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Water Fountains 2 Geelong Vs. The Cow 4 Edward Davis– Bushranger 6 Cunningham Pier 8 Sydney Harbour Bridge 11 The Amazon River Dolphin 12

Abraham Lincoln 14

Corio—The Early Days Part 3 16

Geelong’s Killer Diseases 18

Some Simple First Aid 20

Perfume-A Seductive History 22 Greece-Land of the Gods! 24 Charlie Chaplin 26 Recipe—Miso Soup 28 Word Search—Bellarine 29 Banknotes: Catherine Spence 30 150 Years Ago 31 Then… & Now 32

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Last month in the Jillong Pocket, we detailed the efforts of Geelong’s early pioneers to establish a water supply in the town. In 1850 a water fountain was constructed on the south-west corner of Market Square—where Banjo’s Bakery is today. The fountain proved inadequate as a water supply for townsfolk, and was soon replaced with a large water tank, which supplied water to the town for the next 23 years.

With the establishment of a piped water supply, the tank was demolished, but about 20 years later, an ornamental fountain was constructed on the same corner, as a legacy of Geelong’s early water supply. Donated by John Traill (See box on this page), the beautiful fountain was one of the main featured items in the early park setting on the corner of Moorabool and Little Malop Streets.

After Queen Victoria died in 1901, the Moorabool Street frontage to Market Square was renamed Victoria Square. In addition to the Traill Fountain, a large statue of Queen Victoria was centrally located for all to see as they travelled up Moorabool Street. Another fountain (named the Hitchcock Fountain) was installed near the corner of Malop Street.

However, 11 years later, commercial interests took over priorities in the area. Victoria Square was replaced by Solomon’s Depart-

The Traill Fountain—donated to the town of Geelong in the 1890’s by John Traill

John Traill John Traill was born in 1824. At 30 years of age, as Chief Officer he ran the Geelong agency for the steamer Express, which traded between Geelong and Melbourne. The shipping business expanded gradually, and by 1876 he became a senior partner in the company, Huddart, Parker Limited, which operated many ship routes throughout Australia and New Zealand. By 1886 Traill had outlived the other three original partners and remained chairman of the Huddart Parker Company until his death in 1916 at 92 years of age. Earlier, in 1890 he had moved the offices of the company from the wharves of Geelong to Collins Street in Melbourne, but he never forgot his heritage at Geelong, and donated the Traill Fountain to the town, out of appreciation for the community he loved.

The Hitchcock Fountain—with a rotunda behind it. Victoria Square (c.1910)

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(Above) Victoria Square in 1910—featuring the Queen Victoria statue, and the Traill

Fountain, in front of His Majesty’s Theatre.

(Right) Governor of Victoria, Sir Rohan Delacombe, turning on the Delacombe

Fountain near the site of the original water tank in Market Square, on March 21, 1974.

ment Store in 1912. The Queen Victoria statue was relocated to the Eastern Gardens, while the two fountains were set up in the Botanic Gardens. Thus, all traces of a water theme at Market Square were gone for the next 62 years.

Then, from the 1960’s onward, Market Square underwent a number of changes, including the restoration of a water theme on the corner of Moorabool and Little Malop Streets. In 1974 the Delacombe Fountain was opened, but like its predecessor 124 years earlier, it did not last long, being swallowed up in the major renovation of Market Square that took place during the 1980’s.

With the new Market Square shopping centre opened in 1986, attention turned to rede-veloping the mall in Little Malop Street. Instead of a traditional fountain, the water theme was continued with a Popjet display, which rises from the pavement.

While this water feature has not proven to be very popular in recent times, it is our hope that Geelong’s water supply heritage continues to be honoured in some way on this corner of Market Square. The current Popjet display now

featured in Little Malop Street The Traill Fountain—located in the Botanic Gardens today

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GEELONG Vs. THE COW The following ridiculous sketch is from the Geelong Advertiser and was retold in The South Australian on Wednesday 6th April 1864:

“It appears that a fine fat heifer* had taken some objection to go to the shambles^ to be killed legitimately, and cantered off, on her way to the slaughterhouse, to the railway terminus, where she first cleared the platform, and then the offices of visitors, the latter being rather intimidated by her style of salutation, and the official not understanding her demand for a ticket.

Finding that she met with no sympathy within the station, she trotted off to the paddock or green adjoining it,# where a matronly-looking old dame of the same species as herself was quietly browsing, and during her attempts to engage the old lady cow in a tête à tête, some evil-disposed urchins raised the cry of “mad bull,” so dreaded in crowded streets of the larger towns at home.

The cry quickly spread, until about half the cabs in town with some twenty or thirty horsemen and about 500 people gathered around the fence to see the freaks of the poor frightened brute. Among the distinguished persons present were two sergeants of police, a detective, the town inspector, armed with a rifle, the inspector of weights and measures, who tried to subdue the unruly brute by shaking a piece of paper at it with some intricate arithmetical calculations of his own upon it—five or six constables, one volunteer in uniform and one not, but the former having a rifle with bayonet attached, and the latter a rifle without a bayonet.

There were also congregated around the fence sundry butchers with cleavers, knives and steels, and a host of other persons, with axes, sticks, and tomahawks, all ready to deal a “fatal” blow as soon as the cow was killed.

The poor brute had begun by this time to get partially infuriated, and shook her head menacingly at every place where she saw anybody

*Heifer—young cow, especially one that has not yet given birth to a calf.

^Shambles—The original meaning of the word being: an abattoir or meat market. #The Railway Reserve—The area between La Trobe Terrace and Mercer Street.

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running, and it was deemed that it would be for the public safety to shoot her. Waiting an opportunity, the volunteer not in uniform made a good shot, brought her on her knees, and she rolled over on her side. The other volunteer in uniform now cleared the fence with his bayonet fixed, to administer the last rites of the bovine creed to poor Crummy; but some drunken fool ran up with him, and laid hold of the supposed dying beast by the hind foot.

This insult she could not brook, so jumping on her pins before the volunteer in uniform could administer his fifteen inches of cold steel, she made them both beat a speedy retreat. True to his cloth, however, the volunteer in uniform did not quit the field of battle, but took up a position behind a tree and most bravely awaited the approach of the enemy.

The first shot, it now appeared had knocked out the cow’s near eye; and the volunteer in uniform, keeping the tree well between him and his game, she could not see him distinctly and the consequence was that the order to prepare to receive quadrupeds* did not need to be put in force. Being without any ammunition, and the cow declining to charge, he left the position he had taken up, and retired among the crowd.

A second shot was dropped into the cow behind the shoulder, but rather too high up to cause her to come down by the run, although she soon began to sicken, and finally lay down to die, when a third shot, and some strokes of an axe, coupled with piercing the spinal cord, and cutting her throat, ended the poor creature’s existence.

We are informed that before she got into the railway reserve she had charged one or two persons, one of whom, a female, had a narrow escape, having left a piece of her dress on the horns of the animal.”

*Quadrupeds—four-footed animals.

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Born in 1816, Jewish convict and bushranger, Edward Davis, is said to have been born at Gravesend.* In April 1832 at the Old Bailey, under the name George Wilkinson he was sentenced to transportation to Australia for seven years, found guilty of having attempted to steal a wooden till, valued at 2 shillings (20c) and copper coins to the value of 5 shillings (50c). He was only fifteen years old.

He arrived in Sydney in February 1833 on the Camden. Like other convicts, Davis was assigned a labouring job and was initially put to work at the Hyde Park Barracks. Obsessed by the idea that he had been wronged when he was transported, and governed by an indomitable desire for freedom, he accomplished an impressive series of escapes. He first absconded on December 23, 1833, was caught, and then sentenced to a further twelve months. On December 1, 1835 he fled from his labouring job at Penrith, with the result that another twelve months was added to his term. He was then assigned to a farmer at Hexham (now a suburb of Newcastle), but on January 10, 1837 he ran away for a third time—and two more years were added to his sentence. On July 21, 1838 he absconded for the fourth time and this time remained at liberty.

In the summer of 1839 he formed a bushranger gang in northern New South Wales. For two years his gang maintained a reign of terror from Maitland to the New England Highway in the Hunter Valley and on down to Gosford. Their main lair was in Pilcher's Mountain, 60km north of Newcastle, from where they made raids on townships and settlements, or ambushed travellers on the road. The 'Jew Boy Gang,' as it was soon called, consisted mainly of runaway convicts.

It has been said of Davis that he played the part of an Australian Robin Hood and, when he stripped the rich, he went out of his way to relieve the misery of the convict servants, to whom he distributed part of his booty. During 1840 the gang committed many depre-dations in the Quirindi, Tamworth and Maitland districts. From descriptions of their attire and behaviour, along with their gallantry to the ladies, it seems that they were viewed, not as hardened criminals but as delinquents, gallant knights beyond the law. Davis himself bore curious tattoos and members of his gang wore gaudy clothes and tied pink ribbons to their horses bridles.

*Gravesend—In northern Kent, England, near the mouth of the Thames River.

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By December 1840 the gang had seven members—Davis, John Shea, John Marshall, James Everett, Robert Chitty, Richard Glanville and an unknown seventh man. Unlike other bushrangers the gang had so far avoided murder. Davis insisted that his companions should resort to violence only for the preservation of their own liberty. This inevitably happened, when one of the gang lost his nerve during a raid. On December 21, 1840 they entered Scone (155km north-west of Newcastle) and, while Davis, Everett and Glanville bailed up the inhabitants of the St Aubin Arms Hotel, Marshall, Shea, Chitty and the seventh man went to rob Thomas Dangar's store. When the store-keeper's clerk, a young Englishman named John Graham, fired a shot, Shea shot him dead. Davis, realizing that the murder would place them high on the wanted list, assembled his men and fled to their hiding place at Doughboy Hollow near Murrurundi.

Captain Edward Day, with a posse of settlers and ticket-of-leave men (ex-convicts), pursued the gang and surprised them at their hideout. A gun battle ensued. Davis's ball grazed Day's ear, while Davis was wounded in the shoulder. The gang, except for the seventh member who escaped, was captured and taken back to Sydney for trial.

On February 24, 1841 the six bushrangers were committed at the Supreme Court. Shea was indicted for murder, while Davis and the others were accused of aiding and abetting Shea. Davis' legal counsel tried to save his life by contending that as he had not been present at the murder, there could be no question of aiding and abetting, but the jury found all prisoners guilty and Chief Justice Sir James Dowling sentenced them all to death.

The public sympathy that Davis enjoyed became evident when his many friends appealed the sentence, demanding a reprieve. However, the Executive Council confirmed the sentence. On March 16, 1841 24-year-old Davis, supported by members of the Sydney Jewish Synagogue, was hanged at the rear of the old Sydney gaol, together with his companions. Witnesses reported that 'he had been the only repentant man of them.' Davis was then buried in the Jewish portion of the Devonshire Street cemetery.

Davis seems to have been the only Jewish bushranger on record. Although a misguided and rebellious youth, he had a certain dignity and code of morals, most likely encouraged by the Jewish teachings of his early life.

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One of the main features of Geelong's picturesque waterfront is Cunningham Pier, which now includes a coffee shop, restaurant, and function rooms at the far end, all with great views of Geelong and Corio Bay. However the pier, which over its history has been rebuilt twice, has a heritage which is very foreign to tourists and the smell of coffee. Let me tell you her story—

As part of the Geelong to Melbourne railway, which opened in 1857, the contractors built an extension line which ran under Mercer Street, over Brougham Street, and then curved out towards the north-west over Corio Bay. Construction materials for the entire railway line were shipped to this wharf and taken by locomotive to the construction face as it snaked its way from Geelong toward Williamstown. The curved Railway Wharf, as it became known, became an oddity on the waterfront, since all other wharfs and jetties were constructed as we see them today—with a straight decking.

The curved wharf was not a totally uncommon innovation of the nineteenth century, when it was felt that the curve made it easier for ships to dock and then resail, especially if there was a strong current running along the beach. Being at the head of Corio Bay, the wharf certainly made a ship captain’s life easier exiting and entering the shallow shipping channel. But the drawback was that only one side of the wharf could be used to dock ships, unlike straight wharfs which could use both sides of the deck.

The curved Railway Wharf did not last long. Like many of the bridges and other works on the early Geelong to Melbourne railway line, the materials used on the Railway Wharf were of low quality, and the workmanship performed by convict labourers was poor. Within a few years the shaky structure was deemed danger-ous, and a replacement was ordered.

The replacement Railway Wharf was completed in August 1863 at a cost of

The second railway wharf, built in 1863

E. de Balk 1866

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£18,000. This new straight wharf ran out over 300m from the shore, into 6.8m of deep water at low tide. Thus, even the larger sailing ships of the time could now berth there. The wharf took over 16 months to build, since the very best timber available—blue gum—had to be supplied from Corner Inlet,* and severe weather conditions had hampered logging and transportation of the materials.

As can be seen from the photograph, the wharf was narrower at the beach end, allowing for only one railway track. Halfway down the wharf, the deck widened to allow for three railway tracks, enabling up to four ships to be serviced at any one time. Bulk goods were imported from all over the world, since there was little local manufacturing at the time. The main export was wool—in fact a direct line ran from the Denny Lascelles wool stores nearby (now Deakin University), straight out onto the wharf. In addition, a loading/unloading yard for the public was built beside the line between Brougham Street and Corio Street (where the Waterfront Church is today) providing a link between farmer’s vehicles and the ships tied to the wharf.

During World War I the wharf underwent an upgrade and a name change—to Cunningham Pier—named after Cunningham Street which ran parallel with the railway down to the waters edge. Trains continued to run regularly onto the pier, but as the years rolled by, the type of goods carried varied. While wool remained the major bulk export, it was joined by wheat, barley, cement and dairy products. And boats bearing all sorts of manufactured items were gradually

replaced by coal ships as the main import to Geelong, supplying fuel to the Geelong A Power Station nearby.

During 1962-3 the pier was totally redesigned, with a concrete deck between the rails, and storage sheds running down the middle of the pier. However, the days of trains being used to load and unload shipping were numbered. The new grain handling terminal had been built in 1938 with its own bulk shipping pier. In 1954 the Geelong B Power Station opened in North Geelong. Being three times bigger than the Geelong A Power Station, it proved more feasible to ship coal to Corio Quay rather than to Cunningham Pier. In addition, bulk ships were now getting far to big to get into Corio Bay,

*Corner Inlet—to the east of Wilson’s Promontory in SE Victoria. Reconstruction of Cunningham

Pier in June 1962.

Loading bags of wheat from train to ship, using electric-powered loading conveyors. c.1910

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with its shallow channel. As a result, wool merchants started transporting their bales to Port Melbourne.

Geelong residents remember a few trains using the pier during the 1970’s and even up to the mid-1980’s. However, the line is now closed, and the new police station, law courts, bus interchange, and Pierpont Apart-ments now grace the land once used to transport Geelong’s freight to the pier. In 1994 Smorgy’s Restaurant opened at the end of the pier in a major re-development, transforming the little-used pier into a tourist precinct. While Smorgy’s closed down in 2010, the pier remains a popular spot to enjoy a relax-ing coffee or maybe just do a spot of fishing while breathing in the fresh sea air.

While the link to the main Geelong railway system was severed in September 1993, evidence of the railway’s long history in the neighbourhood still abounds.

To ease the gradient from the main line down to the waterfront, the Railway Wharf line branched off to the left just after passing La Trobe Terrace. Pedestrians walking to the main station through the Roy Street tunnel had to wait behind a gate until the train had passed before being allowed to enter the tunnel. It could be quite a wait, with a maximum speed of 8km/h allowed on the line, and up to 30 wagons being pulled by a locomotive. While the main line passes 4m above Brougham Street, the Wharf Line crossed Brougham Street at street level. No traffic barrier existed, so it was likely that a railway employee with a red flag held up traffic as the locomotive crossed the busy street. The cutting and railway crossing at Brougham Street are still visible today.

A car yard and the new Police Station car-park are now built in the path of the old line, but traffic still crosses the old railway tunnel which travels under Mercer Street beside the Police Station. The tunnel is blocked by locked gates, and vandals and graffiti artists have made the entrance an unsavoury place to visit.

After Gheringhap Street evidence of the line disappears except for the curve in Cunningham Street which paralleled the original tracks down to the pier. The rails reappear on Cunningham Pier under the feet of tourists strolling down to the end. As they walk along, hopefully they give a thought to the important role the tracks played in Geelong’s early history.

The disused railway cutting and tracks running behind the old Terminus Hotel

and across Brougham Street.

ROY ST

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Opened: March 19, 1932

Construction started: July 28, 1923

Construction end: January 19, 1932

Height: 134m (440') Span Length: 503m

It was as early as 1815 that Francis Greenway proposed building a bridge from the northern to the southern shore of Sydney Harbour.

Sydney Harbour Bridge is the world's tallest and widest steel arch bridge, but not the longest. The New River Gorge bridge in the USA spans 924m. In its beautiful harbour location, it has become a renowned international symbol of Australia.

When the bridge started construction as many as 800 families living in the bridge's path were relocated and their homes were demolished. They did not receive any compensation.

Total weight of the steelwork of the bridge, including the arch and approach spans, is 52,800 tonnes, with the arch itself weighing 39,000 tonnes.

The bridge is held together by six million hand-driven rivets. The rivets were heated red-hot and inserted into the plates; the headless end was immediate-ly rounded over with a large pneumatic rivet gun. The largest of the rivets used weighed 3.5kg and was 39.5cm long.

An average of 1,400 people were employed each year to work on the Sydney Harbour Bridge's construction.

Sixteen workers lives were lost during construction of the bridge.

Since 1998, Bridge Climb has made it possible for tourists to legally climb the southern half of the bridge.

The toll for crossing the bridge in a vehicle varies between $2.50—$4.00, depending on the time of day that the bridge is used.

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There are five species of dolphins that make their homes in rivers. The most well-known is the pink dolphin or Amazon River dolphin as it’s habitat in the Amazon River suggests.*

Pink dolphins have special adaptations to their fresh-water habitat. In fact, river dolphins are only distantly related to sea dolphins. River dolphins are typically smaller than sea dolphins, but have longer snouts which are needed to hunt at the bottom of the river. River dolphins also tend to have more pointy teeth than sea dolphins.

Among the five species of river dolphins, Amazon pink dolphins are thought to be the most intelligent, with a brain size 40% larger than that of humans. However, their level of intelligence has not yet been fully tested. Amazon River dolphins can grow to between 2-2.5 metres long, and weigh between 85-160 kilograms when fully grown.

Amazon river dolphins are known as pink dolphins although they range in colour depending on their age. Juveniles are dark grey on the dorsal side, lighter grey on the ventral side. As they mature, the ventral side and flanks turn pink making these creatures appear almost mystical. They become lighter with age, tinged with white and blue-grey colouring. The reason why pink dolphins are pink, an unusual colour for an animal, is not clear. Additionally, pink dolphins get pinker when they are excited or surprised, similar to blushing in humans.

What do Pink Dolphins eat? Crabs, catfish, small river fish and even small turtles are all on the menu. As crabs and turtles have to be caught mainly on the river bed, pink dolphins spend a lot of time while swimming looking down at the bottom of the river.

The pink dolphin’s cervical vertebrae are not fused, which allows them to swivel their head up to 180 degrees, a great help for hunting in shallow waters and on

*Pink dolphins can also be found in the Orinoco basin between Venezuela and Colombia, and the upper Maderia River in Brazil.

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floodplains. Like other dolphin species, they are equipped with audible sonar, which is used for echo-locating prey. One form of fishing they use is similar to one perfected by their ocean-going cousins—circling schools of prey into smaller, more compact areas before darting in to scoop up a mouthful of fish. They can swim up to 30 kilometres in one day, although they usually swim slowly looking for food at the bottom of the river.

Other species of river dolphins are almost blind, navigating the muddy river waters mainly by sound and smell. However by comparison, pink dolphins are considered to have relatively good sight.

Unlike other dolphin species, pink dolphins have no dorsal fin, but they do have a dorsal ridge. The flippers and flukes are large, likely used for manoeuvring in shallow river waters.

Pink dolphins appear to be the friendliest of all the river dolphins, often attracted to river boats or swimming humans. Stories of people being pushed to the shore by them are common among the tribes in the Amazon Basin.

Sexual maturity in males is reached when they are about two metres long and females at 1.7 metres, at an unknown age. Copulation is performed between males and females belly to belly. The gestation period is believed to last from nine to twelve months. Pink dolphins deliver their babies when the Amazon River is at its highest between the months of July and September. Calves are born about 75 cm long and weigh a bit more than 1kg.

The Amazon River pink dolphins form the largest population of river dolphins in existence as the other four species are functionally extinct or close to extinction. Pink dolphins have been listed by the International Union for the Conserva-tion of Nature as a “vulnerable species-threatened,” and recently was moved to “endangered species-threatened.” These friendly and social creatures have been living for centuries in the Amazon and its tributaries, but the accelerated destruction of the Amazon basin have put their long-term future in jeopardy.

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From being born on February 12, 1809 to possibly illiterate parents, and then having to endure the death of his mother when he was 9 years old, Abraham Lincoln went on to become the 16th President of the United States.

An early step in his journey was when his step-mother encouraged Abraham to learn to read. So began his formal education—an estimated total of 18 months—a few days or weeks at a time. Reading material was in short supply in the Indiana wilderness but neighbours recalled how he would walk for miles to borrow a book.

At 22 years of age Abraham Lincoln struck out on his own, working at manual labour. At 1.93cm tall (6’ 4”), Lincoln was raw-boned and lanky, but muscular and physically strong. He spoke with a backwoods twang and walked with a long-striding gait. He was known for his skill in wielding an axe and early on made a living splitting wood for fire and rail fencing.

Young Lincoln eventually migrated to the small community of New Salem, Illinois where over a period of years he worked as a shopkeeper, postmaster and eventually general store owner. It was here that Lincoln, working with the public, acquired social skills and honed his story-telling ability that made him popular with the locals, so when the Black Hawk War broke out in 1832 between the United States and Native Americans the volunteers in the area elected Lincoln to be their captain. He saw no combat during this time but was able to make several important political connections.

After the war Lincoln was elected to the Illinois state legislature in 1834 as a member of the Whig Party. During this time he formulated his early views on slavery, not so much as a moral wrong, but as an impediment to economic development. It was also during this time he decided to become a lawyer, teaching himself the law by reading William Blackstone’s commentaries on the Laws of England. After being admitted to the bar in 1837, he moved to Springfield, Illinois, and began to practice law.

After two earlier failed romantic relationships, in 1840, Lincoln became engaged to Mary Todd, a high spirited, well-educated woman from a wealthy Kentucky family. They eventually married on November 4, 1842.

Abraham Lincoln’s wife, Mary

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Between 1843 and 1853 the couple had 4 sons, but only the eldest, Robert survived to reach adulthood. The deaths of their sons had a profound affect on both parents. Abraham Lincoln suffered from melancholy, a condition which now is referred to as clinical depression. Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing both her husband and sons, and Robert Lincoln committed his mother temporarily to a mental health asylum in 1875.

Abraham Lincoln made a good living in his early years as a lawyer, but found that Springfield alone didn’t offer enough work. To supplement his income, he followed the court as it made its rounds on the circuit to various county seats in Illinois.

In the political arena Abraham Lincoln served a single term in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1847 to 1849. His criti-cism of the Mexican-American War made him unpopular back home so he decided not to run for a second term, returning instead to Springfield to practice law.

Lincoln then joined the Republican Party in 1856. In 1857 the Supreme Court declared African-Americans were not citizens and had no inherent rights. Though Abraham Lincoln felt African-Americans were not equal to whites, he believed the America’s founders intended that all men were created with certain inalienable rights. Lincoln decided to challenge sitting U.S. Senator Douglas for his seat. The 1858 Senate campaign featured 7 stirring debates on the issue of slavery, held in different cities all over Illinois. In the end the State Legislature elected Douglas, but the exposure vaulted Lincoln into national politics.

In 1860 political supporters in Illinois organized a campaign to support Lincoln for the presidency. As a result, on March 4, 1861 Lincoln began his first term as President of the United States. The southern States in America who endorsed slavery were furious! Tensions between the Confederate South and the Union North escalated as both sides started recruiting armies. When Lincoln ordered provisions be sent to support the Union army based at Fort Sumter in South Carolina the Confederate army attacked—and so began the 4-year-long American Civil War. As Commander-in-Chief of the Union States, Lincoln eventually succeeded in crushing the Confederate army and re-uniting the states together. In addition, he saw legislation pass through the American Congress freeing black slaves from their white masters. While most black and white Americans rejoiced with these events, not all approved.

Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865 by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. His final resting place was in Springfield, Illinois. The massive Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. stands as testimony to the gratitude the American people has for its 16th President.

Lincoln—in his late 30’s.

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PART 3—John Cowie and David Stead

In the winter of 1835 John Batman arrived in Port Phillip Bay, “purchased” land from the local aborigines, and divided the spoils among the members of the Port Phillip Association (PPA). Other squatters soon followed and either settled in areas beyond that mapped out by the PPA, or entered into an agreement with one of its members to use the land they laid claimed to.

A few months later, news of the land grab around Port Phillip Bay reached the ears of Governor Richard Bourke in Sydney, and he was having none of it! In a proclamation dated September 2, 1835 Bourke declared that “all Persons who shall be found in possession of any such Lands as aforesaid, without the License or authority of His Majesty’s Government . . . will be considered as trespassers, and will be liable to be dealt with in like manner as other intruders upon the vacant lands of the Crown within the said Colony.”

The Governor’s stern words were largely ignored, but they did undermine the claim of the PPA to the land, and so, many new squatters soon took up residence between Melbourne and Geelong. Perhaps the two most notable characters to settle in the North Geelong region were John Cowie and David Stead.

Both Cowie and Stead had accompanied John Batman on his initial visit to the Port Phillip District in June 1835. Nine months later, in March 1836 both returned from Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) with their own flocks of sheep, landing them at the spot where the small creek (now called Cowies Creek) ran out into Corio Bay at North Geelong.*

After inspecting the area further, they decided to initially settle their flocks on the western side of Bell Post Hill, on the fertile Moorabool River flats. Cowie and Stead pitched their two-man canvas tent, and turned their hands to planting the ground and establishing a more permanent dwelling.

