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International Journal of Poultry Science 12 (10): 601-614, 2013ISSN 1682-8356© Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013
Corresponding Author: Tyas Rini Saraswati, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Diponegoro University,Tembalang Campus, Semarang 50275, Semarang, Indonesia
601
Increased Egg Production of Japanese Quail (Cortunix japonica) by ImprovingLiver Function Through Turmeric Powder Supplementation
Tyas Rini Saraswati , Wasmen Manalu , Damiana Rita Ekastuti and Nastiti Kusumorini1 2 2 2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematic, Diponegoro University,1
Tembalang Campus, Semarang 50275, Semarang, IndonesiaDepartment of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,2
Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Campus, Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Bogor, Indonesia
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to study the effects of period of turmeric powder supplementationand ration quality on egg production in quails. One hundred and fifty female quails were assigned into acompletely randomized design with a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement. The first factor was ration quality consistedof two levels i.e., ration with high carbohydrate (standard protein) and ration with high protein (standardcarbohydrate) contents. The second factor was a period of turmeric supplementation (at a dosage of 54mg/quail/day) consisted of 5 levels i.e. (1) Without turmeric supplementation (control) (2) 30 days at the ageof 14 to 44 days (3) 30 days at the age of 45-75 days (4) 30 days at the age of 7-8 months and (5) 8.5 monthsat the age of 14 days to 9 months. Each experimental unit consisted of 15 quails. Parameters measuredwere feed and water consumptions, total number of egg production, follicle hierarchy, liver functions, oviductweight and length and blood metabolites. The results showed that quails supplemented with turmeric for30 days prior to sexual maturity and for 8.5 months started before sexual maturity gave the highest eggproduction (20 and 17%, respectively), liver function, vitellogenin secretion, follicle development and bloodmetabolites. Ration with high carbohydrate with standard protein content gave the best egg production, liverfunction and blood metabolites. It was concluded that improvement of liver functions could increase total eggproduction by increasing yolk precursors synthesis and their depositions in the developing follicles.
Key words: Turmeric powder, egg production, liver functions, follicle hierarchy, blood metabolite, Japanesequail
INTRODUCTIONTotal number of egg production in fowl is determined bythe rate of ovulation of mature and developing follicles inthe ovary during sexual maturity and laying period.Ovulation of developing follicles, in turn, is determined bythe maturation of the ovum which is determined by theavailability and deposition of yolk components in thedeveloping follicles. The initial decline in egg productionis due to a reduction in the rate of recruitment of folliclesinto the yellow-yolky follicular hierarchy but towards theend of the laying year a steep drop in the rate of layoffindividual birds may be caused by an increase in theincidence of follicular atresia (Williams and Sharp,1978a, b). The availability and deposition of yolkcomponents or ovogenesis during folliculardevelopment, in turn, is affected by the synthesis andproduction of vitellogenin by the liver cells (Deeley et al.,1975; Burley et al., 1993) under the stimulation ofestrogen (Bergink et al., 1974; Burns et al., 1978; Geertet al., 1976; Gruber et al., 1976; Jost et al., 1978;Williams and Sharp, 1978) produced by the developingfollicles. The other components of egg were synthesized
by the cells of the other parts of oviduct (magnum,isthmus and shell gland) and were added into theovulated ovum during the transport in the oviduct beforeoviposition. Albumen is a protein which is synthesized,excreted and accumulated in the epithelial cells andtubular gland cells in the magnum of the oviduct and theegg shell is synthesized in the uterus or shell gland.Therefore, egg production in fowl could be improved byimproving the number (quantity) and synthetic activity(quality) of liver cells involved in vitellogenin synthesis.Production of vitellogenin by the liver is also affected bythe availability of substrate and nutrients provided by therations consumed by the fowls. The quality of ration fedto the fowl could affect the availability of substrate for eggsynthesis that ultimately affect the growth andcharacteristics of eggs (Watson, 2002).Curcumin is the active compound in turmeric powderwhich is shown to have a lot of molecular targets in thecells (Zhou et al., 2011) that could affect cell functions inthe body. Previous reports showed that thehepatoprotector activities of curcumin could prevent the
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (10): 601-614, 2013
602
damage of liver cells (Aggarwal et al., 2007; Gowda et maturity (age 45-75 days) (4) Turmeric supplementational., 2008; Inokuma et al., 2012; Rivera-Espinoza and for a month at the age of 7-8 months (age of decreasedMuriel, 2009; Somanawat et al., 2013; Somchit et al. egg production) and (5) Turmeric supplementation2005; Yarru et al., 2009). The ability of curcumin to inhibit during the whole period of experiment (for 8.5 months atseveral factors like nuclear factor-kappaB which the age of 14 days to 9 months). Each experimental unitmodulates several pro-inflammatory and profibrotic consisted of 15 quails. The experimental quails werecytokines as well as its anti-oxidant properties (Reyes- supplemented with turmeric powder at a dosage of 54Gordillo et al., 2007; Reyes-Gordillo et al., 2008; Yarru et mg/quail/day according to the duration of the treatment.al., 2009; Inokuma et al., 2012; Somanawat et al., 2013) The experimental quails were maintained until the ageprovide a rational molecular basis to use it in hepatic of 9 months. During the experiment, feed and drinkingdisorders (Riviera-Espinoza and Muriel, 2009). Rangsaz water were provided ad libitum. Feed intake and drinkingand Ahangaran (2011) reported that turmeric extract water consumption were measured daily during the(Curcuma longa) could provide protection against the whole experiment (8.5 months). Egg production wasnegative effects of aflatoxin on performance of broiler measured during the whole experiment (age of 9chickens. Early report showed that turmeric months). Egg weight, yolk index, egg shell index, haughsupplementation had no adverse effect on egg unit and chemical composition of the egg (fat,production and egg quality in laying hens (Keshavarz, cholesterol and protein) were measured in the eggs1976). However, Kermanshahi and Riasi (2006) layed at the ages of 9 months. At the age of 9 months,reported the increase in blood lipid and egg lipid the experimental quails were sacrificed forcontents in laying hens supplemented with turmeric measurement of liver parameters (weight, the liverpowder. histology, liver cell DNA and RNA content), ovaries andFunctions of liver in laying fowls decrease with the oviduct weights and blood samples were taken forincrease age and with the advance of egg production. measurement of vitellogenin, SGPT and SGOT,Our previous study in laying quails showed that at the cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations.initial decline in egg production and with the advance oflaying period, functions of liver cells decreased as Parameters measured: The eggs layed at the ages ofindicated by the increased serum SGPT and SGOT 9 months were collected for determination of egg qualityconcentrations (Saraswati et al., 2013a). Our previous (yolk index, eggshell index and Haugh unit) andstudy showed that the optimum concentration of turmeric chemical composition (cholesterol, triglyceride andpowder supplementation to improve liver function was protein concentrations). Feed intake and daily drinking54 mg/quail/day (Saraswati et al., 2013c). Improvement water consumption were measured daily. Body weightsof liver function by turmeric powder supplementation were measured at the beginning of the experiment (ageincreased vitellogenin synthesis and follicular 14 days) and at the end of experiment at the age of 9development as indicated by improvement of follicular months to obtain body weight gains during the wholehierarchy and egg production (Saraswati et al., experiment. At the age of 9 months, liver weight and2013c). This experiment was designed to study the percentage of liver weight to body weight, abdominal andeffect of period of turmeric powder supplementation and pectoral fat weights (as indicator body fat deposition)ration quality on total number of egg production and were determined. At the age of 9 months, the weights ofquality in quails to obtain the best time of turmeric ovaries and oviduct and the lengths of magnum,powder supplementation in improving egg production. isthmus and uterus were measured. The concentration
MATERIALS AND METHODSExperimental design: One hundred and fifty femalequails, age 14 days, were assigned into a completelyrandomized design with a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement.The first factor was the quality of ration consisted of twolevels i.e. (1) ration with high carbohydrate and standardprotein (22.67%) content (high carbohydrate ration orration A) and ration with standard carbohydrate and highprotein (25.16%) content (high protein ration or ration B).The second factor was the period of turmeric powdersupplementation (54 mg/quail/day) consisted of 5 levelsi.e. (1) Without turmeric supplementation during theexperiment as a control (2) Turmeric supplementationfor a month before sexual maturity (age 14-44 days) (3)Turmeric supplementation for a month during sexual
of vitellogenin in the serum was determined by usingstacking gel (Laemmli, 1970). The concentrations ofSGPT and SGOT in the serum were measured byReitman and Frankel procedure (Bigoniya et al., 2009).Serum cholesterol concentrations were measured byusing CHO-PAP method (Elwakkad et al., 2012). Serumtriglycerides concentrations were determined by GPO-PAP method (Bekal et al., 2011). The diameter ofhepatocyte was measured by paraffin method withhaematoxylin and eosin staining (Anonymous, 2008).Liver DNA concentration (as an indicator of the numberof cells per g liver tissue) and RNA concentration (as anindicator of synthetic activity per g liver tissue) weremeasured by method used by Manalu and Sumaryadi(1998). The hierarchy of follicles, egg weight, yolk index,eggshell index and haugh unit were determined by
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (10): 601-614, 2013
603
method explained by Silversides (1994). Cholesterol However, turmeric powder supplementation for 30 daysconcentration in the egg was determined by Liebermann during sexual maturity (age 44-75 days) and for 8.5Burchard procedure, protein concentration in the egg months (from age 14 days to 9 months) did not affectwas determined by Kjedahl and fat concentration of the egg triglyceride concentration. Ration with highegg was measured by Soxlet method (Puwastien et al., carbohydrate content increased cholesterol2011). concentrations of the egg while turmeric powder
Data analysis: The data obtained were analyzed using supplementation, decreased cholesterol concentrationsAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the effect of main factor of the egg (p<0.05). Ration quality and turmeric powder(period of turmeric supplementation and feed quality) supplementation affected protein content of the eggand their interaction followed Duncan test. (p<0.05). There was no interaction effect of ration quality
RESULTSEgg production: Quails fed high carbohydrate ration hadhigher total number of egg production until 9 months ofage as compared to those fed high protein ration(p<0.05) (Table 1). Supplementation of turmeric powder,regardless of period of administration, increased thetotal number of egg production until 9 months of age(p<0.05). There was an interaction between the period ofturmeric powder administration and ration quality(p<0.05). Supplementation of turmeric powder in quailsfed high protein ration did not improve total number ofegg production (p>0.05). Supplementation of turmericpowder for 30 days prior to sexual maturity (at age of 14-44 days) and for 8.5 months started prior to sexualmaturity (at the age of 14 days to 9 months) in the quailsfed high carbohydrate ration gave the highest totalnumber of egg production as compared to the otherperiods of turmeric powder supplementation. Quails fedhigh carbohydrate ration (ration A) and supplementedwith turmeric powder for 30 days prior to sexual maturityhad 20% higher egg production as compared to control(188 vs 157 in control). However, a longer period ofturmeric powder supplementation did not significantlyincrease total number of egg production. Quails fed highcarbohydrate ration and supplemented with turmericpowder for 8.5 months started before sexual maturity tothe age of 9 months had 17% higher total number of eggproduction as compared to control (183 vs 157 incontrol).The increased in total number of egg production did notdecrease egg quality as indicated by egg weight, yolkindex, egg shell index and haugh unit (Table 1).Turmeric powder administration and ration quality didnot affect egg weight, yolk index, egg shell index andhaugh unit. The effects of ration quality and turmericpowder supplementation on chemical composition ofthe egg were varied (Table 2). Carbohydrate and proteincontents of the ration did not affect egg triglycerideconcentration but quails fed high carbohydrate rationhad higher egg cholesterol and protein concentrations(p<0.05). Turmeric powder supplementation for 30 daysprior to sexual maturity (at the ages of 14-44 days) andduring the decreased egg production period (age 7-8months) decreased egg triglyceride concentration.
supplementation, regardless of period of
and period of turmeric powder supplementation on eggprotein concentrations. Quails fed high protein rationhad lower egg protein content as compared to those fedwith high carbohydrate and low protein ration. Turmericpowder supplementation for a month prior to sexualmaturity, at sexual maturity and at the age of 7-8 monthsdid not affect egg protein content. However, turmericpowder supplementation for 8.5 months from age 14days to 9 months decreased protein content of the egg(p<0.05).
Reproductive organs: The increased total number ofegg production in the experimental quails fed differentqualities of ration and supplemented with turmericpowder was also supported by the processes andparameters of folliculogenesis and ovogenesis. Quailswith the highest total number of egg production (quailssupplemented with turmeric powder before sexualmaturity) had also the highest ovarian weight (p<0.05)(Table 3). However, quails supplemented with turmericpowder with a longer period (8.5 months) from 14 daysto 9 months had lower ovarian weight as compared tocontrol. Quails supplemented with turmeric powder for30 days at the ages of 45-75 days and 7-8 monthsnumerically had increased ovarian weight (p>0.05).Surprisingly, in this experiment, the protein andcarbohydrate contents of the ration did not affect theovarian weight.Turmeric powder supplementation for 30 days prior tosexual maturity (14-44 days) and at the period ofdecreased egg production at the age of 7-8 months andfor 8.5 months from the age of before sexual maturity (atthe age of 14 days to 9 months) increased the numberdeveloping follicles in the ovary (p<0.05). Parallel to thehighest total number of egg production, turmeric powdersupplementation prior to sexual maturity gave thehighest number of developing follicles in the ovary (Fig.1). In contrast, administration of turmeric powder duringsexual maturity (at the age 45-75 days) did notsignificantly increased (p>0.05) the number ofdeveloping follicles in the ovary. Surprisingly, the proteinand carbohydrate contents of the ration fed to theexperimental quails did not affect the number ofdeveloping follicles and the diameters of F1 follicles inthe ovary. Turmeric powder supplementation, regardless
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (10): 601-614, 2013
604
Tab
le 1
:T
otal
num
ber
of e
ggs,
egg
wei
ght,
yolk
ind
ex,
egg
shel
l in
dex,
Hau
gh u
nit
in 9
- m
onth
qua
ils s
uppl
emen
ted
with
tur
mer
ic p
owde
r at
diff
eren
t pe
riod
of t
imes
and
fed
hig
h ca
rboh
ydra
te o
r hi
ghpr
otei
n ra
tion
Hig
h ca
rboh
ydra
te r
atio
nH
igh
prot
ein
ratio
n--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-C
ontr
olC
DE
FC
ontr
olC
DE
FT
otal
num
ber
of e
ggs
157±
2.3
188±
1.67
151±
5.72
167±
5.3
183±
9.7
166±
9.61
164±
1.79
169±
1.23
165±
5.5
160.
844
da
eb
ab
bcb
bccd
Egg
wei
ght (
g)9.
9±0.
6010
.60±
0.60
10.5
4±0.
6210
.36±
6310
.28±
0.66
10.4
8±0.
6310
.89±
0.54
10.5
4±0.
8510
.53±
0.70
10.8
1±0.
48Y
olk
inde
x0.
43±0
.02
0.43
±0.0
30.
41±0
.04
0.44
±0.0
40.
44±0
.06
0.42
±0.0
40.
42±0
.03
0.44
±0.0
20.
43±0
.03
0.44
±0.0
2E
ggsh
ell i
ndex
6.84
±0.4
76.
96±0
.87.
15±0
.56
6.98
±0.6
57.
12±0
.53
7.18
±0.3
37.
52±0
.16
7.22
±0.5
97.
19±0
.46
7.28
±0.5
6H
augh
uni
t92
.22±
2.56
91.3
2±7.
6293
.42±
3.44
93.6
5±3.
7794
.99±
4.37
93.1
8±2.
6994
.39±
3.51
96.0
2±3.
2793
.90±
4.44
94.3
5±3.
35D
iffer
ent s
uper
scrip
ts in
the
sam
e ro
w in
dica
te s
igni
fican
t diff
eren
ces
(p<0
.05)
.C
: Age
of 1
4-44
day
s, D
: Age
of 4
4-75
day
s, E
: Age
7-8
mon
th, F
: Age
of 1
4 da
ys-9
mon
th
Tab
le 2
:T
rigly
cerid
e, c
hole
ster
ol,
and
prot
ein
conc
entr
atio
ns (
mg/
dL)
of e
ggs
laye
d at
the
age
of
9 m
onth
s in
qua
ils s
uppl
emen
ted
with
tur
mer
icpo
wde
r at
diff
eren
t pe
riod
of t
imes
and
fed
hig
hca
rboh
ydra
te o
r hi
gh p
rote
in r
atio
n Hig
h ca
rboh
ydra
te r
atio
nH
igh
prot
ein
ratio
n--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
Con
trol
CD
EF
Con
trol
CD
EF
Trig
lyce
ride
(mg/
dL)
12.4
4±0.
4511
.26±
0.34
12.1
6±0.
2511
.085
±0.2
611
.875
±0.2
612
.82±
0.51
12.6
85±0
.311
.52±
0.39
11.0
3±0.
5113
.04±
0.19
acd
abcd
ca
ac
da
Cho
lest
rol (
mg/
dL)
460.
24±5
.74
432.
27±2
.83
401.
43±1
5.08
374.
23±5
.74
359.
68±5
.05
426.
34±6
.02
395.
04±7
.64
355.
75±1
7.93
340.
78±5
.26
338.
61±6
.21
ab
cd
db
cd
dd
Pro
tein
(m
g/dL
)12
.51±
0.42
12.9
±0.0
912
.475
±0.2
212
.8±0
.34
12.5
3±0.
8912
.65±
0.4
11.2
2±0.
