreement 187Articles o War 126ndash7 142 187artists on expeditions 167 190

Aspasia 81 Astrolabe 42 45 62 66 70 87 95 97 126

illustration 88Atlantic Ocean 12 34Auckland Island 47 77 150

Aurora 2 4 5 168 169 170 173 174 190195 197

Aurora Australis 39Australasian Antarctic Expedition 2 4 152

158ndash9 162 168 176 196illustration 182Australia 34 35 36 46 149 159

Antarctic exploration 154ndash5 158ndash9colonial rule 150

see also Borchgrevink MawsonAutearoa see New ZealandAzores 76

Balaena 152 153Baldy Richard 125Balleny John 3 33 130Bank o England 12 15Banks Sir Joseph 20 130 133Banner Stuart 7BANZARE 198Barclay John 128Barnett-Smith G 153ndash4 164Bass Strait 77 117Batavia 44 98Baudin Nicolas 36 117Bay o Islands 47 98 141Bay o Whales 60 67Bayley (surgeon) 143Bayley William 126Bayly Lieutenant 29Beagle Channel 160Belgium colonialism 149Bellinshausen Fabian Gottlieb von 3 33

73ndash4Antarctic expedition 38 42 47 50on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 83

89 98ndash9on consensualism o voyagers 66crew conditions under 97 98ndash9 136 137discipline under 126encounters with sealers 114 117and ice-watering 89 91motivation o 60ndash1recruitment or voyage 70 71use o 1047297reworks to subdue Paci1047297c island-

ers 48ndash9

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 233

Bernacchi Louis Charles 159Bickerton Francis 177Biscoe John 3 33Bismark Otto von 151Bismark Strait 151Bjaaland (carpenter) 182 191Black Jeremy 7blacksmiths 85 182Blokov Philip 99blubber processing o 108ndash9Boer War (1899ndash1901) 150 159books taken on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1Borchgrevink Carsten 153 154 155 159164 165 166 181 193ndash4

botanical research 159Botany Bay 76Bougainville Louis-Antoine de 18bounties 71

Bounty 129 131Bouvet Franccedilois Joseph 11Bouvetoya Island 109Bove Lietenant 151Bowers Bertie 159boxing matches 66Brett (cook) 189

Britainadvantages o empire 43ndash4 46 47 149and Antarctic exploration 9 11 19ndash32

33ndash4 38ndash9 40 42ndash4 151 153ndash4161 186

Articles o War 126ndash7 142 187capitalism in 12colonialism 9 10 11ndash12 13ndash14 33ndash4

52 53 161compared with France in early 18th

century 11ndash15creates Falkland Island Dependency 157

166 198domination o Heroic Age Antarctic

exploration 154exploration o Paci1047297c 16 17ree trade 13ndash14government support or expeditions 42growing interest in southern hemisphere

15ndash16loss o North American colonies 34sealing and whaling 156ndash7

standoff with Argentina over Falklands157

trade advantages o 149unemployment in 72

victory in Seven Years War 15 views o Antarctic exploration in 153ndash4 wants to incorporate Antarctica in

Empire 198 see also Cook Ross Scott Shackleton

WeddellBritish Antarctic Expedition (1839ndash43) 57

see also Ross

British Australian and New Zealand Antarc-tic Research Expedition 198British Empire 150 154 161 162 190

195 198Browning Frank 177 180 181 182 184

186 190Bruni drsquoEntrecasteaux Antoine 36Bruny Island 22Buenos Aires 34 140 155 196Bugeryoory 76ndash7Bungaree 47bunks 176 177Burney Lieutenant James 22 23 29butchering 178

Byers Peninsula 113Byrd Admiral Richard E 4 166Byron Commodore 16 28

Caliornia 39Campbell Victor 176 178 184 186Campbell Island 36 47 76 77 151Cape Adare 164 165 173 176 178 180

181 193 194Cape Colony 23 140Cape Evans 174 176Cape o Good Hope 22 34 43 47Cape Horn 49 83 84 94 131 137Cape Royds 172 174 176 177

Cape Verde Islands 76 79 108capital punishment 126ndash7capitalism

coevolution with colonialism 9 15 33147 155 197

and colonialism in the southern oceans33ndash7

deepening o 147

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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234 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

in early 18th-century Britain 12industrial 149and renewed interest in Antarctic explo-

ration 150 154 197captains

recruitment o crew 168selection o 167

see also master classCarangarang people 76Caribbean 11 15 149carnivals 67carpenters 85 171 173 176 182 183

Carteret Philip 16cartography 49 152caulkers 84Cecilia 121celebrations and ceremonies 66ndash7 137

142 162 177 188censorship 1ndash2 4ndash5Challenger 151Chapman Tomas 35Chapman William 69Charcot Jean-Baptiste 153 154 155 158

161 168 196class and division o labour 177 178 180

labour relations 171Cherry-Garrard Apsley 159 161 166 197Chile 34 97 151 157chillblains 97China 15ndash16Christmas Harbour 23circuits o necessity 10

Antarctic 1780ndash1850 47ndash8Cook and Antarctic 21ndash4 32 139early 20th-century 157ndash9organised around established colonial

ports 144 violence and reprovisioning during 24

25ndash31

Clarke Marcus 190class

and Antarctic exploration 1750ndash185055ndash145

and Antarctic exploration in the HeroicAge 167ndash91 193ndash5

Antarctic exploration predicated oninequality 197

boundaries broken down during certainactivities 174 180ndash1 186

dialectics o power 123ndash45 193 194and discipline 125ndash6and division o labour 8 177 178 180

186hostility 142ndash3and iconic and remembered journeys

191 193imbalance in Antarctic historiography

1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8 79 100 191in imperial Antarctica (1890ndash1920)

147 167ndash91and living conditions 174ndash81 power and authority 186ndash90and provisions 8 134relationships on Antarctic voyages 55

190sharing o tents 176

Clerke Lieutenant 27 63climate 51clothing

careul selection o warm 42 43Finnboots 181urs and skins 159ndash60 181inadequate 94 95

made by sailmaker 182made by sealers 115navy-supplied 95

poor quality 41sold to crew o whalers and sealers 96

washing 178 waterproo1047297ng 94

coal 39 150coffee 136Colbert Jean-Baptiste 13Coleridge Samuel aylor 89 164colonial dispossession 47Colonial Offi ce 14colonialism

and Antarctic exploration 6 7 9 1043ndash4 147 149ndash55 159ndash63 195

and capital investment 150and capitalism in the southern oceans

33ndash7and circuits o necessity 144coevolution with capitalism 9 15 33

147 154 155 197

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 235

critical studies o 6and direct occupation and rule 149 150

154and discovery o Antarctica 11ndash32expansion o 149impersonal structures o 7and industrialization 149ndash50and literature 160ndash1 190naked exercise o colonial power 48ndash9and national rivalries 152ndash3new orm o 149 155 157and provisioning o expeditions 196

and science 10and terra nullius 52ndash3lsquotit or tatrsquo 150and treatment o native populations 24

25ndash31 32commanders see master classCommonwealth Bay 163 168 169 170

173 177 194Compass Committee 39convicts

ex-convicts as sealers 74labour 46

Cook Captain James 3 19 68 110 154ambition and motivation o 58 59

and Antarctic circuit o necessity 21ndash432 47

Antarctic expedition 1 2 5 9 20ndash1 3339 50 53

on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 8385 90 91

circumnavigation o world 33claims South Georgia 156 157on consensualism o voyagers 64crew conditions under 96 97 137 139discipline under 124 125 126 142

143ndash4exploration o Paci1047297cAustralasia 16

17 20

and ice-watering 90 91 99labour relations under 130 133ndash5

provisions 133ndash5recruitment or voyages 69relations with natives over reprovision-

ing 24 25ndash31 32throws pet monkeys overboard 143

view o Antarctic 21

Cook Elizabeth 59cooks 177 184Cooper Lieutenant 143cooperative labour 104ndash9Cooperrsquos Harbour 111corporal punishment 123 124ndash5 126ndash7

128 142 143 144cotton trade 19Coulman Island 63courts martial 127crafsmen skilled 85 99 182crampons 182

Crean om 196crew

conditions or 42 79 94diffi culty 1047297nding 41ethnic diversity 75ndash7illness 44 45 79 97as part o land-based operations 168ranks 84ndash5recruitment 45 68ndash72 167ndash8recuperation and circuits o necessity

21ndash2 see also working class

Cromwell Oliver 19

Cross Jacob 180Crozet Islands 36 102 118 121 151Crozets 75 76Crozier Captain 92Cunningham Sergeant 67 137ndash8 139

Dallas KM 13Dalrymple Alexander 49Dana Richard 83 84 86 87 88 94 96

131 136 137 140 141Davis JE 63Davis Captain John 121Davis Coast 121Day Bernard 183

de Brosses Charles 11de Gerlache Adrien 155de-salination units 89death toll 98ndash9Deception Island 101 156 157 158Demas Barlatier 95Denin Greg 124Descent Pass 183

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236 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

deserters 45 70 71ndash2 73 124 140ndash1143ndash4

Devilrsquos Bight 112diaries see journals and diariesDickason Harry 5 170 177 180 181 184

185ndash6 190direct rule 149 150 154discipline shipboard 123 124ndash9 186ndash7

Discovery 162 168 170 178ndash9 180 186187 189

Dolphin 25Dore Gustave 164

Dorr(s) amily 35 116Drake Sir Francis 3 18 49 154Drake Passage 23drownings 98 99 106drunkenness 126 127 128 139 140 142

143Drygalski Erich von 151du Fresne Marc-Joseph Marion 16Dubouzet Lieutenant 52 97Duke o York Island 155Dunkirk 36Dunlop (engineer) 174Dunmore John 17 37Duroch Ensign 62

drsquoUrville Adele 59drsquoUrville Jules (son) 59drsquoUrville Jules Dumont 3 14 33 36 45

73 91 196ambition and motivation o 58ndash60 61

62Antarctic expedition 41ndash2 45ndash6 48

52 65on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 85

86 87 88crew conditions under 94ndash5 97 98 136desertions under 144discipline under 126 141amily lie 59

labour relations under 131ndash2on reactions to landscape 67 68recruitment or voyage 70ndash1 76

Dusky Sound 22 26 125duty

crewrsquos sense o 65leadersrsquo sense o 60ndash1

dysentery 44 98

Eades Captain 116East India Company 34 35Easter Island 22 24Edgewoth-David Sir annatt William 159

191Elephant Island 158 176elephant seals 106 107ndash9 117ndash18 120

151 152oil 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2Empire Day 162ndash3enclosures 72

Endeavour 25 28 69

Enderby Samuel 3 34 48Enderby amily 3 35

Endurance 172 176 187 188 191 194engine rooms 169ndash70entertainment working class 66ndash7Eora nation 47

Erebus 5 43 57 63 65 67 68 69 70 8192 93 95 98 127 128 139 141 196

Eromanga 26ethnographical research 39Evans Edgar 189 191 197Evans Lieutenant Edward 197Evans Hugh 159

Evans Point 173

actory ships 156 157Falkland Islands 34 37 48 105 119 139

140ndash1 144 151 156 157 187Britain creates Dependency o 157 166

198amily lie o expedition leaders 59 60Fanning Edmund 47 73 107 116

117ndash18 119 132 194Ferrar Glacier 183eudalism 12 70Filchner Wilhelm 151 158Finkel George 3ndash4

1047297remen 169Fisher Andrew 163Fitzroy Captain Robert 341047298ags national 66 154 155 162ndash3Flinders Matthew 391047298ogging 123 124ndash5 126ndash7 128 142 143

144 Flying Fish 86 96 144

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Index 237

oodcanned 171depots 183hunter-gathering activities 178or offi cers 134 135 143Pemmican and Plasmon 196

production o 196reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 135on shore 177 182trading or 134

or working classes 149 see also provisionsorecastle (orsquocsle) as sailorsrsquo space 133 176oretopmen 84Forster Johann 63

Fram 168 182 Franccedilais 155 168France

and Antarctic exploration 9 11 17ndash1933 38 39 40 41ndash2 45ndash6 151 154160

colonialism 11ndash12 13 15 19 52 53149 150 151

compared with Britain in early 18th

century 11ndash15exploration o Paci1047297c 16 17 37 39 49eudal monarchy and economy 12ndash13reprovisioning and repairs 45ndash6 48revolution o 1830 41revolution disrupts southern exploration

36ndash7sealing and whaling 45 141 151ndash2

see also Charcot drsquoUrville KerguelenFrance Australe 17 18 49Franco-Prussian War 151Franklin Sir John 3 43 154Franklin Island 61ree trade 13ndash14 24 149

French Indies Company 11French navy 14ndash15 17ndash18 37

1047297nancial limitations 42recruitment 70ndash1

French Revolution 36French Revolutionary Wars 36Friendly Isles 144rostbite 95 181

ur trade 33 35 37 38 72ndash5labour as exploration 101ndash21

price 1047298uctuations 103ndash4 processing skins 108 109

Furneaux Captain 50 126

Gauss 151gender analysis 8gentri1047297cation o exploration 195geographical knowledgeresearch 152 159

163ndash4geopolitics 147 198

Germany Antarctic exploration 150ndash1 154colonialism 149 150 164

Goldie Andrew 164Gonneville Land 11 49Goodridge Charles Medyett 73 102 103

112 115 118 194Great Ice Barrier 60Great South Land 9 11 17 49Gregory Francis 60Griffi ths om 4 5Grytviken 156 157 158 187ndash8Grytviken Workers Union 188Guam 44

guanaco skins 159 160guano 155Guardian 92Gumin (blacksmith) 99Gurkas 159Gurney Alan 2 46 79 92

hail stones 94hands rozen 83ndash4 97 197hanging 126Hannam Walter 177Hanssen (dog-driver) 191Harberton 160Harte Jonathan Locke 7

Hassel (dog-driver) 191Hatch Joseph 152Hawairsquoi 46hazing 140health 97ndash8

Hermione 129hero 1047297gures 3ndash4 5 6 7 9 94 99 101 154

191 194 195 197

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238 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Heroic Age (1890ndash1920) 3 99 154 158163 166 195 196 197 198

and knowledge o Antarctic topography184

work and class in 147 167ndash91 Hersalia 105 Hetty 110Hill Christopher 12Hillary-Fuchs Commonwealth rans-Ant-

arctic Expedition (1957) 166 198historiography Antarctic 1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8

9 79 102 118 123 130 156 193ndash4

195 197ndash8history-rom-below 6Hobart 43 44 45 46 65 76 131ndash2 140

144 168 191Hobsbawm Eric 7ndash8 19 43 61Hodges W 90Hodgson Tomas 180Holland colonialism 16 22Hooker Joseph 63Hope Royal 98

Hopeful 48Huahine 22 26 30 31Hudson Captain 87 88 130Hughes Bay 121

Hunter Captain John 35hunting 178Hurley Frank 188 190 197

Huron 73 75 76 105Husvik 156Hut Point 170 179 183 186 189huts expedition

building 171 173ndash4class division in 174 176ndash7

plan o 175hygiene 178

ice on vessels 81ndash2 86 169ice sawing 179 187

ice-watering 89ndash91 125 137 138ndash9icebergs 52 62 67 68 81 83 92 93 94ndash5imperialism

critical studies o 6and race to control new territory 149

India 11 12 14 15 36 150 159Indian Ocean 34Indian Sound 48

indigenous people see native populations

industrialization 72 149 152 157 196

Inexpressible Island 176injury work-related 97ndash8 119

Inuits 165

iron 39

Italy

Antarctic exploration 151

colonialism 149 150

Jackson Andrew 40

Jacquinot Captain 97

Japan

Antarctic exploration 151colonialism 149 151

Jason 152

Java Le Grande 49

Jeffryes Sidney 196ndash7

Johnson Lieutenant 82

Johnson Samuel 144

Jonassen Ole 165 journals and diaries crew 1ndash2 4ndash5 63 64

168 169 170 184 190ndash1

Joyce Ernest 176

Juan Fernandez 116 Julius Caesar 128

just rights 132ndash3 137 141 186

Kaiser Wilhelm II Land 151

Keith Captain 116

Kemp P 69

Keplin John 143 144Kerguelen Yves-Joseph de 9 17ndash19 20

49 124

Kerguelen Islands 9 17 19 36 73 76 85

91 96 105 107 110 111 113 114

120 128 132 135 137 139 141 151

168 194Khoikoi 22King Captain Philip 35

King George Island 28 156

King George II Sound 47

Kipling Rudyard 160ndash1 190

Kirwan LP 20

Korea 151

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Index 239

La Jean-Franccedilois de 16 36labour

all-round skills 185Antarctic collective 84ndash91challenges o Antarctic maritime 80ndash4class and division o 8 177 178 180 186cooperative 104ndash9domestic 177ndash8 184o exploration 55 79ndash84explorers dependent on working-class 6

57 77 79 167 195 196 197extraction o 123ur trade 101ndash21in Heroic Age 167ndash91independence and judgement o workers

91ndash4living to 94ndash9relations 129ndash35 171ndash4 186ndash90sealing as exploration 109ndash12sledging 181ndash6 196unacknowledged 147

withdrawal o 129ndash30 141 143Lairdrsquos o Liverpool 39Landis Marilyn 45 57landscape reactions to 62ndash3 67ndash8landsmen 85Laplanders 181Larsen Captain 155ndash6 157 187ndash8Lashly William 189 197Lawrence E 166Lazarev Captain 97leaders expedition

ambition and motivation o 58ndash63 77 workersrsquo resistance to 55 129ndash35 see also by name

leaks 42 86Leguillou Dr 96Leith Harbour 157letters crew 5Levick Dr 173 174 178 180 184 185 187Lincoln Bert 2 4ndash5 168 169 171 190ndash1

195Linebaugh Peter 7 14 75livestock 23 134 135 173living conditions

or offi cers 96or sealers 112ndash17 118on shore 174ndash81or workers 42 79 94 95 96ndash7 132ndash3

Livingston Island 76 77 108 111 113117 144

Loggie Midshipman 126Louis XV King o France 17Louis XVIII King o France 37Louis Phillipe King o France 37 39 58

Lynx 74Lyttleton 170

McClintock Anne 8Mackay Alistair 159Mackintosh Aeneas 159

McMurdo Sound 169 180McNeish Harry 176 187Macquarie Lachlan 32Macquarie Island 36 76 116ndash17 151ndash2

157expedition hut 175 176research and wireless stations 158ndash9

Madagascar 151Madeira 134Madigan Cecil Tomas 161Magellan Ferdinand 3 49 52 131 195Magellan Straits o 49 73 131Magellan Whaling Company 158magnetic 1047297eld earthrsquos 38ndash9 43 140

Mahroot 117Malekula 27ndash8malingering 189Malvinas see Falkland IslandsMaoris 25 77 117marine biology 181Marion Island 36 111 116 118maritime proletariat 68ndash9 77

ethnic diversity 75ndash6maritime rebellion 129markets overseas 149Maroot Boatswain 76Marquesas 24Marra John 5 21 50 64 65 82 90 92 94

99ndash100 124 125 130 131 132 133134 135 139 143ndash4

Marshall Eric 191Martin Stephen 2 53 79

Mary and Sally 76masculinity 8master class

authority o 186ndash90

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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240 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

compensate crew or extreme workingconditions 136

and discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7exploration as propertyachievement o

101ndash2 167 194 195 197relations between workers and 55 123

167 187ndash90resistance o workers to 129ndash35 140ndash5

see also leaders expedition offi cersMatavai Bay 28 29 30 125Mauritius 34 36Mawson Douglas 2 4 5 155 161 162ndash3

167 168 173 194 195 196 198and division o labour 177excitement elt by 162labour relations 174 190on sense o aloneness 163sledging journey 191

Western Party 173 191Meares Cecil H 160medals commemorative 196merchant marines 37 73 74 96 124 129

134 140 141 145 167 168 171 172Mertz Xavier 163 191meteorological work 180middle class

Antarctic achievement not exclusive to167 194 195 196 197

rise o French 37Middlemore Governor 43midshipmen 125ndash6 133Midwinters Day 177Mill Hugh 3 42 153mineral deposits 39

Mirnyi 42 66 87 97 98 126 137missionaries 37Montevideo 140moral economy 132

Morning 168 189Morrell Abby Jane 92 128 129

Morrell Benjamin 48 51 67 75 79 92109 111 119 120 193

on Antarctic sailing conditions 93ndash4crew kill his seal pup pets 142ndash3discipline under 128ndash9leaves sealers within hour o arrival 113

Mount Erebus 63 191Mundy Isaac 128

Murdoch Burn 153murmurings 131 132 134 140music 66Must Ole 181mutiny 124 125 127 129 130 131 135

141 187

Nansen Fritjo 2 8Napoleon I Emperor 43Napoleonic Wars 35 36 60Nastyace Jack (nom de plume) 131nation-states 44ndash5 66 67 149nationalism 38 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161 162Native Americans 76 77native populations

Antarctic 48ndash53 163 164ndash6in Arctic 165in colonies 164and reprovisioning 24 25ndash31 47ndash8as sealing labour 76ndash7

nature humanityrsquos relationship with 62navigation

techniques 18 20through icebergs and pack ice 81 83

86ndash7 94ndash5neglect o duty 143New Caledonia 26 32New Island 105New South Wales 32 34 35 36 46 74

76 136New Year celebrations 66New Zealand 14 16 22 24 32 37 47 64

130 141 144 154 159British annexation o 34colonial rule 150native people 76

provisions rom 196sealing industry 36

Newnes Sir George 155 166 Nimrod 159 169 172 173 174 191Ninnis Belgrave 163 191Nodtvedt (blacksmith) 182Nordenskjold Otto 153 155 159ndash60 161

165 171 194labour relations 171 187

Nore Mutiny 129North America 11 15

and colonial trade 12

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1317

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

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232 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

as labour 79ndash100labour as 109ndash17motivations o leaders 58ndash63as national duty 61and nationalism 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161organization o 167and ownership 161

physical suffering during 94ndash9 111ndash12reaching South Pole 3 162 166 198reality versus heroic vision o 195ndash6renewed interest in 150and the sublime 62ndash3transormed rom 1908 157 166and unanimity o purposeconsensual-

ism 57 61 62 63 190Antarctic reaty 166Antarctica

circumnavigation 42 151climate 51 165discovery o continent 17expanding knowledge about 381047297rst landing on 121 193ndash41047297rst voyages to 9geographic knowledge o 163ndash4and global geopolitics 198and imperial race 147 149and industrialization 152 157locating o 33map xiinativeshabitation 48ndash53 163 164ndash6new colonialism in 149ndash66ownership o 161sailing conditions in 80ndash4 136 168ndash70rsquoscramble orrsquo 152secrecy surrounding discoveries 1ndash2 110size o 147as terra nullius 52 163 165topography 184

wildlie 164Antipodes Island 116Argentina 34 151 155 156 157 196Armitage Albert 183Armytage Bertram 159articles o agreement 187Articles o War 126ndash7 142 187artists on expeditions 167 190

Aspasia 81 Astrolabe 42 45 62 66 70 87 95 97 126

illustration 88Atlantic Ocean 12 34Auckland Island 47 77 150

Aurora 2 4 5 168 169 170 173 174 190195 197

Aurora Australis 39Australasian Antarctic Expedition 2 4 152

158ndash9 162 168 176 196illustration 182Australia 34 35 36 46 149 159

Antarctic exploration 154ndash5 158ndash9colonial rule 150

see also Borchgrevink MawsonAutearoa see New ZealandAzores 76

Balaena 152 153Baldy Richard 125Balleny John 3 33 130Bank o England 12 15Banks Sir Joseph 20 130 133Banner Stuart 7BANZARE 198Barclay John 128Barnett-Smith G 153ndash4 164Bass Strait 77 117Batavia 44 98Baudin Nicolas 36 117Bay o Islands 47 98 141Bay o Whales 60 67Bayley (surgeon) 143Bayley William 126Bayly Lieutenant 29Beagle Channel 160Belgium colonialism 149Bellinshausen Fabian Gottlieb von 3 33

73ndash4Antarctic expedition 38 42 47 50on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 83

89 98ndash9on consensualism o voyagers 66crew conditions under 97 98ndash9 136 137discipline under 126encounters with sealers 114 117and ice-watering 89 91motivation o 60ndash1recruitment or voyage 70 71use o 1047297reworks to subdue Paci1047297c island-

ers 48ndash9

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Index 233

Bernacchi Louis Charles 159Bickerton Francis 177Biscoe John 3 33Bismark Otto von 151Bismark Strait 151Bjaaland (carpenter) 182 191Black Jeremy 7blacksmiths 85 182Blokov Philip 99blubber processing o 108ndash9Boer War (1899ndash1901) 150 159books taken on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1Borchgrevink Carsten 153 154 155 159164 165 166 181 193ndash4

botanical research 159Botany Bay 76Bougainville Louis-Antoine de 18bounties 71

Bounty 129 131Bouvet Franccedilois Joseph 11Bouvetoya Island 109Bove Lietenant 151Bowers Bertie 159boxing matches 66Brett (cook) 189

Britainadvantages o empire 43ndash4 46 47 149and Antarctic exploration 9 11 19ndash32

33ndash4 38ndash9 40 42ndash4 151 153ndash4161 186

Articles o War 126ndash7 142 187capitalism in 12colonialism 9 10 11ndash12 13ndash14 33ndash4

52 53 161compared with France in early 18th

century 11ndash15creates Falkland Island Dependency 157

166 198domination o Heroic Age Antarctic

exploration 154exploration o Paci1047297c 16 17ree trade 13ndash14government support or expeditions 42growing interest in southern hemisphere

15ndash16loss o North American colonies 34sealing and whaling 156ndash7

standoff with Argentina over Falklands157

trade advantages o 149unemployment in 72

victory in Seven Years War 15 views o Antarctic exploration in 153ndash4 wants to incorporate Antarctica in

Empire 198 see also Cook Ross Scott Shackleton

WeddellBritish Antarctic Expedition (1839ndash43) 57

see also Ross

British Australian and New Zealand Antarc-tic Research Expedition 198British Empire 150 154 161 162 190

195 198Browning Frank 177 180 181 182 184

186 190Bruni drsquoEntrecasteaux Antoine 36Bruny Island 22Buenos Aires 34 140 155 196Bugeryoory 76ndash7Bungaree 47bunks 176 177Burney Lieutenant James 22 23 29butchering 178

Byers Peninsula 113Byrd Admiral Richard E 4 166Byron Commodore 16 28

Caliornia 39Campbell Victor 176 178 184 186Campbell Island 36 47 76 77 151Cape Adare 164 165 173 176 178 180

181 193 194Cape Colony 23 140Cape Evans 174 176Cape o Good Hope 22 34 43 47Cape Horn 49 83 84 94 131 137Cape Royds 172 174 176 177

Cape Verde Islands 76 79 108capital punishment 126ndash7capitalism

coevolution with colonialism 9 15 33147 155 197

and colonialism in the southern oceans33ndash7

deepening o 147

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234 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

in early 18th-century Britain 12industrial 149and renewed interest in Antarctic explo-

ration 150 154 197captains

recruitment o crew 168selection o 167

see also master classCarangarang people 76Caribbean 11 15 149carnivals 67carpenters 85 171 173 176 182 183

Carteret Philip 16cartography 49 152caulkers 84Cecilia 121celebrations and ceremonies 66ndash7 137

142 162 177 188censorship 1ndash2 4ndash5Challenger 151Chapman Tomas 35Chapman William 69Charcot Jean-Baptiste 153 154 155 158

161 168 196class and division o labour 177 178 180

labour relations 171Cherry-Garrard Apsley 159 161 166 197Chile 34 97 151 157chillblains 97China 15ndash16Christmas Harbour 23circuits o necessity 10

Antarctic 1780ndash1850 47ndash8Cook and Antarctic 21ndash4 32 139early 20th-century 157ndash9organised around established colonial

ports 144 violence and reprovisioning during 24

25ndash31

Clarke Marcus 190class

and Antarctic exploration 1750ndash185055ndash145

and Antarctic exploration in the HeroicAge 167ndash91 193ndash5

Antarctic exploration predicated oninequality 197

boundaries broken down during certainactivities 174 180ndash1 186

dialectics o power 123ndash45 193 194and discipline 125ndash6and division o labour 8 177 178 180

186hostility 142ndash3and iconic and remembered journeys

191 193imbalance in Antarctic historiography

1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8 79 100 191in imperial Antarctica (1890ndash1920)

147 167ndash91and living conditions 174ndash81 power and authority 186ndash90and provisions 8 134relationships on Antarctic voyages 55

190sharing o tents 176

Clerke Lieutenant 27 63climate 51clothing

careul selection o warm 42 43Finnboots 181urs and skins 159ndash60 181inadequate 94 95

made by sailmaker 182made by sealers 115navy-supplied 95

poor quality 41sold to crew o whalers and sealers 96

washing 178 waterproo1047297ng 94

coal 39 150coffee 136Colbert Jean-Baptiste 13Coleridge Samuel aylor 89 164colonial dispossession 47Colonial Offi ce 14colonialism

and Antarctic exploration 6 7 9 1043ndash4 147 149ndash55 159ndash63 195

and capital investment 150and capitalism in the southern oceans

33ndash7and circuits o necessity 144coevolution with capitalism 9 15 33

147 154 155 197

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Index 235

critical studies o 6and direct occupation and rule 149 150

154and discovery o Antarctica 11ndash32expansion o 149impersonal structures o 7and industrialization 149ndash50and literature 160ndash1 190naked exercise o colonial power 48ndash9and national rivalries 152ndash3new orm o 149 155 157and provisioning o expeditions 196

and science 10and terra nullius 52ndash3lsquotit or tatrsquo 150and treatment o native populations 24

25ndash31 32commanders see master classCommonwealth Bay 163 168 169 170

173 177 194Compass Committee 39convicts

ex-convicts as sealers 74labour 46

Cook Captain James 3 19 68 110 154ambition and motivation o 58 59

and Antarctic circuit o necessity 21ndash432 47

Antarctic expedition 1 2 5 9 20ndash1 3339 50 53

on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 8385 90 91

circumnavigation o world 33claims South Georgia 156 157on consensualism o voyagers 64crew conditions under 96 97 137 139discipline under 124 125 126 142

143ndash4exploration o Paci1047297cAustralasia 16

17 20

and ice-watering 90 91 99labour relations under 130 133ndash5

provisions 133ndash5recruitment or voyages 69relations with natives over reprovision-

ing 24 25ndash31 32throws pet monkeys overboard 143

view o Antarctic 21

Cook Elizabeth 59cooks 177 184Cooper Lieutenant 143cooperative labour 104ndash9Cooperrsquos Harbour 111corporal punishment 123 124ndash5 126ndash7

128 142 143 144cotton trade 19Coulman Island 63courts martial 127crafsmen skilled 85 99 182crampons 182

Crean om 196crew

conditions or 42 79 94diffi culty 1047297nding 41ethnic diversity 75ndash7illness 44 45 79 97as part o land-based operations 168ranks 84ndash5recruitment 45 68ndash72 167ndash8recuperation and circuits o necessity

21ndash2 see also working class

Cromwell Oliver 19

Cross Jacob 180Crozet Islands 36 102 118 121 151Crozets 75 76Crozier Captain 92Cunningham Sergeant 67 137ndash8 139

Dallas KM 13Dalrymple Alexander 49Dana Richard 83 84 86 87 88 94 96

131 136 137 140 141Davis JE 63Davis Captain John 121Davis Coast 121Day Bernard 183

de Brosses Charles 11de Gerlache Adrien 155de-salination units 89death toll 98ndash9Deception Island 101 156 157 158Demas Barlatier 95Denin Greg 124Descent Pass 183

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236 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

deserters 45 70 71ndash2 73 124 140ndash1143ndash4

Devilrsquos Bight 112diaries see journals and diariesDickason Harry 5 170 177 180 181 184

185ndash6 190direct rule 149 150 154discipline shipboard 123 124ndash9 186ndash7

Discovery 162 168 170 178ndash9 180 186187 189

Dolphin 25Dore Gustave 164

Dorr(s) amily 35 116Drake Sir Francis 3 18 49 154Drake Passage 23drownings 98 99 106drunkenness 126 127 128 139 140 142

143Drygalski Erich von 151du Fresne Marc-Joseph Marion 16Dubouzet Lieutenant 52 97Duke o York Island 155Dunkirk 36Dunlop (engineer) 174Dunmore John 17 37Duroch Ensign 62

drsquoUrville Adele 59drsquoUrville Jules (son) 59drsquoUrville Jules Dumont 3 14 33 36 45

73 91 196ambition and motivation o 58ndash60 61

62Antarctic expedition 41ndash2 45ndash6 48

52 65on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 85

86 87 88crew conditions under 94ndash5 97 98 136desertions under 144discipline under 126 141amily lie 59

labour relations under 131ndash2on reactions to landscape 67 68recruitment or voyage 70ndash1 76

Dusky Sound 22 26 125duty

crewrsquos sense o 65leadersrsquo sense o 60ndash1

dysentery 44 98

Eades Captain 116East India Company 34 35Easter Island 22 24Edgewoth-David Sir annatt William 159

191Elephant Island 158 176elephant seals 106 107ndash9 117ndash18 120

151 152oil 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2Empire Day 162ndash3enclosures 72

Endeavour 25 28 69

Enderby Samuel 3 34 48Enderby amily 3 35

Endurance 172 176 187 188 191 194engine rooms 169ndash70entertainment working class 66ndash7Eora nation 47

Erebus 5 43 57 63 65 67 68 69 70 8192 93 95 98 127 128 139 141 196

Eromanga 26ethnographical research 39Evans Edgar 189 191 197Evans Lieutenant Edward 197Evans Hugh 159

Evans Point 173

actory ships 156 157Falkland Islands 34 37 48 105 119 139

140ndash1 144 151 156 157 187Britain creates Dependency o 157 166

198amily lie o expedition leaders 59 60Fanning Edmund 47 73 107 116

117ndash18 119 132 194Ferrar Glacier 183eudalism 12 70Filchner Wilhelm 151 158Finkel George 3ndash4

1047297remen 169Fisher Andrew 163Fitzroy Captain Robert 341047298ags national 66 154 155 162ndash3Flinders Matthew 391047298ogging 123 124ndash5 126ndash7 128 142 143

144 Flying Fish 86 96 144

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Index 237

oodcanned 171depots 183hunter-gathering activities 178or offi cers 134 135 143Pemmican and Plasmon 196

production o 196reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 135on shore 177 182trading or 134

or working classes 149 see also provisionsorecastle (orsquocsle) as sailorsrsquo space 133 176oretopmen 84Forster Johann 63

Fram 168 182 Franccedilais 155 168France

and Antarctic exploration 9 11 17ndash1933 38 39 40 41ndash2 45ndash6 151 154160

colonialism 11ndash12 13 15 19 52 53149 150 151

compared with Britain in early 18th

century 11ndash15exploration o Paci1047297c 16 17 37 39 49eudal monarchy and economy 12ndash13reprovisioning and repairs 45ndash6 48revolution o 1830 41revolution disrupts southern exploration

36ndash7sealing and whaling 45 141 151ndash2

see also Charcot drsquoUrville KerguelenFrance Australe 17 18 49Franco-Prussian War 151Franklin Sir John 3 43 154Franklin Island 61ree trade 13ndash14 24 149

French Indies Company 11French navy 14ndash15 17ndash18 37

1047297nancial limitations 42recruitment 70ndash1

French Revolution 36French Revolutionary Wars 36Friendly Isles 144rostbite 95 181

ur trade 33 35 37 38 72ndash5labour as exploration 101ndash21

price 1047298uctuations 103ndash4 processing skins 108 109

Furneaux Captain 50 126

Gauss 151gender analysis 8gentri1047297cation o exploration 195geographical knowledgeresearch 152 159

163ndash4geopolitics 147 198

Germany Antarctic exploration 150ndash1 154colonialism 149 150 164

Goldie Andrew 164Gonneville Land 11 49Goodridge Charles Medyett 73 102 103

112 115 118 194Great Ice Barrier 60Great South Land 9 11 17 49Gregory Francis 60Griffi ths om 4 5Grytviken 156 157 158 187ndash8Grytviken Workers Union 188Guam 44

guanaco skins 159 160guano 155Guardian 92Gumin (blacksmith) 99Gurkas 159Gurney Alan 2 46 79 92

hail stones 94hands rozen 83ndash4 97 197hanging 126Hannam Walter 177Hanssen (dog-driver) 191Harberton 160Harte Jonathan Locke 7

Hassel (dog-driver) 191Hatch Joseph 152Hawairsquoi 46hazing 140health 97ndash8

Hermione 129hero 1047297gures 3ndash4 5 6 7 9 94 99 101 154

191 194 195 197

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238 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Heroic Age (1890ndash1920) 3 99 154 158163 166 195 196 197 198

and knowledge o Antarctic topography184

work and class in 147 167ndash91 Hersalia 105 Hetty 110Hill Christopher 12Hillary-Fuchs Commonwealth rans-Ant-

arctic Expedition (1957) 166 198historiography Antarctic 1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8

9 79 102 118 123 130 156 193ndash4

195 197ndash8history-rom-below 6Hobart 43 44 45 46 65 76 131ndash2 140

144 168 191Hobsbawm Eric 7ndash8 19 43 61Hodges W 90Hodgson Tomas 180Holland colonialism 16 22Hooker Joseph 63Hope Royal 98

Hopeful 48Huahine 22 26 30 31Hudson Captain 87 88 130Hughes Bay 121

Hunter Captain John 35hunting 178Hurley Frank 188 190 197

Huron 73 75 76 105Husvik 156Hut Point 170 179 183 186 189huts expedition

building 171 173ndash4class division in 174 176ndash7

plan o 175hygiene 178

ice on vessels 81ndash2 86 169ice sawing 179 187

ice-watering 89ndash91 125 137 138ndash9icebergs 52 62 67 68 81 83 92 93 94ndash5imperialism

critical studies o 6and race to control new territory 149

India 11 12 14 15 36 150 159Indian Ocean 34Indian Sound 48

indigenous people see native populations

industrialization 72 149 152 157 196

Inexpressible Island 176injury work-related 97ndash8 119

Inuits 165

iron 39

Italy

Antarctic exploration 151

colonialism 149 150

Jackson Andrew 40

Jacquinot Captain 97

Japan

Antarctic exploration 151colonialism 149 151

Jason 152

Java Le Grande 49

Jeffryes Sidney 196ndash7

Johnson Lieutenant 82

Johnson Samuel 144

Jonassen Ole 165 journals and diaries crew 1ndash2 4ndash5 63 64

168 169 170 184 190ndash1

Joyce Ernest 176

Juan Fernandez 116 Julius Caesar 128

just rights 132ndash3 137 141 186

Kaiser Wilhelm II Land 151

Keith Captain 116

Kemp P 69

Keplin John 143 144Kerguelen Yves-Joseph de 9 17ndash19 20

49 124

Kerguelen Islands 9 17 19 36 73 76 85

91 96 105 107 110 111 113 114

120 128 132 135 137 139 141 151

168 194Khoikoi 22King Captain Philip 35

King George Island 28 156

King George II Sound 47

Kipling Rudyard 160ndash1 190

Kirwan LP 20

Korea 151

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Index 239

La Jean-Franccedilois de 16 36labour

all-round skills 185Antarctic collective 84ndash91challenges o Antarctic maritime 80ndash4class and division o 8 177 178 180 186cooperative 104ndash9domestic 177ndash8 184o exploration 55 79ndash84explorers dependent on working-class 6

57 77 79 167 195 196 197extraction o 123ur trade 101ndash21in Heroic Age 167ndash91independence and judgement o workers

91ndash4living to 94ndash9relations 129ndash35 171ndash4 186ndash90sealing as exploration 109ndash12sledging 181ndash6 196unacknowledged 147

withdrawal o 129ndash30 141 143Lairdrsquos o Liverpool 39Landis Marilyn 45 57landscape reactions to 62ndash3 67ndash8landsmen 85Laplanders 181Larsen Captain 155ndash6 157 187ndash8Lashly William 189 197Lawrence E 166Lazarev Captain 97leaders expedition

ambition and motivation o 58ndash63 77 workersrsquo resistance to 55 129ndash35 see also by name

leaks 42 86Leguillou Dr 96Leith Harbour 157letters crew 5Levick Dr 173 174 178 180 184 185 187Lincoln Bert 2 4ndash5 168 169 171 190ndash1

195Linebaugh Peter 7 14 75livestock 23 134 135 173living conditions

or offi cers 96or sealers 112ndash17 118on shore 174ndash81or workers 42 79 94 95 96ndash7 132ndash3

Livingston Island 76 77 108 111 113117 144

Loggie Midshipman 126Louis XV King o France 17Louis XVIII King o France 37Louis Phillipe King o France 37 39 58

Lynx 74Lyttleton 170

McClintock Anne 8Mackay Alistair 159Mackintosh Aeneas 159

McMurdo Sound 169 180McNeish Harry 176 187Macquarie Lachlan 32Macquarie Island 36 76 116ndash17 151ndash2

157expedition hut 175 176research and wireless stations 158ndash9

Madagascar 151Madeira 134Madigan Cecil Tomas 161Magellan Ferdinand 3 49 52 131 195Magellan Straits o 49 73 131Magellan Whaling Company 158magnetic 1047297eld earthrsquos 38ndash9 43 140

Mahroot 117Malekula 27ndash8malingering 189Malvinas see Falkland IslandsMaoris 25 77 117marine biology 181Marion Island 36 111 116 118maritime proletariat 68ndash9 77

ethnic diversity 75ndash6maritime rebellion 129markets overseas 149Maroot Boatswain 76Marquesas 24Marra John 5 21 50 64 65 82 90 92 94

99ndash100 124 125 130 131 132 133134 135 139 143ndash4

Marshall Eric 191Martin Stephen 2 53 79

Mary and Sally 76masculinity 8master class

authority o 186ndash90

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240 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

compensate crew or extreme workingconditions 136

and discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7exploration as propertyachievement o

101ndash2 167 194 195 197relations between workers and 55 123

167 187ndash90resistance o workers to 129ndash35 140ndash5

see also leaders expedition offi cersMatavai Bay 28 29 30 125Mauritius 34 36Mawson Douglas 2 4 5 155 161 162ndash3

167 168 173 194 195 196 198and division o labour 177excitement elt by 162labour relations 174 190on sense o aloneness 163sledging journey 191

Western Party 173 191Meares Cecil H 160medals commemorative 196merchant marines 37 73 74 96 124 129

134 140 141 145 167 168 171 172Mertz Xavier 163 191meteorological work 180middle class

Antarctic achievement not exclusive to167 194 195 196 197

rise o French 37Middlemore Governor 43midshipmen 125ndash6 133Midwinters Day 177Mill Hugh 3 42 153mineral deposits 39

Mirnyi 42 66 87 97 98 126 137missionaries 37Montevideo 140moral economy 132

Morning 168 189Morrell Abby Jane 92 128 129

Morrell Benjamin 48 51 67 75 79 92109 111 119 120 193

on Antarctic sailing conditions 93ndash4crew kill his seal pup pets 142ndash3discipline under 128ndash9leaves sealers within hour o arrival 113

Mount Erebus 63 191Mundy Isaac 128

Murdoch Burn 153murmurings 131 132 134 140music 66Must Ole 181mutiny 124 125 127 129 130 131 135

141 187

Nansen Fritjo 2 8Napoleon I Emperor 43Napoleonic Wars 35 36 60Nastyace Jack (nom de plume) 131nation-states 44ndash5 66 67 149nationalism 38 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161 162Native Americans 76 77native populations

Antarctic 48ndash53 163 164ndash6in Arctic 165in colonies 164and reprovisioning 24 25ndash31 47ndash8as sealing labour 76ndash7

nature humanityrsquos relationship with 62navigation

techniques 18 20through icebergs and pack ice 81 83

86ndash7 94ndash5neglect o duty 143New Caledonia 26 32New Island 105New South Wales 32 34 35 36 46 74

76 136New Year celebrations 66New Zealand 14 16 22 24 32 37 47 64

130 141 144 154 159British annexation o 34colonial rule 150native people 76

provisions rom 196sealing industry 36

Newnes Sir George 155 166 Nimrod 159 169 172 173 174 191Ninnis Belgrave 163 191Nodtvedt (blacksmith) 182Nordenskjold Otto 153 155 159ndash60 161

165 171 194labour relations 171 187

Nore Mutiny 129North America 11 15

and colonial trade 12

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Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1417

244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

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Index 233

Bernacchi Louis Charles 159Bickerton Francis 177Biscoe John 3 33Bismark Otto von 151Bismark Strait 151Bjaaland (carpenter) 182 191Black Jeremy 7blacksmiths 85 182Blokov Philip 99blubber processing o 108ndash9Boer War (1899ndash1901) 150 159books taken on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1Borchgrevink Carsten 153 154 155 159164 165 166 181 193ndash4

botanical research 159Botany Bay 76Bougainville Louis-Antoine de 18bounties 71

Bounty 129 131Bouvet Franccedilois Joseph 11Bouvetoya Island 109Bove Lietenant 151Bowers Bertie 159boxing matches 66Brett (cook) 189

Britainadvantages o empire 43ndash4 46 47 149and Antarctic exploration 9 11 19ndash32

33ndash4 38ndash9 40 42ndash4 151 153ndash4161 186

Articles o War 126ndash7 142 187capitalism in 12colonialism 9 10 11ndash12 13ndash14 33ndash4

52 53 161compared with France in early 18th

century 11ndash15creates Falkland Island Dependency 157

166 198domination o Heroic Age Antarctic

exploration 154exploration o Paci1047297c 16 17ree trade 13ndash14government support or expeditions 42growing interest in southern hemisphere

15ndash16loss o North American colonies 34sealing and whaling 156ndash7

standoff with Argentina over Falklands157

trade advantages o 149unemployment in 72

victory in Seven Years War 15 views o Antarctic exploration in 153ndash4 wants to incorporate Antarctica in

Empire 198 see also Cook Ross Scott Shackleton

WeddellBritish Antarctic Expedition (1839ndash43) 57

see also Ross

British Australian and New Zealand Antarc-tic Research Expedition 198British Empire 150 154 161 162 190

195 198Browning Frank 177 180 181 182 184

186 190Bruni drsquoEntrecasteaux Antoine 36Bruny Island 22Buenos Aires 34 140 155 196Bugeryoory 76ndash7Bungaree 47bunks 176 177Burney Lieutenant James 22 23 29butchering 178

Byers Peninsula 113Byrd Admiral Richard E 4 166Byron Commodore 16 28

Caliornia 39Campbell Victor 176 178 184 186Campbell Island 36 47 76 77 151Cape Adare 164 165 173 176 178 180

181 193 194Cape Colony 23 140Cape Evans 174 176Cape o Good Hope 22 34 43 47Cape Horn 49 83 84 94 131 137Cape Royds 172 174 176 177

Cape Verde Islands 76 79 108capital punishment 126ndash7capitalism

coevolution with colonialism 9 15 33147 155 197

and colonialism in the southern oceans33ndash7

deepening o 147

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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234 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

in early 18th-century Britain 12industrial 149and renewed interest in Antarctic explo-

ration 150 154 197captains

recruitment o crew 168selection o 167

see also master classCarangarang people 76Caribbean 11 15 149carnivals 67carpenters 85 171 173 176 182 183

Carteret Philip 16cartography 49 152caulkers 84Cecilia 121celebrations and ceremonies 66ndash7 137

142 162 177 188censorship 1ndash2 4ndash5Challenger 151Chapman Tomas 35Chapman William 69Charcot Jean-Baptiste 153 154 155 158

161 168 196class and division o labour 177 178 180

labour relations 171Cherry-Garrard Apsley 159 161 166 197Chile 34 97 151 157chillblains 97China 15ndash16Christmas Harbour 23circuits o necessity 10

Antarctic 1780ndash1850 47ndash8Cook and Antarctic 21ndash4 32 139early 20th-century 157ndash9organised around established colonial

ports 144 violence and reprovisioning during 24

25ndash31

Clarke Marcus 190class

and Antarctic exploration 1750ndash185055ndash145

and Antarctic exploration in the HeroicAge 167ndash91 193ndash5

Antarctic exploration predicated oninequality 197

boundaries broken down during certainactivities 174 180ndash1 186

dialectics o power 123ndash45 193 194and discipline 125ndash6and division o labour 8 177 178 180

186hostility 142ndash3and iconic and remembered journeys

191 193imbalance in Antarctic historiography

1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8 79 100 191in imperial Antarctica (1890ndash1920)

147 167ndash91and living conditions 174ndash81 power and authority 186ndash90and provisions 8 134relationships on Antarctic voyages 55

190sharing o tents 176

Clerke Lieutenant 27 63climate 51clothing

careul selection o warm 42 43Finnboots 181urs and skins 159ndash60 181inadequate 94 95

made by sailmaker 182made by sealers 115navy-supplied 95

poor quality 41sold to crew o whalers and sealers 96

washing 178 waterproo1047297ng 94

coal 39 150coffee 136Colbert Jean-Baptiste 13Coleridge Samuel aylor 89 164colonial dispossession 47Colonial Offi ce 14colonialism

and Antarctic exploration 6 7 9 1043ndash4 147 149ndash55 159ndash63 195

and capital investment 150and capitalism in the southern oceans

33ndash7and circuits o necessity 144coevolution with capitalism 9 15 33

147 154 155 197

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Index 235

critical studies o 6and direct occupation and rule 149 150

154and discovery o Antarctica 11ndash32expansion o 149impersonal structures o 7and industrialization 149ndash50and literature 160ndash1 190naked exercise o colonial power 48ndash9and national rivalries 152ndash3new orm o 149 155 157and provisioning o expeditions 196

and science 10and terra nullius 52ndash3lsquotit or tatrsquo 150and treatment o native populations 24

25ndash31 32commanders see master classCommonwealth Bay 163 168 169 170

173 177 194Compass Committee 39convicts

ex-convicts as sealers 74labour 46

Cook Captain James 3 19 68 110 154ambition and motivation o 58 59

and Antarctic circuit o necessity 21ndash432 47

Antarctic expedition 1 2 5 9 20ndash1 3339 50 53

on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 8385 90 91

circumnavigation o world 33claims South Georgia 156 157on consensualism o voyagers 64crew conditions under 96 97 137 139discipline under 124 125 126 142

143ndash4exploration o Paci1047297cAustralasia 16

17 20

and ice-watering 90 91 99labour relations under 130 133ndash5

provisions 133ndash5recruitment or voyages 69relations with natives over reprovision-

ing 24 25ndash31 32throws pet monkeys overboard 143

view o Antarctic 21

Cook Elizabeth 59cooks 177 184Cooper Lieutenant 143cooperative labour 104ndash9Cooperrsquos Harbour 111corporal punishment 123 124ndash5 126ndash7

128 142 143 144cotton trade 19Coulman Island 63courts martial 127crafsmen skilled 85 99 182crampons 182

Crean om 196crew

conditions or 42 79 94diffi culty 1047297nding 41ethnic diversity 75ndash7illness 44 45 79 97as part o land-based operations 168ranks 84ndash5recruitment 45 68ndash72 167ndash8recuperation and circuits o necessity

21ndash2 see also working class

Cromwell Oliver 19

Cross Jacob 180Crozet Islands 36 102 118 121 151Crozets 75 76Crozier Captain 92Cunningham Sergeant 67 137ndash8 139

Dallas KM 13Dalrymple Alexander 49Dana Richard 83 84 86 87 88 94 96

131 136 137 140 141Davis JE 63Davis Captain John 121Davis Coast 121Day Bernard 183

de Brosses Charles 11de Gerlache Adrien 155de-salination units 89death toll 98ndash9Deception Island 101 156 157 158Demas Barlatier 95Denin Greg 124Descent Pass 183

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236 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

deserters 45 70 71ndash2 73 124 140ndash1143ndash4

Devilrsquos Bight 112diaries see journals and diariesDickason Harry 5 170 177 180 181 184

185ndash6 190direct rule 149 150 154discipline shipboard 123 124ndash9 186ndash7

Discovery 162 168 170 178ndash9 180 186187 189

Dolphin 25Dore Gustave 164

Dorr(s) amily 35 116Drake Sir Francis 3 18 49 154Drake Passage 23drownings 98 99 106drunkenness 126 127 128 139 140 142

143Drygalski Erich von 151du Fresne Marc-Joseph Marion 16Dubouzet Lieutenant 52 97Duke o York Island 155Dunkirk 36Dunlop (engineer) 174Dunmore John 17 37Duroch Ensign 62

drsquoUrville Adele 59drsquoUrville Jules (son) 59drsquoUrville Jules Dumont 3 14 33 36 45

73 91 196ambition and motivation o 58ndash60 61

62Antarctic expedition 41ndash2 45ndash6 48

52 65on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 85

86 87 88crew conditions under 94ndash5 97 98 136desertions under 144discipline under 126 141amily lie 59

labour relations under 131ndash2on reactions to landscape 67 68recruitment or voyage 70ndash1 76

Dusky Sound 22 26 125duty

crewrsquos sense o 65leadersrsquo sense o 60ndash1

dysentery 44 98

Eades Captain 116East India Company 34 35Easter Island 22 24Edgewoth-David Sir annatt William 159

191Elephant Island 158 176elephant seals 106 107ndash9 117ndash18 120

151 152oil 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2Empire Day 162ndash3enclosures 72

Endeavour 25 28 69

Enderby Samuel 3 34 48Enderby amily 3 35

Endurance 172 176 187 188 191 194engine rooms 169ndash70entertainment working class 66ndash7Eora nation 47

Erebus 5 43 57 63 65 67 68 69 70 8192 93 95 98 127 128 139 141 196

Eromanga 26ethnographical research 39Evans Edgar 189 191 197Evans Lieutenant Edward 197Evans Hugh 159

Evans Point 173

actory ships 156 157Falkland Islands 34 37 48 105 119 139

140ndash1 144 151 156 157 187Britain creates Dependency o 157 166

198amily lie o expedition leaders 59 60Fanning Edmund 47 73 107 116

117ndash18 119 132 194Ferrar Glacier 183eudalism 12 70Filchner Wilhelm 151 158Finkel George 3ndash4

1047297remen 169Fisher Andrew 163Fitzroy Captain Robert 341047298ags national 66 154 155 162ndash3Flinders Matthew 391047298ogging 123 124ndash5 126ndash7 128 142 143

144 Flying Fish 86 96 144

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Index 237

oodcanned 171depots 183hunter-gathering activities 178or offi cers 134 135 143Pemmican and Plasmon 196

production o 196reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 135on shore 177 182trading or 134

or working classes 149 see also provisionsorecastle (orsquocsle) as sailorsrsquo space 133 176oretopmen 84Forster Johann 63

Fram 168 182 Franccedilais 155 168France

and Antarctic exploration 9 11 17ndash1933 38 39 40 41ndash2 45ndash6 151 154160

colonialism 11ndash12 13 15 19 52 53149 150 151

compared with Britain in early 18th

century 11ndash15exploration o Paci1047297c 16 17 37 39 49eudal monarchy and economy 12ndash13reprovisioning and repairs 45ndash6 48revolution o 1830 41revolution disrupts southern exploration

36ndash7sealing and whaling 45 141 151ndash2

see also Charcot drsquoUrville KerguelenFrance Australe 17 18 49Franco-Prussian War 151Franklin Sir John 3 43 154Franklin Island 61ree trade 13ndash14 24 149

French Indies Company 11French navy 14ndash15 17ndash18 37

1047297nancial limitations 42recruitment 70ndash1

French Revolution 36French Revolutionary Wars 36Friendly Isles 144rostbite 95 181

ur trade 33 35 37 38 72ndash5labour as exploration 101ndash21

price 1047298uctuations 103ndash4 processing skins 108 109

Furneaux Captain 50 126

Gauss 151gender analysis 8gentri1047297cation o exploration 195geographical knowledgeresearch 152 159

163ndash4geopolitics 147 198

Germany Antarctic exploration 150ndash1 154colonialism 149 150 164

Goldie Andrew 164Gonneville Land 11 49Goodridge Charles Medyett 73 102 103

112 115 118 194Great Ice Barrier 60Great South Land 9 11 17 49Gregory Francis 60Griffi ths om 4 5Grytviken 156 157 158 187ndash8Grytviken Workers Union 188Guam 44

guanaco skins 159 160guano 155Guardian 92Gumin (blacksmith) 99Gurkas 159Gurney Alan 2 46 79 92

hail stones 94hands rozen 83ndash4 97 197hanging 126Hannam Walter 177Hanssen (dog-driver) 191Harberton 160Harte Jonathan Locke 7

