In the format provided by the authors and unedited.

Fundamental species traits explain provisioningservices of tropical American palmsRodrigo Cámara-Leret1*†, Søren Faurby2,3, Manuel J. Macía4, Henrik Balslev1, Bastian Göldel1,Jens-Christian Svenning1, W. Daniel Kissling5, Nina Rønsted6 and C. Haris Saslis-Lagoudakis6

The well-being of the global human population rests on provi-sioning services delivered by 12% of the Earth’s ∼400,000plant species1. Plant utilization by humans is influenced byspecies traits2–4, but it is not well understood which traitsunderpin different human needs5. Here, we focus on palms(Arecaceae), one of the most economically important plantgroups globally6, and show that provisioning services relatedto basic needs, such as food and medicine, show a strong linkto fundamental functional and geographic traits. We integratedata from 2,201 interviews on plant utilization from threebiomes in South America—spanning 68 communities, 43ethnic groups and 2,221 plant uses—with a dataset of fourtraits (leaf length, stem volume, fruit volume, geographicrange size) and a species-level phylogeny7. For all 208 palmspecies occurring in our study area, we test for relationsbetween their traits and perceived value. We find that peoplepreferentially use large, widespread species rather thansmall, narrow-ranged species, and that different traits arelinked to different uses. Further, plant size and geographicrange size are stronger predictors of ecosystem service realiz-ation for palm services related to basic human needs than less-basic needs (for example, ritual). These findings suggest thatreliance on plant size and availability may have prevented ouroptimal realization of wild-plant services, since ecologicallyrare yet functionally important (for example, chemically)clades may have been overlooked. Beyond expanding ourunderstanding of how local people use biodiversity in mega-diverse regions, our trait- and phylogeny-based approachhelps to understand the processes that underpin ecosystemservice realization, a necessary step to meet societal needs ina changing world with a growing human population5,8.

Plant-based ecosystem services are crucial for satisfying humanneeds5,9. These services, including provisioning services such asfood and medicine, can be associated with particular species’traits that capture plant form and function10. For example,humans have selected plant species with traits that maximize cropyield, such as large fruits or height3,4. Understanding whichspecies’ traits are linked to particular human needs is importantfor our efforts to maximize the resilience of ecosystem services ina changing world. Despite previous studies which address this ques-tion11, the absence of large-scale approaches—spanning a variety oflocalities, biomes, cultures and biodiversity uses—has precludedour understanding of how species’ traits govern the delivery ofecosystem services and fulfil human needs.

Here, we explore the association of species’ traits with humanplant utilization by integrating three large datasets on ethnobotany,traits and phylogeny. Our study area encompasses the westernAmazon, and the Andes and Chocó biodiversity hotspots, whichtogether also support a large ethnic diversity (Fig. 1). We focus onpalms because they are one of the most useful and economicallyimportant plant families in the tropics6. The study area is exception-ally rich in palms and ranks second globally in palm diversity12. Forthe ethnobotanical dataset, we interviewed forest inhabitants aboutthe uses of palms following a standard protocol13 during 18 monthsof fieldwork, spanning a latitudinal gradient of 22°. This is thelargest ethnobotanical documentation effort in the world forpalms. We focus on the most important use categories that arekey for the livelihoods of the rural population in our study area:Food, Construction, Culture and Medicine, as well as their respect-ive use subcategories14 (Supplementary Table 1). For each use cat-egory and subcategory, we calculated species’ relative frequency ofcitation (RFC)15, an index that quantitatively assesses people’s con-sensus about a species’ perceived value across our study region(Supplementary Table 2). Additionally, for all species in our studyarea, we compiled three functional traits that encapsulate the leaf–height–seed (LHS) strategy scheme16 (leaf length, stem volumeand fruit volume), as well as a key geographic trait (range size),describing a species’ availability.

We tested the relation between 208 palm species’ traits and theirRFC value for the different use categories using generalized linearmodelling (GLM). We found that different traits correlate withdifferent uses (Supplementary Table 3a). For instance, importantspecies used for Culture have big leaves and fruits, whereas speciesused for Medicine have big leaves and are widespread. However,because each use category integrates information from various sub-categories (Supplementary Table 1), and subcategories often containdifferent sets of species with different traits (for example, inConstruction, not all species in the subcategory Thatch occur inthe subcategory Houses), we further explored correlations betweentraits and the most important subcategories (SupplementaryFig. 1). We found that use subcategories were always related tofewer combinations of traits than use categories (for example, ofthe three traits significantly associated with the Construction cat-egory, only one trait was significantly related to either subcategory).Further, different subcategories within the same use category wereoften related to different traits (for example, Houses–geographicrange vs. Thatch–fruit volume in Construction), and many subcate-gories were never related to any trait (for example, Cosmetic and

1Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. 2Department ofBiogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. 3Department ofBiological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden. 4Departamento de Biología, Área de Botánica,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain. 5Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University ofAmsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 6Evolutionary Genomics Section, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty ofScience, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark. †Present address: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK.*e-mail: R.CamaraLeret@kew.org

LETTERSPUBLISHED: XX XX 2017 | VOLUME: 3 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 16220

NATURE PLANTS 3, 16220 (2017) | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants 1

Fundamental species traits explain provisioningservices of tropical American palmsRodrigo Cámara-Leret1*†, Søren Faurby2,3, Manuel J. Macía4, Henrik Balslev1, Bastian Göldel1,Jens-Christian Svenning1, W. Daniel Kissling5, Nina Rønsted6 and C. Haris Saslis-Lagoudakis6

The well-being of the global human population rests on provi-sioning services delivered by 12% of the Earth’s ∼400,000plant species1. Plant utilization by humans is influenced byspecies traits2–4, but it is not well understood which traitsunderpin different human needs5. Here, we focus on palms(Arecaceae), one of the most economically important plantgroups globally6, and show that provisioning services relatedto basic needs, such as food and medicine, show a strong linkto fundamental functional and geographic traits. We integratedata from 2,201 interviews on plant utilization from threebiomes in South America—spanning 68 communities, 43ethnic groups and 2,221 plant uses—with a dataset of fourtraits (leaf length, stem volume, fruit volume, geographicrange size) and a species-level phylogeny7. For all 208 palmspecies occurring in our study area, we test for relationsbetween their traits and perceived value. We find that peoplepreferentially use large, widespread species rather thansmall, narrow-ranged species, and that different traits arelinked to different uses. Further, plant size and geographicrange size are stronger predictors of ecosystem service realiz-ation for palm services related to basic human needs than less-basic needs (for example, ritual). These findings suggest thatreliance on plant size and availability may have prevented ouroptimal realization of wild-plant services, since ecologicallyrare yet functionally important (for example, chemically)clades may have been overlooked. Beyond expanding ourunderstanding of how local people use biodiversity in mega-diverse regions, our trait- and phylogeny-based approachhelps to understand the processes that underpin ecosystemservice realization, a necessary step to meet societal needs ina changing world with a growing human population5,8.

Plant-based ecosystem services are crucial for satisfying humanneeds5,9. These services, including provisioning services such asfood and medicine, can be associated with particular species’traits that capture plant form and function10. For example,humans have selected plant species with traits that maximize cropyield, such as large fruits or height3,4. Understanding whichspecies’ traits are linked to particular human needs is importantfor our efforts to maximize the resilience of ecosystem services ina changing world. Despite previous studies which address this ques-tion11, the absence of large-scale approaches—spanning a variety oflocalities, biomes, cultures and biodiversity uses—has precludedour understanding of how species’ traits govern the delivery ofecosystem services and fulfil human needs.

Here, we explore the association of species’ traits with humanplant utilization by integrating three large datasets on ethnobotany,traits and phylogeny. Our study area encompasses the westernAmazon, and the Andes and Chocó biodiversity hotspots, whichtogether also support a large ethnic diversity (Fig. 1). We focus onpalms because they are one of the most useful and economicallyimportant plant families in the tropics6. The study area is exception-ally rich in palms and ranks second globally in palm diversity12. Forthe ethnobotanical dataset, we interviewed forest inhabitants aboutthe uses of palms following a standard protocol13 during 18 monthsof fieldwork, spanning a latitudinal gradient of 22°. This is thelargest ethnobotanical documentation effort in the world forpalms. We focus on the most important use categories that arekey for the livelihoods of the rural population in our study area:Food, Construction, Culture and Medicine, as well as their respect-ive use subcategories14 (Supplementary Table 1). For each use cat-egory and subcategory, we calculated species’ relative frequency ofcitation (RFC)15, an index that quantitatively assesses people’s con-sensus about a species’ perceived value across our study region(Supplementary Table 2). Additionally, for all species in our studyarea, we compiled three functional traits that encapsulate the leaf–height–seed (LHS) strategy scheme16 (leaf length, stem volumeand fruit volume), as well as a key geographic trait (range size),describing a species’ availability.

We tested the relation between 208 palm species’ traits and theirRFC value for the different use categories using generalized linearmodelling (GLM). We found that different traits correlate withdifferent uses (Supplementary Table 3a). For instance, importantspecies used for Culture have big leaves and fruits, whereas speciesused for Medicine have big leaves and are widespread. However,because each use category integrates information from various sub-categories (Supplementary Table 1), and subcategories often containdifferent sets of species with different traits (for example, inConstruction, not all species in the subcategory Thatch occur inthe subcategory Houses), we further explored correlations betweentraits and the most important subcategories (SupplementaryFig. 1). We found that use subcategories were always related tofewer combinations of traits than use categories (for example, ofthe three traits significantly associated with the Construction cat-egory, only one trait was significantly related to either subcategory).Further, different subcategories within the same use category wereoften related to different traits (for example, Houses–geographicrange vs. Thatch–fruit volume in Construction), and many subcate-gories were never related to any trait (for example, Cosmetic and

1Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. 2Department ofBiogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. 3Department ofBiological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden. 4Departamento de Biología, Área de Botánica,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain. 5Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University ofAmsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 6Evolutionary Genomics Section, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty ofScience, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark. †Present address: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK.*e-mail: R.CamaraLeret@kew.org

LETTERSPUBLISHED: XX XX 2017 | VOLUME: 3 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 16220

NATURE PLANTS 3, 16220 (2017) | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants 1

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONVOLUME: 3 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 16220

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioning services of tropical American palms. Nature Plants

! 1!

Supplementary Figure 1. The most important plant use subcategories that were

analysed in this study, shown with an asterisk. Bars show the percent of number of

uses in a use category accounted by each subcategory. Classification of use categories

and subcategories follows Macía et al.14 except for the subcategory Food, which

includes Beverages, Food additives, and Food uses.

Bridges

Transportation

Other

Houses

Thatch

0 20 40 60

Other

Dyes

Recreational

Clothes and accessories

Ritual

Cosmetic

Personal adornment

0 10 20 30 40

Oils

Food

0 20 40 60 80

VeterinaryEndocrine system

OtherSensory system

Metabolic system and nutritionMusculo−skeletal system

Cultural diseases and disordersReproductive system and sex health

PoisoningsNot specified at all

Dental healthPregnancy, birth and puerperial

Blood and Cardio−vascular systemSkin and subcutaneous tissue

Infections and infestationsUrinary system

Digestive systemRespiratory system

General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms

Percentage of use category reports

0 5 10 15 20

A Construction

C Human food

B Cultural

D Medicinal & veterinary

Percentage of use category reports

Percentage of use category reports

Percentage of use category reports Percentage of use category reports

*"*"

*"

*"

*"

*"

*"

*"*"*"*"*"*"*"

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioning services of tropical American palms. Nature Plants

! 2!

Supplementary Figure 2. Phylogenetic clustering (measured using Pagel’s λ) of

usefulness across 208 palm species for a. Any use (λ=0.00), and b. Construction

(λ=0.91), Human food (λ=0.18), Culture (λ=0.09), and Medicine (λ=0.00). Usefulness

was calculated using the relative frequency of citation index (RFC): white, black and

red indicate low, moderate and high RFC values respectively. c. Bar plots showing

deviation of palm tribes (or subtribes) from the mean use-category RFC. Red bars

indicate positive deviations from the RFC mean (overutilised) and grey bars indicate

negative deviations (underutilised). Names of tribes and subtribes follow Dransfield et

al.21.

ElaeidinaeBactrinidaeAttaleinae

ManicarieaeGeonomateae

EuterpeaeChamaedoreeae

IriarteeaePhytelepheaeCeroxyleae

CryosophileaeLepidocaryeae

−20 0 10

ElaeidinaeBactrinidaeAttaleinae

ManicarieaeGeonomateae

EuterpeaeChamaedoreeae

IriarteeaePhytelepheaeCeroxyleae

CryosophileaeLepidocaryeae

−10 0 10 20

ElaeidinaeBactrinidaeAttaleinae

ManicarieaeGeonomateae

EuterpeaeChamaedoreeae

IriarteeaePhytelepheaeCeroxyleae

CryosophileaeLepidocaryeae

−20 0 10 20

ElaeidinaeBactrinidaeAttaleinae

ManicarieaeGeonomateae

EuterpeaeChamaedoreeae

IriarteeaePhytelepheaeCeroxyleae

CryosophileaeLepidocaryeae

−2 0 2 4 6

Raphia taedigera Mauritiella armata Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella macroclada Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia carana Lepidocaryum tenue

Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus ulei

Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus dianeurus

Itaya amicorum Ceroxylon parvifrons

Ceroxylon amazonicum

Ceroxylon ventricosum

Ceroxylon parvum

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum

Ceroxylon vogelianum

Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon echinulatum

Ceroxylon alpinum

Phytelephas a

equatorialis

Phytelephas te

nuicaulis

Phytele

phas

macroca

rpa

Ammandra

decas

perm

a

Aphan

dra na

talia

Elaeis o

leifera

Des

moncu

s cirrh

ifer

Des

moncu

s horr

idus

Des

moncu

s vac

ivus

Des

moncu

s par

vulus

Des

moncu

s mitis

Des

moncu

s giga

nteus

Des

moncu

s poly

acan

thos

Des

monc

us pr

unife

r

Des

monc

us m

adre

nsis

Des

mon

cus l

atise

ctus

Des

mon

cus p

umilu

s

Des

mon

cus i

nter

jectu

s

Des

mon

cus l

oret

anus

Aiph

anes

hor

rida

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii

Aip

hane

s sim

plex

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is

Aip

hane

s m

ultip

lex

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a A

ipha

nes

webe

rbau

eri

Aip

hane

s er

inac

eaAiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes ulei

Aiphanes gelatinosa

Aiphanes deltoidea

Bactris rostrata

Bactris bidentula

Bactris simplicifrons

Bactris major

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris bifida

Bactris brongniartii

Bactris macroacantha

Bactris killipii

Bactris halmoorei

Bactris corossilla

Bactris acanthocarpa

Bactris barronis

Bactris elegans

Bactris sphaerocarpa

Bactris riparia

Bactris chaveziae

Bactris faucium

Bactris hirta

Bactris coloradonis

Bactris concinna

Bactris setulosa

Bactris schultesii

Bactris coloniata

Bactris balanophora

Bactris maraja

Astrocaryum standleyanum

Astrocaryum urostachys

Astrocaryum macrocalyx

Astrocaryum ulei

Astrocaryum ferrugineum

Astrocaryum huicungo

Astrocaryum gratum

Astrocaryum javarense

Astrocaryum faranae

Astrocaryum chonta

Astrocaryum ciliatum

Astrocaryum scopatum Astrocaryum chambira

Astrocaryum jauari Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum acaule Astrocaryum aculeatum Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa Attalea tessmannii