John Cowie

*Cowies Creek was the only source of fresh water running into Corio Bay where boats could replenish their water supplies, as well as where new arrivals could fill their water containers. Cowies Creek served as the main unloading point for boats until the amount of shipping grew so large a year later, that the main Geelong port then moved to its current location at the end of Moorabool Street. Fresh water was then transported by horse and cart from the Barwon River, located 3km overland to the south. Today, Cowies Creek enters the bay at Corio Quay, where wood chips and logs are loaded onto ships destined for Asian ports.

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(story with help from Ian Wynd’s book So Fine a Country)

What was an early squatter’s life like? His life was filled with hard work, open spaces, primitive tools, simple foods, and mateship. Periods of drought, flood, bushfires, insect plague, and troublesome aborigines were interspersed with bumper crops, fresh air, beautiful sunsets, close family life, and fat pay cheques from the shipping agents or town merchants.

Cowie and Stead were accompanied by the von Stieglitz brothers, John and Robert. The von Stieglitz family were quite wealthy and paid Cowie and Stead to look after their sheep for them beside the Moorabool River, while they travelled further inland to stake out bigger land claims for themselves. In time, the four men married the sisters or close friends of each other, forming the first early families in the North Geelong area.

A year later, when Governor Richard Bourke made his famous journey through the area, the camp of Cowie and Stead on the Moorabool River flats was considered the main stationing point for travellers, before setting out to explore further afield. Bourke arrived at the camp on the evening of March 11, 1837,

noting in his diary that a large area to the north of Geelong had been recently burnt out by bushfire, but the river valley was “fertile and beautiful.” The next day being Sunday (the Christian Sabbath day), Bourke read prayers at midday to his party as they rested. The next day (Monday) he travelled on to Geelong and Point Henry, declaring that a town should be built there.

Over the next few days Bourke’s party travelled back through Anakie, where his dray broke down. They camped the evening before another dray came along that they could use. Bourke then travelled north through Bacchus Marsh and up to Mount Macedon before returning to Melbourne.

Shortly after this event Cowie and Stead decided to move their main camp back over Bell Post Hill and settle the land between

Bell Post Hill and the landing point at Cowies Creek. Why they made this move is not stated. The Moorabool River flooded regularly in those days. Perhaps they became early victims of the rising floodwaters, or maybe they longed for more frequent contact with the boats that now regularly anchored at the head of Corio Bay. Whatever the reason, John Cowie and David Stead are recorded as the first permanent settlers in the Bell Park-North Geelong-Corio area.

In those days the entire area was thickly covered with trees, and until wagon wheels scraped out a rough bush track through the scrub, many an early traveller became lost looking for Cowies hut. However, there soon arose a landmark that was readily visible for all in the vicinity to see . . . and hear.

Next month the story continues . . .

David Stead

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While reading through newspapers which contain the early history of Geelong, the reader cannot but wonder at the number of children, entire families, and even animals, struck down by the common diseases of the times. In addition, medical terminology used by doctors during the 19th and early 20th centuries only added to the fear of these unknown killers, some of which still exist today.

In this article, we try to unravel some of the mystery, while providing a little insight into health issues of the times:

“An inquest was held yesterday on the body of Mr Gilbert Robertson, who fell from his horse in a fit of apoplexy, on the Colac road, about a mile from the bridge at South Geelong.”

The Argus 8/9/1851 p.2

Apoplexy In the 19th century the term referred to any untimely death that began with a sudden loss of consciousness, especially one in which the victim died quickly. Most commonly apoplexy was caused by what we today call a stroke.

“By one of the Jury: The immediate cause of death was rupture of the heart. By another Juryman: Excessive smoking, as well as excessive drinking, would accelerate, and even produce, disease of the heart. Understood that the deceased gentleman was [not] very abstemious (moderate intake of food and drink) in his habits.”

The Argus 19/1/1858

Rupture of the Heart Myocardial rupture (or heart rupture) is a laceration or tearing of the walls of the ventricles, atria, or valves of the heart. It is most commonly referred to as an acute heart attack. Interestingly, over 150 years ago, medical juries linked smoking with heart disease, a finding which, if observed by the general public, would have saved much suffering, and prolonged the lives of countless early Geelong residents.

“During the night he was observed to breathe hard and moan considerably. On the following morning he died. The jury returned a verdict of ‘Died from disease of the lungs, probably from consumption.’”

The Argus 2/6/1856 p.5

Consumption Tuberculosis. The classic symptoms of active TB infection are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss—the latter giving rise to the term consumption, as the disease appeared to “consume” its victim.

“An inquest has been held upon the body of a prisoner in the Geelong gaol, who had died from dropsy.”

Bendigo Advertiser 5/11/1858 p.3

Dropsy Oedema: a swelling, usually of the legs, due to the accumulation of excessive fluid in the tissues. The excess fluid is usually caused by heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and kidney disease.

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Delirium Tremens Delirium tremens (Latin for "shaking frenzy") is an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol, first described in 1813.

“The stock-holders on the Lachlan [River] have, within the last month, sustained great loss from mortality among their stock, from disease known as the “black-leg.” So fatal is this disease, that within the few hours after the animal is attacked it dies.”

Bendigo Advertiser 15/1/1859 p.3

Black-leg Blackleg is a highly fatal disease in young cattle caused by the bacteria Clostridium chauvoei. The spores of the organism live in the soil and enter the animals when they feed on grass. The disease is not transmitted from sick animals to healthy animals by mere contact. The animal usually dies in 12—48 hours, making treatment impossible. Even today, vaccination against the bacteria is the only prevention available.

“Doctor Rock said he knew the cases of the two men, and did not consider them danger-ous; he stated that one case was delirium tremens, and the other paralysis.”

Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer 9/12/1854 p.3

“The Scarletina.—This disease is still [ravaging the] town, and afflicting many a family with death. No such account of disease was ever before known in this town as has been experienced this season; and we are sorry to find so general an impression that the present malignant form of the disease has been imported into the town by the last immigrant ship that arrived here.”

Portland Guardian 27/7/1854 p.2

Scarletina (Scarlatina) Scarlet Fever. An infectious disease which most commonly affects 4 to 8 year old children. Symptoms include sore throat, fever and a characteristic red rash. Scarlet fever is usually spread by inhalation of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. Before the availability of antibiotics, Scarlet Fever was a major cause of death in Victoria.

“In consequence of an outbreak of typhoid fever, the Geelong Grammar School has been closed, and will not re-open until the end of June. Six of the boarders are prostrated with fever, and three domestics are also suffering from the same complaint. It is asserted that the fever was introduced by means of milk supplied to the institution.

The Argus 27/5/1887 p.3

Typhoid Typhoid fever. A common worldwide bacterial disease transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the faeces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium Salmonella. Sanitation and hygiene are critical measures that must be taken to prevent typhoid.

“Dr. McCloskey added that the flare up of polio in the Geelong district had now subsided. From the end of February till the end of June there were 46 cases.

Advocate 30/7/1954 p.7

Poliomyelitis Polio is an acute, viral, infectious disease. Polio epidemics were unknown before the late 19th century, but became one of the most dreaded childhood diseases of the 20th century.

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By performing simple procedures and following certain guidelines, it may be possible to save lives by giving basic treatment until professional medical help arrives. Remember, too, that practice makes perfect. In an emergency there's no time to read instructions. If you've memorised some of the basic procedures, it will help you react quickly and efficiently.

1. Vomiting

Seek medical attention if the person has any of the following symptoms: - Can't keep down liquids or foods for more than 24 hours - Fever with abdominal pain - Signs of dehydration (dizziness; decreased, dark urination; fatigue) - Unable to take medication the person normally takes

Self-Care for Vomiting - Have the person drink small amounts of water, sports drinks, or clear liquids. - Don't give the person solid food until vomiting has stopped. - When the person can tolerate food, try small amounts of the BRAT diet:

bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast.

2. Superficial Burn & Partial Thickness Burns

The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin is burned, with no blistering occurring.

- The skin is usually red - Pain sometimes is present

When the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned, the injury is called a Partial Thickness burn.

- Blisters develop - Skin takes on an intensely reddened, blotchy appearance - There is severe pain and swelling.

If the burned area is larger than 8cm, or if the burn is on the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over a major joint, treat it as a major burn and get medical help immediately.

For minor burns, including superficial burns and partial thickness burns limited to an area no larger than 8cm in diameter, take the following action:

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Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water for up to 20 minutes or until the pain subsides. (but stop if person becomes very cold or shivers). If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cool water or cool it with cold compresses.

Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don't use fluffy cotton, or other material that may get lint in the wound. Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the burn, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.

- Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause further damage to the wound and increase pain.

- Don't apply egg whites, butter or ointments to the burn. This could cause infection.

- Don't break any blisters. Broken blisters are more vulnerable to infection.

Full Thickness Burns The most serious burns involve all layers of the skin and cause permanent tissue damage. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. Difficulty inhaling and exhaling, carbon monoxide poisoning, or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn.

For major burns, call 000 or emergency medical help. Until an emergency unit arrives, do not remove stuck clothing, nor immerse large severe burns in cold water. Ensure the patient is still breathing. Help them remain calm.

3. Nose Bleed

Sit upright and lean forward. By remaining upright, you reduce blood pressure in the veins of your nose. This discourages further bleeding. Sitting forward will stop the unpleasant feeling when blood runs down the back of your throat.

Pinch your nose. Use your thumb and index finger (and perhaps a tissue or handkerchief) to gently pinch your nostrils shut. Breathe through your mouth. Resist the temptation after only a minute or two to see if the bleeding has stopped. Continue to pinch for at least five minutes.

To prevent re-bleeding, don't pick or blow your nose. If re-bleeding occurs on a regular basis, or you experience difficulty stopping a nose bleed call your doctor.

Seek medical care immediately if the nosebleed follows an accident, a fall or an injury to your head, including a punch/knock in the face that may have broken your nose.

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Perfume has along history, dating back to the ancient Egyptians who used scent as part of their religious rituals. The two principal methods used were the burning of incense and the application of balms and ointments.

From about 1000 B.C.E Egyptian women started using perfumed creams and oils as toiletries and cosmetics. They also noticed the seductive nature of pleasing aromas, and started using perfumes to entice their lovers. From Egypt the use of perfume then spread to the Middle East, Greece, Rome, and throughout the world.

Under the influence of Christendom, the use of perfumes went into decline, but was kept alive mainly by the Islamic communities of the Middle East and Southern Europe. It was not until the twelfth century A.D. and the further development of international trade that this decline was reversed. However, from the 17th century onward, the use of perfume exploded across the civilized world—mainly thanks to the French.

Perfumed gloves had started to become popular in France and in 1656, the guild of glove and perfume-makers was formed. With this solid link between fashion and scent now established, the use of perfume in France grew steadily. The court of Louis XV was even named "the perfumed court" due to the scents which were applied daily not only to the skin but also to clothing, fans and even furniture.

The 18th century saw a major advance in perfumery with the invention of eau de Cologne. This refreshing blend of rosemary, neroli, bergamot and lemon was used in many different ways: diluted in bath water, mixed with wine, eaten on a sugar lump, and used as a mouthwash. Medically it was even made into an enema, injected, and used as an ingredient in poultices.

The variety of eighteenth-century perfume containers was as wide as that of the fragrances and their uses. Sponges soaked in scented vinaigres de toilette were kept in

“eau de Corio” While most of us may never be able to afford the many expensive perfumes available on the market, we can still gain an appreciation for the many delightful smells in our own surroundings: Open the kitchen cupboard and smell the spices; draw in the appetizing aromas of a freshly cooked meal; savour the BBQ smell drifting over from the neighbour’s house; breathe in deeply the smell of fresh fruit and vegetables at the supermarket; and don’t forget to stop and smell the roses in the garden. Yes, our sense of smell can truly bring us delight!

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gilded metal vinaigrettes. Liquid perfumes came in beautiful Louis XIV-style pear-shaped bottles. Glass became increasingly popular, particularly in France with the opening of the Baccarat glass bottle factory in 1765.

As with industry and the arts, perfume was to undergo profound change in the 19th century. Changing tastes and the development of modern chemistry laid the foundations of perfumery as we know it today. Alchemy* gave way to chemistry, and new fragrances resulted. Under the post-revolutionary government in France, people once again dared to express a penchant for luxury goods, including perfume. A profusion of vanity boxes containing perfumes also appeared in the 19th century.

Due to its jasmine, rose and orange-growing trades, the French town of Grasse (10km north of Cannes, near the Mediterranean coast) established itself as the largest production center for raw materials. Located 900km to the north, Paris became the commercial counterpart to Grasse and the world center of perfume.

With the turn of the century fragrance houses emerged all over Europe. In 1872 William Thomson, (maker of crinolines and corsets catering to high society in London and Europe), launched his famous collection of

floral fragrances called Flower Fairies. Even Queen Victoria granted the Crown Perfumery her own crown's image to top their fragrance bottles.

By 1910, perfume bottles had started taking the shapes of flowers, lighthouses, teapots, along with other unusual designs. In 1921 Parisian Couturier Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel released her famous perfume Chanel No 5. The chemical formula for the fragrance was developed by Russian-French chemist and perfumer Ernest Beaux. Over 500,000 bottles of this iconic perfume are still sold every year.

The recent popularity of celebrity fragrances^ has also made an impact on the industry although most experts do not expect the trend to last. Today, perfumes are no longer for the wealthy. The perfume industry has undergone several changes in technique, material and style. There are now over 30,000 different perfume labels available in a global market worth $25 billion dollars each year. Ahhhhhh! Sigh! What a smell!

*Alchemy: Based on myths, magic and pagan religious ideas, alchemists believed that mixing certain chemicals together would give them special powers. i.e. turning lead into gold, or discovering the elixir of eternal life.

^In 2012, there were 85 celebrity perfume launches, compared to only 10 a decade earlier. Paris Hilton’s perfume line alone is valued at $1.5 billion. Britney Spears has sold over a billion bottles of perfume in the last five years, with global sales of over $1 billion.

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There are several reasons why you may want to visit Greece, and its capital, Athens. This city offers numerous historical architectural buildings and archaeological monu-ments. In addition to the structural beauty, it also has a pleasant climate,

is surrounded by picturesque hills, possesses an intriguing history, popular culture, excellent food and wonderful Greek folk dances. Here are five great tourist attractions you must visit when in Athens:

TOMB OF THE UNKOWN SOLDIER

The war memorial known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is guarded by the city's famous statuesque evzones, the presidential guards whose uniform of short kilts and pom-pom shoes is based on the attire worn by the klephts (the mountain fighters in the War of Independence). The changing of the guard takes place every hour, while every Sunday at 11:00 the evzones perform an extended changing of the guard ceremony in full ceremonial dress, accompanied by a military band.

THE ACROPOLIS

The Acropolis is a hill, and is considered the most remarkable site of Athens. Sometimes described as the heart of Athens, this historical area contains several important buildings. The Parthenon is the most famous building and is dedicated to the Goddess Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and warfare. This building is a temple which the Greeks originally built to worship Athena. An ivory statue of her can be found in the interior, designed 2,400 years ago by sculptor Phidias.

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THE TEMPLE OF ZEUS

The Temple of Olympian Zeus has been a ruin almost since it was built. The Athenian rulers who began its construction in the 6th century B.C.E set out to build the greatest temple in the world, but it was not actually finished until about the 2nd century A.D. (over 600 years later) by the Roman emperor Hadrian. By then it was the largest temple in Greece, bigger than the Parthenon. However, in the 3rd century A.D. it was looted by barbarians and its glory days were quickly over. Since then it has slowly fallen into ruin. The temple was dedicated to the worship of Zeus, king of the gods, and once contained a massive statue of the god.

HADRIANS ARCH

The triumphal arch lies on an ancient street that led from the old city of Athens to the new, Roman section, built by Hadrian. It was constructed by the Athenians in 131 A.D., in honour of their benefactor emperor. Two inscriptions are carved on the architrave, one on each side: the first, on the side towards the Acropolis reads "This is Athens, the ancient city of Theseus;" the second, on the other side, facing the new city reads "This is the city of Hadrian and not of Theseus."

THE NATIONAL GARDENS OF ATHENS

These gardens were created for Queen Amalia in 1839 and contain thousands of plants from Italy and different parts of Greece. If you walk through the gardens you will pass small lakes with swans and ducks, and you can enjoy the beauty of the different trees and flowers. There is even a small zoo and a botanical museum. The complete gardens cover almost 16 hectares and you will find yourself lingering for hours enjoying this most beautiful of settings.

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Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, was an English comic actor and filmmaker who rose to fame in the silent era. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona "The Tramp" and is considered one of the most important figures of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from a child in the Victorian era to close to his death at the age of 88. His public life encompassed both adulation and controversy.

Born in London on April 16, 1889, Chaplin's childhood was defined by poverty and hardship. He was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine; his father was absent, and his mother

was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing from a young age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian. At 19 he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno Company, which took him to America. Chaplin was scouted by the film industry, and made his first appearance in 1914 with Keystone Studios.

Chaplin soon developed the Tramp persona which quickly formed a large fan base. He directed his films from an early stage, and continued to hone his acting craft during the years of World War I. By 1918, he had become one of the most famous men in the world.

In 1919, now aged 30, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, giving him complete control over his films. His first feature-length picture was The Kid (1921), followed by A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928). He refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) without dialogue.

Now backed by wealth and fame, Chaplin became increasingly political, with his film The Great Dictator (1940) unashamedly satirising Adolf Hitler. Chaplin concluded the film with a six-minute speech in which he looked into the camera and professed his personal beliefs. While the film disturbed many movie-goers, The Great Dictator received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor.

The 1940’s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin. He was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit, along with marriages to much younger women were considered scandalous. His fourth, and final marriage in 1943, was to 18-year-old Oona O’Neill. Chaplin was 54. Despite the public scandal, Charlie and

Charlie Chaplin c.1920

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Oona had eight children together and remained married until his death.

With his movies losing their popularity, and the FBI still seeking to have him branded a Communist, Chaplin was eventually forced to flee the United

States and settle in Switzerland. He abandoned his Tramp character in later films, which included Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967).

Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, scored, and starred in most of his films. He was a perfectionist, and his financial independence often meant he spent years on the development and production of a picture. His films were characterised by slapstick, combined with pathos (an emotional appeal to his audience), and often featured the Tramp struggling against adversity. Many contained social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, with renewed appreciation for his work, Chaplin received an Honorary Academy Award for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century." He projects The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times, and The Great Dictator often rank among the greatest films of all time.

Chaplin’s final home, Manoir de Ban in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland, is in the process of being converted into a museum honouring his life and career, to be opened in 2015. The nearby town of Vevey named a park in his honour in 1980 and erected a statue there in 1982. In 2011, two large murals depicting Chaplin on 14-storey buildings were also unveiled in Vevey.

By October 1977, Chaplin's health had declined to the point that he needed constant care. In the early morning of December 25, 1977, he died at home after suffering a stroke in his sleep. He was 88 years old. The funeral two days later was a small and private Anglican ceremony, according to his wishes. Chaplin was interred in the Corsier-sur-Vevey cemetery. The film industry expressed their tributes upon news of his death; director René Clair wrote, "He was a monument of the cinema, of all countries and all times. . . the most beautiful gift the cinema has made to us.”

On 1 March 1978, Chaplin's coffin was dug up and stolen from its grave by two unemployed immigrants, Roman Wardas from Poland, and Gantcho Ganev from Bulgaria. The body was held for ransom in an attempt to extort money from Oona Chaplin. The pair were caught in a large police operation in May, and Chaplin's coffin was found buried in a field in the nearby village of Noville. It was re-buried in the Corsier cemetery, this time surrounded by reinforced concrete.

Charlie Chaplin in his eighties.

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Ingredients:

4 cups (1 litre) dashi stock

20g dried seaweed (see note)

1/4 cup (75g) red miso paste

150g silken tofu, cut into 2cm cubes

3 Green onions, trimmed and thinly sliced

Method

Step 1

Place the dashi in a large saucepan over medium heat. Bring to the boil. Reduce heat to low. Add the seaweed and cook for 1 minute or until seaweed softens. Add the tofu and cook for a further 1 minute or until heated through.

Step 2

Place the miso paste in a small bowl. Add a little of the dashi, stirring until miso dissolves. Add the miso mixture to the saucepan and gently stir to combine. Bring to a simmer then remove from heat.

Step 3

Ladle miso evenly among serving bowls. Sprinkle with green onions and serve immediately.

(Notes)

Dried seaweed is available from most Asian grocery stores.

Dashi is a kind of fish stock. Ask for it at your supermarket.

Tofu is made from soybeans, water and a coagulant, or curdling agent. It is high in protein and calcium and well known for its ability to absorb new flavours through spices and marinades.

Due to its chameleon-like qualities and nutritional value, tofu, a staple of Asian cuisines for hundreds of years, has recently become popular in Western vegetarian cooking.

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Word Search – Bellarine Peninsula G G I T V P E A D V E N T U R E P A R K

O N N Y O S U M A P A R K E N O S S M M

Y I U E M Z N A T O A B E R R Y F A R M

A M M L A G O Z U I D Y T T O A R L N Y

B M O K N A W N L T L R A R M C T Y R A

N I I C N E E T E N R R Q W U R P E F M

A W I U E L R H L O L U U S L G N L O A

W S A B R A I I R I E T H I D I O S L Z

S Z A S I D N N N E G I I R W U A M I E

I P P L M S A G N I L H A R R I J R V N

W S O I C N T S R L E H T M G H Y E E T

E H P I L O C L O O C L I H A L N H S H

L E N R N L A T E R V L S S O Y L M M I

R O M I I T I H O O L E I N O U R E L N

U A I F C N H H E G N A H C A E S R H G

C K F T E I G E P D N A R G E U V E E S

O S R B W O K S N T I A R T S S S A B F

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SUMA PARK

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SWIMMING

TIDE

VUE GRAND

WINERY

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On the commemorative $5 banknote issued in 2001 is:

Catherine Spence

Catherine Helen Spence—writer, preacher, reformer and feminist, was born on October 31, 1825 near Melrose, Scotland, daughter of lawyer and banker, David Spence. In 1839 her family immigrated to South Australia, where David worked as clerk to the first Adelaide Municipal Council.

The first Australian novel written by a woman was penned by Catherine under the pseudonym, Clara Morison. A Tale of South Australia During the Gold Fever (1854) was followed by Tender and True: A Colonial Tale (1856). Mr. Hogarth's Will (1865) was the first to bear her name as author, followed by The Author's Daughter (1868). By 1878 she had won repute as a literary critic and social commentator, becoming a regular contributor of the South Australian Register.

About 1856, after having doubts over the doctrines of the Church of Scotland, Spence joined the Unitarian Christian Church. Later, in 1878 she substituted for the minister by reading a published sermon, and in the same year seized an opportunity to deliver one of her own. Afterward she frequently preached in Adelaide, and occasionally in Melbourne and Sydney.

In 1872 Spence helped to found the Boarding-Out Society, to board orphaned, destitute and delinquent children in the homes of families. Never marrying, Spence raised three families of orphaned children in succession by herself. She became a member of the State Children's Council in 1886, and was later a member of the Destitute Board. Spence also supported the foundation of kinder-gartens and government secondary schools for girls. Her book, The Laws We Live Under (1880), was the first social studies textbook used in Australian schools.

Since 1859 Spence had become interested in electoral reform, writing in favour of proportional representation. She also became an accomplished public speaker, being the first woman to read papers to the South Australian Institute. She later addressed the Australasian conferences on charity in 1891 and 1892.

Spence ran for the Federal Convention, becoming Australia's first female political candidate. She then joined the fight for female suffrage in 1891 and became a vice-president of the Women's Suffrage League of South Australia. She was described as white-haired, short, stout, energetic, and with a direct, natural, sometimes brusque manner.

When she died on April 3, 1910 Catherine Spence was mourned as 'The Grand Old Woman of Australia.' Her portrait hangs in the South Australian Art Gallery.

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About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future issues please write to: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre.

Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000 or email: ssharp@workskil.com.au

Geelong– 150 years ago this month

“The main cause of the languid state of all Volunteer corps in the colony,

especially our local one, is the recent examinations for promotions.

Nothing could be more stupid or ill-timed. . . Surely a properly constituted

board of military officers could be found in the colony to put various

candidates through examination and prove their capabilities, which

would be better ascertained than by the school-boy examinations that was

palmed on candidates.

But why were not the commissioned officers examined as well? Amongst

the various reports of some of our colonial officers, I hear that one had his

company out for drill and got sections intermixed, rear ranks in front. The

more he tried to right them the more he made matters worse. At last a

brilliant idea struck him; he gave orders to break-off and fall in as they

were.

Another instance recently of an officer came to my knowledge. A

large number of men were out for battalion drill four hours, and

the only movements performed were, forming sub-divisions and sections,

doubling into sub-divisions and

companies, and marching

nearly all the time, the men

being utterly disgusted. In

conclusion, if the men who

are nominated for various

promotions in this corps are

approved by the Governor in

Council, I think before six

months have passed there will

be more officers than privates.”

(The Star Tuesday, March 22, 1864. p.3 )

The Jillong Pocket is available online. Go to www.workskil.com.au and select the “Community Programs” tab.

The Geelong Rifle Corps on review. 1855

State Library of Victoria

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Mount Zion Strict Baptist Chapel—Little Ryrie Street, Geelong Pastor John Bunyan McCure arrived in Melbourne from England in December 1852 and soon after made his home in Geelong. He commenced services in 1853 in a rented room in Chilwell, but as his congregation grew, larger premises were required. Land was purchased in Little Ryrie Street, three doors east of Fenwick Street in 1856, and the Mt Zion Chapel was built, opening on November 1, 1857. It is the oldest remaining Baptist Church building in Victoria. After remaining empty for 10 years, the un-used church was converted into a cafe in 2012. In the process, it provided further evidence of Geelong’s dramatic change from being a mainly spiritually-minded community to one that is far more secular and materially-minded today.

c.1900

Source: Chapel on Little Ryrie.com