Hassel (dog-driver) 191Hatch Joseph 152Hawairsquoi 46hazing 140health 97ndash8

Hermione 129hero 1047297gures 3ndash4 5 6 7 9 94 99 101 154

191 194 195 197

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238 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Heroic Age (1890ndash1920) 3 99 154 158163 166 195 196 197 198

and knowledge o Antarctic topography184

work and class in 147 167ndash91 Hersalia 105 Hetty 110Hill Christopher 12Hillary-Fuchs Commonwealth rans-Ant-

arctic Expedition (1957) 166 198historiography Antarctic 1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8

9 79 102 118 123 130 156 193ndash4

195 197ndash8history-rom-below 6Hobart 43 44 45 46 65 76 131ndash2 140

144 168 191Hobsbawm Eric 7ndash8 19 43 61Hodges W 90Hodgson Tomas 180Holland colonialism 16 22Hooker Joseph 63Hope Royal 98

Hopeful 48Huahine 22 26 30 31Hudson Captain 87 88 130Hughes Bay 121

Hunter Captain John 35hunting 178Hurley Frank 188 190 197

Huron 73 75 76 105Husvik 156Hut Point 170 179 183 186 189huts expedition

building 171 173ndash4class division in 174 176ndash7

plan o 175hygiene 178

ice on vessels 81ndash2 86 169ice sawing 179 187

ice-watering 89ndash91 125 137 138ndash9icebergs 52 62 67 68 81 83 92 93 94ndash5imperialism

critical studies o 6and race to control new territory 149

India 11 12 14 15 36 150 159Indian Ocean 34Indian Sound 48

indigenous people see native populations

industrialization 72 149 152 157 196

Inexpressible Island 176injury work-related 97ndash8 119

Inuits 165

iron 39

Italy

Antarctic exploration 151

colonialism 149 150

Jackson Andrew 40

Jacquinot Captain 97

Japan

Antarctic exploration 151colonialism 149 151

Jason 152

Java Le Grande 49

Jeffryes Sidney 196ndash7

Johnson Lieutenant 82

Johnson Samuel 144

Jonassen Ole 165 journals and diaries crew 1ndash2 4ndash5 63 64

168 169 170 184 190ndash1

Joyce Ernest 176

Juan Fernandez 116 Julius Caesar 128

just rights 132ndash3 137 141 186

Kaiser Wilhelm II Land 151

Keith Captain 116

Kemp P 69

Keplin John 143 144Kerguelen Yves-Joseph de 9 17ndash19 20

49 124

Kerguelen Islands 9 17 19 36 73 76 85

91 96 105 107 110 111 113 114

120 128 132 135 137 139 141 151

168 194Khoikoi 22King Captain Philip 35

King George Island 28 156

King George II Sound 47

Kipling Rudyard 160ndash1 190

Kirwan LP 20

Korea 151

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Index 239

La Jean-Franccedilois de 16 36labour

all-round skills 185Antarctic collective 84ndash91challenges o Antarctic maritime 80ndash4class and division o 8 177 178 180 186cooperative 104ndash9domestic 177ndash8 184o exploration 55 79ndash84explorers dependent on working-class 6

57 77 79 167 195 196 197extraction o 123ur trade 101ndash21in Heroic Age 167ndash91independence and judgement o workers

91ndash4living to 94ndash9relations 129ndash35 171ndash4 186ndash90sealing as exploration 109ndash12sledging 181ndash6 196unacknowledged 147

withdrawal o 129ndash30 141 143Lairdrsquos o Liverpool 39Landis Marilyn 45 57landscape reactions to 62ndash3 67ndash8landsmen 85Laplanders 181Larsen Captain 155ndash6 157 187ndash8Lashly William 189 197Lawrence E 166Lazarev Captain 97leaders expedition

ambition and motivation o 58ndash63 77 workersrsquo resistance to 55 129ndash35 see also by name

leaks 42 86Leguillou Dr 96Leith Harbour 157letters crew 5Levick Dr 173 174 178 180 184 185 187Lincoln Bert 2 4ndash5 168 169 171 190ndash1

195Linebaugh Peter 7 14 75livestock 23 134 135 173living conditions

or offi cers 96or sealers 112ndash17 118on shore 174ndash81or workers 42 79 94 95 96ndash7 132ndash3

Livingston Island 76 77 108 111 113117 144

Loggie Midshipman 126Louis XV King o France 17Louis XVIII King o France 37Louis Phillipe King o France 37 39 58

Lynx 74Lyttleton 170

McClintock Anne 8Mackay Alistair 159Mackintosh Aeneas 159

McMurdo Sound 169 180McNeish Harry 176 187Macquarie Lachlan 32Macquarie Island 36 76 116ndash17 151ndash2

157expedition hut 175 176research and wireless stations 158ndash9

Madagascar 151Madeira 134Madigan Cecil Tomas 161Magellan Ferdinand 3 49 52 131 195Magellan Straits o 49 73 131Magellan Whaling Company 158magnetic 1047297eld earthrsquos 38ndash9 43 140

Mahroot 117Malekula 27ndash8malingering 189Malvinas see Falkland IslandsMaoris 25 77 117marine biology 181Marion Island 36 111 116 118maritime proletariat 68ndash9 77

ethnic diversity 75ndash6maritime rebellion 129markets overseas 149Maroot Boatswain 76Marquesas 24Marra John 5 21 50 64 65 82 90 92 94

99ndash100 124 125 130 131 132 133134 135 139 143ndash4

Marshall Eric 191Martin Stephen 2 53 79

Mary and Sally 76masculinity 8master class

authority o 186ndash90

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240 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

compensate crew or extreme workingconditions 136

and discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7exploration as propertyachievement o

101ndash2 167 194 195 197relations between workers and 55 123

167 187ndash90resistance o workers to 129ndash35 140ndash5

see also leaders expedition offi cersMatavai Bay 28 29 30 125Mauritius 34 36Mawson Douglas 2 4 5 155 161 162ndash3

167 168 173 194 195 196 198and division o labour 177excitement elt by 162labour relations 174 190on sense o aloneness 163sledging journey 191

Western Party 173 191Meares Cecil H 160medals commemorative 196merchant marines 37 73 74 96 124 129

134 140 141 145 167 168 171 172Mertz Xavier 163 191meteorological work 180middle class

Antarctic achievement not exclusive to167 194 195 196 197

rise o French 37Middlemore Governor 43midshipmen 125ndash6 133Midwinters Day 177Mill Hugh 3 42 153mineral deposits 39

Mirnyi 42 66 87 97 98 126 137missionaries 37Montevideo 140moral economy 132

Morning 168 189Morrell Abby Jane 92 128 129

Morrell Benjamin 48 51 67 75 79 92109 111 119 120 193

on Antarctic sailing conditions 93ndash4crew kill his seal pup pets 142ndash3discipline under 128ndash9leaves sealers within hour o arrival 113

Mount Erebus 63 191Mundy Isaac 128

Murdoch Burn 153murmurings 131 132 134 140music 66Must Ole 181mutiny 124 125 127 129 130 131 135

141 187

Nansen Fritjo 2 8Napoleon I Emperor 43Napoleonic Wars 35 36 60Nastyace Jack (nom de plume) 131nation-states 44ndash5 66 67 149nationalism 38 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161 162Native Americans 76 77native populations

Antarctic 48ndash53 163 164ndash6in Arctic 165in colonies 164and reprovisioning 24 25ndash31 47ndash8as sealing labour 76ndash7

nature humanityrsquos relationship with 62navigation

techniques 18 20through icebergs and pack ice 81 83

86ndash7 94ndash5neglect o duty 143New Caledonia 26 32New Island 105New South Wales 32 34 35 36 46 74

76 136New Year celebrations 66New Zealand 14 16 22 24 32 37 47 64

130 141 144 154 159British annexation o 34colonial rule 150native people 76

provisions rom 196sealing industry 36

Newnes Sir George 155 166 Nimrod 159 169 172 173 174 191Ninnis Belgrave 163 191Nodtvedt (blacksmith) 182Nordenskjold Otto 153 155 159ndash60 161

165 171 194labour relations 171 187

Nore Mutiny 129North America 11 15

and colonial trade 12

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

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234 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

in early 18th-century Britain 12industrial 149and renewed interest in Antarctic explo-

ration 150 154 197captains

recruitment o crew 168selection o 167

see also master classCarangarang people 76Caribbean 11 15 149carnivals 67carpenters 85 171 173 176 182 183

Carteret Philip 16cartography 49 152caulkers 84Cecilia 121celebrations and ceremonies 66ndash7 137

142 162 177 188censorship 1ndash2 4ndash5Challenger 151Chapman Tomas 35Chapman William 69Charcot Jean-Baptiste 153 154 155 158

161 168 196class and division o labour 177 178 180

labour relations 171Cherry-Garrard Apsley 159 161 166 197Chile 34 97 151 157chillblains 97China 15ndash16Christmas Harbour 23circuits o necessity 10

Antarctic 1780ndash1850 47ndash8Cook and Antarctic 21ndash4 32 139early 20th-century 157ndash9organised around established colonial

ports 144 violence and reprovisioning during 24

25ndash31

Clarke Marcus 190class

and Antarctic exploration 1750ndash185055ndash145

and Antarctic exploration in the HeroicAge 167ndash91 193ndash5

Antarctic exploration predicated oninequality 197

boundaries broken down during certainactivities 174 180ndash1 186

dialectics o power 123ndash45 193 194and discipline 125ndash6and division o labour 8 177 178 180

186hostility 142ndash3and iconic and remembered journeys

191 193imbalance in Antarctic historiography

1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8 79 100 191in imperial Antarctica (1890ndash1920)

147 167ndash91and living conditions 174ndash81 power and authority 186ndash90and provisions 8 134relationships on Antarctic voyages 55

190sharing o tents 176

Clerke Lieutenant 27 63climate 51clothing

careul selection o warm 42 43Finnboots 181urs and skins 159ndash60 181inadequate 94 95

made by sailmaker 182made by sealers 115navy-supplied 95

poor quality 41sold to crew o whalers and sealers 96

washing 178 waterproo1047297ng 94

coal 39 150coffee 136Colbert Jean-Baptiste 13Coleridge Samuel aylor 89 164colonial dispossession 47Colonial Offi ce 14colonialism

and Antarctic exploration 6 7 9 1043ndash4 147 149ndash55 159ndash63 195

and capital investment 150and capitalism in the southern oceans

33ndash7and circuits o necessity 144coevolution with capitalism 9 15 33

147 154 155 197

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Index 235

critical studies o 6and direct occupation and rule 149 150

154and discovery o Antarctica 11ndash32expansion o 149impersonal structures o 7and industrialization 149ndash50and literature 160ndash1 190naked exercise o colonial power 48ndash9and national rivalries 152ndash3new orm o 149 155 157and provisioning o expeditions 196

and science 10and terra nullius 52ndash3lsquotit or tatrsquo 150and treatment o native populations 24

25ndash31 32commanders see master classCommonwealth Bay 163 168 169 170

173 177 194Compass Committee 39convicts

ex-convicts as sealers 74labour 46

Cook Captain James 3 19 68 110 154ambition and motivation o 58 59

and Antarctic circuit o necessity 21ndash432 47

Antarctic expedition 1 2 5 9 20ndash1 3339 50 53

on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 8385 90 91

circumnavigation o world 33claims South Georgia 156 157on consensualism o voyagers 64crew conditions under 96 97 137 139discipline under 124 125 126 142

143ndash4exploration o Paci1047297cAustralasia 16

17 20

and ice-watering 90 91 99labour relations under 130 133ndash5

provisions 133ndash5recruitment or voyages 69relations with natives over reprovision-

ing 24 25ndash31 32throws pet monkeys overboard 143

view o Antarctic 21

Cook Elizabeth 59cooks 177 184Cooper Lieutenant 143cooperative labour 104ndash9Cooperrsquos Harbour 111corporal punishment 123 124ndash5 126ndash7

128 142 143 144cotton trade 19Coulman Island 63courts martial 127crafsmen skilled 85 99 182crampons 182

Crean om 196crew

conditions or 42 79 94diffi culty 1047297nding 41ethnic diversity 75ndash7illness 44 45 79 97as part o land-based operations 168ranks 84ndash5recruitment 45 68ndash72 167ndash8recuperation and circuits o necessity

21ndash2 see also working class

Cromwell Oliver 19

Cross Jacob 180Crozet Islands 36 102 118 121 151Crozets 75 76Crozier Captain 92Cunningham Sergeant 67 137ndash8 139

Dallas KM 13Dalrymple Alexander 49Dana Richard 83 84 86 87 88 94 96

131 136 137 140 141Davis JE 63Davis Captain John 121Davis Coast 121Day Bernard 183

de Brosses Charles 11de Gerlache Adrien 155de-salination units 89death toll 98ndash9Deception Island 101 156 157 158Demas Barlatier 95Denin Greg 124Descent Pass 183

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236 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

deserters 45 70 71ndash2 73 124 140ndash1143ndash4

Devilrsquos Bight 112diaries see journals and diariesDickason Harry 5 170 177 180 181 184

185ndash6 190direct rule 149 150 154discipline shipboard 123 124ndash9 186ndash7

Discovery 162 168 170 178ndash9 180 186187 189

Dolphin 25Dore Gustave 164

Dorr(s) amily 35 116Drake Sir Francis 3 18 49 154Drake Passage 23drownings 98 99 106drunkenness 126 127 128 139 140 142

143Drygalski Erich von 151du Fresne Marc-Joseph Marion 16Dubouzet Lieutenant 52 97Duke o York Island 155Dunkirk 36Dunlop (engineer) 174Dunmore John 17 37Duroch Ensign 62

drsquoUrville Adele 59drsquoUrville Jules (son) 59drsquoUrville Jules Dumont 3 14 33 36 45

73 91 196ambition and motivation o 58ndash60 61

62Antarctic expedition 41ndash2 45ndash6 48

52 65on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 85

86 87 88crew conditions under 94ndash5 97 98 136desertions under 144discipline under 126 141amily lie 59

labour relations under 131ndash2on reactions to landscape 67 68recruitment or voyage 70ndash1 76

Dusky Sound 22 26 125duty

crewrsquos sense o 65leadersrsquo sense o 60ndash1

dysentery 44 98

Eades Captain 116East India Company 34 35Easter Island 22 24Edgewoth-David Sir annatt William 159

191Elephant Island 158 176elephant seals 106 107ndash9 117ndash18 120

151 152oil 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2Empire Day 162ndash3enclosures 72

Endeavour 25 28 69

Enderby Samuel 3 34 48Enderby amily 3 35

Endurance 172 176 187 188 191 194engine rooms 169ndash70entertainment working class 66ndash7Eora nation 47

Erebus 5 43 57 63 65 67 68 69 70 8192 93 95 98 127 128 139 141 196

Eromanga 26ethnographical research 39Evans Edgar 189 191 197Evans Lieutenant Edward 197Evans Hugh 159

Evans Point 173

actory ships 156 157Falkland Islands 34 37 48 105 119 139

140ndash1 144 151 156 157 187Britain creates Dependency o 157 166

198amily lie o expedition leaders 59 60Fanning Edmund 47 73 107 116

117ndash18 119 132 194Ferrar Glacier 183eudalism 12 70Filchner Wilhelm 151 158Finkel George 3ndash4

1047297remen 169Fisher Andrew 163Fitzroy Captain Robert 341047298ags national 66 154 155 162ndash3Flinders Matthew 391047298ogging 123 124ndash5 126ndash7 128 142 143

144 Flying Fish 86 96 144

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 237

oodcanned 171depots 183hunter-gathering activities 178or offi cers 134 135 143Pemmican and Plasmon 196

production o 196reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 135on shore 177 182trading or 134

or working classes 149 see also provisionsorecastle (orsquocsle) as sailorsrsquo space 133 176oretopmen 84Forster Johann 63

Fram 168 182 Franccedilais 155 168France

and Antarctic exploration 9 11 17ndash1933 38 39 40 41ndash2 45ndash6 151 154160

colonialism 11ndash12 13 15 19 52 53149 150 151

compared with Britain in early 18th

century 11ndash15exploration o Paci1047297c 16 17 37 39 49eudal monarchy and economy 12ndash13reprovisioning and repairs 45ndash6 48revolution o 1830 41revolution disrupts southern exploration

36ndash7sealing and whaling 45 141 151ndash2

see also Charcot drsquoUrville KerguelenFrance Australe 17 18 49Franco-Prussian War 151Franklin Sir John 3 43 154Franklin Island 61ree trade 13ndash14 24 149

French Indies Company 11French navy 14ndash15 17ndash18 37

1047297nancial limitations 42recruitment 70ndash1

French Revolution 36French Revolutionary Wars 36Friendly Isles 144rostbite 95 181

ur trade 33 35 37 38 72ndash5labour as exploration 101ndash21

price 1047298uctuations 103ndash4 processing skins 108 109

Furneaux Captain 50 126

Gauss 151gender analysis 8gentri1047297cation o exploration 195geographical knowledgeresearch 152 159

163ndash4geopolitics 147 198

Germany Antarctic exploration 150ndash1 154colonialism 149 150 164

Goldie Andrew 164Gonneville Land 11 49Goodridge Charles Medyett 73 102 103

112 115 118 194Great Ice Barrier 60Great South Land 9 11 17 49Gregory Francis 60Griffi ths om 4 5Grytviken 156 157 158 187ndash8Grytviken Workers Union 188Guam 44

guanaco skins 159 160guano 155Guardian 92Gumin (blacksmith) 99Gurkas 159Gurney Alan 2 46 79 92

hail stones 94hands rozen 83ndash4 97 197hanging 126Hannam Walter 177Hanssen (dog-driver) 191Harberton 160Harte Jonathan Locke 7

Hassel (dog-driver) 191Hatch Joseph 152Hawairsquoi 46hazing 140health 97ndash8

Hermione 129hero 1047297gures 3ndash4 5 6 7 9 94 99 101 154

191 194 195 197

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238 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Heroic Age (1890ndash1920) 3 99 154 158163 166 195 196 197 198

and knowledge o Antarctic topography184

work and class in 147 167ndash91 Hersalia 105 Hetty 110Hill Christopher 12Hillary-Fuchs Commonwealth rans-Ant-

arctic Expedition (1957) 166 198historiography Antarctic 1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8

9 79 102 118 123 130 156 193ndash4

195 197ndash8history-rom-below 6Hobart 43 44 45 46 65 76 131ndash2 140

144 168 191Hobsbawm Eric 7ndash8 19 43 61Hodges W 90Hodgson Tomas 180Holland colonialism 16 22Hooker Joseph 63Hope Royal 98

Hopeful 48Huahine 22 26 30 31Hudson Captain 87 88 130Hughes Bay 121

Hunter Captain John 35hunting 178Hurley Frank 188 190 197

Huron 73 75 76 105Husvik 156Hut Point 170 179 183 186 189huts expedition

building 171 173ndash4class division in 174 176ndash7

plan o 175hygiene 178

ice on vessels 81ndash2 86 169ice sawing 179 187

ice-watering 89ndash91 125 137 138ndash9icebergs 52 62 67 68 81 83 92 93 94ndash5imperialism

critical studies o 6and race to control new territory 149

India 11 12 14 15 36 150 159Indian Ocean 34Indian Sound 48

indigenous people see native populations

industrialization 72 149 152 157 196

Inexpressible Island 176injury work-related 97ndash8 119

Inuits 165

iron 39

Italy

Antarctic exploration 151

colonialism 149 150

Jackson Andrew 40

Jacquinot Captain 97

Japan

Antarctic exploration 151colonialism 149 151

Jason 152

Java Le Grande 49

Jeffryes Sidney 196ndash7

Johnson Lieutenant 82

Johnson Samuel 144

Jonassen Ole 165 journals and diaries crew 1ndash2 4ndash5 63 64

168 169 170 184 190ndash1

Joyce Ernest 176

Juan Fernandez 116 Julius Caesar 128

just rights 132ndash3 137 141 186

Kaiser Wilhelm II Land 151

Keith Captain 116

Kemp P 69

Keplin John 143 144Kerguelen Yves-Joseph de 9 17ndash19 20

49 124

Kerguelen Islands 9 17 19 36 73 76 85

91 96 105 107 110 111 113 114

120 128 132 135 137 139 141 151

168 194Khoikoi 22King Captain Philip 35

King George Island 28 156

King George II Sound 47

Kipling Rudyard 160ndash1 190

Kirwan LP 20

Korea 151

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Index 239

La Jean-Franccedilois de 16 36labour

all-round skills 185Antarctic collective 84ndash91challenges o Antarctic maritime 80ndash4class and division o 8 177 178 180 186cooperative 104ndash9domestic 177ndash8 184o exploration 55 79ndash84explorers dependent on working-class 6

57 77 79 167 195 196 197extraction o 123ur trade 101ndash21in Heroic Age 167ndash91independence and judgement o workers

91ndash4living to 94ndash9relations 129ndash35 171ndash4 186ndash90sealing as exploration 109ndash12sledging 181ndash6 196unacknowledged 147

withdrawal o 129ndash30 141 143Lairdrsquos o Liverpool 39Landis Marilyn 45 57landscape reactions to 62ndash3 67ndash8landsmen 85Laplanders 181Larsen Captain 155ndash6 157 187ndash8Lashly William 189 197Lawrence E 166Lazarev Captain 97leaders expedition

ambition and motivation o 58ndash63 77 workersrsquo resistance to 55 129ndash35 see also by name

leaks 42 86Leguillou Dr 96Leith Harbour 157letters crew 5Levick Dr 173 174 178 180 184 185 187Lincoln Bert 2 4ndash5 168 169 171 190ndash1

195Linebaugh Peter 7 14 75livestock 23 134 135 173living conditions

or offi cers 96or sealers 112ndash17 118on shore 174ndash81or workers 42 79 94 95 96ndash7 132ndash3

Livingston Island 76 77 108 111 113117 144

Loggie Midshipman 126Louis XV King o France 17Louis XVIII King o France 37Louis Phillipe King o France 37 39 58

Lynx 74Lyttleton 170

McClintock Anne 8Mackay Alistair 159Mackintosh Aeneas 159

McMurdo Sound 169 180McNeish Harry 176 187Macquarie Lachlan 32Macquarie Island 36 76 116ndash17 151ndash2

157expedition hut 175 176research and wireless stations 158ndash9

Madagascar 151Madeira 134Madigan Cecil Tomas 161Magellan Ferdinand 3 49 52 131 195Magellan Straits o 49 73 131Magellan Whaling Company 158magnetic 1047297eld earthrsquos 38ndash9 43 140

Mahroot 117Malekula 27ndash8malingering 189Malvinas see Falkland IslandsMaoris 25 77 117marine biology 181Marion Island 36 111 116 118maritime proletariat 68ndash9 77

ethnic diversity 75ndash6maritime rebellion 129markets overseas 149Maroot Boatswain 76Marquesas 24Marra John 5 21 50 64 65 82 90 92 94

99ndash100 124 125 130 131 132 133134 135 139 143ndash4

Marshall Eric 191Martin Stephen 2 53 79

Mary and Sally 76masculinity 8master class

authority o 186ndash90

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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240 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

compensate crew or extreme workingconditions 136

and discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7exploration as propertyachievement o

101ndash2 167 194 195 197relations between workers and 55 123

167 187ndash90resistance o workers to 129ndash35 140ndash5

see also leaders expedition offi cersMatavai Bay 28 29 30 125Mauritius 34 36Mawson Douglas 2 4 5 155 161 162ndash3

167 168 173 194 195 196 198and division o labour 177excitement elt by 162labour relations 174 190on sense o aloneness 163sledging journey 191

Western Party 173 191Meares Cecil H 160medals commemorative 196merchant marines 37 73 74 96 124 129

134 140 141 145 167 168 171 172Mertz Xavier 163 191meteorological work 180middle class

Antarctic achievement not exclusive to167 194 195 196 197

rise o French 37Middlemore Governor 43midshipmen 125ndash6 133Midwinters Day 177Mill Hugh 3 42 153mineral deposits 39

Mirnyi 42 66 87 97 98 126 137missionaries 37Montevideo 140moral economy 132

Morning 168 189Morrell Abby Jane 92 128 129

Morrell Benjamin 48 51 67 75 79 92109 111 119 120 193

on Antarctic sailing conditions 93ndash4crew kill his seal pup pets 142ndash3discipline under 128ndash9leaves sealers within hour o arrival 113

Mount Erebus 63 191Mundy Isaac 128

Murdoch Burn 153murmurings 131 132 134 140music 66Must Ole 181mutiny 124 125 127 129 130 131 135

141 187

Nansen Fritjo 2 8Napoleon I Emperor 43Napoleonic Wars 35 36 60Nastyace Jack (nom de plume) 131nation-states 44ndash5 66 67 149nationalism 38 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161 162Native Americans 76 77native populations

Antarctic 48ndash53 163 164ndash6in Arctic 165in colonies 164and reprovisioning 24 25ndash31 47ndash8as sealing labour 76ndash7

nature humanityrsquos relationship with 62navigation

techniques 18 20through icebergs and pack ice 81 83

86ndash7 94ndash5neglect o duty 143New Caledonia 26 32New Island 105New South Wales 32 34 35 36 46 74

76 136New Year celebrations 66New Zealand 14 16 22 24 32 37 47 64

130 141 144 154 159British annexation o 34colonial rule 150native people 76

provisions rom 196sealing industry 36

Newnes Sir George 155 166 Nimrod 159 169 172 173 174 191Ninnis Belgrave 163 191Nodtvedt (blacksmith) 182Nordenskjold Otto 153 155 159ndash60 161

165 171 194labour relations 171 187

Nore Mutiny 129North America 11 15

and colonial trade 12

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Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

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8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 235

critical studies o 6and direct occupation and rule 149 150

154and discovery o Antarctica 11ndash32expansion o 149impersonal structures o 7and industrialization 149ndash50and literature 160ndash1 190naked exercise o colonial power 48ndash9and national rivalries 152ndash3new orm o 149 155 157and provisioning o expeditions 196

and science 10and terra nullius 52ndash3lsquotit or tatrsquo 150and treatment o native populations 24

25ndash31 32commanders see master classCommonwealth Bay 163 168 169 170

173 177 194Compass Committee 39convicts

ex-convicts as sealers 74labour 46

Cook Captain James 3 19 68 110 154ambition and motivation o 58 59

and Antarctic circuit o necessity 21ndash432 47

Antarctic expedition 1 2 5 9 20ndash1 3339 50 53

on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 8385 90 91

circumnavigation o world 33claims South Georgia 156 157on consensualism o voyagers 64crew conditions under 96 97 137 139discipline under 124 125 126 142

143ndash4exploration o Paci1047297cAustralasia 16

17 20

and ice-watering 90 91 99labour relations under 130 133ndash5

provisions 133ndash5recruitment or voyages 69relations with natives over reprovision-

ing 24 25ndash31 32throws pet monkeys overboard 143

view o Antarctic 21

Cook Elizabeth 59cooks 177 184Cooper Lieutenant 143cooperative labour 104ndash9Cooperrsquos Harbour 111corporal punishment 123 124ndash5 126ndash7

128 142 143 144cotton trade 19Coulman Island 63courts martial 127crafsmen skilled 85 99 182crampons 182

Crean om 196crew

conditions or 42 79 94diffi culty 1047297nding 41ethnic diversity 75ndash7illness 44 45 79 97as part o land-based operations 168ranks 84ndash5recruitment 45 68ndash72 167ndash8recuperation and circuits o necessity

21ndash2 see also working class

Cromwell Oliver 19

Cross Jacob 180Crozet Islands 36 102 118 121 151Crozets 75 76Crozier Captain 92Cunningham Sergeant 67 137ndash8 139

Dallas KM 13Dalrymple Alexander 49Dana Richard 83 84 86 87 88 94 96

131 136 137 140 141Davis JE 63Davis Captain John 121Davis Coast 121Day Bernard 183

de Brosses Charles 11de Gerlache Adrien 155de-salination units 89death toll 98ndash9Deception Island 101 156 157 158Demas Barlatier 95Denin Greg 124Descent Pass 183

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236 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

deserters 45 70 71ndash2 73 124 140ndash1143ndash4

Devilrsquos Bight 112diaries see journals and diariesDickason Harry 5 170 177 180 181 184

185ndash6 190direct rule 149 150 154discipline shipboard 123 124ndash9 186ndash7

Discovery 162 168 170 178ndash9 180 186187 189

Dolphin 25Dore Gustave 164

Dorr(s) amily 35 116Drake Sir Francis 3 18 49 154Drake Passage 23drownings 98 99 106drunkenness 126 127 128 139 140 142

143Drygalski Erich von 151du Fresne Marc-Joseph Marion 16Dubouzet Lieutenant 52 97Duke o York Island 155Dunkirk 36Dunlop (engineer) 174Dunmore John 17 37Duroch Ensign 62

drsquoUrville Adele 59drsquoUrville Jules (son) 59drsquoUrville Jules Dumont 3 14 33 36 45

73 91 196ambition and motivation o 58ndash60 61

62Antarctic expedition 41ndash2 45ndash6 48

52 65on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 85

86 87 88crew conditions under 94ndash5 97 98 136desertions under 144discipline under 126 141amily lie 59

labour relations under 131ndash2on reactions to landscape 67 68recruitment or voyage 70ndash1 76

Dusky Sound 22 26 125duty

crewrsquos sense o 65leadersrsquo sense o 60ndash1

dysentery 44 98

Eades Captain 116East India Company 34 35Easter Island 22 24Edgewoth-David Sir annatt William 159

191Elephant Island 158 176elephant seals 106 107ndash9 117ndash18 120

151 152oil 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2Empire Day 162ndash3enclosures 72

Endeavour 25 28 69

Enderby Samuel 3 34 48Enderby amily 3 35

Endurance 172 176 187 188 191 194engine rooms 169ndash70entertainment working class 66ndash7Eora nation 47

Erebus 5 43 57 63 65 67 68 69 70 8192 93 95 98 127 128 139 141 196

Eromanga 26ethnographical research 39Evans Edgar 189 191 197Evans Lieutenant Edward 197Evans Hugh 159

Evans Point 173

actory ships 156 157Falkland Islands 34 37 48 105 119 139

140ndash1 144 151 156 157 187Britain creates Dependency o 157 166

198amily lie o expedition leaders 59 60Fanning Edmund 47 73 107 116

117ndash18 119 132 194Ferrar Glacier 183eudalism 12 70Filchner Wilhelm 151 158Finkel George 3ndash4

1047297remen 169Fisher Andrew 163Fitzroy Captain Robert 341047298ags national 66 154 155 162ndash3Flinders Matthew 391047298ogging 123 124ndash5 126ndash7 128 142 143

144 Flying Fish 86 96 144

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 237

oodcanned 171depots 183hunter-gathering activities 178or offi cers 134 135 143Pemmican and Plasmon 196

production o 196reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 135on shore 177 182trading or 134

or working classes 149 see also provisionsorecastle (orsquocsle) as sailorsrsquo space 133 176oretopmen 84Forster Johann 63

Fram 168 182 Franccedilais 155 168France

and Antarctic exploration 9 11 17ndash1933 38 39 40 41ndash2 45ndash6 151 154160

colonialism 11ndash12 13 15 19 52 53149 150 151

compared with Britain in early 18th

century 11ndash15exploration o Paci1047297c 16 17 37 39 49eudal monarchy and economy 12ndash13reprovisioning and repairs 45ndash6 48revolution o 1830 41revolution disrupts southern exploration

36ndash7sealing and whaling 45 141 151ndash2

see also Charcot drsquoUrville KerguelenFrance Australe 17 18 49Franco-Prussian War 151Franklin Sir John 3 43 154Franklin Island 61ree trade 13ndash14 24 149

French Indies Company 11French navy 14ndash15 17ndash18 37

1047297nancial limitations 42recruitment 70ndash1

French Revolution 36French Revolutionary Wars 36Friendly Isles 144rostbite 95 181

ur trade 33 35 37 38 72ndash5labour as exploration 101ndash21

price 1047298uctuations 103ndash4 processing skins 108 109

Furneaux Captain 50 126

Gauss 151gender analysis 8gentri1047297cation o exploration 195geographical knowledgeresearch 152 159

163ndash4geopolitics 147 198

Germany Antarctic exploration 150ndash1 154colonialism 149 150 164

Goldie Andrew 164Gonneville Land 11 49Goodridge Charles Medyett 73 102 103

112 115 118 194Great Ice Barrier 60Great South Land 9 11 17 49Gregory Francis 60Griffi ths om 4 5Grytviken 156 157 158 187ndash8Grytviken Workers Union 188Guam 44

guanaco skins 159 160guano 155Guardian 92Gumin (blacksmith) 99Gurkas 159Gurney Alan 2 46 79 92

hail stones 94hands rozen 83ndash4 97 197hanging 126Hannam Walter 177Hanssen (dog-driver) 191Harberton 160Harte Jonathan Locke 7

Hassel (dog-driver) 191Hatch Joseph 152Hawairsquoi 46hazing 140health 97ndash8

Hermione 129hero 1047297gures 3ndash4 5 6 7 9 94 99 101 154

191 194 195 197

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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238 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Heroic Age (1890ndash1920) 3 99 154 158163 166 195 196 197 198

and knowledge o Antarctic topography184

work and class in 147 167ndash91 Hersalia 105 Hetty 110Hill Christopher 12Hillary-Fuchs Commonwealth rans-Ant-

arctic Expedition (1957) 166 198historiography Antarctic 1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8

9 79 102 118 123 130 156 193ndash4

195 197ndash8history-rom-below 6Hobart 43 44 45 46 65 76 131ndash2 140

144 168 191Hobsbawm Eric 7ndash8 19 43 61Hodges W 90Hodgson Tomas 180Holland colonialism 16 22Hooker Joseph 63Hope Royal 98

Hopeful 48Huahine 22 26 30 31Hudson Captain 87 88 130Hughes Bay 121

Hunter Captain John 35hunting 178Hurley Frank 188 190 197

Huron 73 75 76 105Husvik 156Hut Point 170 179 183 186 189huts expedition

building 171 173ndash4class division in 174 176ndash7

plan o 175hygiene 178

ice on vessels 81ndash2 86 169ice sawing 179 187

ice-watering 89ndash91 125 137 138ndash9icebergs 52 62 67 68 81 83 92 93 94ndash5imperialism

critical studies o 6and race to control new territory 149

India 11 12 14 15 36 150 159Indian Ocean 34Indian Sound 48

indigenous people see native populations

industrialization 72 149 152 157 196

Inexpressible Island 176injury work-related 97ndash8 119

Inuits 165

iron 39

Italy

Antarctic exploration 151

colonialism 149 150

Jackson Andrew 40

Jacquinot Captain 97

Japan

Antarctic exploration 151colonialism 149 151

Jason 152

Java Le Grande 49

Jeffryes Sidney 196ndash7

Johnson Lieutenant 82

Johnson Samuel 144

Jonassen Ole 165 journals and diaries crew 1ndash2 4ndash5 63 64

168 169 170 184 190ndash1

Joyce Ernest 176

Juan Fernandez 116 Julius Caesar 128

just rights 132ndash3 137 141 186

Kaiser Wilhelm II Land 151

Keith Captain 116

Kemp P 69

Keplin John 143 144Kerguelen Yves-Joseph de 9 17ndash19 20

49 124

Kerguelen Islands 9 17 19 36 73 76 85

91 96 105 107 110 111 113 114

120 128 132 135 137 139 141 151

168 194Khoikoi 22King Captain Philip 35

King George Island 28 156

King George II Sound 47

Kipling Rudyard 160ndash1 190

Kirwan LP 20

Korea 151

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 239

La Jean-Franccedilois de 16 36labour

all-round skills 185Antarctic collective 84ndash91challenges o Antarctic maritime 80ndash4class and division o 8 177 178 180 186cooperative 104ndash9domestic 177ndash8 184o exploration 55 79ndash84explorers dependent on working-class 6

57 77 79 167 195 196 197extraction o 123ur trade 101ndash21in Heroic Age 167ndash91independence and judgement o workers

91ndash4living to 94ndash9relations 129ndash35 171ndash4 186ndash90sealing as exploration 109ndash12sledging 181ndash6 196unacknowledged 147

withdrawal o 129ndash30 141 143Lairdrsquos o Liverpool 39Landis Marilyn 45 57landscape reactions to 62ndash3 67ndash8landsmen 85Laplanders 181Larsen Captain 155ndash6 157 187ndash8Lashly William 189 197Lawrence E 166Lazarev Captain 97leaders expedition

ambition and motivation o 58ndash63 77 workersrsquo resistance to 55 129ndash35 see also by name

leaks 42 86Leguillou Dr 96Leith Harbour 157letters crew 5Levick Dr 173 174 178 180 184 185 187Lincoln Bert 2 4ndash5 168 169 171 190ndash1

195Linebaugh Peter 7 14 75livestock 23 134 135 173living conditions

or offi cers 96or sealers 112ndash17 118on shore 174ndash81or workers 42 79 94 95 96ndash7 132ndash3

Livingston Island 76 77 108 111 113117 144

Loggie Midshipman 126Louis XV King o France 17Louis XVIII King o France 37Louis Phillipe King o France 37 39 58

Lynx 74Lyttleton 170

McClintock Anne 8Mackay Alistair 159Mackintosh Aeneas 159

McMurdo Sound 169 180McNeish Harry 176 187Macquarie Lachlan 32Macquarie Island 36 76 116ndash17 151ndash2

157expedition hut 175 176research and wireless stations 158ndash9

Madagascar 151Madeira 134Madigan Cecil Tomas 161Magellan Ferdinand 3 49 52 131 195Magellan Straits o 49 73 131Magellan Whaling Company 158magnetic 1047297eld earthrsquos 38ndash9 43 140

Mahroot 117Malekula 27ndash8malingering 189Malvinas see Falkland IslandsMaoris 25 77 117marine biology 181Marion Island 36 111 116 118maritime proletariat 68ndash9 77

ethnic diversity 75ndash6maritime rebellion 129markets overseas 149Maroot Boatswain 76Marquesas 24Marra John 5 21 50 64 65 82 90 92 94

99ndash100 124 125 130 131 132 133134 135 139 143ndash4

Marshall Eric 191Martin Stephen 2 53 79

Mary and Sally 76masculinity 8master class

authority o 186ndash90

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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240 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

compensate crew or extreme workingconditions 136

and discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7exploration as propertyachievement o

101ndash2 167 194 195 197relations between workers and 55 123

167 187ndash90resistance o workers to 129ndash35 140ndash5

see also leaders expedition offi cersMatavai Bay 28 29 30 125Mauritius 34 36Mawson Douglas 2 4 5 155 161 162ndash3

167 168 173 194 195 196 198and division o labour 177excitement elt by 162labour relations 174 190on sense o aloneness 163sledging journey 191

Western Party 173 191Meares Cecil H 160medals commemorative 196merchant marines 37 73 74 96 124 129

134 140 141 145 167 168 171 172Mertz Xavier 163 191meteorological work 180middle class

Antarctic achievement not exclusive to167 194 195 196 197

rise o French 37Middlemore Governor 43midshipmen 125ndash6 133Midwinters Day 177Mill Hugh 3 42 153mineral deposits 39

Mirnyi 42 66 87 97 98 126 137missionaries 37Montevideo 140moral economy 132

Morning 168 189Morrell Abby Jane 92 128 129

Morrell Benjamin 48 51 67 75 79 92109 111 119 120 193

on Antarctic sailing conditions 93ndash4crew kill his seal pup pets 142ndash3discipline under 128ndash9leaves sealers within hour o arrival 113

Mount Erebus 63 191Mundy Isaac 128

Murdoch Burn 153murmurings 131 132 134 140music 66Must Ole 181mutiny 124 125 127 129 130 131 135

141 187

Nansen Fritjo 2 8Napoleon I Emperor 43Napoleonic Wars 35 36 60Nastyace Jack (nom de plume) 131nation-states 44ndash5 66 67 149nationalism 38 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161 162Native Americans 76 77native populations

Antarctic 48ndash53 163 164ndash6in Arctic 165in colonies 164and reprovisioning 24 25ndash31 47ndash8as sealing labour 76ndash7

nature humanityrsquos relationship with 62navigation

techniques 18 20through icebergs and pack ice 81 83

86ndash7 94ndash5neglect o duty 143New Caledonia 26 32New Island 105New South Wales 32 34 35 36 46 74

76 136New Year celebrations 66New Zealand 14 16 22 24 32 37 47 64

130 141 144 154 159British annexation o 34colonial rule 150native people 76

provisions rom 196sealing industry 36

Newnes Sir George 155 166 Nimrod 159 169 172 173 174 191Ninnis Belgrave 163 191Nodtvedt (blacksmith) 182Nordenskjold Otto 153 155 159ndash60 161

165 171 194labour relations 171 187

Nore Mutiny 129North America 11 15

and colonial trade 12

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

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8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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236 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

deserters 45 70 71ndash2 73 124 140ndash1143ndash4

Devilrsquos Bight 112diaries see journals and diariesDickason Harry 5 170 177 180 181 184

185ndash6 190direct rule 149 150 154discipline shipboard 123 124ndash9 186ndash7

Discovery 162 168 170 178ndash9 180 186187 189

Dolphin 25Dore Gustave 164

Dorr(s) amily 35 116Drake Sir Francis 3 18 49 154Drake Passage 23drownings 98 99 106drunkenness 126 127 128 139 140 142

143Drygalski Erich von 151du Fresne Marc-Joseph Marion 16Dubouzet Lieutenant 52 97Duke o York Island 155Dunkirk 36Dunlop (engineer) 174Dunmore John 17 37Duroch Ensign 62

drsquoUrville Adele 59drsquoUrville Jules (son) 59drsquoUrville Jules Dumont 3 14 33 36 45

73 91 196ambition and motivation o 58ndash60 61

62Antarctic expedition 41ndash2 45ndash6 48

52 65on Antarctic sailing conditions 82 85

86 87 88crew conditions under 94ndash5 97 98 136desertions under 144discipline under 126 141amily lie 59

labour relations under 131ndash2on reactions to landscape 67 68recruitment or voyage 70ndash1 76

Dusky Sound 22 26 125duty

crewrsquos sense o 65leadersrsquo sense o 60ndash1

dysentery 44 98

Eades Captain 116East India Company 34 35Easter Island 22 24Edgewoth-David Sir annatt William 159

191Elephant Island 158 176elephant seals 106 107ndash9 117ndash18 120

151 152oil 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2Empire Day 162ndash3enclosures 72

Endeavour 25 28 69

Enderby Samuel 3 34 48Enderby amily 3 35

Endurance 172 176 187 188 191 194engine rooms 169ndash70entertainment working class 66ndash7Eora nation 47

Erebus 5 43 57 63 65 67 68 69 70 8192 93 95 98 127 128 139 141 196

Eromanga 26ethnographical research 39Evans Edgar 189 191 197Evans Lieutenant Edward 197Evans Hugh 159

Evans Point 173

actory ships 156 157Falkland Islands 34 37 48 105 119 139

140ndash1 144 151 156 157 187Britain creates Dependency o 157 166

198amily lie o expedition leaders 59 60Fanning Edmund 47 73 107 116

117ndash18 119 132 194Ferrar Glacier 183eudalism 12 70Filchner Wilhelm 151 158Finkel George 3ndash4

1047297remen 169Fisher Andrew 163Fitzroy Captain Robert 341047298ags national 66 154 155 162ndash3Flinders Matthew 391047298ogging 123 124ndash5 126ndash7 128 142 143

144 Flying Fish 86 96 144

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 237

oodcanned 171depots 183hunter-gathering activities 178or offi cers 134 135 143Pemmican and Plasmon 196

production o 196reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 135on shore 177 182trading or 134

or working classes 149 see also provisionsorecastle (orsquocsle) as sailorsrsquo space 133 176oretopmen 84Forster Johann 63

Fram 168 182 Franccedilais 155 168France

and Antarctic exploration 9 11 17ndash1933 38 39 40 41ndash2 45ndash6 151 154160

colonialism 11ndash12 13 15 19 52 53149 150 151

compared with Britain in early 18th

century 11ndash15exploration o Paci1047297c 16 17 37 39 49eudal monarchy and economy 12ndash13reprovisioning and repairs 45ndash6 48revolution o 1830 41revolution disrupts southern exploration

36ndash7sealing and whaling 45 141 151ndash2

see also Charcot drsquoUrville KerguelenFrance Australe 17 18 49Franco-Prussian War 151Franklin Sir John 3 43 154Franklin Island 61ree trade 13ndash14 24 149

French Indies Company 11French navy 14ndash15 17ndash18 37

1047297nancial limitations 42recruitment 70ndash1

French Revolution 36French Revolutionary Wars 36Friendly Isles 144rostbite 95 181

ur trade 33 35 37 38 72ndash5labour as exploration 101ndash21

price 1047298uctuations 103ndash4 processing skins 108 109

Furneaux Captain 50 126

Gauss 151gender analysis 8gentri1047297cation o exploration 195geographical knowledgeresearch 152 159

163ndash4geopolitics 147 198

Germany Antarctic exploration 150ndash1 154colonialism 149 150 164

Goldie Andrew 164Gonneville Land 11 49Goodridge Charles Medyett 73 102 103

112 115 118 194Great Ice Barrier 60Great South Land 9 11 17 49Gregory Francis 60Griffi ths om 4 5Grytviken 156 157 158 187ndash8Grytviken Workers Union 188Guam 44

guanaco skins 159 160guano 155Guardian 92Gumin (blacksmith) 99Gurkas 159Gurney Alan 2 46 79 92

hail stones 94hands rozen 83ndash4 97 197hanging 126Hannam Walter 177Hanssen (dog-driver) 191Harberton 160Harte Jonathan Locke 7

Hassel (dog-driver) 191Hatch Joseph 152Hawairsquoi 46hazing 140health 97ndash8

Hermione 129hero 1047297gures 3ndash4 5 6 7 9 94 99 101 154

191 194 195 197

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238 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Heroic Age (1890ndash1920) 3 99 154 158163 166 195 196 197 198

and knowledge o Antarctic topography184

work and class in 147 167ndash91 Hersalia 105 Hetty 110Hill Christopher 12Hillary-Fuchs Commonwealth rans-Ant-

arctic Expedition (1957) 166 198historiography Antarctic 1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8

9 79 102 118 123 130 156 193ndash4

195 197ndash8history-rom-below 6Hobart 43 44 45 46 65 76 131ndash2 140

144 168 191Hobsbawm Eric 7ndash8 19 43 61Hodges W 90Hodgson Tomas 180Holland colonialism 16 22Hooker Joseph 63Hope Royal 98

Hopeful 48Huahine 22 26 30 31Hudson Captain 87 88 130Hughes Bay 121

Hunter Captain John 35hunting 178Hurley Frank 188 190 197

Huron 73 75 76 105Husvik 156Hut Point 170 179 183 186 189huts expedition

building 171 173ndash4class division in 174 176ndash7

plan o 175hygiene 178

ice on vessels 81ndash2 86 169ice sawing 179 187

ice-watering 89ndash91 125 137 138ndash9icebergs 52 62 67 68 81 83 92 93 94ndash5imperialism

critical studies o 6and race to control new territory 149

India 11 12 14 15 36 150 159Indian Ocean 34Indian Sound 48

indigenous people see native populations

industrialization 72 149 152 157 196

Inexpressible Island 176injury work-related 97ndash8 119

Inuits 165

iron 39

Italy

Antarctic exploration 151

colonialism 149 150

Jackson Andrew 40

Jacquinot Captain 97

Japan

Antarctic exploration 151colonialism 149 151

Jason 152

Java Le Grande 49

Jeffryes Sidney 196ndash7

Johnson Lieutenant 82

Johnson Samuel 144

Jonassen Ole 165 journals and diaries crew 1ndash2 4ndash5 63 64

168 169 170 184 190ndash1

Joyce Ernest 176

Juan Fernandez 116 Julius Caesar 128

just rights 132ndash3 137 141 186

Kaiser Wilhelm II Land 151

Keith Captain 116

Kemp P 69

Keplin John 143 144Kerguelen Yves-Joseph de 9 17ndash19 20

49 124

Kerguelen Islands 9 17 19 36 73 76 85

91 96 105 107 110 111 113 114

120 128 132 135 137 139 141 151

168 194Khoikoi 22King Captain Philip 35

King George Island 28 156

King George II Sound 47

Kipling Rudyard 160ndash1 190

Kirwan LP 20

Korea 151

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Index 239

La Jean-Franccedilois de 16 36labour

all-round skills 185Antarctic collective 84ndash91challenges o Antarctic maritime 80ndash4class and division o 8 177 178 180 186cooperative 104ndash9domestic 177ndash8 184o exploration 55 79ndash84explorers dependent on working-class 6

57 77 79 167 195 196 197extraction o 123ur trade 101ndash21in Heroic Age 167ndash91independence and judgement o workers

91ndash4living to 94ndash9relations 129ndash35 171ndash4 186ndash90sealing as exploration 109ndash12sledging 181ndash6 196unacknowledged 147

withdrawal o 129ndash30 141 143Lairdrsquos o Liverpool 39Landis Marilyn 45 57landscape reactions to 62ndash3 67ndash8landsmen 85Laplanders 181Larsen Captain 155ndash6 157 187ndash8Lashly William 189 197Lawrence E 166Lazarev Captain 97leaders expedition

ambition and motivation o 58ndash63 77 workersrsquo resistance to 55 129ndash35 see also by name

leaks 42 86Leguillou Dr 96Leith Harbour 157letters crew 5Levick Dr 173 174 178 180 184 185 187Lincoln Bert 2 4ndash5 168 169 171 190ndash1

195Linebaugh Peter 7 14 75livestock 23 134 135 173living conditions

or offi cers 96or sealers 112ndash17 118on shore 174ndash81or workers 42 79 94 95 96ndash7 132ndash3

Livingston Island 76 77 108 111 113117 144

Loggie Midshipman 126Louis XV King o France 17Louis XVIII King o France 37Louis Phillipe King o France 37 39 58

Lynx 74Lyttleton 170

McClintock Anne 8Mackay Alistair 159Mackintosh Aeneas 159

McMurdo Sound 169 180McNeish Harry 176 187Macquarie Lachlan 32Macquarie Island 36 76 116ndash17 151ndash2

157expedition hut 175 176research and wireless stations 158ndash9

Madagascar 151Madeira 134Madigan Cecil Tomas 161Magellan Ferdinand 3 49 52 131 195Magellan Straits o 49 73 131Magellan Whaling Company 158magnetic 1047297eld earthrsquos 38ndash9 43 140

Mahroot 117Malekula 27ndash8malingering 189Malvinas see Falkland IslandsMaoris 25 77 117marine biology 181Marion Island 36 111 116 118maritime proletariat 68ndash9 77

ethnic diversity 75ndash6maritime rebellion 129markets overseas 149Maroot Boatswain 76Marquesas 24Marra John 5 21 50 64 65 82 90 92 94

99ndash100 124 125 130 131 132 133134 135 139 143ndash4

Marshall Eric 191Martin Stephen 2 53 79

Mary and Sally 76masculinity 8master class

authority o 186ndash90

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240 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

compensate crew or extreme workingconditions 136

and discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7exploration as propertyachievement o

101ndash2 167 194 195 197relations between workers and 55 123

167 187ndash90resistance o workers to 129ndash35 140ndash5

see also leaders expedition offi cersMatavai Bay 28 29 30 125Mauritius 34 36Mawson Douglas 2 4 5 155 161 162ndash3

167 168 173 194 195 196 198and division o labour 177excitement elt by 162labour relations 174 190on sense o aloneness 163sledging journey 191

Western Party 173 191Meares Cecil H 160medals commemorative 196merchant marines 37 73 74 96 124 129

134 140 141 145 167 168 171 172Mertz Xavier 163 191meteorological work 180middle class

Antarctic achievement not exclusive to167 194 195 196 197

rise o French 37Middlemore Governor 43midshipmen 125ndash6 133Midwinters Day 177Mill Hugh 3 42 153mineral deposits 39

Mirnyi 42 66 87 97 98 126 137missionaries 37Montevideo 140moral economy 132

Morning 168 189Morrell Abby Jane 92 128 129

Morrell Benjamin 48 51 67 75 79 92109 111 119 120 193

on Antarctic sailing conditions 93ndash4crew kill his seal pup pets 142ndash3discipline under 128ndash9leaves sealers within hour o arrival 113

Mount Erebus 63 191Mundy Isaac 128

Murdoch Burn 153murmurings 131 132 134 140music 66Must Ole 181mutiny 124 125 127 129 130 131 135

141 187

Nansen Fritjo 2 8Napoleon I Emperor 43Napoleonic Wars 35 36 60Nastyace Jack (nom de plume) 131nation-states 44ndash5 66 67 149nationalism 38 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161 162Native Americans 76 77native populations

Antarctic 48ndash53 163 164ndash6in Arctic 165in colonies 164and reprovisioning 24 25ndash31 47ndash8as sealing labour 76ndash7

nature humanityrsquos relationship with 62navigation

techniques 18 20through icebergs and pack ice 81 83

86ndash7 94ndash5neglect o duty 143New Caledonia 26 32New Island 105New South Wales 32 34 35 36 46 74

76 136New Year celebrations 66New Zealand 14 16 22 24 32 37 47 64

130 141 144 154 159British annexation o 34colonial rule 150native people 76

provisions rom 196sealing industry 36

Newnes Sir George 155 166 Nimrod 159 169 172 173 174 191Ninnis Belgrave 163 191Nodtvedt (blacksmith) 182Nordenskjold Otto 153 155 159ndash60 161

165 171 194labour relations 171 187

Nore Mutiny 129North America 11 15

and colonial trade 12

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Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

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8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

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Index 237

oodcanned 171depots 183hunter-gathering activities 178or offi cers 134 135 143Pemmican and Plasmon 196

production o 196reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 135on shore 177 182trading or 134

or working classes 149 see also provisionsorecastle (orsquocsle) as sailorsrsquo space 133 176oretopmen 84Forster Johann 63

Fram 168 182 Franccedilais 155 168France

and Antarctic exploration 9 11 17ndash1933 38 39 40 41ndash2 45ndash6 151 154160

colonialism 11ndash12 13 15 19 52 53149 150 151

compared with Britain in early 18th

century 11ndash15exploration o Paci1047297c 16 17 37 39 49eudal monarchy and economy 12ndash13reprovisioning and repairs 45ndash6 48revolution o 1830 41revolution disrupts southern exploration

36ndash7sealing and whaling 45 141 151ndash2

see also Charcot drsquoUrville KerguelenFrance Australe 17 18 49Franco-Prussian War 151Franklin Sir John 3 43 154Franklin Island 61ree trade 13ndash14 24 149

French Indies Company 11French navy 14ndash15 17ndash18 37

1047297nancial limitations 42recruitment 70ndash1

French Revolution 36French Revolutionary Wars 36Friendly Isles 144rostbite 95 181

ur trade 33 35 37 38 72ndash5labour as exploration 101ndash21

price 1047298uctuations 103ndash4 processing skins 108 109

Furneaux Captain 50 126

Gauss 151gender analysis 8gentri1047297cation o exploration 195geographical knowledgeresearch 152 159

163ndash4geopolitics 147 198

Germany Antarctic exploration 150ndash1 154colonialism 149 150 164

Goldie Andrew 164Gonneville Land 11 49Goodridge Charles Medyett 73 102 103

112 115 118 194Great Ice Barrier 60Great South Land 9 11 17 49Gregory Francis 60Griffi ths om 4 5Grytviken 156 157 158 187ndash8Grytviken Workers Union 188Guam 44

guanaco skins 159 160guano 155Guardian 92Gumin (blacksmith) 99Gurkas 159Gurney Alan 2 46 79 92

hail stones 94hands rozen 83ndash4 97 197hanging 126Hannam Walter 177Hanssen (dog-driver) 191Harberton 160Harte Jonathan Locke 7