Attalea allenii Attalea amygdalina

Attalea cuatrecasana Attalea speciosa

Attalea plowmanii

Attalea princeps

Attalea huebneri

Attalea peruviana

Attalea bassleriana

Attalea colenda

Attalea moorei

Attalea insignis

Attalea butyracea

Attalea microcarpa

Attalea maripa

Syagrus smithii

Syagrus sancona

Syagrus cardenasii

Manicaria saccifera

Manicaria martiana

Welfia regia

Pholidostachys o

ccidentalis

Pholidostachys

amazonensis

Pholidostachy

s synanthera

Pholidostachy

s dacty

loides

Pholido

stachy

s pulc

hra

Geono

ma cho

cocola

Geono

ma trig

lochin

Geono

ma cam

ana

Geono

ma mult

isecta

Geono

ma sch

izoca

rpa

Geono

ma para

doxa

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ma mac

rostac

hys

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ma caly

ptrog

ynoid

ea

Geono

ma max

ima

Geon

oma o

rbign

yana

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oma u

ndata

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oma

laxiflo

ra

Geon

oma

lehm

annii

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oma

strict

a

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oma

oligo

clona

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oma

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ata

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oma

occid

enta

lis

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nom

a le

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ta

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nom

a te

nuiss

ima

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nom

a ge

ntry

i G

eono

ma

trian

dra

Geo

nom

a di

visa

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

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i G

eono

ma

long

iped

uncu

lata

G

eono

ma

poep

pigi

ana

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s

Geonom

a interrupta G

eonoma euspatha

Geonom

a frontinensis G

eonoma deversa

Asterogyne martiana

Prestoea acuminata

Prestoea carderi Prestoea decurrens Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana

Prestoea ensiformis

Euterpe catinga Euterpe precatoria

Euterpe oleracea

Hyospathe peruviana

Hyospathe elegans

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus balickii

Oenocarpus distichus

Oenocarpus bacaba

Oenocarpus minor

Oenocarpus makeru

Oenocarpus simplex

Oenocarpus circumtextus

Wendlandiella gracilis

Synechanthus warscewiczianus

Chamaedorea pauciflora

Chamaedorea angustisecta

Chamaedorea linearis

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Chamaedorea deneversiana

Iriartea deltoidea

Socratea hecatonandra

Socratea rostrata

Socratea exorrhiza

Socratea salazarii

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum

Dictyocaryum ptarianum

Wettinia anomala

Wettinia quinaria

Wettinia aequalis

Wettinia maynensis

Wettinia augusta

Wettinia oxycarpa

Wettinia drudei

Wettinia disticha

Wettinia fascicularis

Wettinia castanea

Wettinia verruculosa

Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia radiata Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella setigera

0 99.168trait value

length=52.353

Raphia taedigera Mauritiella armata Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella macroclada Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia carana Lepidocaryum tenue

Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus ulei

Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus dianeurus

Itaya amicorum Ceroxylon parvifrons

Ceroxylon amazonicum

Ceroxylon ventricosum

Ceroxylon parvum

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum

Ceroxylon vogelianum

Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon echinulatum

Ceroxylon alpinum

Phytelephas a

equatorialis

Phytelephas te

nuicaulis

Phytele

phas

macroca

rpa

Ammandra

decas

perm

a

Aphan

dra na

talia

Elaeis o

leifera

Des

moncu

s cirrh

ifer

Des

moncu

s horr

idus

Des

moncu

s vac

ivus

Des

moncu

s par

vulus

Des

moncu

s mitis

Des

moncu

s giga

nteus

Des

moncu

s poly

acan

thos

Des

monc

us pr

unife

r

Des

monc

us m

adre

nsis

Des

mon

cus l

atise

ctus

Des

mon

cus p

umilu

s

Des

mon

cus i

nter

jectu

s

Des

mon

cus l

oret

anus

Aiph

anes

hor

rida

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii

Aip

hane

s sim

plex

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is

Aip

hane

s m

ultip

lex

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a A

ipha

nes

webe

rbau

eri

Aip

hane

s er

inac

eaAiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes ulei

Aiphanes gelatinosa

Aiphanes deltoidea

Bactris rostrata

Bactris bidentula

Bactris simplicifrons

Bactris major

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris bifida

Bactris brongniartii

Bactris macroacantha

Bactris killipii

Bactris halmoorei

Bactris corossilla

Bactris acanthocarpa

Bactris barronis

Bactris elegans

Bactris sphaerocarpa

Bactris riparia

Bactris chaveziae

Bactris faucium

Bactris hirta

Bactris coloradonis

Bactris concinna

Bactris setulosa

Bactris schultesii

Bactris coloniata

Bactris balanophora

Bactris maraja

Astrocaryum standleyanum

Astrocaryum urostachys

Astrocaryum macrocalyx

Astrocaryum ulei

Astrocaryum ferrugineum

Astrocaryum huicungo

Astrocaryum gratum

Astrocaryum javarense

Astrocaryum faranae

Astrocaryum chonta

Astrocaryum ciliatum

Astrocaryum scopatum Astrocaryum chambira

Astrocaryum jauari Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum acaule Astrocaryum aculeatum Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa Attalea tessmannii

Attalea allenii Attalea amygdalina

Attalea cuatrecasana Attalea speciosa

Attalea plowmanii

Attalea princeps

Attalea huebneri

Attalea peruviana

Attalea bassleriana

Attalea colenda

Attalea moorei

Attalea insignis

Attalea butyracea

Attalea microcarpa

Attalea maripa

Syagrus smithii

Syagrus sancona

Syagrus cardenasii

Manicaria saccifera

Manicaria martiana

Welfia regia

Pholidostachys o

ccidentalis

Pholidostachys

amazonensis

Pholidostachy

s synanthera

Pholidostachy

s dacty

loides

Pholido

stachy

s pulc

hra

Geono

ma cho

cocola

Geono

ma trig

lochin

Geono

ma cam

ana

Geono

ma mult

isecta

Geono

ma sch

izoca

rpa

Geono

ma para

doxa

Geono

ma mac

rostac

hys

Geono

ma caly

ptrog

ynoid

ea

Geono

ma max

ima

Geon

oma o

rbign

yana

Geon

oma u

ndata

Geon

oma

laxiflo

ra

Geon

oma

lehm

annii

Geon

oma

strict

a

Geon

oma

oligo

clona

Geon

oma

cune

ata

Geon

oma

occid

enta

lis

Geo

nom

a le

ptos

padi

x G

eono

ma

lana

ta

Geo

nom

a te

nuiss

ima

Geo

nom

a ge

ntry

i G

eono

ma

trian

dra

Geo

nom

a di

visa

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

iarti

i G

eono

ma

long

iped

uncu

lata

G

eono

ma

poep

pigi

ana

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s

Geonom

a interrupta G

eonoma euspatha

Geonom

a frontinensis G

eonoma deversa

Asterogyne martiana

Prestoea acuminata

Prestoea carderi Prestoea decurrens Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana

Prestoea ensiformis

Euterpe catinga Euterpe precatoria

Euterpe oleracea

Hyospathe peruviana

Hyospathe elegans

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus balickii

Oenocarpus distichus

Oenocarpus bacaba

Oenocarpus minor

Oenocarpus makeru

Oenocarpus simplex

Oenocarpus circumtextus

Wendlandiella gracilis

Synechanthus warscewiczianus

Chamaedorea pauciflora

Chamaedorea angustisecta

Chamaedorea linearis

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Chamaedorea deneversiana

Iriartea deltoidea

Socratea hecatonandra

Socratea rostrata

Socratea exorrhiza

Socratea salazarii

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum

Dictyocaryum ptarianum

Wettinia anomala

Wettinia quinaria

Wettinia aequalis

Wettinia maynensis

Wettinia augusta

Wettinia oxycarpa

Wettinia drudei

Wettinia disticha

Wettinia fascicularis

Wettinia castanea

Wettinia verruculosa

Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia radiata Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella setigera

0 98.266trait value

length=52.353

Raphia taedigera Mauritiella armata Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella macroclada Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia carana Lepidocaryum tenue

Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus ulei

Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus dianeurus

Itaya amicorum Ceroxylon parvifrons

Ceroxylon amazonicum

Ceroxylon ventricosum

Ceroxylon parvum

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum

Ceroxylon vogelianum

Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon echinulatum

Ceroxylon alpinum

Phytelephas a

equatorialis

Phytelephas te

nuicaulis

Phytele

phas

macroca

rpa

Ammandra

decas

perm

a

Aphan

dra na

talia

Elaeis o

leifera

Des

moncu

s cirrh

ifer

Des

moncu

s horr

idus

Des

moncu

s vac

ivus

Des

moncu

s par

vulus

Des

moncu

s mitis

Des

moncu

s giga

nteus

Des

moncu

s poly

acan

thos

Des

monc

us pr

unife

r

Des

monc

us m

adre

nsis

Des

mon

cus l

atise

ctus

Des

mon

cus p

umilu

s

Des

mon

cus i

nter

jectu

s

Des

mon

cus l

oret

anus

Aiph

anes

hor

rida

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii

Aip

hane

s sim

plex

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is

Aip

hane

s m

ultip

lex

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a A

ipha

nes

webe

rbau

eri

Aip

hane

s er

inac

eaAiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes ulei

Aiphanes gelatinosa

Aiphanes deltoidea

Bactris rostrata

Bactris bidentula

Bactris simplicifrons

Bactris major

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris bifida

Bactris brongniartii

Bactris macroacantha

Bactris killipii

Bactris halmoorei

Bactris corossilla

Bactris acanthocarpa

Bactris barronis

Bactris elegans

Bactris sphaerocarpa

Bactris riparia

Bactris chaveziae

Bactris faucium

Bactris hirta

Bactris coloradonis

Bactris concinna

Bactris setulosa

Bactris schultesii

Bactris coloniata

Bactris balanophora

Bactris maraja

Astrocaryum standleyanum

Astrocaryum urostachys

Astrocaryum macrocalyx

Astrocaryum ulei

Astrocaryum ferrugineum

Astrocaryum huicungo

Astrocaryum gratum

Astrocaryum javarense

Astrocaryum faranae

Astrocaryum chonta

Astrocaryum ciliatum

Astrocaryum scopatum Astrocaryum chambira

Astrocaryum jauari Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum acaule Astrocaryum aculeatum Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa Attalea tessmannii

Attalea allenii Attalea amygdalina

Attalea cuatrecasana Attalea speciosa

Attalea plowmanii

Attalea princeps

Attalea huebneri

Attalea peruviana

Attalea bassleriana

Attalea colenda

Attalea moorei

Attalea insignis

Attalea butyracea

Attalea microcarpa

Attalea maripa

Syagrus smithii

Syagrus sancona

Syagrus cardenasii

Manicaria saccifera

Manicaria martiana

Welfia regia

Pholidostachys o

ccidentalis

Pholidostachys

amazonensis

Pholidostachy

s synanthera

Pholidostachy

s dacty

loides

Pholido

stachy

s pulc

hra

Geono

ma cho

cocola

Geono

ma trig

lochin

Geono

ma cam

ana

Geono

ma mult

isecta

Geono

ma sch

izoca

rpa

Geono

ma para

doxa

Geono

ma mac

rostac

hys

Geono

ma caly

ptrog

ynoid

ea

Geono

ma max

ima

Geon

oma o

rbign

yana

Geon

oma u

ndata

Geon

oma

laxiflo

ra

Geon

oma

lehm

annii

Geon

oma

strict

a

Geon

oma

oligo

clona

Geon

oma

cune

ata

Geon

oma

occid

enta

lis

Geo

nom

a le

ptos

padi

x G

eono

ma

lana

ta

Geo

nom

a te

nuiss

ima

Geo

nom

a ge

ntry

i G

eono

ma

trian

dra

Geo

nom

a di

visa

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

iarti

i G

eono

ma

long

iped

uncu

lata

G

eono

ma

poep

pigi

ana

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s

Geonom

a interrupta G

eonoma euspatha

Geonom

a frontinensis G

eonoma deversa

Asterogyne martiana

Prestoea acuminata

Prestoea carderi Prestoea decurrens Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana

Prestoea ensiformis

Euterpe catinga Euterpe precatoria

Euterpe oleracea

Hyospathe peruviana

Hyospathe elegans

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus balickii

Oenocarpus distichus

Oenocarpus bacaba

Oenocarpus minor

Oenocarpus makeru

Oenocarpus simplex

Oenocarpus circumtextus

Wendlandiella gracilis

Synechanthus warscewiczianus

Chamaedorea pauciflora

Chamaedorea angustisecta

Chamaedorea linearis

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Chamaedorea deneversiana

Iriartea deltoidea

Socratea hecatonandra

Socratea rostrata

Socratea exorrhiza

Socratea salazarii

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum

Dictyocaryum ptarianum

Wettinia anomala

Wettinia quinaria

Wettinia aequalis

Wettinia maynensis

Wettinia augusta

Wettinia oxycarpa

Wettinia drudei

Wettinia disticha

Wettinia fascicularis

Wettinia castanea

Wettinia verruculosa

Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia radiata Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella setigera

0 98.276trait value

length=52.353

Raphia taedigera Mauritiella armata Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella macroclada Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia carana Lepidocaryum tenue

Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus ulei

Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus dianeurus

Itaya amicorum Ceroxylon parvifrons

Ceroxylon amazonicum

Ceroxylon ventricosum

Ceroxylon parvum

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum

Ceroxylon vogelianum

Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon echinulatum

Ceroxylon alpinum

Phytelephas a

equatorialis

Phytelephas te

nuicaulis

Phytele

phas

macroca

rpa

Ammandra

decas

perm

a

Aphan

dra na

talia

Elaeis o

leifera

Des

moncu

s cirrh

ifer

Des

moncu

s horr

idus

Des

moncu

s vac

ivus

Des

moncu

s par

vulus

Des

moncu

s mitis

Des

moncu

s giga

nteus

Des

moncu

s poly

acan

thos

Des

monc

us pr

unife

r

Des

monc

us m

adre

nsis

Des

mon

cus l

atise

ctus

Des

mon

cus p

umilu

s

Des

mon

cus i

nter

jectu

s

Des

mon

cus l

oret

anus

Aiph

anes

hor

rida

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii

Aip

hane

s sim

plex

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is

Aip

hane

s m

ultip

lex

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a A

ipha

nes

webe

rbau

eri

Aip

hane

s er

inac

eaAiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes ulei

Aiphanes gelatinosa

Aiphanes deltoidea

Bactris rostrata

Bactris bidentula

Bactris simplicifrons

Bactris major

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris bifida

Bactris brongniartii

Bactris macroacantha

Bactris killipii

Bactris halmoorei

Bactris corossilla

Bactris acanthocarpa

Bactris barronis

Bactris elegans

Bactris sphaerocarpa

Bactris riparia

Bactris chaveziae

Bactris faucium

Bactris hirta

Bactris coloradonis

Bactris concinna

Bactris setulosa

Bactris schultesii

Bactris coloniata

Bactris balanophora

Bactris maraja

Astrocaryum standleyanum

Astrocaryum urostachys

Astrocaryum macrocalyx

Astrocaryum ulei

Astrocaryum ferrugineum

Astrocaryum huicungo

Astrocaryum gratum

Astrocaryum javarense

Astrocaryum faranae

Astrocaryum chonta

Astrocaryum ciliatum

Astrocaryum scopatum Astrocaryum chambira

Astrocaryum jauari Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum acaule Astrocaryum aculeatum Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa Attalea tessmannii

Attalea allenii Attalea amygdalina

Attalea cuatrecasana Attalea speciosa

Attalea plowmanii

Attalea princeps

Attalea huebneri

Attalea peruviana

Attalea bassleriana

Attalea colenda

Attalea moorei

Attalea insignis

Attalea butyracea

Attalea microcarpa

Attalea maripa

Syagrus smithii

Syagrus sancona

Syagrus cardenasii

Manicaria saccifera

Manicaria martiana

Welfia regia

Pholidostachys o

ccidentalis

Pholidostachys

amazonensis

Pholidostachy

s synanthera

Pholidostachy

s dacty

loides

Pholido

stachy

s pulc

hra

Geono

ma cho

cocola

Geono

ma trig

lochin

Geono

ma cam

ana

Geono

ma mult

isecta

Geono

ma sch

izoca

rpa

Geono

ma para

doxa

Geono

ma mac

rostac

hys

Geono

ma caly

ptrog

ynoid

ea

Geono

ma max

ima

Geon

oma o

rbign

yana

Geon

oma u

ndata

Geon

oma

laxiflo

ra

Geon

oma

lehm

annii

Geon

oma

strict

a

Geon

oma

oligo

clona

Geon

oma

cune

ata

Geon

oma

occid

enta

lis

Geo

nom

a le

ptos

padi

x G

eono

ma

lana

ta

Geo

nom

a te

nuiss

ima

Geo

nom

a ge

ntry

i G

eono

ma

trian

dra

Geo

nom

a di

visa

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

iarti

i G

eono

ma

long

iped

uncu

lata

G

eono

ma

poep

pigi

ana

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s

Geonom

a interrupta G

eonoma euspatha

Geonom

a frontinensis G

eonoma deversa

Asterogyne martiana

Prestoea acuminata

Prestoea carderi Prestoea decurrens Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana

Prestoea ensiformis

Euterpe catinga Euterpe precatoria

Euterpe oleracea

Hyospathe peruviana

Hyospathe elegans

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus balickii

Oenocarpus distichus

Oenocarpus bacaba

Oenocarpus minor

Oenocarpus makeru

Oenocarpus simplex

Oenocarpus circumtextus

Wendlandiella gracilis

Synechanthus warscewiczianus

Chamaedorea pauciflora

Chamaedorea angustisecta

Chamaedorea linearis

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Chamaedorea deneversiana

Iriartea deltoidea

Socratea hecatonandra

Socratea rostrata

Socratea exorrhiza

Socratea salazarii

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum

Dictyocaryum ptarianum

Wettinia anomala

Wettinia quinaria

Wettinia aequalis

Wettinia maynensis

Wettinia augusta

Wettinia oxycarpa

Wettinia drudei

Wettinia disticha

Wettinia fascicularis

Wettinia castanea

Wettinia verruculosa

Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia radiata Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella setigera

0 35.393trait value

length=52.353

Raphia taedigera Mauritiella armata Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella macroclada Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia carana Lepidocaryum tenue Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus ulei Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus dianeurus

Itaya amicorum Ceroxylon parvifrons

Ceroxylon amazonicum

Ceroxylon ventricosum

Ceroxylon parvum

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum

Ceroxylon vogelianum

Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon echinulatum

Ceroxylon alpinum

Phytelephas a

equatorialis

Phytelephas te

nuicaulis

Phytele

phas m

acroca

rpa

Ammandra

decas

perm

a

Aphan

dra na

talia

Elaeis o

leifera

Des

moncu

s cirrh

ifer

Des

moncu

s horr

idus

Des

moncu

s vac

ivus

Des

moncu

s par

vulus

Des

moncu

s mitis

Des

moncu

s giga

nteus

Des

moncu

s poly

acan

thos

Des

monc

us pr

unife

r

Des

mon

cus m

adre

nsis

Des

mon

cus l

atise

ctus

Des

mon

cus p

umilu

s

Des

mon

cus i

nter

jectu

s

Des

mon

cus l

oret

anus

Aiph

anes

hor

rida

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii

Aip

hane

s sim

plex

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is

Aip

hane

s m

ultip

lex

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a A

ipha

nes

webe

rbau

eri

Aip

hane

s er

inac

eaAiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes ulei

Aiphanes gelatinosa

Aiphanes deltoidea Bactris rostrata

Bactris bidentula

Bactris simplicifrons

Bactris major

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris bifida

Bactris brongniartii

Bactris macroacantha

Bactris killipii

Bactris halmoorei

Bactris corossilla

Bactris acanthocarpa

Bactris barronis

Bactris elegans

Bactris sphaerocarpa

Bactris riparia

Bactris chaveziae

Bactris faucium

Bactris hirta

Bactris coloradonis

Bactris concinna

Bactris setulosa

Bactris schultesii

Bactris coloniata

Bactris balanophora

Bactris maraja

Astrocaryum standleyanum

Astrocaryum urostachys

Astrocaryum macrocalyx

Astrocaryum ulei

Astrocaryum ferrugineum

Astrocaryum huicungo

Astrocaryum gratum

Astrocaryum javarense

Astrocaryum faranae

Astrocaryum chonta

Astrocaryum ciliatum

Astrocaryum scopatum

Astrocaryum chambira Astrocaryum jauari

Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum acaule

Astrocaryum aculeatum Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa Attalea tessmannii Attalea allenii Attalea amygdalina

Attalea cuatrecasana Attalea speciosa

Attalea plowmanii Attalea princeps

Attalea huebneri

Attalea peruviana

Attalea bassleriana

Attalea colenda

Attalea moorei

Attalea insignis

Attalea butyracea

Attalea microcarpa

Attalea maripa

Syagrus smithii

Syagrus sancona

Syagrus cardenasii

Manicaria saccifera

Manicaria martiana

Welfia regia

Pholidostachys o

ccidentalis

Pholidostachys

amazonensis

Pholidostachy

s synanthera

Pholidostachy

s dacty

loides

Pholido

stachy

s pulc

hra

Geono

ma cho

cocola

Geono

ma trig

lochin

Geono

ma cam

ana

Geono

ma mult

isecta

Geono

ma sch

izoca

rpa

Geono

ma para

doxa

Geono

ma mac

rostac

hys

Geono

ma caly

ptrog

ynoid

ea

Geono

ma max

ima

Geon

oma o

rbign

yana

Geon

oma u

ndata

Geon

oma

laxiflo

ra

Geon

oma

lehm

annii

Geon

oma

strict

a

Geon

oma

oligo

clona

Geon

oma

cune

ata

Geon

oma

occid

enta

lis

Geo

nom

a le

ptos

padi

x G

eono

ma

lana

ta

Geo

nom

a te

nuiss

ima

Geo

nom

a ge

ntry

i G

eono

ma

trian

dra

Geo

nom

a di

visa

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

iarti

i G

eono

ma

long

iped

uncu

lata

G

eono

ma

poep

pigi

ana

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s

Geonom

a interrupta G

eonoma euspatha

Geonom

a frontinensis G

eonoma deversa

Asterogyne martiana

Prestoea acuminata

Prestoea carderi Prestoea decurrens Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana Prestoea ensiform

is Euterpe catinga Euterpe precatoria

Euterpe oleracea

Hyospathe peruviana

Hyospathe elegans

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus balickii

Oenocarpus distichus

Oenocarpus bacaba

Oenocarpus minor

Oenocarpus makeru

Oenocarpus simplex

Oenocarpus circumtextus

Wendlandiella gracilis

Synechanthus warscewiczianus

Chamaedorea pauciflora

Chamaedorea angustisecta

Chamaedorea linearis

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Chamaedorea deneversiana

Iriartea deltoidea

Socratea hecatonandra

Socratea rostrata

Socratea exorrhiza

Socratea salazarii

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum

Dictyocaryum ptarianum

Wettinia anomala

Wettinia quinaria

Wettinia aequalis

Wettinia maynensis

Wettinia augusta

Wettinia oxycarpa

Wettinia drudei

Wettinia disticha

Wettinia fascicularis

Wettinia castanea

Wettinia verruculosa

Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia radiata Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella setigera

0 100trait value

length=52.353

a

Raphia taedigera Mauritiella armata Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella macroclada Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia carana Lepidocaryum tenue Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus ulei Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus dianeurus

Itaya amicorum Ceroxylon parvifrons

Ceroxylon amazonicum

Ceroxylon ventricosum

Ceroxylon parvum

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum

Ceroxylon vogelianum

Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon echinulatum

Ceroxylon alpinum

Phytelephas a

equatorialis

Phytelephas te

nuicaulis

Phytele

phas m

acroca

rpa

Ammandra

decas

perm

a

Aphan

dra na

talia

Elaeis o

leifera

Des

moncu

s cirrh

ifer

Des

moncu

s horr

idus

Des

moncu

s vac

ivus

Des

moncu

s par

vulus

Des

moncu

s mitis

Des

moncu

s giga

nteus

Des

moncu

s poly

acan

thos

Des

monc

us pr

unife

r

Des

mon

cus m

adre

nsis

Des

mon

cus l

atise

ctus

Des

mon

cus p

umilu

s

Des

mon

cus i

nter

jectu

s

Des

mon

cus l

oret

anus

Aiph

anes

hor

rida

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii

Aip

hane

s sim

plex

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is

Aip

hane

s m

ultip

lex

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a A

ipha

nes

webe

rbau

eri

Aip

hane

s er

inac

eaAiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes ulei

Aiphanes gelatinosa

Aiphanes deltoidea Bactris rostrata

Bactris bidentula

Bactris simplicifrons

Bactris major

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris bifida

Bactris brongniartii

Bactris macroacantha

Bactris killipii

Bactris halmoorei

Bactris corossilla

Bactris acanthocarpa

Bactris barronis

Bactris elegans

Bactris sphaerocarpa

Bactris riparia

Bactris chaveziae

Bactris faucium

Bactris hirta

Bactris coloradonis

Bactris concinna

Bactris setulosa

Bactris schultesii

Bactris coloniata

Bactris balanophora

Bactris maraja

Astrocaryum standleyanum

Astrocaryum urostachys

Astrocaryum macrocalyx

Astrocaryum ulei

Astrocaryum ferrugineum

Astrocaryum huicungo

Astrocaryum gratum

Astrocaryum javarense

Astrocaryum faranae

Astrocaryum chonta

Astrocaryum ciliatum

Astrocaryum scopatum

Astrocaryum chambira Astrocaryum jauari

Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum acaule

Astrocaryum aculeatum Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa Attalea tessmannii Attalea allenii Attalea amygdalina

Attalea cuatrecasana Attalea speciosa

Attalea plowmanii Attalea princeps

Attalea huebneri

Attalea peruviana

Attalea bassleriana

Attalea colenda

Attalea moorei

Attalea insignis

Attalea butyracea

Attalea microcarpa

Attalea maripa

Syagrus smithii

Syagrus sancona

Syagrus cardenasii

Manicaria saccifera

Manicaria martiana

Welfia regia

Pholidostachys o

ccidentalis

Pholidostachys

amazonensis

Pholidostachy

s synanthera

Pholidostachy

s dacty

loides

Pholido

stachy

s pulc

hra

Geono

ma cho

cocola

Geono

ma trig

lochin

Geono

ma cam

ana

Geono

ma mult

isecta

Geono

ma sch

izoca

rpa

Geono

ma para

doxa

Geono

ma mac

rostac

hys

Geono

ma caly

ptrog

ynoid

ea

Geono

ma max

ima

Geon

oma o

rbign

yana

Geon

oma u

ndata

Geon

oma

laxiflo

ra

Geon

oma

lehm

annii

Geon

oma

strict

a

Geon

oma

oligo

clona

Geon

oma

cune

ata

Geon

oma

occid

enta

lis

Geo

nom

a le

ptos

padi

x G

eono

ma

lana

ta

Geo

nom

a te

nuiss

ima

Geo

nom

a ge

ntry

i G

eono

ma

trian

dra

Geo

nom

a di

visa

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

iarti

i G

eono

ma

long

iped

uncu

lata

G

eono

ma

poep

pigi

ana

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s

Geonom

a interrupta G

eonoma euspatha

Geonom

a frontinensis G

eonoma deversa

Asterogyne martiana

Prestoea acuminata

Prestoea carderi Prestoea decurrens Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana Prestoea ensiform

is Euterpe catinga Euterpe precatoria

Euterpe oleracea

Hyospathe peruviana

Hyospathe elegans

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus balickii

Oenocarpus distichus

Oenocarpus bacaba

Oenocarpus minor

Oenocarpus makeru

Oenocarpus simplex

Oenocarpus circumtextus

Wendlandiella gracilis

Synechanthus warscewiczianus

Chamaedorea pauciflora

Chamaedorea angustisecta

Chamaedorea linearis

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Chamaedorea deneversiana

Iriartea deltoidea

Socratea hecatonandra

Socratea rostrata

Socratea exorrhiza

Socratea salazarii

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum

Dictyocaryum ptarianum

Wettinia anomala

Wettinia quinaria

Wettinia aequalis

Wettinia maynensis

Wettinia augusta

Wettinia oxycarpa

Wettinia drudei

Wettinia disticha

Wettinia fascicularis

Wettinia castanea

Wettinia verruculosa

Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia radiata Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella setigera

0 100trait value

length=52.353

Construction

100 0

b

c

Raphia taedigera Mauritiella armata Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella macroclada Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia carana Lepidocaryum tenue Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus ulei Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus dianeurus

Itaya amicorum Ceroxylon parvifrons

Ceroxylon amazonicum

Ceroxylon ventricosum

Ceroxylon parvum

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum

Ceroxylon vogelianum

Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon echinulatum

Ceroxylon alpinum

Phytelephas a

equatorialis

Phytelephas te

nuicaulis

Phytele

phas m

acroca

rpa

Ammandra

decas

perm

a

Aphan

dra na

talia

Elaeis o

leifera

Des

moncu

s cirrh

ifer

Des

moncu

s horr

idus

Des

moncu

s vac

ivus

Des

moncu

s par

vulus

Des

moncu

s mitis

Des

moncu

s giga

nteus

Des

moncu

s poly

acan

thos

Des

monc

us pr

unife

r

Des

mon

cus m

adre

nsis

Des

mon

cus l

atise

ctus

Des

mon

cus p

umilu

s

Des

mon

cus i

nter

jectu

s

Des

mon

cus l

oret

anus

Aiph

anes

hor

rida

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii

Aip

hane

s sim

plex

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is

Aip

hane

s m

ultip

lex

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a A

ipha

nes

webe

rbau

eri

Aip

hane

s er

inac

eaAiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes ulei

Aiphanes gelatinosa Aiphanes deltoidea

Bactris rostrata

Bactris bidentula

Bactris simplicifrons

Bactris major

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris bifida

Bactris brongniartii

Bactris macroacantha

Bactris killipii

Bactris halmoorei

Bactris corossilla

Bactris acanthocarpa

Bactris barronis

Bactris elegans

Bactris sphaerocarpa

Bactris riparia

Bactris chaveziae

Bactris faucium

Bactris hirta

Bactris coloradonis

Bactris concinna

Bactris setulosa

Bactris schultesii

Bactris coloniata

Bactris balanophora

Bactris maraja

Astrocaryum standleyanum

Astrocaryum urostachys

Astrocaryum macrocalyx

Astrocaryum ulei

Astrocaryum ferrugineum

Astrocaryum huicungo

Astrocaryum gratum

Astrocaryum javarense

Astrocaryum faranae

Astrocaryum chonta

Astrocaryum ciliatum

Astrocaryum scopatum

Astrocaryum chambira Astrocaryum jauari

Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum acaule

Astrocaryum aculeatum Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa Attalea tessmannii Attalea allenii Attalea amygdalina

Attalea cuatrecasana Attalea speciosa

Attalea plowmanii Attalea princeps

Attalea huebneri

Attalea peruviana

Attalea bassleriana

Attalea colenda

Attalea moorei

Attalea insignis

Attalea butyracea

Attalea microcarpa

Attalea maripa

Syagrus smithii

Syagrus sancona

Syagrus cardenasii

Manicaria saccifera

Manicaria martiana

Welfia regia

Pholidostachys o

ccidentalis

Pholidostachys

amazonensis

Pholidostachy

s synanthera

Pholidostachy

s dacty

loides

Pholido

stachy

s pulc

hra

Geono

ma cho

cocola

Geono

ma trig

lochin

Geono

ma cam

ana

Geono

ma mult

isecta

Geono

ma sch

izoca

rpa

Geono

ma para

doxa

Geono

ma mac

rostac

hys

Geono

ma caly

ptrog

ynoid

ea

Geono

ma max

ima

Geon

oma o

rbign

yana

Geon

oma u

ndata

Geon

oma

laxiflo

ra

Geon

oma

lehm

annii

Geon

oma

strict

a

Geon

oma

oligo

clona

Geon

oma

cune

ata

Geon

oma

occid

enta

lis

Geo

nom

a le

ptos

padi

x G

eono

ma

lana

ta

Geo

nom

a te

nuiss

ima

Geo

nom

a ge

ntry

i G

eono

ma

trian

dra

Geo

nom

a di

visa

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

iarti

i G

eono

ma

long

iped

uncu

lata

G

eono

ma

poep

pigi

ana

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s

Geonom

a interrupta G

eonoma euspatha

Geonom

a frontinensis G

eonoma deversa

Asterogyne martiana

Prestoea acuminata

Prestoea carderi Prestoea decurrens Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana Prestoea ensiform

is Euterpe catinga Euterpe precatoria

Euterpe oleracea

Hyospathe peruviana

Hyospathe elegans

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus balickii

Oenocarpus distichus

Oenocarpus bacaba

Oenocarpus minor

Oenocarpus makeru

Oenocarpus simplex

Oenocarpus circumtextus

Wendlandiella gracilis

Synechanthus warscewiczianus

Chamaedorea pauciflora

Chamaedorea angustisecta

Chamaedorea linearis

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Chamaedorea deneversiana

Iriartea deltoidea

Socratea hecatonandra

Socratea rostrata

Socratea exorrhiza

Socratea salazarii

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum

Dictyocaryum ptarianum

Wettinia anomala

Wettinia quinaria

Wettinia aequalis

Wettinia maynensis

Wettinia augusta

Wettinia oxycarpa

Wettinia drudei

Wettinia disticha

Wettinia fascicularis

Wettinia castanea

Wettinia verruculosa

Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia radiata Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella setigera

0 100trait value

length=52.353

99 0 Culture

Raphia taedigera Mauritiella armata Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella macroclada Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia carana Lepidocaryum tenue Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus ulei Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus dianeurus

Itaya amicorum Ceroxylon parvifrons

Ceroxylon amazonicum

Ceroxylon ventricosum

Ceroxylon parvum

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum

Ceroxylon vogelianum

Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon echinulatum

Ceroxylon alpinum

Phytelephas a

equatorialis

Phytelephas te

nuicaulis

Phytele

phas m

acroca

rpa

Ammandra

decas

perm

a

Aphan

dra na

talia

Elaeis o

leifera

Des

moncu

s cirrh

ifer

Des

moncu

s horr

idus

Des

moncu

s vac

ivus

Des

moncu

s par

vulus

Des

moncu

s mitis

Des

moncu

s giga

nteus

Des

moncu

s poly

acan

thos

Des

monc

us pr

unife

r

Des

mon

cus m

adre

nsis

Des

mon

cus l

atise

ctus

Des

mon

cus p

umilu

s

Des

mon

cus i

nter

jectu

s

Des

mon

cus l

oret

anus

Aiph

anes

hor

rida

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii

Aip

hane

s sim

plex

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is

Aip

hane

s m

ultip

lex

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a A

ipha

nes

webe

rbau

eri

Aip

hane

s er

inac

eaAiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes ulei

Aiphanes gelatinosa Aiphanes deltoidea

Bactris rostrata

Bactris bidentula

Bactris simplicifrons

Bactris major

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris bifida

Bactris brongniartii

Bactris macroacantha

Bactris killipii

Bactris halmoorei

Bactris corossilla

Bactris acanthocarpa

Bactris barronis

Bactris elegans

Bactris sphaerocarpa

Bactris riparia

Bactris chaveziae

Bactris faucium

Bactris hirta

Bactris coloradonis

Bactris concinna

Bactris setulosa

Bactris schultesii

Bactris coloniata

Bactris balanophora

Bactris maraja

Astrocaryum standleyanum

Astrocaryum urostachys

Astrocaryum macrocalyx

Astrocaryum ulei

Astrocaryum ferrugineum

Astrocaryum huicungo

Astrocaryum gratum

Astrocaryum javarense

Astrocaryum faranae

Astrocaryum chonta

Astrocaryum ciliatum

Astrocaryum scopatum

Astrocaryum chambira Astrocaryum jauari

Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum acaule

Astrocaryum aculeatum Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa Attalea tessmannii Attalea allenii Attalea amygdalina

Attalea cuatrecasana Attalea speciosa

Attalea plowmanii Attalea princeps

Attalea huebneri

Attalea peruviana

Attalea bassleriana

Attalea colenda

Attalea moorei

Attalea insignis

Attalea butyracea

Attalea microcarpa

Attalea maripa

Syagrus smithii

Syagrus sancona

Syagrus cardenasii

Manicaria saccifera

Manicaria martiana

Welfia regia

Pholidostachys o

ccidentalis

Pholidostachys

amazonensis

Pholidostachy

s synanthera

Pholidostachy

s dacty

loides

Pholido

stachy

s pulc

hra

Geono

ma cho

cocola

Geono

ma trig

lochin

Geono

ma cam

ana

Geono

ma mult

isecta

Geono

ma sch

izoca

rpa

Geono

ma para

doxa

Geono

ma mac

rostac

hys

Geono

ma caly

ptrog

ynoid

ea

Geono

ma max

ima

Geon

oma o

rbign

yana

Geon

oma u

ndata

Geon

oma

laxiflo

ra

Geon

oma

lehm

annii

Geon

oma

strict

a

Geon

oma

oligo

clona

Geon

oma

cune

ata

Geon

oma

occid

enta

lis

Geo

nom

a le

ptos

padi

x G

eono

ma

lana

ta

Geo

nom

a te

nuiss

ima

Geo

nom

a ge

ntry

i G

eono

ma

trian

dra

Geo

nom

a di

visa

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

iarti

i G

eono

ma

long

iped

uncu

lata

G

eono

ma

poep

pigi

ana

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s

Geonom

a interrupta G

eonoma euspatha

Geonom

a frontinensis G

eonoma deversa

Asterogyne martiana

Prestoea acuminata

Prestoea carderi Prestoea decurrens Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana Prestoea ensiform

is Euterpe catinga Euterpe precatoria

Euterpe oleracea

Hyospathe peruviana

Hyospathe elegans

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus balickii

Oenocarpus distichus

Oenocarpus bacaba

Oenocarpus minor

Oenocarpus makeru

Oenocarpus simplex

Oenocarpus circumtextus

Wendlandiella gracilis

Synechanthus warscewiczianus

Chamaedorea pauciflora

Chamaedorea angustisecta

Chamaedorea linearis

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Chamaedorea deneversiana

Iriartea deltoidea

Socratea hecatonandra

Socratea rostrata

Socratea exorrhiza

Socratea salazarii

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum

Dictyocaryum ptarianum

Wettinia anomala

Wettinia quinaria

Wettinia aequalis

Wettinia maynensis

Wettinia augusta

Wettinia oxycarpa

Wettinia drudei

Wettinia disticha

Wettinia fascicularis

Wettinia castanea

Wettinia verruculosa

Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia radiata Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella setigera

0 100trait value

length=52.353

98 0

Human food

Raphia taedigera Mauritiella armata Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella macroclada Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia carana Lepidocaryum tenue Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus ulei Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus dianeurus

Itaya amicorum Ceroxylon parvifrons

Ceroxylon amazonicum

Ceroxylon ventricosum

Ceroxylon parvum

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum

Ceroxylon vogelianum

Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon echinulatum

Ceroxylon alpinum

Phytelephas a

equatorialis

Phytelephas te

nuicaulis

Phytele

phas m

acroca

rpa

Ammandra

decas

perm

a

Aphan

dra na

talia

Elaeis o

leifera

Des

moncu

s cirrh

ifer

Des

moncu

s horr

idus

Des

moncu

s vac

ivus

Des

moncu

s par

vulus

Des

moncu

s mitis

Des

moncu

s giga

nteus

Des

moncu

s poly

acan

thos

Des

monc

us pr

unife

r

Des

mon

cus m

adre

nsis

Des

mon

cus l

atise

ctus

Des

mon

cus p

umilu

s

Des

mon

cus i

nter

jectu

s

Des

mon

cus l

oret

anus

Aiph

anes

hor

rida

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii

Aip

hane

s sim

plex

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is

Aip

hane

s m

ultip

lex

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a A

ipha

nes

webe

rbau

eri

Aip

hane

s er

inac

eaAiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes ulei

Aiphanes gelatinosa Aiphanes deltoidea

Bactris rostrata

Bactris bidentula

Bactris simplicifrons

Bactris major

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris bifida

Bactris brongniartii

Bactris macroacantha

Bactris killipii

Bactris halmoorei

Bactris corossilla

Bactris acanthocarpa

Bactris barronis

Bactris elegans

Bactris sphaerocarpa

Bactris riparia

Bactris chaveziae

Bactris faucium

Bactris hirta

Bactris coloradonis

Bactris concinna

Bactris setulosa

Bactris schultesii

Bactris coloniata

Bactris balanophora

Bactris maraja

Astrocaryum standleyanum

Astrocaryum urostachys

Astrocaryum macrocalyx

Astrocaryum ulei

Astrocaryum ferrugineum

Astrocaryum huicungo

Astrocaryum gratum

Astrocaryum javarense

Astrocaryum faranae

Astrocaryum chonta

Astrocaryum ciliatum

Astrocaryum scopatum

Astrocaryum chambira Astrocaryum jauari

Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum acaule

Astrocaryum aculeatum Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa Attalea tessmannii Attalea allenii Attalea amygdalina

Attalea cuatrecasana Attalea speciosa

Attalea plowmanii Attalea princeps

Attalea huebneri

Attalea peruviana

Attalea bassleriana

Attalea colenda

Attalea moorei

Attalea insignis

Attalea butyracea

Attalea microcarpa

Attalea maripa

Syagrus smithii

Syagrus sancona

Syagrus cardenasii

Manicaria saccifera

Manicaria martiana

Welfia regia

Pholidostachys o

ccidentalis

Pholidostachys

amazonensis

Pholidostachy

s synanthera

Pholidostachy

s dacty

loides

Pholido

stachy

s pulc

hra

Geono

ma cho

cocola

Geono

ma trig

lochin

Geono

ma cam

ana

Geono

ma mult

isecta

Geono

ma sch

izoca

rpa

Geono

ma para

doxa

Geono

ma mac

rostac

hys

Geono

ma caly

ptrog

ynoid

ea

Geono

ma max

ima

Geon

oma o

rbign

yana

Geon

oma u

ndata

Geon

oma

laxiflo

ra

Geon

oma

lehm

annii

Geon

oma

strict

a

Geon

oma

oligo

clona

Geon

oma

cune

ata

Geon

oma

occid

enta

lis

Geo

nom

a le

ptos

padi

x G

eono

ma

lana

ta

Geo

nom

a te

nuiss

ima

Geo

nom

a ge

ntry

i G

eono

ma

trian

dra

Geo

nom

a di

visa

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

iarti

i G

eono

ma

long

iped

uncu

lata

G

eono

ma

poep

pigi

ana

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s

Geonom

a interrupta G

eonoma euspatha

Geonom

a frontinensis G

eonoma deversa

Asterogyne martiana

Prestoea acuminata

Prestoea carderi Prestoea decurrens Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana Prestoea ensiform

is Euterpe catinga Euterpe precatoria

Euterpe oleracea

Hyospathe peruviana

Hyospathe elegans

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus balickii

Oenocarpus distichus

Oenocarpus bacaba

Oenocarpus minor

Oenocarpus makeru

Oenocarpus simplex

Oenocarpus circumtextus

Wendlandiella gracilis

Synechanthus warscewiczianus

Chamaedorea pauciflora

Chamaedorea angustisecta

Chamaedorea linearis

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Chamaedorea deneversiana

Iriartea deltoidea

Socratea hecatonandra

Socratea rostrata

Socratea exorrhiza

Socratea salazarii

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum

Dictyocaryum ptarianum

Wettinia anomala

Wettinia quinaria

Wettinia aequalis

Wettinia maynensis

Wettinia augusta

Wettinia oxycarpa

Wettinia drudei

Wettinia disticha

Wettinia fascicularis

Wettinia castanea

Wettinia verruculosa

Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia radiata Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella setigera

0 100trait value

length=52.353

98 0 Medicine

Raphia taedigera Mauritiella armata Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella macroclada Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia carana Lepidocaryum tenue Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus ulei Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus dianeurus

Itaya amicorum Ceroxylon parvifrons

Ceroxylon amazonicum

Ceroxylon ventricosum

Ceroxylon parvum

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum

Ceroxylon vogelianum

Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon echinulatum

Ceroxylon alpinum

Phytelephas a

equatorialis

Phytelephas te

nuicaulis

Phytele

phas m

acroca

rpa

Ammandra

decas

perm

a

Aphan

dra na

talia

Elaeis o

leifera

Des

moncu

s cirrh

ifer

Des

moncu

s horr

idus

Des

moncu

s vac

ivus

Des

moncu

s par

vulus

Des

moncu

s mitis

Des

moncu

s giga

nteus

Des

moncu

s poly

acan

thos

Des

monc

us pr

unife

r

Des

mon

cus m

adre

nsis

Des

mon

cus l

atise

ctus

Des

mon

cus p

umilu

s

Des

mon

cus i

nter

jectu

s

Des

mon

cus l

oret

anus

Aiph

anes

hor

rida

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii

Aip

hane

s sim

plex

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is

Aip

hane

s m

ultip

lex

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a A

ipha

nes

webe

rbau

eri

Aip

hane

s er

inac

eaAiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes ulei

Aiphanes gelatinosa Aiphanes deltoidea

Bactris rostrata

Bactris bidentula

Bactris simplicifrons

Bactris major

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris bifida

Bactris brongniartii

Bactris macroacantha

Bactris killipii

Bactris halmoorei

Bactris corossilla

Bactris acanthocarpa

Bactris barronis

Bactris elegans

Bactris sphaerocarpa

Bactris riparia

Bactris chaveziae

Bactris faucium

Bactris hirta

Bactris coloradonis

Bactris concinna

Bactris setulosa

Bactris schultesii

Bactris coloniata

Bactris balanophora

Bactris maraja

Astrocaryum standleyanum

Astrocaryum urostachys

Astrocaryum macrocalyx

Astrocaryum ulei

Astrocaryum ferrugineum

Astrocaryum huicungo

Astrocaryum gratum

Astrocaryum javarense

Astrocaryum faranae

Astrocaryum chonta

Astrocaryum ciliatum

Astrocaryum scopatum

Astrocaryum chambira Astrocaryum jauari

Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum acaule

Astrocaryum aculeatum Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa Attalea tessmannii Attalea allenii Attalea amygdalina

Attalea cuatrecasana Attalea speciosa

Attalea plowmanii Attalea princeps

Attalea huebneri

Attalea peruviana

Attalea bassleriana

Attalea colenda

Attalea moorei

Attalea insignis

Attalea butyracea

Attalea microcarpa

Attalea maripa

Syagrus smithii

Syagrus sancona

Syagrus cardenasii

Manicaria saccifera

Manicaria martiana

Welfia regia

Pholidostachys o

ccidentalis

Pholidostachys

amazonensis

Pholidostachy

s synanthera

Pholidostachy

s dacty

loides

Pholido

stachy

s pulc

hra

Geono

ma cho

cocola

Geono

ma trig

lochin

Geono

ma cam

ana

Geono

ma mult

isecta

Geono

ma sch

izoca

rpa

Geono

ma para

doxa

Geono

ma mac

rostac

hys

Geono

ma caly

ptrog

ynoid

ea

Geono

ma max

ima

Geon

oma o

rbign

yana

Geon

oma u

ndata

Geon

oma

laxiflo

ra

Geon

oma

lehm

annii

Geon

oma

strict

a

Geon

oma

oligo

clona

Geon

oma

cune

ata

Geon

oma

occid

enta

lis

Geo

nom

a le

ptos

padi

x G

eono

ma

lana

ta

Geo

nom

a te

nuiss

ima

Geo

nom

a ge

ntry

i G

eono

ma

trian

dra

Geo

nom

a di

visa

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

iarti

i G

eono

ma

long

iped

uncu

lata

G

eono

ma

poep

pigi

ana

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s

Geonom

a interrupta G

eonoma euspatha

Geonom

a frontinensis G

eonoma deversa

Asterogyne martiana

Prestoea acuminata

Prestoea carderi Prestoea decurrens Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana Prestoea ensiform

is Euterpe catinga Euterpe precatoria

Euterpe oleracea

Hyospathe peruviana

Hyospathe elegans

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus balickii

Oenocarpus distichus

Oenocarpus bacaba

Oenocarpus minor

Oenocarpus makeru

Oenocarpus simplex

Oenocarpus circumtextus

Wendlandiella gracilis

Synechanthus warscewiczianus

Chamaedorea pauciflora

Chamaedorea angustisecta

Chamaedorea linearis

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Chamaedorea deneversiana

Iriartea deltoidea

Socratea hecatonandra

Socratea rostrata

Socratea exorrhiza

Socratea salazarii

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum

Dictyocaryum ptarianum

Wettinia anomala

Wettinia quinaria

Wettinia aequalis

Wettinia maynensis

Wettinia augusta

Wettinia oxycarpa

Wettinia drudei

Wettinia disticha

Wettinia fascicularis

Wettinia castanea

Wettinia verruculosa

Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia radiata Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella setigera

0 100trait value

length=52.353

35 0

Any use

1. Lepidocaryeae (7)

1 2

2. Cryosophileae (5)

3. Ceroxyleae (9)

3

4. Phytelepheae (5)

4

5

5. Iriarteeae (22)

6. Chamedoreeae (7)

7. Euterpeae (19)

8. Geonomateae (38)

9. Manicarieae (2)

10. Cocoseae / Attaleinae (21)

11. Cocoseae / Bactrinidae (72)

Palm Tribe / Subtribe (no. species)

12. Cocoseae / Elaidinae (1)

7 8

9

10

11 12

6

-10 20 -20 -10 0 10 20 -10 -20 -10 0 10 20

RFC

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioning services of tropical American palms. Nature Plants

! 3!

Supplementary Figure 3. Pearson’s product-moment correlation between traits:

geographic range (number of 1º grid squares a species occupies), leaf length

(maximum leaf length, in m), stem volume (m3) and fruit volume (cm3). Note: log-

transformed axes.

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0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0

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Leaf length

Stem

vol

ume

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1e+02

Fruit volume

Stem

vol

ume

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5e−02 5e−01 5e+00 5e+01 5e+02

0.2

0.5

1.0

2.0

5.0

10.0

20.0

Fruit volume

Leaf

leng

th

R = 0.04, P = 0.57

R = 0.36***, P = 6.12 e-08

R = 0.23***, P = 0.0008

R = 0.11, P = 0.09

R = -0.06, P = 0.39

R = 0.42***, P = 2.36 e-10

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioning services of tropical American palms. Nature Plants

!

! 4!

Supplementary Table 1. (a) The most important plant use categories and their

respective subcategories that are key for the livelihoods of the rural population in our

study area. (b) Less-important use categories, and their respective subcategories.

Classification of use categories and subcategories follows Macía et al.14, except for

the subcategory Food, which includes Beverages, Food additives, and Food uses.

Use category Use subcategory Description (a) Most important

Construction Bridges Materials to bridge watercourses Houses Houses and other constructions such as temporary camps, animal

yards Thatch House thatching and other constructions Transportation Canoes, rafts, oars and other materials for sealing Other Uses not classifiable within the previous subcategories, for example

stems used as posts for telephone lines and gutters to transport water Cultural Clothes and Accessories Articles of clothing and accessories such as hats Cosmetic Beauty products, including perfumes, oils, shampoo, and other hair

care products Dyes Dyeing of diverse materials (vegetables) and as body paint Personal Adornment Necklaces, bracelets, earrings, armbands, pectorals, anklets Recreational Musical instruments, toys, ashes as additives to the consumption of

tobacco and coca leaves Ritual Uses related to myth-religious aspects, including festivals and feasts,

construction of coffins, to drive away feared animals, sorcery Other Uses not classifiable under the previous subcategories

Food Food Edible, generally with little preparation. Elaboration of unfermented or fermented drinks. Ingredients used in the preparation and processing of foods

Oils Edible fats Medicine Blood and Cardio-vascular System Anemia, cardiovascular problems and ailments, cardiac diseases,

varicose veins, hypertension, hypotension, hemorrhoids Cultural Diseases and Disorders Ailments or disorders of magic-religious origin recognized by a specific

culture, like mal aire (‘bad air’), arrebato (‘outburst’), susto, huaraña Dental Health Caries, tooth pains, fillings, dental hygiene Digestive System Carminative, colics, flatulence, emetic, indigestion, purgative, gastric or

intestinal ulcers, diarrhea, laxatives, liver and vesicular disorders, hepatitis

Endocrine System Diabetes General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms General ailments like body pains, general discomfort, weakness,

headache, fever Infections and Infestations Malaria, leishmaniasis, measles, antihelminthic, louse, fleas, chiggers,

scabies Metabolic System and Nutrition Obesity, weight loss Muscular-Skeletal System Rheumatism, twists, fractures, sciatic, lumbalgia Nervous System and Mental Health Migraine, mental disorders, epilepsy, paralysis, nervous disorders Poisoning Snakebites, scorpion stings, rays, spiders, insects Pregnancy, Birth and Puerperium Gestation, haemorrhage, childbirth, postnatal, lactation, abortive,

postpartum Reproductive System and Reproductive

Health Menstruation, fertility, venereal diseases, prostrate, impotence, menopause, aphrodisiacs, contraceptives

Respiratory System Flu, cold, loss of voice, bronchitis, pneumonia, expectorant, cough Sensory System Eye infections, cataracts, loss of sight or smell, deafness, ear infection Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Acne, boils, eczemas, burns, extraction of spines stuck on the skin Urinary System Diuretic, kidney stones, urinary incontinence, urinary infections, cystitis Veterinary Treatment of diseases or ailments for domestic animals Not Specified Medicinal use or with pharmacological properties, but with insufficient

information to assign to one of the described subcategories Other Uses not classifiable within the previous subcategories, for example

tumours, cancer, anaesthetic (b) Less important

Animal Food Fish Bait Bait for fishing Fodder Food for domestic animals Wildlife Attractant Palms that provide food for mammals and whose location constitutes

preferential areas for hunting Environmental Agroforestry Palms that are part of agroforestry systems with different management

degrees Fences Delimitation of properties, barriers Ornamental Palms cultivated for ornamental purposes Soil Improvers Fertilizers, edaphic protectors and agents against soil erosion Fuel Firewood Wood to make fire Fire Starter Combustion starters Lighting Lamps, torches and candles Other Uses not classifiable within the previous subcategories, for example for

waterproofing canoes Toxic Fishing Fish poison Hunting Poison for hunting Utensils and Tools

Domestic Utensils Baskets, fans, hammocks, bags, domestic furniture, air freshener

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioning services of tropical American palms. Nature Plants

!

! 5!

Hunting and Fishing Tools Bows, arrows, blowpipes, harpoons, fishing nets, hunting traps Labour Tools Agricultural or domestic tools like spinners, machetes and lubricants of

these materials Rope Manufacturing of ropes and moorings Wrappers Wrappers for materials and foods Other Uses not classifiable within the previous subcategories, for example

insect repellents Other Uses Miscellaneous Uses not classifiable within the previous categories. Indirect use of

palms: insect larvae feeding on rotting stems used as food, medicine or bait

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. C

ámar

a-Le

ret e

t al.

2016

. Fun

dam

enta

l spe

cies

’ tra

its e

xpla

in p

rovi

sion

ing

serv

ices

of t

ropi

cal A

mer

ican

pal

ms.

Nat

ure

Plan

ts

! !6!

Supp

lem

enta

ry T

able

2. N

umbe

r of u

ses,

num

ber o

f use

repo

rts a

nd re

lativ

e fr

eque

ncy

of c

itatio

n ac

ross

diff

eren

t pla

nt u

se

cate

gorie

s/su

bcat

egor

ies

for 2

08 p

alm

spe

cies

in n

orth

wes

tern

Sou

th A

mer

ica.

Spe

cies

V

ouch

er*

Number of uses

Number of use reports

Any use

Construction

Construction_Houses

Construction_Thatch

Culture

Culture_Cosmetic

Cultuer_Personal adornment

Culture_Ritual

Human food

Human food_Oils

Human food_Food

Medicine

Medicine_General ailments with unspecific symptoms

Medicine_Respiratory system

Medicine_Digestive system

Medicine_Urinary system

Medicine_Infections & Infestations

Medicine_Blood & Cardio-vascular system

Medicine_Skin & subcutaneous tissue

Aip

hane

s ch

iribo

gens

is B

orch

s. &

Bal

slev

R

CL

1827

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Aip

hane

s de

ltoid

ea B

urre

t R

B 4

703

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0.2

0.2

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Aip

hane

s eg

gers

ii B

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t

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Aip

hane

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ea (H

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0 0

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0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Aip

hane

s ge

latin

osa

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re

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Aip

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s hi

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t

0 0

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0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Aip

hane

s ho

rrid

a (J

acq.

) Bur

ret

HB

840

8 2

275

25.6

0.

8 0.

8 0.

0 0.

9 0.

0 0.

9 0.

0 25

.2

0.0

25.2

0.

8 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Aip

hane

s lin

deni

ana

(H.W

endl

.) H

.Wen

dl.

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Aip

hane

s lin

earis

Bur

ret

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Aip

hane

s m

acro

loba

Bur

ret

RC

L 18

27

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Aip

hane

s m

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lex

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erna

l & B

orch

s.

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Aip

hane

s pi

laris

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erna

l

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Aip

hane

s si

mpl

ex B

urre

t

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Aip

hane

s tri

cusp

idat

a B

orch

s, R

.Ber

nal &

M.R

uiz

RC

L 18

09

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. C

ámar

a-Le

ret e

t al.

2016

. Fun

dam

enta

l spe

cies

’ tra

its e

xpla

in p

rovi

sion

ing

serv

ices

of t

ropi

cal A

mer

ican

pal

ms.

Nat

ure

Plan

ts

! !7!

Aip

hane

s ul

ei (D

amm

er) B

urre

t H

B 8

509

2 68

8.

3 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

3 0.

0 0.

3 0.

0 0.

3 0.

0 0.

3 7.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 1.

6 0.

7

Aip

hane

s w

eber

baue

ri B

urre

t

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Am

man

dra

deca

sper

ma

O.F

. Coo

k

6 32

10

.9

1.1

0.0

1.1

1.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.4

0.0

3.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

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andr

a na

talia

(Bal

slev

& A

.J.H

end.

) Bar

fod

HB

852

0 15

33

8 21

.0

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0.0

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0.0

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0.

7 12

.5

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0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

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0.0

0.0

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erog

yne

mar

tiana

(H. W

endl

.) H

.Wen

dl. e

x H

emsl

. R

CL

1721

13

23

5 59

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0 58

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0.0

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0.0

0.0

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0.

0 23

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0.0

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0.0

0.0

0.0

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Ast

roca

ryum

aca

ule

Mar

t.

0 0

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0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Ast

roca

ryum

acu

leat

um G

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. R

CL

1632

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69

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51.7

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0.0

91.5

0.

0 91

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22

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8.5

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0.0

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Ast

roca

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cha

mbi

ra B

urre

t R

CL

1659

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40

75

79.0

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0 1.

0 0.

9 59

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0.0

25.0

4.

5 71

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0.1

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5 0.

1 0.

0 0.

4 0.

5 0.

0 0.

0 1.

3

Ast

roca

ryum

cho

nta

Mar

t.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Ast

roca

ryum

cili

atum

F.K

ahn

& B

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án

RC

L 18

29

23

130

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8 0.

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9 2.

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5

Ast

roca

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nae

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0 0.

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0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

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0 0.

0 0.

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0

Ast

roca

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ferr

ugin

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0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Ast

roca

ryum

gra

tum

F.K

ahn

& B

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án

HB

827

3 27

56

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4 3.

7 29

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4 36

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7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

5 0.

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3

Ast

roca

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hua

imi M

art.

0

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0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Ast

roca

ryum

hui

cung

o D

amm

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x B

urre

t

13

303

78.0

6.

9 5.

7 5.

0 1.

3 0.

0 1.

3 0.

0 75

.5

0.6

75.5

1.

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0 0.

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0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Ast

roca

ryum

jaua

ri M

art.

26

79

1 66

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18.9

18

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0.3

24.6

0.

0 20

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0.0

8.5

0.0

8.5

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

Ast

roca

ryum

java

rens

e (T

rail)

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de

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Ast

roca

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mac

roca

lyx

Bur

ret

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

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0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

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0 0.

0 0.

0

Ast

roca

ryum

sco

patu

m F

.Kah

n &

B.M

illán

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Ast

roca

ryum

sta

ndle

yanu

m L

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aile

y

27

582

61.8

29

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0.

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7.6

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0.

6 36

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0.0

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.3

Ast

roca

ryum

ule

i Bur

ret

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Ast

roca

ryum

uro

stac

hys

Bur

ret

HB

853

4 12

44

3 61

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1.

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0.

0 31

.8

6.8

44.1

0.

0 44

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0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Atta

lea

alle

nii H

.E.M

oore

18

457

99.4

9.

8 0.

0 9.

8 77

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1.1

19.5

66

.7

98.3

4.

0 98

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2.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

Atta

lea

amyg

dalin

a K

unth

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Atta

lea

bass

leria

na (B

urre

t) Zo

na

HB

823

5 22

12

41

63.7

52

.9

0.7

52.9

17

.9

13.6

5.

7 0.

0 40

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0.5

40.5

6.

2 4.

6 0.

2 0.

0 0.

0 1.

1 0.

0 0.

2

Atta

lea

buty

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a (M

utis

ex

L.f)

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s.B

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HB

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7 41

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43

100.

0 66

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0.0

66.7

2.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 46

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0.0

46.9

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Atta

lea

cole

nda

(O.F

. Coo

k) B

alsl

ev &

A.J

.Hen

d

21

354

34.5

10

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0.6

8.6

17.3

0.

0 15

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3.5

27.5

11

.2

24.3

0.

6 0.

0 0.

6 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Atta

lea

cuat

reca

sana

(Dug

and)

A.J

. Hen

d., G

alea

no &

Ber

nal

8

103

46.0

1.

1 0.

0 1.

1 3.

4 0.

0 1.

1 1.

1 46

.0

4.6

46.0

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Atta

lea

hueb

neri

(Bur

ret)

Zona

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. C

ámar

a-Le

ret e

t al.

2016

. Fun

dam

enta

l spe

cies

’ tra

its e

xpla

in p

rovi

sion

ing

serv

ices

of t

ropi

cal A

mer

ican

pal

ms.

Nat

ure

Plan

ts

! !8!

Atta

lea

insi

gnis

(Mar

t.) D

rude

29

469

44.3

25

.5

0.0

25.5

4.

8 0.

5 1.

3 1.

0 26

.6

0.5

26.6

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Atta

lea

mar

ipa

(Aub

l.) M

art.

67

21

92

48.9

13

.4

0.5

12.9

15

.1

1.4

10.9

1.

2 27

.2

0.2

27.2

0.

6 0.

0 0.

3 0.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

1 0.

0

Atta

lea

mic

roca

rpa

Mar

t. R

CL

1693

27

45

3 17

.3

9.2

1.6

8.3

4.4

0.0

0.6

3.8

9.2

0.0

9.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Atta

lea

moo

rei (

Gla

ssm

an) Z

ona

13

23

5 19

.4

14.5

0.

7 14

.5

0.5

0.2

0.0

0.0

17.9

0.

0 17

.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Atta

lea

peru

vian

a Zo

na

14

76

4 70

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66.7

2.

6 66

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12.3

1.

3 5.

0 5.

0 30

.5

0.2

30.5

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Atta

lea

plow

man

ii (G

lass

man

) Zon

a

12

155

94.3

61

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0.0

61.4

2.

3 1.

1 1.

1 0.

0 87

.5

0.0

87.5

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Atta

lea

prin

ceps

Mar

t.

58

6389

96

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93.3

0.

9 93

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68.7

56

.7

5.3

0.0

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2.

9 91

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0.0

6.7

16.9

0.

1 1.

3 18

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0.0

2.0

Atta

lea

race

mos

a S

pruc

e

2 6

1.2

1.2

0.0

1.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Atta

lea

sept

uage

nata

Dug

and

12

53

18

.2

4.5

0.9

4.5

0.9

0.0

0.0

0.9

10.9

0.

0 10

.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Atta

lea

spec

iosa

Mar

t.

11

210

59.7

50

.0

0.0

50.0

30

.1

29.5

0.

0 0.

0 10

.8

0.0

10.8

15

.9

13.1

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 1.

1 0.

0 0.

0

Atta

lea

tess

man

nii B

urre

t

8 92

10

.7

7.9

0.0

7.9

0.4

0.0

0.4

0.0

6.7

0.0

6.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Bac

tris

acan

thoc

arpa

Mar

t. H

B 8

527

18

81

6.3

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.9

0.0

0.4

0.1

3.6

0.0

3.6

0.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.6

Bac

tris

bala

noph

ora

Spr

uce

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Bac

tris

barr

onis

L.H

. Bai

ley

RC

L 17

28

9 50

12

.1

2.3

2.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

12.1

0.

0 12

.1

1.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.7

Bac

tris

bide

ntul

a S

pruc

e

6 65

13

.3

1.5

1.3

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.6

0.0

2.6

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.4

Bac

tris

bifid

a M

art.

HB

850

4 8

285

54.7

0.

3 0.

0 0.

3 16

.8

0.0

15.9

0.

0 43

.7

0.0

43.7

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Bac

tris

bron

gnia

rtii M

art.

HB

847

3 18

52

6 21

.4

4.1

4.1

0.5

5.1

0.0

4.6

0.0

17.6

0.

0 17

.6

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

Bac

tris

chav

ezia

e A

.J. H

end

HB

846

5 1

63

13.6

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 13

.6

0.0

13.6

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Bac

tris

colo

niat

a L.

H. B

aile

y R

CL

1719

14

23

8 43

.6

4.1

0.4

3.7

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

41.2

0.

8 41

.2

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.4

Bac

tris

colo

rado

nis

L.H

. Bai

ley

8

124

28.8

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 23

.5

1.8

22.1

2.

7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 1.

8

Bac

tris

conc

inna

Mar

t. H

B 8

365

20

850

51.5

0.

7 0.

5 0.

2 5.

6 0.

0 5.

1 0.

0 49

.6

0.0

49.6

0.

2 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

2

Bac

tris

coro

ssill

a H

.Kar

st.

RC

L 16

42

21

310

30.4

0.

5 0.

3 0.

2 6.

3 0.

0 5.

8 0.

0 20

.7

0.0

20.7

2.

7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 2.

6 0.

2

Bac

tris

eleg

ans

Bar

b.R

odr.

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Bac

tris

fauc

ium

Mar

t.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Bac

tris

fissi

frons

Mar

t. R

CL

1707

8

16

3.1

0.3

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.1

0.0

3.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Bac

tris

halm

oore

i A.J

.Hen

d.

RC

L 16

34

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Bac

tris

hirta

Mar

t. R

CL

1625

6

61

9.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.8

0.0

4.8

0.0

4.3

0.0

4.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Bac

tris

killi

pii B

urre

t R

CL

1650

6

17

4.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

2.7

1.6

1.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Bac

tris

mac

roac

anth

a M

art.

RC

L 16

92

7 8

0.7

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.3

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. C

ámar

a-Le

ret e

t al.

2016

. Fun

dam

enta

l spe

cies

’ tra

its e

xpla

in p

rovi

sion

ing

serv

ices

of t

ropi

cal A

mer

ican

pal

ms.

Nat

ure

Plan

ts

! !9!

Bac

tris

maj

or J

acq.

H

B 8

280

5 29

0 93

.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

24.8

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 93

.4

0.0

93.4

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Bac

tris

mar

aja

Mar

t. R

CL

1686

21

55

5 25

.4

1.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.0

0.8

0.0

22.5

0.

0 22

.5

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.9

0.1

Bac

tris

ripar

ia M

art.

12

22

1 14

.6

0.6

0.6

0.0

1.8

0.0

1.6

0.0

5.0

0.0

5.0

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.3

Bac

tris

rost

rata

Gal

eano

& R

.Ber

nal

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Bac

tris

schu

ltesi

i (L.

H.B

aile

y) G

lass

man

H

B 8

526

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Bac

tris

setu

losa

H.K

arst

.

12

287

42.5

2.

8 2.

1 0.

7 2.

3 0.

0 0.

2 0.

0 40

.7

0.0

40.7

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Bac

tris

sim

plic

ifron

s M

art.

RC

L 16

26

5 10

0.

8 0.

1 0.

0 0.

1 0.

5 0.

0 0.

5 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Bac

tris

spha

eroc

arpa

Tra

il R

CL

1624

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Cer

oxyl

on a

lpin

um B

onpl

. ex

DC

.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Cer

oxyl

on a

maz

onic

um G

alea

no

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Cer

oxyl

on e

chin

ulat

um G

alea

no

8

236

98.3

22

.0

20.2

1.

7 98

.3

0.0

0.0

98.3

2.

3 0.

0 2.

3 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Cer

oxyl

on p

arvi

frons

(Eng

el) H

.Wen

dl.

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Cer

oxyl

on p

arvu

m G

alea

no

3

117

54.5

8.

4 8.

4 0.

0 54

.5

0.0

0.0

54.5

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 2.

8 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Cer

oxyl

on p

ityro

phyl

lum

(Mar

t.) M

art.

ex H

. Wen

dl.

HB

832

1 1

2 1.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 1.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Cer

oxyl

on q

uind

iuen

se (H

.Kar

st.)

H.W

endl

.

3 32

12

.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

10.8

0.

0 0.

0 10

.8

0.4

0.0

0.4

1.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.2

0.0

0.0

Cer

oxyl

on v

entri

cosu

m B

urre

t

15

311

15.7

9.

1 7.

7 2.

1 14

.9

0.0

0.0

14.9

0.

5 0.

0 0.

5 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Cer

oxyl

on v

ogel

ianu

m (E

ngel

) H.W

endl

.

25

839

35.1

15

.2

14.7

1.

7 34

.1

0.0

0.3

34.1

0.

5 0.

0 0.

5 0.

5 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

5 0.

0 0.

0

Cha

mae

dore

a an

gust

isec

ta B

urre

t H

B 8

435

14

378

54.5

0.

5 0.

0 0.

5 32

.3

24.6

8.

6 0.

2 0.

3 0.

0 0.

3 25

.3

0.7

13.6

11

.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Cha

mae

dore

a de

neve

rsia

na G

rayu

m &

Hod

el

HB

834

8 0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Cha

mae

dore

a lin

earis

(Rui

z &

Pav

.) M

art.

HB

830

6 2

14

1.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Cha

mae

dore

a pa

ucifl

ora

Mar

t. R

CL

1813

13

16

0 14

.7

0.6

0.0

0.6

12.8

12

.7

0.1

0.4

0.3

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Cha

mae

dore

a pi

nnat

ifron

s (J

acq.

) Oer

st.

HB

851

3 10

17

5 8.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 3.

1 1.

3 1.

8 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

5 0.

0 0.

3 0.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Che

lyoc

arpu

s ch

uco

(Mar

t.) H

.E.M

oore

10

267

77.0

70

.8

4.8

70.3

2.

4 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

5 0.

0 0.

5 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Che

lyoc

arpu

s di

aneu

rus

(Bur

ret)

H.E

. Moo

re

4

27

10.3

5.

7 0.

0 5.

7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Che

lyoc

arpu

s re

pens

F.K

ahn

& K

.Mej

ía

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Che

lyoc

arpu

s ul

ei D

amm

er

HB

836

9 11

26

9 26

.7

15.9

0.

1 15

.8

2.6

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Des

mon

cus

cirr

hife

r A.H

.Gen

try &

Zar

dini

10

331

62.8

10

.2

0.4

9.7

1.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.3

0.0

1.3

12.8

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

4 0.

0 12

.8

Des

mon

cus

giga

nteu

s A

.J.H

end.

H

B 8

530

11

238

27.6

0.

2 0.

0 0.

2 6.

1 0.

0 5.

5 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 1.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

4 0.

7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Des

mon

cus

horr

idus

Spl

itg. e

x M

art.

HB

848

9 0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. C

ámar

a-Le

ret e

t al.

2016

. Fun

dam

enta

l spe

cies

’ tra

its e

xpla

in p

rovi

sion

ing

serv

ices

of t

ropi

cal A

mer

ican

pal

ms.

Nat

ure

Plan

ts

! !10!

Des

mon

cus

inte

rject

us A

.J.H

end.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Des

mon

cus

latis

ectu

s B

urre

t

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Des

mon

cus

lore

tanu

s A

.J.H

end.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Des

mon

cus

mad

rens

is A

.J.H

end.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Des

mon

cus

miti

s M

art.

RC

L 16

53

10

187

9.7

0.1

0.0

0.1

3.1

0.0

3.1

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

Des

mon

cus

parv

ulus

L.H

.Bai

ley

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Des

mon

cus

poly

acan

thos

Mar

t. R

CL

1652

15

42

7 26

.4

3.3

3.2

0.1

2.9

0.0

2.5

0.0

1.0

0.0

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

Des

mon

cus

prun

ifer P

oepp

. ex

Mar

t.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Des

mon

cus

pum

ilus

Trai

l

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Des

mon

cus

vaci

vus

L.H

.Bai

ley

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Dic

tyoc

aryu

m la

mar

ckia

num

(Mar

t.) H

.Wen

dl.

HB

834

0 12

67

9 32

.8

31.2

26

.7

19.4

3.

5 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 20

.3

0.0

20.3

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Dic

tyoc

aryu

m p

taria

num

(Ste

yerm

.) H

.E.M

oore

8 53

10

.0

8.4

7.5

1.9

1.1

0.0

1.1

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Ela

eis

olei

fera

(Kun

th) C

orté

s H

B 8

512

8 87

19

.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.6

0.6

0.0

0.0

13.4

7.

1 7.

5 0.

3 0.

3 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Eut

erpe

cat

inga

Wal

lace

12

233

44.2

10

.2

8.2

3.1

2.4

0.0

2.0

0.0

41.5

0.

0 41

.5

1.4

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

1.4

0.0

0.0

Eut

erpe

ole

race

a M

art.

15

46

9 63

.7

38.1

34

.5

4.9

5.8

0.0

0.0

4.9

56.6

3.

1 56

.6

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.0

Eut

erpe

pre

cato

ria M

art.

HB

849

9 66

59

93

62.0

48

.0

41.8

27

.9

14.7

3.

6 9.

3 1.

1 57

.8

0.4

57.8

35

.4

0.9

3.1

6.0

13.5

7.

0 5.

2 0.

1

Geo

nom

a br

ongn

iarti

i Mar

t. H

B 8

350

4 78

5.

0 4.

7 0.

0 4.

7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

1 0.

0 0.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Geo

nom

a ca

lypt

rogy

noid

ea B

urre

t

2 45

20

.1

20.1

0.

0 20

.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.3

0.0

2.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a ca

man

a Tr

ail

RC

L 18

12

1 5

0.5

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a ch

ococ

ola

Wes

s.B

oer

RC

L 17

62

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a cu

neat

a H

.Wen

dl.

RC

L 17

38

9 47

15

.0

7.5

0.0

7.5

3.5

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.9

0.0

0.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a de

vers

a (P

oit.)

Kun

th

RC

L 16

37

15

971

48.3

47

.2

1.2

47.2

0.

6 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

4 0.

0 0.

4 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Geo

nom

a di

visa

H.E

.Moo

re

RC

L 17

31

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a eu

spat

ha B

urre

t

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a fro

ntin

ensi

s B

urre

t

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a ge

ntry

i A.J

.Hen

d.

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Geo

nom

a in

terr

upta

(Rui

z &

Pav

.) M

art.

HB

845

5 0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Geo

nom

a la

nata

A.J

.Hen

d., B

orch

s. &

Bal

slev

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a la

xiflo

ra M

art.

HB

837

4 7

100

11.8

1.

0 0.

0 1.

0 0.

7 0.

0 0.

7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. C

ámar

a-Le

ret e

t al.

2016

. Fun

dam

enta

l spe

cies

’ tra

its e

xpla

in p

rovi

sion

ing

serv

ices

of t

ropi

cal A

mer

ican

pal

ms.

Nat

ure

Plan

ts

! !11!

Geo

nom

a le

hman

nii B

urre

t

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a le

ptos

padi

x Tr

ail

HB

854

1 0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Geo

nom

a lo

ngip

edun

cula

ta B

urre

t

1 48

7.

7 7.

7 0.

0 7.

7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Geo

nom

a m

acro

stac

hys

Mar

t. R

CL

1756

6

474

28.4

26

.0

0.0

26.0

0.

3 0.

0 0.

3 0.

0 0.

1 0.

0 0.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Geo

nom

a m

axim

a (P

oit.)

Kun

th

RC

L 16

49

10

80

8.7

7.5

0.6

7.3

0.6

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a m

ultis

ecta

(Bur

ret)

Bur

ret

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Geo

nom

a oc

cide

ntal

is A

.J.H

end.

H

B 8

460

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a ol

igoc

lona

Tra

il R

B 4

699

1 1

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a or

bign

yana

Mar

t.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a pa

rado

xa B

urre

t

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a pi

nnat

ifron

s W

illd.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a po

eppi

gian

a M

art.

HB

852

5 1

59

9.3

9.3

0.0

9.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a sc

hizo

carp

a A

.Hen

d.

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Geo

nom

a st

ricta

(Poi

t.) K

unth

R

CL

1621

8

48

2.6

1.5

0.0

1.5

0.4

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a te

nuis

sim

a H

.E.M

oore

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a tri

andr

a (B

urre

t) W

ess.

Boe

r R

CL

1736

3

10

4.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Geo

nom

a tri

gloc

hin

Bur

ret

HB

830

0 0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Geo

nom

a un

data

Klo

tzsc

h

8 10

8 14

.1

13.8

2.

9 11

.2

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Hyo

spat

he e

lega

ns M

art.

RC

L 17

16

17

466

23.8

9.

3 0.

1 9.

3 0.

7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

2 1.

9 0.

0 1.

9 8.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

1

Hyo

spat

he p

eruv

iana

A.J

.Hen

d.

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Iriar

tea

delto

idea

Rui

z &

Pav

. H

B 8

514

65

6908

83

.5

82.1

79

.9

32.0

16

.4

0.0

10.1

4.

0 22

.9

0.0

22.9

0.

8 0.

0 0.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

4

Iriar

tella

set

iger

a (M

art.)

H.W

endl

. R

CL

1641

20

36

4 61

.1

54.8

6.

7 53

.0

1.5

0.0

0.4

1.1

0.7

0.0

0.7

0.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.4

Iriar

tella

ste

noca

rpa

Bur

ret

HB

853

5 4

100

22.3

14

.2

7.0

8.9

1.1

0.0

1.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Itaya

am

icor

um H

.E.M

oore

4 60

26

.7

26.3

0.

5 26

.3

0.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Lepi

doca

ryum

tenu

e M

art.

RC

L 16

40

15

595

99.2

99

.2

3.7

99.2

1.

5 0.

0 0.

4 1.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 2.

9 0.

8 2.

7 0.

2 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Man

icar

ia m

artia

na B

urre

t R

CL

1654

12

85

27

.8

22.9

1.

5 22

.9

2.9

0.0

2.9

0.0

4.4

0.0

4.4

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Man

icar

ia s

acci

fera

Gae

rtn.

HB

824

8 32

73

6 29

.9

28.3

1.

4 27

.3

18.4

0.

0 1.

1 1.

6 9.

3 0.

0 9.

3 9.

9 0.

0 0.

2 0.

2 2.

1 0.

0 0.

6 0.

0

Mau

ritia

car

ana

Wal

lace

13

129

15.0

13

.7

1.6

12.6

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 4.

6 0.

0 4.

6 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Mau

ritia

flex

uosa

L.f.

H

B 8

496

63

5312

83

.8

31.8

9.

8 27

.5

19.5

3.

0 1.

7 8.

8 83

.4

1.4

83.4

0.

8 0.

0 0.

0 0.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

3

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. C

ámar

a-Le

ret e

t al.

2016

. Fun

dam

enta

l spe

cies

’ tra

its e

xpla

in p

rovi

sion

ing

serv

ices

of t

ropi

cal A

mer

ican

pal

ms.

Nat

ure

Plan

ts

! !12!

Mau

ritie

lla a

rmat

a (M

art.)

Bur

ret

RC

L 16

29

22

661

34.7

8.

5 6.

4 3.

2 0.

4 0.

0 0.

4 0.

0 29

.0

0.1

29.0

0.

2 0.

0 0.

0 0.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

1

Mau

ritie

lla m

acro

clad

a (B

urre

t) B

urre

t

8 29

2 48

.3

47.1

47

.1

9.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Mau

ritie

lla p

umila

Wal

lace

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Oen

ocar

pus

baca

ba M

art.

24

40

0 96

.6

27.4

0.

9 26

.5

7.7

0.0

0.0

6.0

96.6

12

.0

96.6

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Oen

ocar

pus

balic

kii F

.Kah

n R

CL

1646

19

32

9 16

.0

1.6

0.1

1.6

2.0

1.7

0.0

0.1

16.0

0.

3 16

.0

1.0

0.8

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.0

Oen

ocar

pus

bata

ua M

art.

RC

L 16

39

87

7731

81

.1

32.5

7.

4 28

.2

29.6

24

.8

3.9

1.4

80.6

25

.9

80.4

14

.5

7.2

4.4

1.8

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.6

Oen

ocar

pus

circ

umte

xtus

Mar

t. R

CL

1644

8

116

57.3

4.

5 0.

0 4.

5 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 57

.3

1.8

57.3

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Oen

ocar

pus

dist

ichu

s M

art.

2

4 1.

4 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 1.

4 0.

0 1.

4 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Oen

ocar

pus

mak

eru

R.B

erna

l, G

alea

no &

A.J

.Hen

d.

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Oen

ocar

pus

min

or M

art.

HB

852

3 45

38

36

78.8

52

.3

43.7

21

.7

11.4

3.

1 2.

9 5.

1 76

.3

3.8

76.2

0.

8 0.

3 0.

0 0.

0 0.

1 0.

1 0.

2 0.

0

Oen

ocar

pus

sim

plex

R.B

erna

l, G

alea

no &

A.J

.Hen

d.

RC

L 17

11

1 1

0.9

0.9

0.0

0.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Pho

lidos

tach

ys a

maz

onen

sis

A.H

end.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Pho

lidos

tach

ys d

acty

loid

es H

.E.M

oore

2 2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.3

0.0

Pho

lidos

tach

ys o

ccid

enta

lis A

.J.H

end.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Pho

lidos

tach

ys p

ulch

ra H

.Wen

dl. e

x B

urre

t

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Pho

lidos

tach

ys s

ynan

ther

a (M

art.)

H.E

.Moo

re

1

130

10.4

10

.4

0.0

10.4

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Phy

tele

phas

aeq

uato

rialis

Spr

uce

18

71

4 68

.1

57.5

3.

2 57

.5

64.2

0.

0 52

.4

0.0

35.8

0.

0 35

.8

7.0

0.0

0.6

1.6

5.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

Phy

tele

phas

mac

roca

rpa

Rui

z &

Pav

. H

B 8

497

31

2692

91

.7

80.4

0.

4 80

.2

36.5

0.

0 31

.8

0.5

77.8

0.

0 77

.8

1.3

0.5

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Phy

tele

phas

tenu

icau

lis (B

arfo

d) A

.J.H

end.

H

B 8

533

9 42

0 22

.0

21.1

0.

8 21

.1

1.1

0.0

0.9

0.0

18.8

0.

0 18

.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Pre

stoe

a ac

umin

ata

(Will

d.) H

.E.M

oore

H

B 8

324

22

786

33.9

15

.6

4.1

15.6

3.

6 0.

0 0.

3 2.

5 33

.9

0.0

33.9

0.

4 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

1 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Pre

stoe

a ca

rder

i Hoo

k.f.

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Pre

stoe

a de

curr

ens

(H.W

endl

. ex

Bur

ret)

H.E

.Moo

re

9

61

11.1

4.

1 2.

5 1.

6 8.

3 0.

0 0.

3 0.

0 1.

6 0.

0 1.

6 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Pre

stoe

a en

sifo

rmis

(Rui

z &

Pav

.) H

.E.M

oore

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Pre

stoe

a pu

bens

H.E

.Moo

re

RC

L 17

61

4 10

4.

2 1.

9 0.

5 1.

4 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 2.

3 0.

0 2.

3 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Pre

stoe

a sc

hultz

eana

(Bur

ret)

H.E

.Moo

re

4

22

3.2

2.0

0.0

2.0

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.6

0.0

1.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Rap

hia

taed

iger

a (M

art.)

Mar

t.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Soc

rate

a ex

orrh

iza

(Mar

t.) H

.Wen

dl.

HB

832

9 60

45

42

74.2

69

.2

64.4

19

.4

16.6

0.

2 14

.8

0.8

5.2

0.0

5.2

4.2

0.0

0.1

0.3

0.0

0.8

0.1

0.7

Soc

rate

a he

cato

nand

ra (D

ugan

d) R

.Ber

nal

1

1 0.

4 0.

4 0.

4 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Soc

rate

a ro

stra

ta B

urre

t

6 75

15

.6

14.5

14

.5

0.0

1.2

0.0

1.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. C

ámar

a-Le

ret e

t al.

2016

. Fun

dam

enta

l spe

cies

’ tra

its e

xpla

in p

rovi

sion

ing

serv

ices

of t

ropi

cal A

mer

ican

pal

ms.

Nat

ure

Plan

ts

! !13!

Soc

rate

a sa

laza

rii H

.E.M

oore

H

B 8

458

19

399

17.4

15

.1

14.4

9.

9 1.

3 0.

0 1.

1 0.

7 9.

2 0.

0 9.

2 0.

7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

7 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Sya

grus

car

dena

sii G

lass

man

H

B 8

287

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Sya

grus

san

cona

(Kun

th) H

.Kar

st.

HB

841

7 15

26

6 14

.6

2.6

2.5

0.2

5.2

0.1

4.8

0.0

2.7

0.0

2.7

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

Sya

grus

sm

ithii

(H.E

. Moo

re) G

lass

man

R

CL

1705

8

84

12.5

1.

2 1.

0 0.

2 0.

3 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 1.

0 0.

0 1.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Syn

echa

nthu

s w

arsc

ewic

zian

us H

.Wen

dl.

RC

L 17

59

6 40

12

.4

1.6

1.3

0.3

9.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Wel

fia re

gia

H.W

endl

. ex

And

ré

16

50

3 80

.1

73.0

20

.4

72.6

4.

4 0.

0 0.

0 2.

2 30

.5

0.0

30.5

0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Wen

dlan

diel

la g

raci

lis D

amm

er

HB

850

7 0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Wet

tinia

aeq

ualis

(O.F

.Coo

k &

Doy

le) R

. Ber

nal

12

13

5 20

.8

17.3

16

.8

4.9

6.6

0.0

6.6

0.0

15.0

0.

0 15

.0

1.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.9

0.0

0.4

0.0

Wet

tinia

ano

mal

a (B

urre

t) R

.Ber

nal

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Wet

tinia

aug

usta

Poe

pp. &

End

l. H

B 8

471

10

151

11.4

8.

7 5.

0 5.

5 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 3.

0 0.

0 3.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Wet

tinia

cas

tane

a H

.E.M

oore

& J

.Dra

nsf.

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Wet

tinia

dis

ticha

(R.B

erna

l) R

.Ber

nal

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Wet

tinia

dru

dei (

O.F

.Coo

k &

Doy

le) A

.J.H

end.

R

CL

1689

5

19

3.2

0.7

0.0

0.7

0.9

0.0

0.0

0.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Wet

tinia

fasc

icul

aris

(Bur

ret)

H.E

.Moo

re &

J.D

rans

f.

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Wet

tinia

kal

brey

eri (

Bur

ret)

R.B

erna

l

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Wet

tinia

may

nens

is S

pruc

e H

B 8

542

13

603

69.3

58

.5

50.7

41

.5

3.6

0.0

3.6

0.0

20.6

0.

0 20

.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Wet

tinia

oxy

carp

a G

alea

no &

R.B

erna

l

0 0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Wet

tinia

qui

naria

(O.F

.Coo

k &

Doy

le) B

urre

t

22

873

61.2

59

.5

51.5

12

.3

6.8

0.0

6.2

0.0

19.9

0.

0 19

.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Wet

tinia

radi

ata

(O.F

. Coo

k &

Doy

le) R

.Ber

nal

8

116

22.4

7.

7 2.

0 5.

2 4.

0 0.

0 3.

5 0.

0 1.

5 0.

0 1.

5 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

Wet

tinia

ver

rucu

losa

H.E

.Moo

re

0

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0

*Col

lect

ors:

HB

: H. B

alsl

ev; R

B: R

. Ber

nal;

RC

L: R

. Cám

ara

Lere

t

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. C

ámar

a-Le

ret e

t al.

2016

. Fun

dam

enta

l spe

cies

’ tra

its e

xpla

in p

rovi

sion

ing

serv

ices

of t

ropi

cal A

mer

ican

pal

ms.

Nat

ure

Plan

ts

! !14!

