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Independent Communications Authorities: truly independent?
Some practical suggestions.
Following the liberalisation of the communications market, fundamentally stimulated in this
sense by EU competition policy, various legal systems have witnessed the birth of a new
public body: the National Regulatory Authority. A specific feature of these public bodies
should have been their independence from both the political power and the actors
operating in the regulated market. Such authorities were indeed deemed necessary in
order to oversee the proper functioning of the market, especially bearing in mind the
particular structure of this market before its liberalisation. In other words, through the
establishment of these independent authorities, the legislator wanted to avoid any possible
abuse from the incumbent, which in most of the cases was represented by the State itself.
Thus, understanding the independence of these authorities, as its defining feature, is
fundamental. Furthermore, one should also consider the peculiarity of the communications
market, which plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of the democratic state. In light
of this, we should ask ourselves whether such regulatory authorities today are truly
independent, or whether in reality this remains pure rhetoric. To put it differently the
fundamental question is if, after the establishment of such regulatory authorities, their
independence (i.e. from politics and the actors in the market) has been properly
implemented and guaranteed or it has remained on paper.
Firstly, concerning the political independence, it only suffices to have a quick look at
current legislation to see that these authorities are not truly independent from politics. This
is true for a plethora of Communications authorities in the EU: the OfCom (Office of
Communications) in UK, the “Agenzia per le Garanzie nelle Comunicazioni”
(Communications Regulatory Authority) in Italy, the “Conseil Supérieur de l’Audiovisuel”
(Senior Audiovisual Council) in France and Belgium, the “Bundesnetzagentur“ (Federal
Network Agency) in Germany, the “Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y de la
Competencia” (National Markets and Competition National Commission). Indeed with
regard to all these authorities, the government – and in certain limited cases (Italy, France,
Belgium) also the Parliament - has the power to appoint the president and its members.
Thus, it cannot be said that there is a veritable independence from the political power.
Furthermore, the selection process is in most cases opaque and follows the logic of
political convenience (and often that of political carving-up – from the Italian expression
“lottizzazione”) instead of the logic of the competence of candidates. Consequently,
governments are not held responsible for the activity of the supposedly independent
authority even if, de facto, they have the power to intervene. Indeed, the independence of
the president and the members lies on the integrity of politicians not to use their power of
influence. In this regard, giving the power to appoint the president and the members of the
authority exclusively to the Parliament could be a possible solution to this situation. A
specific parliamentary committee could be set up and be responsible for these
aforementioned appointments, which should be made on the basis of an open public
competition to select the best applicants. Such a solution would give the power to the
public opinion to be informed and actively participate in the selection process. This would
also make it more difficult for political parties to follow the logic of political carving up of
public seats (“logica di lottizzazione”). This very same committee could also be charged to
control the activity of the authority by evaluating the degree of competition present in the
market. Additionally, the committee could be assisted by a panel of experts selected
amongst civil society according to a system of rotation.
The other profile of independence that deserves analysis concerns the independence of
the regulatory authorities from the actors in the market. In this regard, it is important to
highlight a specific provision that is recurrent in the legislation of some important EU
member states (like Italy and the UK). In particular, I refer to the fact that the activities of
these authorities are funded by certain fees imposed on actors present in the market,
subject to control by that very same authority. This situation risks gravely undermining the
independence of these regulatory authorities. The obvious objection is that this rule is
provided for guaranteeing the financial autonomy of the authorities from the political
power. However, if on the one hand this could be true, on the other hand, less
controversial solutions could be put forward. For instance, the activity of the authorities
could be funded using financial resources (potentially billions of euros) gathered by issuing
the call for tenders for the radio frequencies assignment, with regard to both the
broadcasting and telecommunication services. This solution has two potential beneficial
effects. It could encourage the authority to periodically issue the call for tenders in order to
maximise the value of the frequencies, whilst contemporaneously ensuring the financial
independence of this authority in order to attain effective independence from the political
power.
In conclusion, it is important to highlight that above all, in order for these authorities to
achieve real independence, cultural and social changes should take place within the