Hassel (dog-driver) 191Hatch Joseph 152Hawairsquoi 46hazing 140health 97ndash8

Hermione 129hero 1047297gures 3ndash4 5 6 7 9 94 99 101 154

191 194 195 197

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238 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Heroic Age (1890ndash1920) 3 99 154 158163 166 195 196 197 198

and knowledge o Antarctic topography184

work and class in 147 167ndash91 Hersalia 105 Hetty 110Hill Christopher 12Hillary-Fuchs Commonwealth rans-Ant-

arctic Expedition (1957) 166 198historiography Antarctic 1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8

9 79 102 118 123 130 156 193ndash4

195 197ndash8history-rom-below 6Hobart 43 44 45 46 65 76 131ndash2 140

144 168 191Hobsbawm Eric 7ndash8 19 43 61Hodges W 90Hodgson Tomas 180Holland colonialism 16 22Hooker Joseph 63Hope Royal 98

Hopeful 48Huahine 22 26 30 31Hudson Captain 87 88 130Hughes Bay 121

Hunter Captain John 35hunting 178Hurley Frank 188 190 197

Huron 73 75 76 105Husvik 156Hut Point 170 179 183 186 189huts expedition

building 171 173ndash4class division in 174 176ndash7

plan o 175hygiene 178

ice on vessels 81ndash2 86 169ice sawing 179 187

ice-watering 89ndash91 125 137 138ndash9icebergs 52 62 67 68 81 83 92 93 94ndash5imperialism

critical studies o 6and race to control new territory 149

India 11 12 14 15 36 150 159Indian Ocean 34Indian Sound 48

indigenous people see native populations

industrialization 72 149 152 157 196

Inexpressible Island 176injury work-related 97ndash8 119

Inuits 165

iron 39

Italy

Antarctic exploration 151

colonialism 149 150

Jackson Andrew 40

Jacquinot Captain 97

Japan

Antarctic exploration 151colonialism 149 151

Jason 152

Java Le Grande 49

Jeffryes Sidney 196ndash7

Johnson Lieutenant 82

Johnson Samuel 144

Jonassen Ole 165 journals and diaries crew 1ndash2 4ndash5 63 64

168 169 170 184 190ndash1

Joyce Ernest 176

Juan Fernandez 116 Julius Caesar 128

just rights 132ndash3 137 141 186

Kaiser Wilhelm II Land 151

Keith Captain 116

Kemp P 69

Keplin John 143 144Kerguelen Yves-Joseph de 9 17ndash19 20

49 124

Kerguelen Islands 9 17 19 36 73 76 85

91 96 105 107 110 111 113 114

120 128 132 135 137 139 141 151

168 194Khoikoi 22King Captain Philip 35

King George Island 28 156

King George II Sound 47

Kipling Rudyard 160ndash1 190

Kirwan LP 20

Korea 151

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 239

La Jean-Franccedilois de 16 36labour

all-round skills 185Antarctic collective 84ndash91challenges o Antarctic maritime 80ndash4class and division o 8 177 178 180 186cooperative 104ndash9domestic 177ndash8 184o exploration 55 79ndash84explorers dependent on working-class 6

57 77 79 167 195 196 197extraction o 123ur trade 101ndash21in Heroic Age 167ndash91independence and judgement o workers

91ndash4living to 94ndash9relations 129ndash35 171ndash4 186ndash90sealing as exploration 109ndash12sledging 181ndash6 196unacknowledged 147

withdrawal o 129ndash30 141 143Lairdrsquos o Liverpool 39Landis Marilyn 45 57landscape reactions to 62ndash3 67ndash8landsmen 85Laplanders 181Larsen Captain 155ndash6 157 187ndash8Lashly William 189 197Lawrence E 166Lazarev Captain 97leaders expedition

ambition and motivation o 58ndash63 77 workersrsquo resistance to 55 129ndash35 see also by name

leaks 42 86Leguillou Dr 96Leith Harbour 157letters crew 5Levick Dr 173 174 178 180 184 185 187Lincoln Bert 2 4ndash5 168 169 171 190ndash1

195Linebaugh Peter 7 14 75livestock 23 134 135 173living conditions

or offi cers 96or sealers 112ndash17 118on shore 174ndash81or workers 42 79 94 95 96ndash7 132ndash3

Livingston Island 76 77 108 111 113117 144

Loggie Midshipman 126Louis XV King o France 17Louis XVIII King o France 37Louis Phillipe King o France 37 39 58

Lynx 74Lyttleton 170

McClintock Anne 8Mackay Alistair 159Mackintosh Aeneas 159

McMurdo Sound 169 180McNeish Harry 176 187Macquarie Lachlan 32Macquarie Island 36 76 116ndash17 151ndash2

157expedition hut 175 176research and wireless stations 158ndash9

Madagascar 151Madeira 134Madigan Cecil Tomas 161Magellan Ferdinand 3 49 52 131 195Magellan Straits o 49 73 131Magellan Whaling Company 158magnetic 1047297eld earthrsquos 38ndash9 43 140

Mahroot 117Malekula 27ndash8malingering 189Malvinas see Falkland IslandsMaoris 25 77 117marine biology 181Marion Island 36 111 116 118maritime proletariat 68ndash9 77

ethnic diversity 75ndash6maritime rebellion 129markets overseas 149Maroot Boatswain 76Marquesas 24Marra John 5 21 50 64 65 82 90 92 94

99ndash100 124 125 130 131 132 133134 135 139 143ndash4

Marshall Eric 191Martin Stephen 2 53 79

Mary and Sally 76masculinity 8master class

authority o 186ndash90

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240 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

compensate crew or extreme workingconditions 136

and discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7exploration as propertyachievement o

101ndash2 167 194 195 197relations between workers and 55 123

167 187ndash90resistance o workers to 129ndash35 140ndash5

see also leaders expedition offi cersMatavai Bay 28 29 30 125Mauritius 34 36Mawson Douglas 2 4 5 155 161 162ndash3

167 168 173 194 195 196 198and division o labour 177excitement elt by 162labour relations 174 190on sense o aloneness 163sledging journey 191

Western Party 173 191Meares Cecil H 160medals commemorative 196merchant marines 37 73 74 96 124 129

134 140 141 145 167 168 171 172Mertz Xavier 163 191meteorological work 180middle class

Antarctic achievement not exclusive to167 194 195 196 197

rise o French 37Middlemore Governor 43midshipmen 125ndash6 133Midwinters Day 177Mill Hugh 3 42 153mineral deposits 39

Mirnyi 42 66 87 97 98 126 137missionaries 37Montevideo 140moral economy 132

Morning 168 189Morrell Abby Jane 92 128 129

Morrell Benjamin 48 51 67 75 79 92109 111 119 120 193

on Antarctic sailing conditions 93ndash4crew kill his seal pup pets 142ndash3discipline under 128ndash9leaves sealers within hour o arrival 113

Mount Erebus 63 191Mundy Isaac 128

Murdoch Burn 153murmurings 131 132 134 140music 66Must Ole 181mutiny 124 125 127 129 130 131 135

141 187

Nansen Fritjo 2 8Napoleon I Emperor 43Napoleonic Wars 35 36 60Nastyace Jack (nom de plume) 131nation-states 44ndash5 66 67 149nationalism 38 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161 162Native Americans 76 77native populations

Antarctic 48ndash53 163 164ndash6in Arctic 165in colonies 164and reprovisioning 24 25ndash31 47ndash8as sealing labour 76ndash7

nature humanityrsquos relationship with 62navigation

techniques 18 20through icebergs and pack ice 81 83

86ndash7 94ndash5neglect o duty 143New Caledonia 26 32New Island 105New South Wales 32 34 35 36 46 74

76 136New Year celebrations 66New Zealand 14 16 22 24 32 37 47 64

130 141 144 154 159British annexation o 34colonial rule 150native people 76

provisions rom 196sealing industry 36

Newnes Sir George 155 166 Nimrod 159 169 172 173 174 191Ninnis Belgrave 163 191Nodtvedt (blacksmith) 182Nordenskjold Otto 153 155 159ndash60 161

165 171 194labour relations 171 187

Nore Mutiny 129North America 11 15

and colonial trade 12

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1317

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1417

244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

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238 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Heroic Age (1890ndash1920) 3 99 154 158163 166 195 196 197 198

and knowledge o Antarctic topography184

work and class in 147 167ndash91 Hersalia 105 Hetty 110Hill Christopher 12Hillary-Fuchs Commonwealth rans-Ant-

arctic Expedition (1957) 166 198historiography Antarctic 1ndash2 3 4ndash5 8

9 79 102 118 123 130 156 193ndash4

195 197ndash8history-rom-below 6Hobart 43 44 45 46 65 76 131ndash2 140

144 168 191Hobsbawm Eric 7ndash8 19 43 61Hodges W 90Hodgson Tomas 180Holland colonialism 16 22Hooker Joseph 63Hope Royal 98

Hopeful 48Huahine 22 26 30 31Hudson Captain 87 88 130Hughes Bay 121

Hunter Captain John 35hunting 178Hurley Frank 188 190 197

Huron 73 75 76 105Husvik 156Hut Point 170 179 183 186 189huts expedition

building 171 173ndash4class division in 174 176ndash7

plan o 175hygiene 178

ice on vessels 81ndash2 86 169ice sawing 179 187

ice-watering 89ndash91 125 137 138ndash9icebergs 52 62 67 68 81 83 92 93 94ndash5imperialism

critical studies o 6and race to control new territory 149

India 11 12 14 15 36 150 159Indian Ocean 34Indian Sound 48

indigenous people see native populations

industrialization 72 149 152 157 196

Inexpressible Island 176injury work-related 97ndash8 119

Inuits 165

iron 39

Italy

Antarctic exploration 151

colonialism 149 150

Jackson Andrew 40

Jacquinot Captain 97

Japan

Antarctic exploration 151colonialism 149 151

Jason 152

Java Le Grande 49

Jeffryes Sidney 196ndash7

Johnson Lieutenant 82

Johnson Samuel 144

Jonassen Ole 165 journals and diaries crew 1ndash2 4ndash5 63 64

168 169 170 184 190ndash1

Joyce Ernest 176

Juan Fernandez 116 Julius Caesar 128

just rights 132ndash3 137 141 186

Kaiser Wilhelm II Land 151

Keith Captain 116

Kemp P 69

Keplin John 143 144Kerguelen Yves-Joseph de 9 17ndash19 20

49 124

Kerguelen Islands 9 17 19 36 73 76 85

91 96 105 107 110 111 113 114

120 128 132 135 137 139 141 151

168 194Khoikoi 22King Captain Philip 35

King George Island 28 156

King George II Sound 47

Kipling Rudyard 160ndash1 190

Kirwan LP 20

Korea 151

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 239

La Jean-Franccedilois de 16 36labour

all-round skills 185Antarctic collective 84ndash91challenges o Antarctic maritime 80ndash4class and division o 8 177 178 180 186cooperative 104ndash9domestic 177ndash8 184o exploration 55 79ndash84explorers dependent on working-class 6

57 77 79 167 195 196 197extraction o 123ur trade 101ndash21in Heroic Age 167ndash91independence and judgement o workers

91ndash4living to 94ndash9relations 129ndash35 171ndash4 186ndash90sealing as exploration 109ndash12sledging 181ndash6 196unacknowledged 147

withdrawal o 129ndash30 141 143Lairdrsquos o Liverpool 39Landis Marilyn 45 57landscape reactions to 62ndash3 67ndash8landsmen 85Laplanders 181Larsen Captain 155ndash6 157 187ndash8Lashly William 189 197Lawrence E 166Lazarev Captain 97leaders expedition

ambition and motivation o 58ndash63 77 workersrsquo resistance to 55 129ndash35 see also by name

leaks 42 86Leguillou Dr 96Leith Harbour 157letters crew 5Levick Dr 173 174 178 180 184 185 187Lincoln Bert 2 4ndash5 168 169 171 190ndash1

195Linebaugh Peter 7 14 75livestock 23 134 135 173living conditions

or offi cers 96or sealers 112ndash17 118on shore 174ndash81or workers 42 79 94 95 96ndash7 132ndash3

Livingston Island 76 77 108 111 113117 144

Loggie Midshipman 126Louis XV King o France 17Louis XVIII King o France 37Louis Phillipe King o France 37 39 58

Lynx 74Lyttleton 170

McClintock Anne 8Mackay Alistair 159Mackintosh Aeneas 159

McMurdo Sound 169 180McNeish Harry 176 187Macquarie Lachlan 32Macquarie Island 36 76 116ndash17 151ndash2

157expedition hut 175 176research and wireless stations 158ndash9

Madagascar 151Madeira 134Madigan Cecil Tomas 161Magellan Ferdinand 3 49 52 131 195Magellan Straits o 49 73 131Magellan Whaling Company 158magnetic 1047297eld earthrsquos 38ndash9 43 140

Mahroot 117Malekula 27ndash8malingering 189Malvinas see Falkland IslandsMaoris 25 77 117marine biology 181Marion Island 36 111 116 118maritime proletariat 68ndash9 77

ethnic diversity 75ndash6maritime rebellion 129markets overseas 149Maroot Boatswain 76Marquesas 24Marra John 5 21 50 64 65 82 90 92 94

99ndash100 124 125 130 131 132 133134 135 139 143ndash4

Marshall Eric 191Martin Stephen 2 53 79

Mary and Sally 76masculinity 8master class

authority o 186ndash90

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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240 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

compensate crew or extreme workingconditions 136

and discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7exploration as propertyachievement o

101ndash2 167 194 195 197relations between workers and 55 123

167 187ndash90resistance o workers to 129ndash35 140ndash5

see also leaders expedition offi cersMatavai Bay 28 29 30 125Mauritius 34 36Mawson Douglas 2 4 5 155 161 162ndash3

167 168 173 194 195 196 198and division o labour 177excitement elt by 162labour relations 174 190on sense o aloneness 163sledging journey 191

Western Party 173 191Meares Cecil H 160medals commemorative 196merchant marines 37 73 74 96 124 129

134 140 141 145 167 168 171 172Mertz Xavier 163 191meteorological work 180middle class

Antarctic achievement not exclusive to167 194 195 196 197

rise o French 37Middlemore Governor 43midshipmen 125ndash6 133Midwinters Day 177Mill Hugh 3 42 153mineral deposits 39

Mirnyi 42 66 87 97 98 126 137missionaries 37Montevideo 140moral economy 132

Morning 168 189Morrell Abby Jane 92 128 129

Morrell Benjamin 48 51 67 75 79 92109 111 119 120 193

on Antarctic sailing conditions 93ndash4crew kill his seal pup pets 142ndash3discipline under 128ndash9leaves sealers within hour o arrival 113

Mount Erebus 63 191Mundy Isaac 128

Murdoch Burn 153murmurings 131 132 134 140music 66Must Ole 181mutiny 124 125 127 129 130 131 135

141 187

Nansen Fritjo 2 8Napoleon I Emperor 43Napoleonic Wars 35 36 60Nastyace Jack (nom de plume) 131nation-states 44ndash5 66 67 149nationalism 38 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161 162Native Americans 76 77native populations

Antarctic 48ndash53 163 164ndash6in Arctic 165in colonies 164and reprovisioning 24 25ndash31 47ndash8as sealing labour 76ndash7

nature humanityrsquos relationship with 62navigation

techniques 18 20through icebergs and pack ice 81 83

86ndash7 94ndash5neglect o duty 143New Caledonia 26 32New Island 105New South Wales 32 34 35 36 46 74

76 136New Year celebrations 66New Zealand 14 16 22 24 32 37 47 64

130 141 144 154 159British annexation o 34colonial rule 150native people 76

provisions rom 196sealing industry 36

Newnes Sir George 155 166 Nimrod 159 169 172 173 174 191Ninnis Belgrave 163 191Nodtvedt (blacksmith) 182Nordenskjold Otto 153 155 159ndash60 161

165 171 194labour relations 171 187

Nore Mutiny 129North America 11 15

and colonial trade 12

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1117

Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1217

242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

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Index 239

La Jean-Franccedilois de 16 36labour

all-round skills 185Antarctic collective 84ndash91challenges o Antarctic maritime 80ndash4class and division o 8 177 178 180 186cooperative 104ndash9domestic 177ndash8 184o exploration 55 79ndash84explorers dependent on working-class 6

57 77 79 167 195 196 197extraction o 123ur trade 101ndash21in Heroic Age 167ndash91independence and judgement o workers

91ndash4living to 94ndash9relations 129ndash35 171ndash4 186ndash90sealing as exploration 109ndash12sledging 181ndash6 196unacknowledged 147

withdrawal o 129ndash30 141 143Lairdrsquos o Liverpool 39Landis Marilyn 45 57landscape reactions to 62ndash3 67ndash8landsmen 85Laplanders 181Larsen Captain 155ndash6 157 187ndash8Lashly William 189 197Lawrence E 166Lazarev Captain 97leaders expedition

ambition and motivation o 58ndash63 77 workersrsquo resistance to 55 129ndash35 see also by name

leaks 42 86Leguillou Dr 96Leith Harbour 157letters crew 5Levick Dr 173 174 178 180 184 185 187Lincoln Bert 2 4ndash5 168 169 171 190ndash1

195Linebaugh Peter 7 14 75livestock 23 134 135 173living conditions

or offi cers 96or sealers 112ndash17 118on shore 174ndash81or workers 42 79 94 95 96ndash7 132ndash3

Livingston Island 76 77 108 111 113117 144

Loggie Midshipman 126Louis XV King o France 17Louis XVIII King o France 37Louis Phillipe King o France 37 39 58

Lynx 74Lyttleton 170

McClintock Anne 8Mackay Alistair 159Mackintosh Aeneas 159

McMurdo Sound 169 180McNeish Harry 176 187Macquarie Lachlan 32Macquarie Island 36 76 116ndash17 151ndash2

157expedition hut 175 176research and wireless stations 158ndash9

Madagascar 151Madeira 134Madigan Cecil Tomas 161Magellan Ferdinand 3 49 52 131 195Magellan Straits o 49 73 131Magellan Whaling Company 158magnetic 1047297eld earthrsquos 38ndash9 43 140

Mahroot 117Malekula 27ndash8malingering 189Malvinas see Falkland IslandsMaoris 25 77 117marine biology 181Marion Island 36 111 116 118maritime proletariat 68ndash9 77

ethnic diversity 75ndash6maritime rebellion 129markets overseas 149Maroot Boatswain 76Marquesas 24Marra John 5 21 50 64 65 82 90 92 94

99ndash100 124 125 130 131 132 133134 135 139 143ndash4

Marshall Eric 191Martin Stephen 2 53 79

Mary and Sally 76masculinity 8master class

authority o 186ndash90

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240 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

compensate crew or extreme workingconditions 136

and discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7exploration as propertyachievement o

101ndash2 167 194 195 197relations between workers and 55 123

167 187ndash90resistance o workers to 129ndash35 140ndash5

see also leaders expedition offi cersMatavai Bay 28 29 30 125Mauritius 34 36Mawson Douglas 2 4 5 155 161 162ndash3

167 168 173 194 195 196 198and division o labour 177excitement elt by 162labour relations 174 190on sense o aloneness 163sledging journey 191

Western Party 173 191Meares Cecil H 160medals commemorative 196merchant marines 37 73 74 96 124 129

134 140 141 145 167 168 171 172Mertz Xavier 163 191meteorological work 180middle class

Antarctic achievement not exclusive to167 194 195 196 197

rise o French 37Middlemore Governor 43midshipmen 125ndash6 133Midwinters Day 177Mill Hugh 3 42 153mineral deposits 39

Mirnyi 42 66 87 97 98 126 137missionaries 37Montevideo 140moral economy 132

Morning 168 189Morrell Abby Jane 92 128 129

Morrell Benjamin 48 51 67 75 79 92109 111 119 120 193

on Antarctic sailing conditions 93ndash4crew kill his seal pup pets 142ndash3discipline under 128ndash9leaves sealers within hour o arrival 113

Mount Erebus 63 191Mundy Isaac 128

Murdoch Burn 153murmurings 131 132 134 140music 66Must Ole 181mutiny 124 125 127 129 130 131 135

141 187

Nansen Fritjo 2 8Napoleon I Emperor 43Napoleonic Wars 35 36 60Nastyace Jack (nom de plume) 131nation-states 44ndash5 66 67 149nationalism 38 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161 162Native Americans 76 77native populations

Antarctic 48ndash53 163 164ndash6in Arctic 165in colonies 164and reprovisioning 24 25ndash31 47ndash8as sealing labour 76ndash7

nature humanityrsquos relationship with 62navigation

techniques 18 20through icebergs and pack ice 81 83

86ndash7 94ndash5neglect o duty 143New Caledonia 26 32New Island 105New South Wales 32 34 35 36 46 74

76 136New Year celebrations 66New Zealand 14 16 22 24 32 37 47 64

130 141 144 154 159British annexation o 34colonial rule 150native people 76

provisions rom 196sealing industry 36

Newnes Sir George 155 166 Nimrod 159 169 172 173 174 191Ninnis Belgrave 163 191Nodtvedt (blacksmith) 182Nordenskjold Otto 153 155 159ndash60 161

165 171 194labour relations 171 187

Nore Mutiny 129North America 11 15

and colonial trade 12

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Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

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8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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240 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

compensate crew or extreme workingconditions 136

and discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7exploration as propertyachievement o

101ndash2 167 194 195 197relations between workers and 55 123

167 187ndash90resistance o workers to 129ndash35 140ndash5

see also leaders expedition offi cersMatavai Bay 28 29 30 125Mauritius 34 36Mawson Douglas 2 4 5 155 161 162ndash3

167 168 173 194 195 196 198and division o labour 177excitement elt by 162labour relations 174 190on sense o aloneness 163sledging journey 191

Western Party 173 191Meares Cecil H 160medals commemorative 196merchant marines 37 73 74 96 124 129

134 140 141 145 167 168 171 172Mertz Xavier 163 191meteorological work 180middle class

Antarctic achievement not exclusive to167 194 195 196 197

rise o French 37Middlemore Governor 43midshipmen 125ndash6 133Midwinters Day 177Mill Hugh 3 42 153mineral deposits 39

Mirnyi 42 66 87 97 98 126 137missionaries 37Montevideo 140moral economy 132

Morning 168 189Morrell Abby Jane 92 128 129

Morrell Benjamin 48 51 67 75 79 92109 111 119 120 193

on Antarctic sailing conditions 93ndash4crew kill his seal pup pets 142ndash3discipline under 128ndash9leaves sealers within hour o arrival 113

Mount Erebus 63 191Mundy Isaac 128

Murdoch Burn 153murmurings 131 132 134 140music 66Must Ole 181mutiny 124 125 127 129 130 131 135

141 187

Nansen Fritjo 2 8Napoleon I Emperor 43Napoleonic Wars 35 36 60Nastyace Jack (nom de plume) 131nation-states 44ndash5 66 67 149nationalism 38 44ndash5 60ndash1 62 65ndash6

152ndash5 161 162Native Americans 76 77native populations

Antarctic 48ndash53 163 164ndash6in Arctic 165in colonies 164and reprovisioning 24 25ndash31 47ndash8as sealing labour 76ndash7

nature humanityrsquos relationship with 62navigation

techniques 18 20through icebergs and pack ice 81 83

86ndash7 94ndash5neglect o duty 143New Caledonia 26 32New Island 105New South Wales 32 34 35 36 46 74

76 136New Year celebrations 66New Zealand 14 16 22 24 32 37 47 64

130 141 144 154 159British annexation o 34colonial rule 150native people 76

provisions rom 196sealing industry 36

Newnes Sir George 155 166 Nimrod 159 169 172 173 174 191Ninnis Belgrave 163 191Nodtvedt (blacksmith) 182Nordenskjold Otto 153 155 159ndash60 161

165 171 194labour relations 171 187

Nore Mutiny 129North America 11 15

and colonial trade 12

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 241

Norway Antarctic exploration 162 173ndash4 198

whaling 152 155 156 157 see also Amundsen

Nunn John 57 73 102 104 105 106107ndash8 113 114 115 117 120 194

Oates itus 160observatories 43 44 139Ocean Harbour 157offi cers

authority o 186

breaches o discipline by 125ndash6careers afer Antarctic voyages 197colonial experience and recruitment o

159commemorative medals or 196conduct o scienti1047297c work 177cooperative activity with men 167and crew resistance 129ndash35 140ndash5crewrsquos view o 190death toll 98diffi culties 1047297nding 41ndash2and discipline 124ndash9divisions with scientists 41 57 125 190honours or 197and iconic and remembered journeys 191living conditions 96 174need or labour on shore 171ndash2not always in command o shipboard

operations 92 promotions as incentives or 140 provisions or 134 135relations with workers 123 186ndash90sailorsrsquo wariness o 142selection o senior 167ndash8

working alongside men 174 186Oheatooa King o ahiti 29 31oil

elephant seal 35 76 108ndash9 151ndash2 penguin 152 price 1047298uctuations 103 whale 156

Ona people 48 160Orange Harbour 48ordinary seamen 85Oree King o Huahine 30

Paci1047297c Ocean 15ndash16colonial rule 150exploration o 16 17 20 37native populations 164

whaling 35 pack ice 83 86 87 170Papua New Guinea 164Parry Sir William 93Patagonia 49 131

patriotism 44 60 65ndash6 67 154Patterson Francis 75

Peacock 46 87 96 97 98 130 136

Pendleton Captain Isaac 113 116 penguins

as ood 178guano 155oil 152

Peninsular War 35Peron Captain Franccedilois 116 117Petermann Island 178

petitions 130Phelps William 116

photographersAntarctic 188on expeditions 167 190

Pickersgill Lieutenant 135ndash6 137 piracy 129 130 141Pitt William the Elder 14 34

plague 44 79 Plymouth Journal 102Poe Edgar Allen 51 164

polar bears 164Polar Medal 187Ponting Herbert 188 195

Porpoise 61Port Famine 48Port Jackson see Sydney Port Louis 139 140Port Stanley 140

Portugal colonialism 13 15 16Possession Island 53

postmodernism 8 Pourquois Pas 153 158 160 161 168 171

180 196Poynter Midshipman 53 117 118 119

120 142 press gangs 69

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1317

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1417

244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1517

Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1617

246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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242 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Priestly Raymond 176 177 178 180ndash1183 184 185

Prince Olav Harbour 157 promotions as incentive 71 140 property law 12 provisions

o alcohol 136ndash7and circuits o necessity 21ndash4 32 158and class divisions 8 134damaged on voyages 42actory-produced 171and health 97

labour required to supply 196or offi cers 134 135 143reduced rations 134ndash5or sailors 133ndash5or sealers 112ndash17 135selection o 42 43unloading and transporting 171 172ndash3

violence encountered during reprovision-ing 24 25ndash31 32

pumping 86 punishment 123 124ndash8 140 142 143Punta Arenas 188

Queen Charlotte Sound 22 25

Queensland 164

racism 188Raleigh Walter 18rats 134raw materials 149re-watering 89ndash91reading material on Antarctic expeditions

160ndash1 190ready alacrity 141recruitment

or Antarctic voyages 68ndash72 167ndash8or sealing 72ndash5

Redikers Marcus 7 75 85 125 130 133

142reueling 158reprovisioning

advantages o empire 43ndash4on circuits o necessity 21ndash4Cook 25ndash31 47drsquoUrville 45ndash6 48Enderby 48

Ross 43ndash4 47and trade 48

violence during 24 25ndash31 32 48 Wilkes 46 48

research stations 158 165 Resolution 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

30 31 32 50 63 64 69 75 82 8689 90 92 98 124 130 131 133 134135ndash6 139 143 144

Reunion 34 36Reynolds Jeremiah 52rheumatic ever 98

Richards Rhys 35rigging 80 81 82ndash3 85 86 169Riggs Captain 117Rio de Janeiro 140Roberts Boatswain 98Roberts (cook) 176 177Romantic Movement 62Ronne (sailmaker) 182

Rose 48Ross James Clark 3 5 33 91 154 196

ambition and motivation o 58 60 6163ndash4

Antarctic expedition 38ndash9 42ndash4 51 52

53 57 195attitude to sealers 118avoids collision with iceberg 93chairs Compass Committee 39charismatic leadership o 127collision with Terror 92on consensualism o voyagers 63 65crew conditions under 96 97 98 139

140ndash1discipline under 127ndash8New Year celebrations 66recruitment or voyage 70reprovisioning 47 144and the sublime 63

Ross Ice Shel 166Ross Island 183 189Ross Sea 43 60 152 155 168 170 187Ross Sea Dependency 198Royal Navy

in age o Cook 19ndash20blockade o French ports 36and British whalingsealing in Paci1047297c 35

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1717

Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1717

Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1417

244 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

sale o clothing to crew 96sel-discipline and work 123sel-provision 112ndash17shipwrecks 115in South Georgia 193as speculative ventures 117

working conditions 111ndash12Senatore Maria Ximena 2Service Robert 160Seven Years War 14 15 16 17 18sewing machines 182Shackleton Ernest 3 4 158 167 189 196

on aloneness 163crosses South Georgia 193discipline under 187and division o labour 177

Endurance camp 194expedition hut 176ascination o Antarctic or 162on justi1047297cation or Antarctic exploration

195labour relations 172ndash3 174Mount Erebus 191southern sledge journey 183

Shackleton Ice Shel 168 170 173

shallops 105 109 139shipbuilding British 14use o iron in 39

shipschoice o 43collective labour on Antarctic 85ndash91conversion or polar expeditions 42damaged by Antarctic conditions 21

22 46death toll on Antarctic 98ndash9labour requirements 79ndash80

privately owned 167repairs 44 45 46

special challenges or Antarctic 80shipwrights 84shore parties

discipline o working-class members186ndash7

eelings o workers on 189need or labour 171ndash2

Simons Bay 22 43 47

Sixth International Geographical Coner-ence 152 186

skins see ur tradeslave trade 12 18 22sledge meters 182sledging 181ndash6 196sleeping arrangements 176ndash7sleeping at post 128ndash9Smith Adam 20Smith Barnett 3Smith Tomas 5 72ndash3 74ndash5 102 104

105 106 110 111ndash15 119 120 121

194Smith William 53 105snow on vessels 81 169Snow Hill Island 155 165 171socialism 188Society Islands 22 28 30sodomy 127South Arica 159South America

British presence in 34lay-overs in 159

South Georgia 19 21 23 32 33 36 5063 73 74 81 101 102 103 104 105110 111 112 113 114 115 120 130

151 194and circuits o necessity 158sealing and whaling 155ndash7 187ndash8 193

South Magnetic Pole 191South Orkney Islands 21 74 80 157South Pole

exploration near 38 39race to 3 153ndash4reaching o 3 162 166 198revisiting o 166Scottrsquos expedition 159signi1047297cance o reaching 198South Magnetic Pole 39

working class member o team 197

South Sandwich Islands 21 109ndash10 118157 158

South Shetland Islands 33 36 37 50ndash1 5374 77 79 86 93 101 102 105 106110 111 113 120 130 142 151 156157 158 193

southern hemisphereBritish dominance o 34 36 37

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1517

Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1617

246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1717

Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1517

Index 245

early interest in 11revived interest in 150

Spaincolonialism 13 15 16traditional rights in Paci1047297c 35

Spanish-American War 72Spithead Mutiny 129Spotswood Christopher 164Staten Island 23 105Staten Land 16steam shipping 150 169ndash70steam whalers 152 156

stevedoring 171Stewart William 98Stewart Island 117Stilliman James 194stokers 169strikes 130 141 187Stromness 156the sublime 62ndash3 67ndash8Sullivan CJ 52 67ndash8 92 93Sunday working 132 141surgeons 190Sweden

Antarctic exploration 155 159ndash60 165 see also Nordenskjold

Sydney 35 44 46 47 76 99 144 145 168Symmes John 51 52

tabu 24ahiti 25 26 28ndash9 30ndash1 125 134 143ndash4

French annexation o 37ana 27ardy de Montravel Ensign 131ndash2tariff protection 149Tartar 130asman Abel 16asmania 152

see also Van Diemans Landtaxation France 12ndash13

aylor Nathaniel 106 110 119 120 128133 145

aylor Stan 5 169 170tea trade 15tents shared by offi cers and men 176Terra Nova 5 159 160 168 170 173 183

187 189terra nullius 52 163 165

Terror 47 57 63 65 67 69 81 82ndash3 8485 86 87 91 92 95 97 98 127 128137ndash8 139 141 196

textile industry 19thef 143Tompson Deas 43ierra del Fuego 22 23 24 39 47ndash8 128

142 159ornquist Ernesto 155trade

colonial 11ndash12 13 14 15ndash16or ood 134

and reprovisioning 48trade unionism 174 186 188ransit o Venus 150ndash1treason 127tropics passage through 170unzelman Alexander von 194

Ulietea 22 31unemployment 72United States

Antarctic exploration 1ndash2 33 38 3940ndash1 46 166

blocks British plans or Antarctica 198conusion over purpose o exploration 40

imperialism 149interests in southern hemisphere 37Paci1047297c exploration 39 49

plans or colony on Antarctica 166 political and social change in 40reprovisioning and repairs 46 48sealing and whaling 37 39 40 67 73

75 77 79 110 116 151unemployment in 72

see also Morrell WilkesUnited States Exploring Expedition 40 52

60 76 127 144United States navy 37

Antarctic expedition 1ndash2clothing and supplies 94discipline 126ndash7hostility to Antarctic expedition in 41

unloading 171 172ndash3Ushuia 187

Valparaiso 34 42 59 Van Diemans Land 23 34 44 76 136

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

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246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1717

Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1617

246 Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

Venus 37 Venus ransit o 150ndash1 Victoria Queen 66 Victoria Land 52 53Vincennes 61 89Vostok 42 66 87 99 126 137

Vostok Island 50

wagesalcohol as pay 136ndash9on Antarctic expeditions 69ndash70 71

186 187

cash compensation or extreme condi-tions 136and extraction o labour 123ood as part o 133or sealer labour 72ndash3 103 112

Wales 159 Wales William 50 Wallis Captain Samuel 16 25 Walmsley Captain 116 War o 1812 37 41 75 warping 139Wasp 193

water supplies 23 28 89ndash91 99ndash100 Weaver John 7

Weddell James 3 33 36 39 40 50 51 5358 63 64 66 195

account o sailing in Antarctic 80crew conditions under 95 96 97 136

Weddell Sea 95 152 155 158 164 176187

Wennersgaard Ole Christian 160 whaler-explorers 155ndash6

see also Larsen whaling 34ndash5 36 37 39 40 45 48 73 75

92 96 105 113 158and Antarctic exploration 155ndash6 197attention turns to Antarctica 152and colonial experience 159

decline o Arctic 152 156discipline on vessels 128 132disputes between masters and crew 141renewed interest in 151South Georgia 155ndash7stations 156 157 158 168 171 187ndash8

Whigs 6 White Australia policy 188

Wild Frank 152 168 170 174 176 183191

wildlie 164 165 Wilkes Charles 2 3 33 41 65

ambition and motivation o 61ndash2Antarctic expedition 41 46 48 81on Antarctic sailing conditions 85 96complains about shoddy clothing 94on consensualism o voyagers 64ndash5crew conditions under 136desertions 144ndash5discipline under 127 130 143

ragility o command 127on reactions to landscape 67recruitment or voyage 71ndash2 144ndash5

William 86 105 142 Wilson Edward Adrian 166 180 wintering over 140ndash1 144 wireless stations 158ndash9 Wisting (naval gunner) 191 working class

careers in Royal Navy 20 68ood or 149souvenirs o voyages 196

working class (Antarctic)accounts o expeditions 5 63

and alcohol 136ndash9attitude to exploration 57ndash8 63ndash8caricature o 123celebrations 66ndash7collective labour 84ndash91compensation or extreme working con-

ditions 136ndash7death toll 98ndash9discipline 124ndash9 186ndash7drawn rom maritime proletariat 68in engine rooms 169ndash70establishing expeditions on land 171ndash4ethnic diversity 75ndash7explorer heroes dependent on support o

6 57 77 79 167 195 196 197health issues and injuries 97ndash8hierarchy o skilled and unskilled 84ndash5humour 88and iconic and remembered journeys

191idleness and restiveness 139ndash40

journeys to ice 167ndash70

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1717

Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180

8132019 Index from Class and Colonialism in Antarctic Exploration 1750ndash1920

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullindex-from-class-and-colonialism-in-antarctic-exploration-17501920 1717

Index 247

judgement and independent action 91ndash4

just rights and working conditions

132ndash3 137 141 186

living conditions 94 96ndash7 174ndash81

manual skills 185

maritime labour 80ndash4

motivations and ambitions 63ndash8 77

and national identity 66 67

not credited or exploration achieve-

ments 193ndash5

off-ship work 171ndash4

opinions about their work duties 135ndash6ownership o orsquocsle 133 176

participation in scienti1047297c research 180ndash1

and party or South Pole 197

private space 133 176

and provision o ood or expeditions 196

recruitment o 68ndash72

relations with Antarctic ruling class 55

57ndash77

resistance to masters 55 123 129ndash35140ndash5 187ndash8 189

response to landscape 67ndash8return rom voyages 196ndash7sealers 72ndash5 101ndash21 112ndash17sel-provision by 112ndash17shipboard duties 169ndash70sledging labour 181ndash6 196solidarity among 142subordinate place in imperial scheme 147unacknowledged labour 147and unanimity o purpose 57 61 62

view o offi cers 190as wage workers 57ndash8 68 132 169

Yagen people 48Yamana 23Yorkshire in time o Cook 19

Zarankin Andreacutes 2 Zelee 42 45 52 62 70 87 96 97 126zoological work 180