Supp

lem

enta

ry T

able

3. (

a) G

LM a

nd (b

) PG

LS a

naly

ses

of th

e as

soci

atio

n of

spe

cies

’ tra

its w

ith d

iffer

ent s

ervi

ces

that

208

pal

m s

peci

es

prov

ide

in n

orth

wes

tern

Sou

th A

mer

ica.

Sig

nific

ant v

alue

s ar

e w

ritte

n in

bol

d. P

agel

’s la

mbd

a19 (λ)

≈ 0

wou

ld b

e se

en fo

r sys

tem

s w

ithou

t

phyl

ogen

etic

dep

ende

nce.

Gen

eral

ailm

ents

: Gen

eral

ailm

ents

with

uns

peci

fic s

ympt

oms,

Res

pira

tory

: Res

pira

tory

sys

tem

, Dig

estiv

e: D

iges

tive

syst

em, U

rinar

y: U

rinar

y sy

stem

, Inf

ectio

ns: I

nfec

tions

and

infe

stat

ions

, Blo

od: B

lood

and

car

dio-

vasc

ular

sys

tem

, Ski

n: S

kin

and

subc

utan

eous

tissu

e.

(a

) GLM

(b

) PG

LS

In

terc

ept

Geo

grap

hic

rang

e Le

af le

ngth

Fr

uit v

olum

e S

tem

vol

ume

λ In

terc

ept

Geo

grap

hic

rang

e Le

af le

ngth

Fr

uit v

olum

e S

tem

vol

ume

Any

ser

vice

0.

000

± 0.

062

0.16

4 ±

0.06

4*

0.25

4 ±

0.07

3***

0.

139

± 0.

069*

0.

159

± 0.

069*

0.

000

0.00

0 ±

0.06

2 0.

164

± 0.

064*

0.

254

± 0.

073*

**

0.13

9 ±

0.06

9*

0.15

9 ±

0.06

9*

!

!!

!!

Con

stru

ctio

n 0.

000

± 0.

064

0.16

0 ±

0.06

7**

0.15

2 ±

0.07

6*

0.21

0 ±

0.07

2**

0.10

3 ±

0.07

1 0.

911

0.51

1 ±

0.91

9 0.

194

± 0.

055*

* 0.

046

± 0.

092

0.11

3 ±

0.07

7*

0.03

3 ±

0.07

6 H

ouse

s 0.

000

± 0.

067

0.17

2 ±

0.06

9**

0.09

3 ±

0.07

9 -0

.089

± 0

.075

0.

142

± 0.

074

0.27

0 0.

034

± 0.

284

0.18

8 ±

0.06

7**

0.06

7 ±

0.09

9 -0

.048

± 0

.078

0.

095

± 0.

076

That

ch

0.00

0 ±

0.06

4 0.

117

± 0.

066

0.12

2 ±

0.07

6 0.

297

± 0.

071*

**

0.05

5 ±

0.07

1 0.

996

0.46

5 ±

1.15

3 0.

133

± 0.

041*

* 0.

184

± 0.

074

0.11

2 ±

0.07

7 0.

063

± 0.

069

!

!!

!!

Food

0.

000

± 0.

062

0.14

6 ±

0.06

4*

0.22

5 ±

0.07

4**

0.18

7 ±

0.06

9**

0.15

4 ±

0.06

9*

0.17

9 -0

.183

± 0

.218

0.

118

± 0.

063

0.19

1 ±

0.08

0*

0.19

0 ±

0.07

2**

0.20

2 ±

0.07

1**

Oils

0.

000

± 0.

064

0.12

7 ±

0.06

6 0.

369

± 0.

076*

**

-0.1

17 ±

0.0

71

0.06

3 ±

0.07

1 1.

000

0.04

9 ±

0.85

6 -0

.034

± 0

.030

0.

082

± 0.

052

-0.1

99 ±

0.0

40**

* 0.

072

± 0.

024*

* Fo

od

0.00

0 ±

0.06

2 0.

147

± 0.

065

0.

220

± 0.

074*

* 0.

190

± 0.

069*

* 0.

154

± 0.

069*

0.

179

-0.1

81 ±

0.2

18

0.11

9 ±

0.06

3 0.

186

± 0.

080*

0.

193

± 0.

072*

* 0.

201

± 0.

071*

*

!

!!

!!

Cul

ture

0.

000

± 0.

066

0.01

2 ±

0.06

9 0.

168

± 0.

078*

0.

145

± 0.

074*

0.

116

± 0.

073

0.08

8 -0

.033

± 0

.175

0.

029

± 0.

068

0.16

0 ±

0.08

2 0.

132

± 0.

076

0.10

0 ±

0.07

5 C

osm

etic

0.

000

± 0.

069

0.04

7 ±

0.07

1 0.

153

± 0.

081

0.01

6 ±

0.07

6 0.

040

± 0.

076

1.00

0 -0

.024

± 1

.317

0.

019

± 0.

034

0.02

2 ±

0.06

9 -0

.004

± 0

.070

0.

028

± 0.

060

Per

sona

l ado

rnm

ent

0.00

0 ±

0.06

6 0.

066

± 0.

068

0.09

8 ±

0.07

8 0.

284

± 0.

073*

**

0.00

2 ±

0.07

3 0.

055

-0.0

63 ±

0.1

45

0.07

1 ±

0.06

8 0.

108

± 0.

080

0.28

7 ±

0.07

4***

0.

017

± 0.

074

Ritu

al

0.00

0 ±

0.06

9 -0

.090

± 0

.072

0.

062

± 0.

082

-0.0

48 ±

0.0

77

0.11

2 ±

0.07

7 1.

000

0.07

2 ±

1.26

7 -0

.015

± 0

.042

0.

064

± 0.

057

-0.0

37 ±

0.0

69

-0.1

81 ±

0.0

77*

!

!!

!!

Med

icin

e 0.

000

± 0.

067

0.22

8 ±

0.07

0***

0.

159

± 0.

079*

0.

021

± 0.

075

-0.0

24 ±

0.0

74

0.00

0 0.

000

± 0.

067

0.22

8 ±

0.07

0**

0.15

9 ±

0.07

9*

0.02

1 ±

0.07

5 -0

.024

± 0

.074

G

ener

al A

ilmen

ts

0.00

0 ±

0.06

9 0.

013

± 0.

071

0.15

9 ±

0.08

1*

0.04

4 ±

0.07

6 0.

035

± 0.

076

0.00

0 0.

000

± 0.

069

0.01

3± 0

.071

0.

159

± 0.

081

0.04

4 ±

0.07

6 0.

035

± 0.

076

Res

pira

tory

0.

000

± 0.

069

0.05

0 ±

0.07

2 0.

121

± 0.

082

-0.0

31 ±

0.0

77

-0.0

06 ±

0.0

77

1.00

0 0.

097

± 1.

348

0.02

7 ±

0.03

5 0.

075

± 0.

070

-0.0

35 ±

0.0

72

-0.0

06 ±

0.0

62

Dig

estiv

e 0.

000

± 0.

069

0.16

5 ±

0.07

1*

0.02

7 ±

0.08

2 0.

020

± 0.

077

-0.0

25 ±

0.0

76

0.21

1 0.

050

± 0.

263

0.13

8 ±

0.07

1 0.

034

± 0.

090

0.02

7 ±

0.08

1 -0

.013

± 0

.079

U

rinar

y 0.

000

± 0.

067

0.23

6 ±

0.07

0***

0.

050

± 0.

080

0.12

5 ±

0.07

5 -0

.032

± 0

.075

1.

000

0.03

4 ±

0.99

7 0.

022

± 0.

023

0.01

2 ±

0.06

3 0.

055

± 0.

059

0.03

6 ±

0.05

9 In

fect

ions

0.

000

± 0.

070

0.07

1 ±

0.07

2 0.

051

± 0.

082

0.00

8 ±

0.07

7 0.

029

± 0.

077

1.00

0 0.

023

± 1.

106

0.08

2 ±

0.02

9**

0.03

6 ±

0.05

7 -0

.037

± 0

.059

0.

014

± 0.

051

Blo

od

0.00

0 ±

0.06

7 0.

300

± 0.

069*

**

0.06

7 ±

0.07

9 -0

.040

± 0

.074

-0

.073

± 0

.074

1.

000

-0.1

04 ±

1.2

13

0.05

9 ±

0.03

3 0.

068

± 0.

054

-0.0

01 ±

0.0

64

-0.0

34 ±

0.0

59

Ski

n 0.

000

± 0.

070

-0.0

25 ±

0.0

72

0.04

6 ±

0.08

3 -0

.037

± 0

.078

0.

019

± 0.

077

1.00

0 -0

.106

± 1

.123

0.

058

± 0.

033

0.03

5 ±

0.04

5 -0

.007

± 0

.053

0.

002

± 0.

031

* (P

≤ 0

.05)

**

(P ≤

0.0

1), *

** (P

≤ 0

.001

)

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

R. C

ámar

a-Le

ret e

t al.

2016

. Fun

dam

enta

l spe

cies

’ tra

its e

xpla

in p

rovi

sion

ing

serv

ices

of t

ropi

cal A

mer

ican

pal

ms.

Nat

ure

Plan

ts

! !15!

Supp

lem

enta

ry T

able

4. T

he a

ssoc

iatio

n of

geo

grap

hic

rang

e an

d PC

1 w

ith d

iffer

ent s

ervi

ces

that

208

pal

m s

peci

es p

rovi

de in

nor

thw

este

rn

Sout

h A

mer

ica,

acc

ordi

ng to

(a) G

LM a

nd (b

) PG

LS a

naly

ses.

PC

1: c

ompo

nent

one

of a

prin

cipa

l com

pone

nt a

naly

sis

on th

e th

ree

func

tiona

l

traits

(lea

f len

gth,

frui

t vol

ume,

ste

m v

olum

e) th

at a

ccou

nts

for 5

4% o

f the

ir va

riabi

lity.

Sig

nific

ant v

alue

s ar

e w

ritte

n in

bol

d. P

agel

’s la

mbd

a19

(λ) ≈

0 w

ould

be

seen

for s

yste

ms

with

out

phyl

ogen

etic

dep

ende

nce.

Gen

eral

ailm

ents

: Gen

eral

ailm

ents

with

uns

peci

fic s

ympt

oms,

Res

pira

tory

: Res

pira

tory

sys

tem

, Dig

estiv

e: D

iges

tive

syst

em, U

rinar

y: U

rinar

y sy

stem

, Inf

ectio

ns: I

nfec

tions

and

infe

stat

ions

, Blo

od: B

lood

and

card

io-v

ascu

lar s

yste

m, S

kin:

Ski

n an

d su

bcut

aneo

us ti

ssue

.

(a

) GLM

(b

) PG

LS

In

terc

ept

Geo

grap

hic

rang

e P

C1

λ In

terc

ept

Geo

grap

hic

rang

e P

C1

Con

stru

ctio

n 0.

000

± 0.

064

0.14

8 ±

0.06

5*

0.34

2 ±

0.06

5***

0.

869

0.47

1 ±

0.78

8 0.

189

± 0.

058*

* 0.

129

± 0.

088

Hou

ses

0.00

0 ±

0.06

8 0.

205

± 0.

068*

0.

104

± 0.

068

0.32

4 0.

050

± 0.

314

0.20

5 ±

0.06

6**

0.08

5 ±

0.08

5 Th

atch

0.

000

± 0.

065

0.08

6 ±

0.06

5 0.

349

± 0.

065*

**

0.99

6 0.

486

± 1.

137

0.13

3 ±

0.04

1**

0.26

7 ±

0.07

5**

Food

0.

000

± 0.

062

0.14

3 ±

0.06

2*

0.42

1 ±

0.06

2***

0.

164

-0.1

74 ±

0.2

09

0.12

5 ±

0.06

1*

0.42

8 ±

0.07

4***

O

ils

0.00

0 ±

0.06

6 0.

140

± 0.

066*

0.

272

± 0.

066*

**

1.00

0 -0

.047

± 0

.944

-0

.033

± 0

.023

0.

152

± 0.

022*

* Fo

od

0.00

0 ±

0.06

2 0.

144

± 0.

062*

0.

418

± 0.

062*

**

0.16

3 -0

.172

± 0

.209

0.

126

± 0.

062*

0.

425

± 0.

074*

**

Cul

ture

0.

000

± 0.

066

0.00

9 ±

0.06

6 0.

318

± 0.

066*

**

0.08

7 -0

.035

± 0

.173

0.

026

± 0.

066

0.29

2 ±

0.07

5***

C

osm

etic

0.

000

± 0.

069

0.04

7 ±

0.06

9 0.

166

± 0.

069*

1.

000

-0.0

23 ±

1.3

11

0.01

9 ±

0.03

4 0.

041

± 0.

058

Per

sona

l ado

rnm

ent

0.00

0 ±

0.06

7 0.

029

± 0.

067

0.28

6 ±

0.06

7***

0.

088

-0.1

06 ±

0.1

76

0.03

8 ±

0.06

7 0.

310

± 0.

076*

**

Ritu

al

0.00

0 ±

0.06

9 -0

.066

± 0

.070

0.

088

± 0.

070

1.00

0 0.

074

± 1.

281

-0.0

07 ±

0.0

41

-0.0

76 ±

0.0

73

Med

icin

e 0.

000

± 0.

067

0.21

6 ±

0.06

8**

0.13

6 ±

0.06

8*

0.00

0 0.

000

± 0.

067

0.21

6 ±

0.06

8**

0.13

6 ±

0.06

8*

Gen

eral

Ailm

ents

0.

000

± 0.

068

0.00

9 ±

0.06

9 0.

189

± 0.

069*

* 0.

000

0.00

0 ±

0.06

8 0.

009

± 0.

069

0.18

9 ±

0.06

9**

Res

pira

tory

0.

000

± 0.

069

0.04

9 ±

0.07

0 0.

078

± 0.

070

1.00

0 0.

127

± 1.

344

0.02

2 ±

0.03

4 0.

040

± 0.

059

Dig

estiv

e 0.

000

± 0.

069

0.15

7 ±

0.06

9*

0.02

2 ±

0.06

9 0.

216

0.04

6 ±

0.26

5 0.

133

± 0.

069

0.03

7 ±

0.08

5 U

rinar

y 0.

000

± 0.

067

0.21

3 ±

0.06

8**

0.11

2 ±

0.06

8 1.

000

0.02

2 ±

0.99

3 0.

022

± 0.

022

0.06

6 ±

0.06

4 In

fect

ions

0.

000

± 0.

069

0.07

4 ±

0.07

0 0.

067

± 0.

070

1.00

0 0.

037

± 1.

101

0.08

0 ±

0.02

8**

0.02

2 ±

0.04

8 B

lood

0.

000

± 0.

067

0.28

9 ±

0.06

7***

-0

.017

± 0

.067

1.

000

-0.0

90 ±

1.2

10

0.04

6 ±

0.03

0 0.

042

± 0.

060

Ski

n 0.

000

± 0.

070

-0.0

19 ±

0.0

70

0.02

5 ±

0.07

0 1.

000

-0.0

89 ±

1.1

19

0.06

6 ±

0.03

0 0.

019

± 0.

044

* (P

≤ 0

.05)

**

(P ≤

0.0

1), *

** (P

≤ 0

.001

)

!

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION