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Index
Acid inputs, 85, 122,300,325,330,332,334,336
Acid rain, acidic atmospheric deposition oracidic rainfall, 3, 11, 34, 87, 222, 300
Acidhumic, 111,346mineral, 11,34,87,111,121,135,
153organic, 121,315strong, 110, 117, 119, 169,249
Acidification of soils, 22, 248, 330Acidification of surface waters, 13,94,
240Acidification, stream, 21, 333Acidity, 13, 18, 20, 85, 87, 88, 97, 110,
111,116,121-123,139,144,171,233,236,244,258,266,276,289,306,323,325,328,332,333,334,335,336,346,401
Actinomycetes,371Adsorption, 13,69,76,91,97, 107,
114-116, 119, 121, 122, 124,144, 145, 147, 167, 182, 190, 191,196,197,198,219,231,240-242,245-247,300,303,317,346,369,398
Aeolian, fluxes or erosion, 100,202Aeration, 169,272,318,365,366,372Afforestation, 248, 334Agricultural catchment, 273, 336, 362,
367,376Agricultural
lands, 9, 256output, 364soils, 361, 366
Agriculture, 22, 85,153,166,167,208,216,268,277,335,361,372,373,377,385
Agrochemicals, 335, 366, 372Agroecosystems, 361, 366, 369, 370Alder, 67, 259, 266, 267, 317, 373Aldicarb, 369Alkalinity, 8,10, 19,20,21,34,87,
110-112,117,119,121,125,169-172,180,182,208
Aluminium, 7, 20, 116, 126, 134, 139,306,
315,316,323,345,346,372Amelioration, 366, 374Ammonium, 138, 139,244,257,258,262,
267,361,362,365,368,372,376Amorphous AI, 116,315Animal, 146,299,362,371Antecedent wetness, 10, 11,34Aquatic
ecosystems, 299, 300environment, 20, 166, 171
Aquifer, 43, 44, 50, 214, 369Assimilation, 19, 107, 110, 116, 117, 151,
170,303,315Atmosphere, 1, 11, 13,45,46,63,67,
69,77,85,87,89,107,110,122,124,166,189,190,202,229,233234,248,271,313,346,350,376,390
Atmospheric input, 8, 11, 16, 17,55,69,117,191,194,233,332
Atmospheric particles, 11, 55ATP,365Atrazine, 369
Balance,between rates of processes, 88, 101,
142,145,190,240,268,345,362charge, electrochemical, 180,288mass, 11, 16,31,32,39,44,46,48,
63,66,69,70,76-78,89,91-94,98,99,149,163,165,174,175,180, 182, 193, 194,202,233,236,240,241,245,272,285,311,313,317,324,326,332,336,349,362,401
nutrient, also imbalance, 14, 133, 135,139, 143,257,345
water, 10,40,44,50,207,215-217,344,350
Balances, input-output see Budgets, input-output
Barley, 365,367,371Barium, Ba, 123Basal area, 387Basalt, 12,209,292
410
Basecations,7,12,13,17,20,34,46,56,67,71,86,95,97-99,114,117,120,121,122,171,182,195,241,242,244,245,262,266,329,334,402,404
Base saturation, 20, 117, 121, 171Base-poor soils, 20, 171Baseflow, 35, 175, 176, 182, 184, 192,
194,201,207,214,290,291,292,353,354,355
Basin outlet, 10, 34Basin physiography, 48Bed load, 101, 177, 199,201Bedrock, 1,3, 10, 11, 12,33,36,48
78,85-89,93,101,133,152,167,184,189-193,209,218,222,290-292,306,311,316,317,324-326,332,333,336,353,374
Beetles, 371Bioavailability, 19, 116, 125, 166,299,
302,303,318Biogeochemical mapping, 377Biogeochemical models, 13, 94, 95Biogeochemistry, 1, 8, 17, 24, 31, 78, 95,
97,203,232,236,245,299,300,306,311,318,323,352,356,362
Biological membranes, 303Biological transport, 375, 377Biomass
accumulation, 197,202,240,323,350balances, 190pools, 197,335production, 14
Biomonitor, 69Biota, 13, 14,20,55,77, 107, 116, 125,
134,135, 137, 138, 148, 153, 154,166,178,190,191,218,303,318,324,336,370
Birkenes catchment, 4,120,170,171,195,196,285,289,290,293
Boundary layer, 58, 63, 65Bromide, Br, 46, 207, 218Brush,15,375,387Budget, 3, 9, 22, 77, 110, 190, 192, 193,
195,201,202,209,215,216,217,241,259,272,286,288,313,328,349
Budgets, input-output, 11, 14, 16,32,60,107,117,163,189-195,202,231,240,264,267,367,396,398
INDEX
Ca, see CalciumCadmium, Cd, 58, 60, 135, 139,300Calcium, Ca, 13, 14, 17,20,21,68,99,
120, 125, 134, 137-139, 149, 152,165-167,195,197,199,234,241,242,265, 269 292, 323, 326, 334,335,345,349,350,352,354,366,368,372,398,401,402,403
Canopy, 14, 17,21,56,60,63,65,67-72,74-76,78,133, 138, 139, 143,149,151,152,163,190,196,236,241,245,246,259,262,269,300,307,350,370,395,403
Capillarity, 36, 366Carbon dioxide, CO2, 13,20,21,85,87,
107, 110, 111, 119, 124, 166, 169,171,202,286,287,292
Carbon,C, 13, 19,118,124,125,138,140-144,147,150,170,202,259,264,286,287,288,313,364,366,367,368
Carbon, inorganic, 110, 124,286Carbon, organic, 19, 111,285,286,287,
288,310,313,315,318,352,353Carbon, total organic, TOC, 180,353Catchment,
agricultural, 273, 336, 362, 367, 376area, 2, 32, 324,326, 352, 353,356flow, 33forested, 49, 216, 222, 336high altitude, 41high-elevation, 11hydrology, 11,32,34,37,40,218,
334logged, 353outlet, 10,34,47, 101steep upland, 36, 353
Cation exchange, 13,20,98, 107,110-114,116,117,125,171,262,295,323,325,346,401,403
Cation exchange capacity, CEC, 113, 114,118, 119, 123,346,401
CEC, see cation exchange capacityCentral Europe, 4,17,75,116,143,194,
229,231,238,241CH4,see methane,Channel bank, 49,219Channel hydraulics, 42Channel network, 39Chloride, C1,7, 46, 56, 71, 78, 115,120,
125, 165, 166, 170, 174, 180, 182,191,193,194,196,207,218,293,302,352,376
INDEX
Chromium, Cr, 139,300CI, see chlorideClay, 89, 112, 116, 118, 123, 166,272,
317,350,365,371Clearcutting, 15, 16, 18, 137, 142,246,
247,315,334,335,349,353,387,390,395,398,401
Climate, 13, 15,20,32,41,60,71,94,99,118, 125, 134, 153, 154, 167, 192,193,209,211,216,258,262,269,270,272,275,276,295,306,311,323,329,336,348,349,350,386,404
Climatic change, 23, 256, 285Cloud deposition, 11, 17, 55, 60, 62, 66,
189,192,196,236,237,238,239,248
Cloud droplet impaction, 41Cloud immersion, 41, 60-62Cloud scavenging, 57Cloudwater, 11,41,60-62,66,67,69,71,
75,77,236CO2,see carbon dioxideComplex,
aquo,302inorganic, 315organic, 255
Complexation reactions, 13, 107, 111, 117,288,305
Conductivity, 10,33,35,36,43,44, 123,169,222,350,352,365
Conifers, 15,41,60,71,72,74,387,403Contamination, 19, 178, 179, 302, 318,
367,368,369,372,373,374Copper, Cu, 125, 139, 152,300,349Com, 370, 371Coweeta,3, 9, 16,22,137,142-145,147-149,
151,152,155,197,202,211,214,231,240,334,384,387,394
Critical loads, 9, 117, 154,242-244Crop, 18, 121,256,271,272,275,276,
347,361,362,364-367,370-372
Decomplexation, 315Decomposition, 14, 89, 97, 111, 116, 118,
133, 135, 137, 139, 142, 143, 152,166,259,273,289,295,300,310,313,347,349,350,365,371,372,401
Deforestation, 3, 4, 20, 22, 121, 166, 167,182,198,223,334,335,344,348,
411
383,398Degassing, 13,20,107,110,111,124,171,
292Degree of cultivation, 365, 368Denudation, 12,88,94, 167,323,324,
325,326Deposition
atmospheric, 3, 7,11,13,16,18,20,22,23,60,66,69,70,72,73,75,78,88,99,114,121,144,165,171,175,182,189,190,195,231,239,240,244,256,257,259,265,267,270,300,306,308,313,316,336,366,396
dry, 11, 16, 17,55,60,62,63,65-72,74,76-78, 138, 154, 165, 189-192,196,231,233-237,239,245-247,249,259,269,307,333,334
fluxes, 71, 197rates, 16,62,66,68,71,74,76,77,78,
101, 122, 135, 138,234velocity, 63wet, 11, 14, 17,55,56,66,69,76,77,
138, 154, 189, 192, 196,232- 237,239,240,245,248,307
Desorption, 91, 122, 145,240,300,303Detritivores, 14, 149, 153Deuterium, D, 45, 49, 207, 219Dialysis, 306Dichloropropane, 369Dielectric measurements, 43Diffusion, 63, 66, 138,303,358Dilution gauging techniques, 42Direct-drilled soil, 272, 365Disc harrowing, 364Discharge, 10,16,19,33,36,41-44,
46-49, 150, 163, 165, 167, 169,171,172,174,175-178,182,184,192,195,199,200,201,208,209,211,214,215,217,219,275,288,290,292,294,326,334,376,395,403
Dissolution, 14,86,87,91-95,98, 101,110,112,139,154,165,171,300,303,315,324
rate, 92-94Dissolved nutrient, 15, 392, 395Dissolved organic matter, 34, 92, 310Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 19, 112,
114,116,119,121,125,150,180,285-289,310,313,315,353
412
Disturbance, 3,14,18,42,100,111,122,144,147,152,153,192,197,256,264,265,266,315,316,353,354,357,395,398,401
Drainage basin, 1,31,32,101,167,176,209,317,392
Drainage system, 372Drainage water, 13, 107, 119, 122, 125,
197,310,315,316,318
Earthworm, 371EMEP, 232Emissions, gaseous, 17, 190,229,241,372ENCORE, 9Energy balance, 390Environmental monitoring, 8, 9, 22, 24Enzymatic activity, 371Episodes, 4, 41, 61, 243, 262, 362Equilibrium, 87, 88, 89, 97,110,116,182,
192,194,197,242,248,293,305Erosion, 2, 11, 12,22,85,86,88,89,98,
100,101,176,191,194,198,202,272,324,326,336,337,344,348,352,353,361,362,364,365,366,371,372,375,377,384,385,394
Essential nutrients, 12,86,346Evaporation, 19,41,45,49, 164, 165, 170,
217,350,365,366Evapotranspiration, 10, 14, 15,22,31,32,
40,120,124,133,152,193,207,214,215,216,217,239,275,334,350,385,386,387,390,391,392
Events, 3, 4,12,14,19,24,48,60,71,88,170,184,192,196,199,222,223,352,353,365
EXMAN,21Experimental manipulations, 3, 21, 241,
246,248Extraction, 11,68-70,306,345,346,373,
374,401
Fe, see IronFertilization, 121, 122, 153,241,266,271,
275,365-367,396Fertilizer, 18,232,256,257,271-273,
275,276,277,367,368-370,372,385,394
Filtration, 178, 201, 302, 306Fixation, 89, 107, 135,138, 141, 143, 165,
190,197,259,266,270,286
INDEX
Fixed moisture potential, 43Floods, 4, 207, 208, 209, 223, 272, 349,
375,383,384Flow
convergence, 35direction, 42duration curve, 48generation, 35, 37rates, 12, 15,35,369,392regime, 33, 63, 178velocity, 201
Flowpath, 10, 33, 293Flume, 42, 172Fluor, F, 116, 125,302,315Fluoride, see FFluvioglacial material, 193Flux
agrochemical, 368input, 190, 265internal, 139, 189
Fog, 11, 17,41,60-62,233,234,236,237238,248,249,300
Foliage, 65, 66, 70, 71, 143,249,259, 262Foliar analyses, 14,242Forecasting, 7, 207, 242, 245Forest
cover, 15,237,238,344,386,387cutting, 385, 395, 402dieback,4, 15,266ecosystem, 2, 14, 17, 18, 19,21,66,99,
135,141,142,143,144,147, 151, 154,192,240,241,243,256-259,262,264,266,268,269,300,302,315,345,384,386,394,396,401,404
floor, 17,75,98,112,140,142,144,147,151,152,240,259,269,286,300,307,311,313-315,347,354,398,401
harvesting, 15, 142,263,386hydrology, 383, 384management, 15,208,232,258,268,
334,383,385-388,390,392,395,396,398,403,404
soils, 17,98,115,117,121,126,136,139,143,144,241,242,243,268,271,361
vegetation, 15, 137,286,300,316,345,386,398
Forested catchments, 11, 14, 16, 17,21,49,55,60,68,73,75,76,133,143,191,214,216,222,232,234,235,236,241,256,257,276,306,402
INDEX
Forestry practices, 14, 165,404Fossil fuel, 13,58,85,88, 114, 121,
229-231,286,299,323,328,345364,372
FractionationAI, 124DOC, 125isotopic,45
Fungi, 370, 371
Gardsjon,6, 13,21,76,231,238,242,245,247,248,265,300,306,307,308,309
Gauge,6,41,43, 194, 195Gauging station, 2, 178, 385Gibbsite, 116Glaciated terrain, 12, 209Global warming, 4, 18,21,257,268,276,
337Grampian mountains, 239Grass cover, 15, 152,387,390,394Greenhouse, 21, 257, 377Groundwater, 1,7,10, 15,21,31,32,33,
36,40,43-46,48,49,50,87,88,89,95, 118, 119, 124, 133, 139, 153, 154,172,189,190,192,194,207,211,214,216,231,256,270,272,273,275,294,317,324,325,366,367,368,369,371,372,374,375
Growth regulators, 362Gypsum, 43,165
Hardwood, 3, 15, 16, 17, 137, 142-145,147,151,152,240,241,246,286,311,387,388,390,395,398,403
Harvesting, 15,85,89, 137, 144,208,232,246,328,392,394,395,401,402,404
Head gradient, 44Herbicides, 142,232,265,362,364,368,
370,394Herbivores, 14, 135, 153,370Hillslope, 35, 36, 43, 44, 47, 97, 101,217Historical change, 20, 134Hubbard Brook, 3, 4, 8, 9, 22, 24, 77, 98,
136, 142, 144, 146, 171, 182, 190,195,197,202,216,232,236,245-247,265,285,286,288,300,310-316,325,333,334,335,398,401
413
Human impact, 3, 4, 192, 194, 344Humic substances, 14, III, 126, 153,309,
310Humidity, relative, 3, 10,215,350Humus, 118, 119, 134, 138, 139,266,269,
371Hydraulic gradient, 35Hydrochemical response, 13, 107, 118,
122,285Hydrogen, W, 13, 16,17,44,45,62,76,
92,95,97,107,111-113,121,142,169,170, 171, 182,202,218,219,241,242,247,266,289,290,292,306,323,328,332,333,334
Hydrographanalysis, 47peaks, 37, 39separation, 46, 48, 218, 219, 293
Hydrologicboundary, 31, 207control, 42divide, 44event, 4, 10, 34input, II, 60pathways, 9, 10,33,37,49,219,222,
223,290Hydrological pathways, 3, 163Hydrological year, 40Hydrolysis, 13, 107, 166,369
Igneous rocks, 12,209Immobilization, 18, 137, 141, 142, 144,
147,191,240,266,271,276,308,313,315,316,350,367,371,376
Infiltration, 33, 35, 39, 107, 113, 120, 192,207,365,366,371
Input, chemical, II, 16,55,60, 182Insects, 14, 150-152, 153,262,266,370,
371,375Insolation index, 387Integrated Forest Study, IFS, 60, 67, 71,
72,75,76,236Integrated monitoring, 8, 9, 23, 135,248Interception, II, 15,41,60,69,75,76,77,
214,237,350,386,391Intercropping, 370Interflow, 49, 219Iodide, 42Ion exchange, 56, 89, 91, 97,138, 167,
180,196, 197,306Ion selective electrodes, 200, 306
414
Ionic composition, 20,152,171,180Iron, Fe, 19,20, 112, 114-116, 118,
123-125, 134, 135, 166, 167, 170,196,201,236,300,306,345
Irrigation, 121,270,271,275,367,36372
Isotopes, 7, 36, 39, 44-46, 48, 49, 99,207,218,219,240,248,318
Isotopes, stable, 45, 232, 249
KCl, 123,315
Lag times, 47Land management, 4, 384Landscape, 1,4,5,22,31,50,68,78,148,
189,207,223,269,270,275,276,277,324,349,362,375,377,384
Lateral flow, 190Lateral water movement, 40, 43Leaching
of base cations, 20,121,171,262,334of nitrate, 18, 143, 154,256,257,258,
262-268,270,273,275,276,365,367of nutrients,14, 17,22, 133,241,257,366of sulphate, 17,241
Lead, Pb, 7, 19,69,76, 100, 118, 125, 135,139,142,163,191,192,196,197,238,249,257,265,300,306,310-315,344,345,356,371,372,377,401,404
Ligandsinorganic, 302, 305organic, 302, 305, 306, 316
Limestone, 12,86,87,209Liming, 121, 122, 139, 153, 189, 194,232,
241,266Litterfall, 17, 135, 138, 139,241,264,
286,307,347Long time series, 22Long-term changes, 14, 19,24, 133, 134,
35,217,266,295,365Long-term monitoring, 19, 135, 154, 170,
245,265,269,276,315,318Long-term studies, 10, 245, 248, 356Losses of nutrients, 14, 153Lumbering, 89Lysimeters, 124, 197,266,275,361,364
Macropore flow, 19, 170Macropores, 35, 222, 374
INDEX
Magnesium, Mg, 13, 14, 17,21,68,69,98,99, 112, 120, 125, 137, 138, 139,152,165,167,195-197,234,241,242,258,266,267,269,275,307,313,317,323,326,347,349,350,352,354,366,367,369,372,398,403
Manganese, Mn, 110, 113, 125, 134, 139,236,267,300,306
Manipulation, 3,15,20,21,122,150,192,193,231,257,269,348,362,364,377,387,395
Mass balance, 11,32,39,48,63,69,70,76,77,78,89,91-94,98,99,149,163,174,175,193,194,202,233,236,245,313,317,324,326,332,336,362
Mass balances, 16,31,66,76,98,99,180,182,194
Mass output, 16, 175Mathematical models, 7, 16,23,37, 175,
269,277,285,293Mercury, Hg, 19, 139,300,306,307,308,
309, 310, 346Metal
complexation, 19,286,289deposition, 60, 300trace metal cycling, 300, 318
Metal-binding reactions, 306Metals, heavy, 14,24,121,139,153,154,
166,179,346,373,369Methane, CH4, 202, 257, 372Methylation, 303, 307, 309Microbes, 141, 142, 152Microbial
mineralization, 147,371production, 367
Micronutrients, 299, 368Micropore flow, 94Millipedes, 371Mineral functional groups, 303Minerals
primary, 197secondary, 91, 95,191,197,325
Mining, 85, 299, 345, 346, 373, 374Minor elements, 24Model
Birkenes, 7, 8, 39, 244, 293, 294hydrologic, 390ILVVAS,8, 16,39,95,97, 175, 193,
222,244,294MAGIC,7,8, 16,95, 175,244,288,294
INDEX
PROFILE, 97-98PROSPER, 193,390,391PULSE, 4, 39,142TOPMODEL, 39Trickle Down; Enhanced TrickleDown; EID, 8, 95, 294WATBAL,391
Modelling, 7, 17,37,39,40,41,61,62,66,68,88,94,97,101,126,144,209,214,217,222,236,244,245,248,294,295,337,357,377,385,390,402
Modelslumped, 37, 38, 39mixing, 7, 48, 49, 120,207,208,219,
222,293,294process-oriented, 9, 95, 293, 318semi-distributed, hydrological, 39
Moisture, 32, 33, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 94,97,118,142,144,145,268,324,334,365,366,370,371,372,390,401
Monocrops,370Monoculture,370Mucklands, 368
NADP, 60, 66Natural ecosystems, 18,31, 115,255,256,
276,362,369Natural forest, I, 192Near-stream vegetation, 373Needle surface area, 41, 60Nematodes, 370, 371Net release, 190, 192, 239Net uptake, 121,307Network, 8, 9, 22-24, 43, 44, 56, 135,223,
343,353,356,371Neutralization, 121, 171,292,300,323,
325,330,333New Zealand, 146,272,362,371Nickel, Ni, 139, 300Nitrogen, 9, 14, 16-18,22,33,58,67,75,
76,87,117,133,135,138,139,141-143, 152-154, 165, 166,190-192,194,202,241-243,244,255- 258,262,263,265,267,269,270,271,272,273,276,328,347,364,365,366,367,368,372,373,374,376,377,402
Ammonium, NH4, 16, 17, 56, 58, 76,117,119,123,124,125,165,166,180,184,241,336,368
415
cycling, , 14, 18, 154denitrification, 14, 18, 135, 139,
141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 154,202,257,258,259,262- 264,268-273276,364,366,367,371,373,374,376,377
dissolved organic, 165,265HN03, 65,87,269labile N, 365N budget, 259N flux, 263, 264,275, 362,366,
376N inputs, 142, 143,256-259,267-269,
367N uptake, 142,263,266,271N-fixing, 143,370N2O, 143, 144,257,268,269,272,
372nitrate, 18,33,138, 139, 142, 143, 154,
198,256-259,262-270,272,273,275,276,335,362,365-369,371,372,374,376
NITREX programme, 9, 22, 269nitric acid, 198, 202nitrification, 19, 110, 117, 120, 121,
123, 135, 141, 142, 143, 144, 152,170,247,259,262,266,267,269,273,335,398
nitrogenous fertilizers, 361, 377nitrous oxide, 18,268,273,276,348N02, 65, 346, 368N03-, 16,56,58,62,76,115,117,119,
120,124, 125, 140, 142-144, 148,149,151-153,165,166,170,180,182,184,258,275,335,367,368,395
NOx, 13, 18,58,85,87, 121,244,256,269
organic N, 120, 123, 152, 166,269Northern hemisphere, 20, 40, 134, 193,
231Nuclear magnetic resonance, 43, 288Nutrients, 3, 14, 16- 20,22,33,67,69,72
113, 115, 133, 135-139, 141, 142,148,149,151-154,166,170,169,176,179,180,222,231,241,248,249,255,257,259,262,263,265266,269,270,275,299,303,313,315,323,334,335,344,345,346,348-350,355,361-377,386,395,396,398,401-404
Nutrients, essential, 12,86,346
416
Oats, 366Organic matter, 14, 18,89, 110, Ill, 112,
115,116,118,119,123,133,134,138, 139, 142, 145, 149, 150, 153,165,166,171,197,198,256,266,271,272,273,276,286,300,303,308,310,313,317,345,364,365,371
Organic sediments, 14, 133, 134Organic, monomeric AI, 125,315Output flux, 31, 192, 265Overland flow, 10, 31, 33, 35, 39, 49, 207,
214,219,272Oxygen, 7,44,45,144,178,218,219,
366Oxygen-18, 45,49,207,219,293,294Ozone, 18, 135,262,276
Paired catchments, 3, 23Panola Mountain, 49, 222Parent material, 13,99, 100, 118, 119, 125,
193,194,323,403Particulate export, 16, 175Pasture catchments, 362Peak flows, 39, 272Peat bogs, 369Perturbation, 190, 343, 345Pesticides, 69, 121,362,366,368,369,
370pH, 10, 13, 19,20,34,86,87,92,97,
110-112, 114-118, 121, 123-125,134, 135, 139, 147, 166, 167,169-171,178,180,182,236,247,262,266,273,290-292,294,310,315,316,332,346,347,350,374
Phosphorusorganic P, 146, 369P, 14,32,71,85,93, 115, 116, 124,
137,138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 146,147,149,152,165,166,175,176,197,201,202,242,265,269,275,317,323,336,346,349,350,362364,365,366-369,372
phosphate, 115, 116,147, 166, 192,367Photochemical activity, 58Physical disruption, 373Piezometer, 44Pigment ochre, 374Plankton, 14, 133Plant uptake, 18, 256, 263, 266, 271, 276,
277,333,371,401,402
INDEX
Planting, 15,364,365,373,387,390Ploughing,275,364,365,366PMK,8Pollution input, 20Ponds,2,32,134,211,317,362,375,376Pools, 1, 17, 18,21,77,97,98,116,121,
122,138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146,152,165,189,190,197,231,240,245,248,249,257,258,262,265,266,270,273,286,307,308,310,311,313-315,323,335,396,398,40 1-404
Porosity, 10, 33, 43, 93, 275, 366Porous cup, 43Potassium, K, 13, 14, 16,17,19,56,71,
87,93,98,99, 119, 125, 137, 138,139,149,165,170,180,182,190,191,195,197,241,242,265,267,269,275,299,323,326,334,335349,350,352,354,365,366,368,372,376,395,398,401,402,403
Potatoes, 366Precipitation
acid or acidic, 21, 78, 144, 330amount, 3, 4, 41, 56,192,216,238,388annual, 193,216,311channel, 10,33,35,211chemistry, 56collection, 41, 307collector, 195, 196frequency, 209gauge,6input, 31, 40, 50,170,190,195,237,
293, 310, 311intensity, 13,57, 126measurements, 248quantity, 19,32,170,209,211sampler, 56volume, 41
Predictions, 7,8,17,37,114,208,242,293,337,357,385,386,388
Pressure head, 43, 44Pressure potential, 44Pressure transducers, 42Proton budget, 328
Quickflow, 35, 39, 392
Radar, ground-penetrating, 44Rain, 4, 8,19,21,36,39,40,41,46,49,
INDEX
58,60,62,70,85,87,120,165,169,195,218,219,222,262,344,353,354,391
Rainfall intensity, 33, 35, 39Rainstoffil, 46Reaction rate, 87,91,97,337Recession curve, 48, 214Recharge, 10,33,35,43,44,46,214,368Reforestation, 20, 22, 208Regolith, 11, 12,85,88,89,91, 101,223Remote sensing, 23, 209, 217Replanting, 364Residence time, 10,33,34,45,46,218,
222,373Retention of input, 16, 182Retention of water, 22Riming, 11, 40, 55Riparian zone, 148,217,222,372Road construction, 191,232,373,394,395Rock weathering, 2, 22, 166,326Rocks, sedimentary, 12, 165,209,291ROOF, 21, 222, 241, 247, 248Root uptake, 14, 197,232,242,249Root zone, 137, 138,257,258,275,368Roots, 3,113,138,139,143,147,267,
316,345,347,367,383,401Runoff, 1,7,10,11,12,13,14,17,19,20,
21,22,32-35,38,40,42,47,77,88,125, 126, 135, 138, 139, 153, 163,166,169,171,174,189-93,203,207-209,211,214,215,216,223,232,233,236,238,239,245,248,249,258,265,266,268,270-273,275,285,290,293,294,307,309,310,344,350,353-355,362,364,367-369,373-377,383,385
Rye, 366
Salinization, 121,372Salt, 11,34,42, 123,229Sampling, 6, 9, 33, 40, 42, 44, 55, 60, 71,
107, 122-126, 163, 171, 172,174-179,182,184,192,195,199,200,201,238,288,307,311,353
Sandy soils, 275, 350Saturated soils, 35, 273Saturated zone, 36, 43, 272Seasonal pattern, 18,263,276Seasonal scale, 20, 171Seasonal variation, 182,307Seasonality, 33, 344
417
Sediment, 12, 15,88, 100, 101, 135, 149,165,177,178,201,273,300,317,318,344,-355,362,369,373,383,392,394
Seismic refraction, 44, 194Selenium, Se, 300, 348Sesquihydroxides, 191Settling, gravitational, 55, 66Shallow tillage, 365Silica, Si, SiOz, 12, 19,34,46,86,89,97,
98,118,125,134,165,170,197,218,323,325,326,352,353,354,355
Silt loam soil, 369Simazine, 369Simulation, 7,37,97,98,141,242,275,
294,369,372,390Sleet, 40, 41Slope gradient, 35Smoky Mountains, 60, 67, 76, 152Snow, 3, 40,41,46, 58, 87, 196,216,217,
218,292,293,311,391Snowfall, 31Snowmelt, 4, 11, 15, 19,33,34,35,36,42,
43,46-49,169,170,184,192,199,207,209,217,219,265,292,324,392
Snowpack,32,4O,49,216Sodium, Na, 21, 93, 190,336,350Soil
analysis, 287animals, 371compaction, 15,371,392cover, 3, 36, 273depth, 214, 387dielectric property, 43fauna, 269fertility, 18, 276, 395flora, 371fOffilation,13, 15,20, 118, 125, 134,
147horizon, 112, 116, 118-124, 126, 133,
138, 139, 147, 152,222,311,313,316,317
matrix, 43, 222, 289microbial community, 374mineral, 17, 112, 116, 119, 140, 142,
147,198,240,267,286,287,288,300,308,311,313-315,398
mineral horizons, 372minerals, 12,85,86, 112,313,315,403moisture, 32, 33, 35, 40, 42, 43,97,
334,372,390,401
418
Soils (cont' d)-moisture curve, 43organic horizons, 197organic matter, 18,89, 111, 112, 118,
138,142,197,256,266,272,273,276, 286, 300, 313
-plant system, 373, 374solution, 13,49,89,97,107,110,113,
114,116,119,120,121,123,124,126,197,222,242,267,311,313,362,401,403
stabilization, 370structure, 133, 364, 365, 370, 375surface, 35, 345, 350, 365, 366tillage, 18, 276water, 15, 19,36,42,43,75,94, 107,
110, 122, 124, 135, 138, 139, 153,165,180,197,217,232,249,258,272,275,286,287,292,315,325,364,386,392
wetness, 42, 217Soils
acidic, 13,43,111,116,123,147,369tillaged , 365
Solar radiation, 10, 215Solling, 267Soluble ions, 56, 57Solutes, 33, 39, 44, 46, 49, 58, 88, 107,
125,140,143,148, 152,167,175,191,193-195,197,199,200,202,207,218,219,222,306,310,324,326,334,335,353,354,355,372,398
Source waters, 45, 46, 48, 49, 207, 219,222Speciation, 17, 19,97,125,166,241,249,
299,302,303,305,306,315,316,318Steady state, 3, 73, 89, 91,190,191,194,
202,239,240,258,264Stemflow, 17,41,61,72,138,152,232,
236,237,267,350Steppes, 361Storm hydrograph, 15,36,391,392Storm type, 41Stormflow, 15,49,219,291,369,392Stream channel, 32, 49,176,179,182,
192,219,352Stream export, 77, 151, 191, 198Stream sedimentation, 385, 394Streamflow, 12,21,22,35,36,38,39,40,
41,42,44,46,47,48,49,50,75,76,77,152,175,176,207,208,209,211,214,216,217,218,219,222,246,311,369,384,385,386,387,391
INDEX
Streamside vegetation, 373, 395Streamwater
chemistry, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 19, 163, 164,169,170,171,182,184,195,244,285,289,290,293,294
quality, 13, 126,295Substrate, 353, 365, 371, 372Sulfometuron methyl, 369Sulphate
acid (Jurbanite, Basaluminite,Basanite), 13, 115, 117, 121, 191budgets, 46concentration, 239, 242decline, 198ester, 245flux, 240, 247soi-, 16, 17,20,55,60,62,67,72,
73,75,76,77,78,114,115,119,121,122,124,125,140,165,170,171,172,175,182,184,218,233-235237,238,245,290-292,315,333
Sulphurbudget, 241cycle, cycling, 16-18, 144, 147, 154,
202,229,231,234,241,245,248,249deposition, 8,11,17,74,78,196,235,
236,237,238,239,240,241,245dioxide, S02, 11, 13, 16,17,55,58,
65,73,85,87,114, 196,202,229,232-235,237,239,240,245,246,249,332,346
export, 238, 246input, 16, 77, 231, 234, 235, 236organic, 197,245oxidation, 372retention, 17, 236, 240
Surfaceflow, 31, 211wetness, 10,216
Suspended matter, particles, 56, 167, 177,182, 191,303,343
Swamps, 14,32, 133211
Target load, 243Temperature,3, 10, 15, 19,21,32,44,46,
65,86,87,94,97,111,118,133,142,144, 145, 166, 167, 170, 178, 194,215,268,269,324,349,350,392,395
Temporal variability, 20, 35, 49, 118,140,144,169,171,211,219, 273
Tensiometer, 43
INDEX
Tension, 36, 43, 124, 197Termites, 371ThroughfaU, II, 17,41,61,66,69-78,
135, 138, 139, 152, 154, 190, 195,196,232,233,236-239,241,245,248,249,259,263,264,266,267,307, 311, 315, 350
Throughflow, 36Tillage practices, 362, 364, 366Timber removal, 190Time Domain Reflectometry, TDR, 43Topography, 10, 13,31,33,35,38,41,56,
65,66,118,125,214,217,237,248,275Topsoil layer, 361Total head, 44Toxic, substances or acidic cations, 2, 13,
242, 368Toxicity, 166,266,303,316,345,346Tracers, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 71, 73, 147,
191,207,208,218,219,223,249Transit times, 3, 10, 33, 43, 44Translatory flow, 36Transmissivity, 44Transmitting capacity, 35Transpiration, 15, 19, 170,217,350,386,
391,403Transport mechanisms, 14, 154Tritium, T, 45, 46, 49, 85,133,219,285,
299,353,366,383Tropics, 343-358Tropics
agriculture, 362, 368forest management, 403, 404rainforest, 147sulphur budget, 241, 249weathering, 118, 324-326
Turkey Lakes Watershed, TLW, 171, 172,176, 182, 193, 196,290,292,293
Ultrafiltration, 306Undisturbed catchment, 354, 355Upslope saturation, 36Uranium, U, 19,24,49,50,97,202,207,
209,211,214,216,217,222,286,300,306,313,316-318,376
Vanadium, V, 139Variable source concept, 35Vegetation cover, 3,11,32,41,55, 193,
353,375
419
Volatilization, 241, 270, 362, 374
Waterbalance, 10,40,44,50,207,215,216,
217,344,350budget, 3, 9, 22, 192,209,215,216cycle, 7, 184, 189,222divide, 15,31,32, 189flux, 15,40,265,286,292level, 42, 44, 172, 176, 376management, 208, 372pathways, 7, 13, 19,46,126, 170,223,
372quality, 12, 14, 15,39,88, 167, 169,172,179,207,208,242,244,256,257,285,300,315,330,334,353,372,373,385,386,392,395,404retention capacity, 12,88storage, 10, 12,202,209,211,373table, 35, 36, 44, 372yield, 14, 15,33,48,216,386,387,
388,390,391,403Watershed boundary, 31, 190, 192Weathering
chemical, 12, 13,85-94,95,99,107, 1l0, 117, 122, 167,295,323,324,325,326,328,330,336,401
effects, 377input, 189, 191mineral, 20, 88, 95, 97, 101, Ill, 164,
165,171,172,180,202,337models, 12, 94, 97physical, 85, 101products, 10, 12,34,85,86,88, 167,
222,337rates, 3, 13,87,91,94,95,97,98,99,
100, 101, 191, 194, 197,202,203,323-326,328,330,332,334,335,336,337,403
reactions, 13,86,87,88,91,94,97,99,199,324,330,332,336,354
WEBB, 9, 33,199Weed, 364, 365, 370Weir, 42, 172,201,385Wetland, 214, 316, 372, 373Willow, 317, 373Wind speed, 10,56,62,216,239
Zone, unsaturated, 36,49,94,219