INDEPENDENT LEARNING

I Made Jawi

Dep. Med. Ed

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INDEPENDENT LEARNING THE LEARNERS ARE START TO MAKE

MEANINGFULL CONECTION WITH THE WORLD OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM.

THEY TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THINKING AND LEARNING FOR THEM

THE LEARNERS ARE SELF-DIRECTED , SELF-MOTIVATED AND CAPABLE OF LEARNING WITHOUT OF A TEACHER

Characteristics of dependent and

independent learners Dependent learners  Independent learners

rely heavily on the teacher are self-reliant

cannot make decisions about their learning

can make informed decisions about their learning

do not know their own strengths and weaknesses

are aware of their strengths and weaknesses

do not connect classroom learning with the real world

connect classroom learning with the real world

think that the teacher is wholly responsible for their learning

take responsibility for their own learning? know about different strategies for learning

do not know the best way to learn something

plan their learning and set goals

do not set learning goals? will only work when extrinsic motivators such as grades or rewards are offered

are intrinsically motivated by making progress in learning

do not reflect on how well they are learning and the reasons 

often reflect on the learning process and their own progress

WHAT IS LEARNER INDEPENDENCE LEANER AUTONOMY INDEPENDENT LEARNING LIFELONG LEARNING LEARNING TO LEARN THINKING SKILLS

ALL THESE TERM REFER TO A CONCEPT WHERE LEANERS ARE INVOLVED IN THEIR OWN LEARNING PROCESS

Adult

Learning

Learning Process

LearnerINPUTS

INPUTS

INPUTS

INPUTS

INPUTS

Environment

OUTCOMES

OUTCOMES

OUTCOMES

Lost

Exercise

In order to present successful training programs, particularly to diverse audiences with different training needs, trainers need to be able to adapt course material to accommodate various adult learning styles.

Adult Learning

Principles of Adult Learning

Need to know how adults learn best. Adult learners have special needs. Six characteristics of adult learners.

Are autonomous and self-directed.Have a foundation of life experiences and knowledge.Are goal-oriented.Are relevancy-oriented.Are practical.Need to be shown respect.

Adult Learners .

Self-directed learning Learners can be empowered to take more

responsibility Self-direction exists in every person and learning

situation – to some extent Self-directed learning does not necessarily take

place in isolation from others Self-directed learners appear able to transfer

learning to another situation Various activities: self-guided reading, internship,

electronic dialogues, reflective writing Teachers still have a role In practice mostly found in open learning or non-

credit programs

A Study by Houle (1961)

Categories of learners: goal-oriented learners activity-oriented learners learning-oriented learners

The latter group was addressed then as “self-directed learners”

Knowles: Andragogy SDL assumes that humans grow in capacity

and need to be self-directing learners experience are rich resources for

learning individuals are learning what is required to

perform their evolving life tasks an adult’s natural orientation is task- or

problem-oriented learning self-directed learners are motivated by

various internal incentives

Tutoring self-directed learners

AuthorityMotivator

FacilitatorConsultant

Dependent

Interested

Involved

Self-directed

Towards the theory of SDL

Personal Responsibility Orientation (PRO) model by Brockett and Hiemstra (1991)

Personal Responsibility Characteristics of the teaching-learning

transaction Characteristics of the learner Factors within the social context

Adult Learners

Commit to learning when the goals and objectives are considered realistic and important.

Want to be the origin of their own learning.

Need concrete experiences to apply learning in real work.

Need feedback.

Key Principles of Adult Learning

Learners need to know:– Why, what, how?

– Self-concept of the learner:

• Self directed and autonomous.

– Prior experience of the learner:

• Resources, mental models.

Key Principles (cont.)

Readiness to learn:– Life related, developmental tasks.

Orientation to learning:– Problem centered, contextual.

Motivation to learn:– Internal, personal payoff, intrinsic value.

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