2111
.97±
0.52
b11
.36±
0.06
10.9
05±0
.2ab
aab
aab
ac
cc
Diff
eren
t sup
ersc
ripts
in th
e sa
me
row
indi
cate
sign
ifica
nt d
iffer
ence
s (p
<0.0
5)C
: Age
of 1
4-44
day
s, D
: Age
of 4
4-75
day
s, E
: Age
7-8
mon
th, F
: Age
of 1
4 da
ys-9
mon
th
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (10): 601-614, 2013
605
Fig. 1(a-j): Follicular hierarchies in the ovaries of quails at the age of 9 months fed high carbohydrate (ration A) or highprotein (ration B) and supplemented with turmeric powder. (a) A0: the ovary of quail fed high carbohydrateration (ration A) without turmeric powder supplementation during 9 months. (b) A1: the ovary of quail fedhigh carbohydrate ration (ration A) with turmeric powder supplementation for 30 days prior to sexualmaturity (age 14-44 days). (c) A2: the ovary of quail fed high carbohydrate ration (ration A) with turmericpowder supplementation for 30 days during sexual maturity (age 45-75 days). (d) A3: the ovary of quail fedhigh carbohydrate ration (ration A) with turmeric powder supplementation for 30 days during the decreasedegg production (age 7-8 months). (e) A4: the ovary of quail fed high carbohydrate ration (ration A) withturmeric powder supplementation for 8.5 months (age 14 days to 9 months). (f) B0: the ovary of quail fedhigh protein ration (ration B) without turmeric powder supplementation during 9 months. (g) B1: the ovaryof quail fed high protein ration (ration B) with turmeric powder supplementation for 30 days prior to sexualmaturity (age 14-44 days). (h) B2: the ovary of quail fed high protein ration (ration B) with turmeric powdersupplementation for 30 days during sexual maturity (age 45-75 days). (I) B3: the ovary of quail fed highprotein ration (ration B) with turmeric powder supplementation for 30 days during the decreased eggproduction (age 7-8 months). (j) B4: the ovary of quail fed high protein ration (ration B) with turmericpowder supplementation for 8.5 months (age 14 days to 9 months)
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
(j)
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (10): 601-614, 2013
606
of period of administration, increased (p<0.05) the Quails fed ration with high protein and standarddiameter of F1 while the ration quality did not affect carbohydrate content had higher liver cell number when(p>0.05) the diameter of F1. Turmeric powder supplemented with turmeric powder prior to sexualsupplementation prior to sexual maturity gave the maturity and at the age of 7-8 month (during thehighest diameter of F1 followed by the supplementation declining productivity after peak production). Quails fedfor 8.5 months from 14 days to 9 months. The increased ration with high carbohydrate ration had higher liver celldiameter of F1 follicle was a result of the rate of yolk number when supplemented with turmeric powder,deposition during ovogenesis. The increased ovarian regardless of period of supplementation. However,weight and the diameter of F1 follicle were not parallel turmeric powder supplementation and ration quality didwith the growth of the oviduct. The highest total number not affect the synthetic activity of the liver cells as wasof egg production in quails fed high carbohydrate ration shown by the concentration of RNA per gram liver tissueand supplemented with turmeric powder prior to sexual (p>0.05). The highest percentage of liver weight/bodymaturity was primarily associated with the increased weight ratio and liver DNA content was found in quailsegg yolk synthesis and deposition during ovogenesis supplemented turmeric powder before sexual maturity.before ovulation. Ration quality and turmeric powder These data showed that the increase in total numbersupplementation did not affect the growth of the oviduct egg production in quails supplemented with turmericof the experimental quails as were indicated by the non powder prior to sexual maturity was related to thesignificant difference in oviduct weight and length increased total synthetic capacity of the hepatocytes to(p>0.05). produce substrates required for yolk deposition.
Growth: The increased total number of egg production turmeric powder was confirmed by the decrease inin quails supplemented with turmeric powder prior to serum SGPT and SGOT concentrations (Table 6).sexual maturity did not related to the effect on feed Turmeric powder supplementation decreased (p<0.05)consumption. In general, regardless of the period of serum concentrations of SGPT and SGOT andsupplementation, turmeric powder supplementation did supplementation at the age of 7-8 months gave the bestnot affect daily feed consumption, body weight gain and result in serum SGPT concentrations. However,body fat deposition (p>0.05) (Table 4). However, quails supplementation of turmeric powder for 8.5 months fromsupplemented with turmeric powder prior to sexual age of 14 days to 9 months gave the best result in thematurity had higher water consumption (p<0.05) during decreased serum SGOT concentrations. Quails fedthe whole experiment. In addition, the quality of ration, ration with high protein content had a better liver function,high carbohydrate or high protein ration, did not affect regardless of turmeric powder supplementation, asdaily feed consumption, body weight gain and drinking indicated by the lower serum concentrations of SGPTwater consumption (p>0.05). However, quails fed with and SGOT. There was an interaction effect betweenration with high carbohydrate and standard protein ration quality and turmeric powder supplementation oncontent had higher abdominal and pectoral fat (p<0.05). serum SGPT and SGOT concentrations.There was no interaction effect between the time of Quails with the highest total number of egg productionturmeric powder supplementation and ration quality on (quails supplemented with turmeric powder prior todaily feed consumption, drinking water consumption, sexual maturity) were also had the highest vitellogeninbody weight gain and body fat deposition. synthesis and secretion into the blood (Table 6). The
Liver function: The increased total number of egg supplemented with turmeric powder prior to sexualproduction in quails supplemented with turmeric powder maturity (14-44 days) increased vitellogenin synthesis bywas correlated with the improved liver function, the liver cells as indicated by the increased vitellogeninespecially in the total number of liver cell per weight of concentrations in the serum (p<0.05). However, turmerictissue and therefore the total capacity of the hepatocytes powder supplementation at the age of sexual maturityto synthesize the substrates for egg yolk synthesis. In (45-75 days) reduced serum vitellogenin concentrationgeneral, ration quality and turmeric powder (p<0.05). Turmeric powder supplementation at the agesupplementation, regardless of period of of 7-8 months and at the ages of 14 days to 9 monthssupplementation, did not affect liver weight measured at did not affect serum vitellogenin concentration. Quailsthe age of 9 months. However, quails supplemented fed high carbohydrate ration had higher serumwith turmeric powder prior to sexual maturity had the vitellogenin concentrations as compared to those fedhighest ratio of liver weight to body weight (p<0.05) high protein ration.(Table 5). The number of cell per gram liver tissue, as Liver histology (Fig. 2) also showed that quails fed highshown by the DNA content, increased in the quails carbohydrate ration (ration A) had higher hepatocytesupplemented with turmeric powder and fed with high cytoplasmic vacuoles as compared to those fed ration Bcarbohydrate and standard protein ration (ration A). (ration with high protein content). Quails fed high
The improved liver function in quails supplemented with
increased liver cell number and functions in quails
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (10): 601-614, 2013
607
Tab
le 3
:O
varia
n w
eigh
ts, w
eigh
t and
leng
th o
f the
ovi
duct
, the
num
ber
of fo
llicl
es, a
nd th
e di
amet
er o
f F1
at th
e ag
e of
9 m
onth
s in
qua
ils s
uppl
emen
ted
with
turm
eric
pow
der
at d
iffer
ent p
erio
d of
times
and
fed
high
car
bohy
drat
e or
hig
h pr
otei
n ra
tion
at th
e ag
e of
9 m
onth
sH
igh
carb
ohyd
rate
rat
ion
Hig
h pr
otei
n ra
tion
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
Con
trol
CD
EF
Con
trol
CD
EF
Ova
rian
wei
ght (
g)4.
35±1
.16
6.29
±1.3
14.
67±1
.65
5.44
±1.3
55.
22±1
.09
5.26
±1.9
05.
61±1
.26
5.74
±1.8
64.
99±1
.22
3.47
±1.7
8b
aab
abab
aba
aab
b
Ovi
duct
wei
ght (
g)8.
6±1.
659.
19±1
.75
9.36
±6.3
06.
14±1
.76
6.89
±1.5
88.
49±1
.92
7.59
±1.4
98.
20±2
.45
7.59
±2.1
78.
31±3
.9O
vidu
ct le
ngth
(cm
)30
.68±
5.18
27.3
0±4.
0528
.11±
8.10
26.7
7±4.
9528
.31±
3.52
31.0
8±4.
8936
.12±
9.85
26.9
0±3.
7226
.79±
4.13
36.8
5±8.
88A
*4.
25±0
.71
5.75
±0.7
13.
25±1
.39
5.90
±1.2
95.
85±1
.52
3.2±
1.3
6.07
±1.1
25.
07±0
.95.
14±0
.94.
33±1
.22
cab
dab
abe
abc
abc
cd
Dia
met
er o
f (F
I) (
cm)
1.45
±0.1
41.
71±0
.07
1.65
±0.0
31.
76±0
.18
1.93
±0.2
11.
53±0
.19
1.86
±0.1
51.
782±
0.26
1.66
±0.2
51.
47±0
.43
dbc
cdab
ca
cdab
abc
bcd
d
Diff
eren
t sup
ersc
ripts
in th
e sa
me
row
indi
cate
sig
nific
ant d
iffer
ence
s (p
<0.0
5).
A*:
The
num
ber
of d
evel
ping
folli
cles
, C: A
ge o
f 14-
44 d
ays,
D: A
ge o
f 44-
75 d
ays,
E: A
ge 7
-8 m
onth
, F: A
ge o
f 14
days
-9 m
onth
Tab
le 4
:D
aily
feed
con
sum
ptio
n, b
ody
wei
ght g
ain,
pec
tora
l and
abd
omin
al fa
t wei
ght a
nd w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n of
9-m
onth
s qu
ails
sup
plem
ente
d w
ith tu
rmer
ic p
owde
r at
diff
eren
t per
iod
of ti
mes
and
fed
high
car
bohy
drat
e or
hig
h pr
otei
n ra
tion
Hig
h ca
rboh
ydra
te r
atio
nH
igh
prot
ein
ratio
n--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
--C
ontr
olC
DE
FC
ontr
olC
DE
FD
FI (
g)28
.42±
7.09
29.1
8±5.
4932
.13±
7.64
32.7
7±12
.06
31.4
4±7.
2436
.78±
16.0
835
.11±
7.28
32.3
4±6.
9842
.3±1
3.98
26.7
8±10
.4B
WG
(g)
142.
73±1
4.89
155.
0±17
.16
146.
67±1
7.32
147.
27±3
1.65
155.
0±15
.67
146.
67±1
4.14
153.
64±1
2.86
144.
62±1
6.64
148.
57±3
.78
138.
89±2
2.61
PA
FW
(g)
4.26
±2.5
74.
14±2
.38
5.1±
3.22
5.42
±2.6
15.
59±2
.47
3.53
±2.2
55.
41±2
.66
3.20
±2.3
93.
13±1
.23
2.26
±0.8
9bc
bcab
cab
ac
abc
cc
DW
C (
ml)
45.5
3±6.
3965
.01±
10.4
949
.37±
12.0
959
.38±
8.05
57.3
8±10
.51
45.8
5±3.
7955
.08±
3.76
54.2
1±5.
3956
.74±
0.77
53.3
0±8.
06c
abc
abab
cab
cab
cab
cab
c
Diff
eren
t sup
ersc
ripts
in th
e sa
me
row
indi
cate
sig
nific
ant d
iffer
ence
s (p
<0.0
5).
C: A
ge o
f 14-
44 d
ays,
D: A
ge o
f 44-
75 d
ays,
E: A
ge 7
-8 m
onth
, F: A
ge o
f 14
days
-9 m
onth
. DF
I: D
aily
feed
inta
ke, B
WG
: Bod
y w
eigh
t gai
n, P
AF
W: P
ecto
ral a
nd a
bdom
inal
fat w
eigh
t, D
WC
:D
aily
wat
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (10): 601-614, 2013
608
Tab
le 5
:P
erce
ntag
e of
liv
er w
eigh
t/bod
y w
eigh
t, liv
er w
eigh
t, D
NA
and
RN
A c
onte
nts
of t
he l
iver
at
the
age
of 9
mon
ths
in q
uails
sup
plem
ente
d w
ith t
urm
eric
pow
der
at d
iffer
ent
perio
d of
tim
es a
nd fe
d hi
gh c
arbo
hydr
ate
or h
igh
prot
ein
ratio
nH
igh
carb
ohyd
rate
ratio
nH
igh
prot
ein
ratio
n--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-C
ontro
lC
DE
FC
ontro
lC
DE
FLW
BW
2.84
±0.4
12.
99±0
.52.
84±0
.54
2.6±
0.72
2.37
±0.4
92.
9±0.
923.
32±0
.82
2.57
±0.6
72.
58±0
.68
2.69
±0.6
2ab
cab
abc
bcc
aba
bcbc
bc
LW (
g)4.
88±0
.82
5.22
±0.8
65.
62±1
.48
4.66
±1.7
74.
59±1
.44
4.53
±1.0
75.
35±1
.70
5.59
±1.0
44.
53±1
.21
4.67
±1.2
7A
*2.
61±0
.35
2.66
±0.1
32.
66±0
.09
2.59
±0.1
42.
67±0
.09
2.14
±0.1
72.
65±0
.29
2.28
±0.1
72.
64±0
.16
2.40
±0.1
3ab
aa
aba
ca
cab
b
B*
50.0
4±2.
8250
.45±
2.81
50.8
±3.0
752
.78±
3.46
55.1
6±2.
8854
.75±
1.25
48.2
±1.2
546
.59±
1.8
47.3
4±1.
0246
.28±
1.22
Diff
eren
t sup
ersc
ripts
in th
e sa
me
row
indi
cate
sig
nific
ant d
iffer
ence
s (p
<0.0
5).
A*:
Liv
er D
NA
con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/g
tissu
e),
B*:
Lin
er R
NA
von
cent
ratio
n (m
g/g
tissu
e),
C:
Age
of
14-4
4 da
ys,
D:
Age
of
44-7
5 da
ys,
E:
Age
7-8
mon
th,
F:
Age
of
14 d
ays-
9 m
onth
.LW
BW
: Liv
er w
eigh
t/bod
dy w
eigh
t, LW
: Liv
er w
eigh
t
Tab
le 6
:Le
vels
of
vite
lloge
nin,
SG
PT
, S
GO
T,
gluc
ose,
trig
lyce
rides
, ch
oles
tero
l an
d pr
otei
n in
the
blo
od o
f 9-
mon
th q
uails
sup
plem
ente
d w
ith t
urm
eric
pow
der
at d
iffer
ent
perio
d of
tim
es a
nd f
edhi
ghca
rboh
ydra
te o
r hi
gh p
rote
in r
atio
nH
igh
carb
ohyd
rate
rat
ion
Hig
h pr
otei
n ra
tion
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
Con
trol
CD
EF
Con
trol
CD
EF
Vite
llogn
in (
mg/
ml)
11.7
9±3.
5437
.40±
4.66
13.4
4±7.
6917
.15±
3.74
28.7
0±2.
9727
.89±
5.75
24.5
4±5.
0114
.74±
3.13
18.7
1±2.
917.
55±3
.89
fa
ed
bb
bcb
cf
SG
PT
(U
/L)
36.9
9±0.
3434
.98±
0.32
36.1
5±0.
1534
.24±
0.45
35.9
1±0.
2435
.71±
0.47
33.4
7±0.
4934
.52±
0.45
33.0
3±0.
2632
.67±
0.28
ac
bd
bb
ecd
eff
SG
OT
(U
/L)
32.3
9±0.
3131
.94±
0.39
33.5
8±0.
231
.35±
0.17
b32
.82±
0.39
31.9
2±0.
25a
31.6
1±0.
6430
.38±
0.21
32.0
7±0.
3130
.28±
0.2
aab
ac
ab
abc
cab
c
Glu
cose
(m
g/dl
)13
4.5±
28.2
926
2.0±
32.7
218
9.5±
4.04
112.
5±32
.15
241.
0±0.
1320
9.0±
22.3
320
0.5±
20.2
523
0.00
±30.
2375
.5±7
.51
254.
5±0.
29e
ad
eb
ccd
bf
ab
Trig
lyce
ride
(mg/
dl)
119.
68±1
.48
117.
88±0
.26
115.
19±1
.03
109.
94±0
.36
106.
78±0
.61
122.
52±0
.88
116.
98±0
.33
115.
16±1
.01
111.
80±0
.35
110.
58±0
.36
bc
dg
ha
cd
ef
Cho
lest
erol
(m
g/dl
)13
7.04
±0.4
212
7.13
±1.4
311
9.10
±0.7
210
6.21
±1.1
110
2.16
±1.4
612
9.39
±0.8
312
4.25
±1.5
711
4.50
±0.8
110
5.69
±0.5
997
.54±
1.63
ac
eg
hb
df
gi
Pro
tein
(m
g/dl
)10
.14±
0.28
10.9
1±0.
149.
92±0
.31
10.9
4±0.
3111
.50±
0.24
10.4
0±0.
1911
.58±
0.37
11.9
7±0.
3212
.13±
0.26
12.9
0±0.
14f
df
dc
ec
bb
a
Diff
eren
t sup
ersc
ripts
in th
e sa
me
row
indi
cate
sig
nific
ant d
iffer
ence
s (p
<0.0
5).
C: A
ge o
f 14-
44 d
ays,
D: A
ge o
f 44-
75 d
ays,
E: A
ge 7
-8 m
onth
, F: A
ge o
f 14
days
-9 m
onth
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (10): 601-614, 2013
609
Fig. 2(a-j): Hepatocytes of quails at the age of 9 months fed high carbohydrate (ration A) or high protein (ration B) andsupplemented with turmeric powder. (a) A0: the hepatocytes of quail fed high carbohydrate ration (rationA) without turmeric powder supplementation during 9 months. (b) A1: the hepatocytes of quail fed highcarbohydrate ration (ration A) with turmeric powder supplementation for 30 days prior to sexual maturity(age 14-44 days). (c) A2: the hepatocytes of quail fed high carbohydrate ration (ration A) with turmericpowder supplementation for 30 days during sexual maturity (age 45-75 days). (d) A3: the hepatocytes ofquail fed high carbohydrate ration (ration A) with turmeric powder supplementation for 30 days during thedecreased egg production (age 7-8 months). (e) A4: the hepatocytes of quail fed high carbohydrate ration(ration A) with turmeric powder supplementation for 8.5 months (age 14 days to 9 months). (f) B0: thehepatocytes of quail fed high protein ration (ration B) without turmeric powder supplementation during 9months. (g) B1: the hepatocytes of quail fed high protein ration (ration B) with turmeric powdersupplementation for 30 days prior to sexual maturity (age 14-44 days). (h) B2: the hepatocytes of quail fedhigh protein ration (ration B) with turmeric powder supplementation for 30 days during sexual maturity (age45-75 days). (I) B3: the hepatocytes of quail fed high protein ration (ration B) with turmeric powdersupplementation for 30 days during the decreased egg production (age 7-8 months). (j) B4: thehepatocytes of quail fed high protein ration (ration B) with turmeric powder supplementation for 8.5 months(age 14 days to 9 months). h: hepatocyte, n: nucleus, s: sinusoid, v: vacuola
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
(j)
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (10): 601-614, 2013
610
carbohydrate ration without turmeric powder serum protein concentration (p<0.05). Quails fed highsupplementation (A0) showed no vacuoles in the protein ration had higher serum protein concentrationscytoplasm of the hepatocytes. This result indicated a (p<0.05) as compared to those fed high carbohydratelower synthetic activity of the hepatocyte. Parallel to the ration. There was an interaction between ration qualityother observations, quails supplemented with turmeric and period of turmeric powder supplementation onpowder before sexual maturity had the highest vacuoles serum protein concentrations.in the cytoplasm as an indicator of high activity insynthesis of yolk precursor. Turmeric powdersupplementation at the age of decreased eggproduction (age 7-8 months) and fed with ration withhigh carbohydrate (A3) showed high number of vacuolesin the cytoplasm as an indicator of improved liverfunction. Supplementation of turmeric powder for 8.5months from the age of 14 days to 9 months, showedthe large number of vacuoles in the hepatocytes.
Blood chemistry: The serum glucose concentration washigher (p<0.05) in quails fed high protein ration ascompared to those fed high carbohydrate ration (Table6). However, there was an interaction between rationquality and turmeric powder supplementation on serumglucose concentrations. Turmeric powdersupplementation for 30 days prior to sexual maturity(age of 14-44 days) and for 8.5 months at the ages of 14days to 9 months increased serum glucoseconcentrations (p<0.05). Turmeric powdersupplementation at the age of 45-75 days did notsignificantly increase serum glucose concentration(p>0.05). In contrast, turmeric powder supplementationat the age of 7-8 months significantly decreased serumglucose concentration (p<0.05).Turmeric powder supplementation, regardless of periodof supplementation, decreased (p<0.05) serumtriglyceride concentration in the experimental quails.Quails fed high protein ration had higher serumtriglyceride concentrations as compared to those fedhigh carbohydrate ration. There is an interaction effectbetween ration quality and the period of turmeric powderadministration on serum triglyceride concentrations. Thehighest decline in serum triglyceride concentrations wasfound in quails supplemented with turmeric powder forthe longest duration i.e., for 8.5 months at the age 14days to 9 months.Supplementation of turmeric powder in quailsdecreased (p<0.05) serum cholesterol concentrations.Quails fed high carbohydrate ration had higher serumcholesterol concentrations (p<0.05) as compared tothose fed high protein ration. There is an interactionbetween ration quality and the period of turmeric powdersupplementation on the serum cholesterolconcentrations. Supplementation of turmeric powder foraround 8.5 months at the age of 14 days to 9 monthsgave the highest decrease in serum cholesterolconcentrations.Turmeric powder supplementation, regardless ofduration and period of supplementation, decreased
DISCUSSIONThe results of this experiment confirmed that turmericpowder supplementation before sexual maturity couldimprove hepatocytes functions in laying quails for 9months. This implies that the effects of curcumin inturmeric powder not only improves liver disorders ordamage (Aggarwal et al., 2007; Rivera-Espinoza andMuriel, 2009) but also protect and prevent liver damagewith the advance of age and egg production in fowls(Saraswati et al., 2013a) as was also reported in rats(Reves-Gordilloet al., 2007, 2008). The improvement ofhepatocyte functions and activities by turmeric powdersupplementation prior to sexual maturity could improvevitellogenin synthesis during sexual maturity and egglaying period. With normal estriol and progesteronesecretions during laying period (Saraswati et al., 2013b),improvement of total number of functional hepatocytes inthe quails supplemented with turmeric powderconsequently increases the total number of eggproduction through the improvement of vitellogeninsynthesis and deposition in the developing follicles. Thehighest increase in total number of egg production inquails supplemented with turmeric powder prior tosexual maturity could be explained by the effect ofturmeric powder supplementation on liver cell functions.Quails supplemented with turmeric powder had higherconcentrations of cell number per weight of liver tissuewith higher number of cytoplasmic vacuoles ofhepatocytes and lower serum SGPT and SGOTconcentrations as indicator of a better liver cell structureand functions (Saraswati et al., 2013c). The improvedliver cell structure and function was also shown in theincreased vitellogenin concentration in the serum as aprecursor for egg yolk deposition in the developingfollicle before ovulation. The increased egg yolkdeposition increased the number of developing follicleand the diameter of F1 and the weight of the ovary.However, the increased total number of egg productionin quails supplemented with turmeric powder prior tosexual maturity was not related to the increasedsecretion of estrogen and progesterone or theestrogenic effect of curcumin on the reproductive tractsand liver functions during sexual maturity and eggproduction. Turmeric powder supplementation in layinghens also increases follicular growth and developmentand shortens the time from two consecutive ovipositionwithout any change in progesterone secretions butslightly depresses estrogen secretion (Saraswatiet al.,2013b). Even though the progesterone and estrogen
Int. J. Poult. Sci., 12 (10): 601-614, 2013
611
profiles in the experimental quails were not measured, Administration of turmeric powder before sexual maturitythe effects of turmeric powder supplementation on the (age 14 days) was shown to have the best effect on liverincreased total number of egg production was not functions and egg production. It was assumed thatthrough the increase in progesterone and estrogen active compounds in the turmeric powder couldsecretions or phytoestrogen in the turmeric powder stimulate hepatocyte growth and decreased hepatocytesince the weight and length of oviduct (infundibulum, destruction. Curcuminoids in turmeric powder hasmagnum, isthmus and shell gland) were not changed in antihepatotoxic effect, due to the nature of the compoundquails supplemented with turmeric powder. The growth that inhibited lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane andand development of the infundibulum, magnum, protects hepatocytes by inhibiting NF-kappaB,isthmus and uterus are controlled by estrogen and proinflammatory cytokines production and oxidativeprogesterone. Quails supplemented with 54 mg stress (Reyes-Gordillo et al., 2007) and prevents andturmeric powder per day for 30 days prior to sexual reverses cirrhosis (Reyes-Gordillo et al., 2008) in thematurity produced the highest total number of egg for 9 rats. Curcumin acts as a free radical scavengers,months without any change in length and weight of the inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species suchreproductive tract. Even though there was no effect of as superoxide anion, H2O2, nitrite radicals by activatingturmeric powder supplementation on the weight and macrophages that play an important role in thelength of the reproductive tracts, the functions of inflammatory process (Chattopadhyay et al., 2004).magnum and uterus in producing albumen and egg Curcumin has antioxidant activity by inhibiting the activityshell, respectively, did not change. Egg weight, yolk of inflammatory enzymes or by increasing the synthesisindex, haugh unit, egg shell index and protein of glutathione (Sreejayan and Rao, 1996). The role ofconcentrations of the egg did not decrease with the turmeric powder is also supported by liver histology thatincreased total number of egg production by the turmeric showed that no damage to hepatocytes (Fig. 2).supplementation. Egg protein primarily contributed by Curcumin found in turmeric powder can function asthe albumen so the function of the epithelial cells of the hepatocyte growth factor (Aggarwal et al., 2007) tomagnum was not affected by the turmeric powder stimulate hepatocyte growth and development and as aadministration. hepatoprotector agent to protect the integrity of theIn general, high carbohydrate ration with standard hepatocytes and modulate the growth and cellularprotein content had a better effect on egg production as responses (Somchit et al., 2005) and to recure the acutecompared to standard carbohydrate with high protein liver cell damage by CCl4 (Park et al., 2000; Reyes-ration. This effect could be related to the high cholesterol Gordillo et al., 2007, 2008). Therefore, quailsconcentration in the quails fed with high carbohydrate supplemented with turmeric powder prior to sexualand standard protein ration. Increased intake of glucose maturity or during 8.5 months before sexual maturity hadin high carbohydrate ration could stimulate lipogenic the best liver cell number and function which supportenzymes gene expression (Girard et al., 1994; Foufelle vitellogenin synthesis for yolk deposition which in turnet al., 1996; Girard et al., 1997; Kahn, 1997) that finally reflected in the best follicular growth and developmentincreased lipid and cholesterol synthesis in the liver. (Fig. 1) and the best total number of egg production. InCholesterol is also a marker of synthetic activity of the general, the improved total number of egg production inliver cells under the stimulation of estrogen during egg quails supplemented with turmeric powder was notproduction. Even though high protein ration increased through the increased feed intake and nutrientserum glucose, triglyceride and protein concentrations, availability for egg synthesis since turmeric powderthese increases did not correlate well with the supplementation decreased triglyceride, cholesterol andincreased ovogenesis as indicated by the increase in protein concentrations in the serum. Graham (2009)follicle hierarchy and total number of egg production. In who reported that curcumin could increase the activity ofthis experiment, the effect of ration quality on serum lipoprotein lipase which further increases fat absorptionglucose, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations was by the cells. This is probably a reason of the effects ofprimarily due to the absorption of the nutrient in the curcumin on decreasing levels of triglycerides in theintestine and their availabilities in the circulation while blood. Turmeric powder also showed hypolipidemicturmeric powder supplementation was assumed to effects by inhibiting the secretion of hepatic triglycerideincrease nutrient uptake by the liver from circulation for (Chattopadhyay et al., 2004). The decreased serumvitellogenin synthesis (Deeley et al., 1975). In laying concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol and proteinhens, there is an indication that turmeric powder could be a result of high uptake by the liver fordecreases nutrient absorption in the epithelial cells of vitellogenin synthesis or the decrease in absorption inthe intestine and this effect implies that turmeric powder the intestine. Cholesterol is obtained from food orsupplementation could be used as a feed supplement synthesized through a pathway present in virtually allin laying hens for manipulating egg composition cells of the body. Cholesterol is a precursor for the(Kermanshahi et al., 2006). synthesis of acetyl CoA which can be formed from
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glucose, fatty acids or amino acids (Marks et al., 1996). Anonymous, 2008. Haematoxylin and Eosin Staining ofHowever, quails with the higher serum glucose Tissue Section. http://www.bcbiolibrary.icapture.concentrations during turmeric powder supplementation ubc.ca/pathologistsresearchers/docs/BL.LAB.GN.had also the highest total number of egg production. 006.01 Haematoxylin and Eosin Staining.pdf.The increase in serum glucose concentration and a high Accessed February 8, 2013.total number of egg production was not related to the Bekal, M., S. Kumari, R. Vijay and K.C. Pushpalath, 2011.increased feed intake since feed intake was not affected A study on lipid profile and myeloperoxidase level inby the turmeric powder supplementation. The high Type II diabetes mellitus with respect to age andserum glucose concentration in quails with the highest gender. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2: 336-343.total number of egg production was probably due to the Bergink, E.W., R.A. Wallace, J.A. Vande Berg, E.S. Bos,increased gluconeogenesis in the liver. Curcumin has M. Gruberand and A.B. Geert, 1974. Estrogen-a similar effect of insulin which increases blood glucose induced synthesis of yolk proteins in roosters.homeostasis (Seo et al., 2008). Turmeric powder can Amer. Zool., 14: 1177-1193.reduce 50% of chronic diabetes in mice (Raiet al., 2010). Bigoniya, P., C.S. Singh and A. Shukla, 2009. AQuails fed ration with high carbohydrate and Comprehensive review of different liver toxicantssupplemented with turmeric powder prior to sexual used in experimental pharmacology. Int. J. Pharm.maturity had the highest serum glucose concentration Sci. Drug Res., 1: 124-135.and total number of egg production. The higher body fat Burley, R.W., A.J. Evans and J.A. Pearson, 1993.weight in the quails fed high carbohydrate ration was Molecular aspects of the synthesis and depositionprobably due to the higher carbohydrate content. Excess of hens' egg yolk with special reference to lowof carbohydrates in the ration can be converted into fat density lipoprotein. Poult. Sci., 72: 850-855.stored in liver and adipose tissue (Girard et al., 1994; Burns, A.T., R. G.Deeley, J.I. Gordon, D.S. Udell, K.P.Foufelleet al., 1996; Girard et al., 1997; Kahn, 1997). Mullinix and R.F. Goldberger, 1978. PrimaryGlucose can also be converted into cholesterol (Marks induction of vitellogenin mRNA in the rooster byet al., 1996). Triglycerides, cholesterol and protein are 17beta-estradiol. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 75: 1815-used as constituents of vitellogenin in the form of VLDL 1819.particles, via endocytosis is used to prepare the yolk Chattopadhyay, I.K., U. Biswa, Bandyopadhyay and R.K.(Deeley et al., 1975; Watson, 2002). The increased in Banerjeeil, 2004. Turmeric and Curcumin:drinking water consumption in quails supplemented Biological action and medicinal applications.with turmeric powder before sexual maturity was not Review article. Curr. Sci., 87: 44-53.clear, however could be related to the increase in egg Deeley, R.G., D.P. Mullinix, W. Wetekam, H.M.production since at the time of eggshell formation, there Kronenberg, M. Meyers, J.D. Eldridge and R.F.is an increase in water demand (Sauveur and Mongin, Goldberger, 1975. Vitellogenin synthesis in the1978). avian liver. Vitellogenin is the precursor of the egg
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study it was 9066.concluded that turmeric powder supplementation prior Elwakkad, A.S.E., D.B. Alazhary, S. Mohamed, S.R.to sexual maturity could be used to increase totalnumber of egg production in quails by improvement inliver function and synthetic activity with the increasedvitellogenin synthesis and follicular growth anddevelopment. Ration with high carbohydrate andstandard protein had better effect on egg production.Turmeric powder supplementation in laying fowls couldbe used to produce low cholesterol eggs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis paper is part of the dissertation of the first authorsponsored by BPPS scholarship, provided by theDirectorate General of Higher Education, Ministry ofEducation and Culture of Republic Indonesia.
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