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Thomas Wahl 1,2 *, Shaleen Jain 3 , Jens Bender 2,4 , Steven D. Meyers 1 , Mark E. Luther 1 1 College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, USA. 2 Research Centre Siegen, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany. 3 Civil and Environmental Engineering, Climate Change Institute & Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, USA. 4 Research Institute for Water and Environment, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany. *Corresponding author. Email: thomas.wahl@unisiegen.de Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2736 NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange 1 © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm …...Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities Thomas Wahl1,2*, Shaleen Jain3, Jens Bender2,4,

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Page 1: Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm …...Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities Thomas Wahl1,2*, Shaleen Jain3, Jens Bender2,4,

Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities

Thomas Wahl1,2*, Shaleen Jain3, Jens Bender2,4, Steven D. Meyers1, Mark E. Luther1 

1College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, USA. 

2Research Centre Siegen, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany. 

3Civil and Environmental Engineering, Climate Change Institute & Mitchell Center for Sustainability 

Solutions, University of Maine, USA. 

4Research Institute for Water and Environment, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany. 

 

*Corresponding author. Email: thomas.wahl@uni‐siegen.de 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2736

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange 1

© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Page 2: Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm …...Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities Thomas Wahl1,2*, Shaleen Jain3, Jens Bender2,4,

 

Supplementary Figure 1 | a–b, Observed data pairs of storm surge  (s) and precipitation  (p)  in real 

units.  c–d,  Comparison  of  simulated  (grey;  1000  events)  and  observed  pairs of  ranks. Results  are 

shown for Chesapeake Bay in Case I (a, c) and Grand Isle in Case II (b, d); the Gumbel copula was used 

for the simulations (see Figs. 1b–c). 

 

 

 

p (scaled ranks)0.4 0.6 0.8

s (s

cale

d ra

nks)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

p (scaled ranks)0.4 0.6 0.8 1

p (mm)0 50 100 150

s (c

m)

40

60

80

100

120

140

p (mm)0 50 100 150 200 250

1

s (s

cale

d ra

nks)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

s (c

m)

40

60

80

100

120

140

20

0

0.2 0.20.0 0.00.0

a b

c d

2 NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2736

© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Page 3: Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm …...Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities Thomas Wahl1,2*, Shaleen Jain3, Jens Bender2,4,

 

Supplementary  Figure  2  |  Case  I  (a)  and  Case  II  (b)  τ  values  for  the  30  TGs when  precipitation 

stations are selected  in a 25 km radius (red) and a 50 km radius (blue); grey bars are bootstrapped 

standard errors associated with the values derived with the 25 km radius.  

 

 

 

 

 

−0.2

−0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5τ

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

−0.2

−0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Tide gauge

a

b

Rank

cor

rela

tion

Kend

all‘s

τRa

nk c

orre

latio

n Ke

ndal

l‘s

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange 3

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2736

© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Page 4: Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm …...Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities Thomas Wahl1,2*, Shaleen Jain3, Jens Bender2,4,

 

Supplementary Figure 3 | TDCs for a threshold of 0.6 derived from the first (blue) and second (red) 

halves  of  Case  I  (a)  and  Case  II  (b)  data  sets  at  sites with  at  least  55  overlapping  years  of  data 

(covering at least 65 years) and at least one significant positive trend in Fig. 2g.   

 

 

Supplementary Figure 4 | Scatter plots of storm surge (s) and precipitation (p) for NYC in real units; 

frames highlight the selected compound and non‐compound events in the same way as in Figs. 3a–b 

for Case I (a) and Case II (b). 

 

 

 

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

2 5 6 9 10 13 15 16 21 25 26 29 30Tide gauge

Tail

depe

nden

ce c

oeffi

cien

t

a

b

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

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0.7

Tail

depe

nden

ce c

oeffi

cien

t

0 50 100 15050

100

150

200

250

300

p (mm)

s (c

m)

0 50 100 150 2000

50

100

150

200

250

p (mm)

Year

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

a b

s (c

m)

4 NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2736

© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Page 5: Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm …...Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities Thomas Wahl1,2*, Shaleen Jain3, Jens Bender2,4,

 

Supplementary  Figure 5 | Composite plots of PWC  (unit  is kg m‐1) and wind  for events with high 

storm surge and high precipitation  (a–b; derived  from events with circle  frames  in Figs. 3a–b) and 

high storm surge and low precipitation (c–d; derived from events with square frames in Figs. 3a–b); 

the NYC TG location is indicated by the red dot. Case I (a, c), Case II (b, d).  

 

 

Latit

ude

0

20°N

40°N

60°N

20 40

a b

c d

Longitude

120°W 80°W 40°W

Latit

ude

0

20°N

40°N

60°N

Latit

ude

0

20°N

40°N

60°N

Latit

ude

0

20°N

40°N

60°N

Longitude

120°W 80°W 40°W

Longitude

120°W 80°W 40°W

Longitude

120°W 80°W 40°W

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange 5

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONDOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2736

© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Page 6: Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm …...Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities Thomas Wahl1,2*, Shaleen Jain3, Jens Bender2,4,

 

Supplementary Figure 6 | Composite plots of SLP (unit is Pa ∙ 105) (a–b) and PWC (unit is kg m‐1) (c–d) 

for  events  with  high  storm  surge  and  high  precipitation  (a,  c)  and  high  storm  surge  and  low 

precipitation (b, d); the Boston TG location is indicated by the red dot.

1 1.01 1.02

1 1.01 1.02

20 40

20 40

Latit

ude

0

20°N

40°N

60°N

a

c

Latit

ude

0

20°N

40°N

60°N

b

d

Latit

ude

0

20°N

40°N

60°N

Latit

ude

0

20°N

40°N

60°N

Longitude

120°W 80°W 40°W

Longitude

120°W 80°W 40°W

Longitude

120°W 80°W 40°W

Longitude

120°W 80°W 40°W

6 NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2736

© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved