In silico Antiurolithiatic Screening of Aerva lanata (L ... · antimicrobial, cytotoxic activity, antiurolithiatic and anti-inflammatory activity.1,2 This plant is commonly used in

126 Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research | Vol 49 | Issue 2 | Apr-Jun, 2015

Pharmaceutical Research

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In silico Antiurolithiatic Screening of Aerva lanata (L) Isolated constituents

Basavaraj M Dinnimath1 and Sunil S Jalalpure*2

1Department of pharmachemistry, KLEU’s college of pharmacy Belgaum-590010, Karnataka-India2Department of pharmacognosy, KLEU’s college of pharmacy Belgaum-590010, Karnataka-India

ABSTRACTBackground: Traditionally known as Pashanabheda in India, Aerva lanata (L) belonging to the family Amaranthaceae, is widely available in Western ghats of India and used as Antiurolithiatic, astringent, diuretic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective drug by Indian traditional system of medicines. Materials and Method: In the present study this herb is subjected to extraction with hydro alcohol followed by fractionation with different solvents of varying polarities such as dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol and screened for Antiurolithiatic activity using ethylene glycol induced male Wistar albino rats. Based on the results, the potent fractions were subjected to isolation of active constituents using column chromatography. Results: The isolated compounds from two fractions n-butanol and ethyl acetate were characterized by modern analytical techniques such as IR, HPTLC, NMR and LCMS as Quercetin and Betulin. Later these two compounds were studied for Antiurolithiatic activity by In silico technique by docking with a protein 2 ETE of Oxalate oxidase from PDB and the results indicated better regio-specificity with the enzyme. Conclusion: The two compounds isolated from potent fractions based on bioactivity guided fractionation were characterized as Quercetin and Betulin by modern analytical techniques. These two compounds were studied by in silico method and these two compounds have produced significant results which substantiate their claim of bioactivity. However in vivo study is needed to confirm the activity.

Key words: Aerva lanata (L), Pashanabheda, isolation and characterization, Antiurolithiatic agents, In silico study.

DOI: 10.5530/ijper.49.2.8Correspondence AddressDr. S S Jalalpure,Professor, Dept of Pharmacognosy,KLEU’S College of Pharmacy, Belgaum-590010, Karnataka India.mobile: 91 9448964057 E mail address: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Pashanabheda (stone dissolving) plants are a group of medicinal plants which are used in Indian traditional medicinal system by Ayurvedic practitioners as Antiurolithiatic drugs. Traditionally Aerva lanata (Pashanab-heda) is used as both Antiurolithiatic and diuretic.The traditional medicines system is a rich source of valuable medicinal plants but there is no scientific data to establish the activity of these plants. These plants need to be evaluated, based on their biological efficacy and chemical constituents for the drug development. Hence we have selected Aerva lanata (L) which is traditionally used as Pashanabheda plant (stone dissolving) for Urolithiasis, available from Western Ghats region for our present study. Bioactivity guided fractionation of this plant was car-

Submission Date :11/06/2014Revision Date : 10/09/2014Accepted Date : 23/12/2014

ried out in order to investigate the tradi-tional claim.Many of the medicinal plants available in India have not been studied scientifically for their activity till date. Also there is no spectral data available regarding the active constituents present in these plants which are responsible for their efficacy. Hence there is a need to identify active constitu-ents of these plants and screen them for their various activities to support their tra-ditional claims. In this present study, Aerva lanata Linn. (Amaranthaceae) a herbaceous perennial weed which is available in the tropical regions and Western Ghats of India is selected. The herb Aerva lanata commonly known as Pashanabheda has been claimed to be useful for its diuretic, anthelmintic, anti diabetic, expectorant, hepatoprotective,

Sunil et al., Docking studies of Aerva lanata constituents

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research | Vol 49 | Issue 2 | Apr-Jun, 2015 127

antimicrobial, cytotoxic activity, antiurolithiatic and anti-inflammatory activity.1,2

This plant is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicines and recommended in Ayurvedic texts for various dis-eases. It is useful to treat boils, cephalalgia, cough and urolithiasis. The plant extract is proved for nephropro-tective activity, diuretic effect, cytotoxicity and anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory effect, diuretic effect, anti-inflammatory effect, antimicrobial activity, hepato-protective activity, anti hyperglycemic effect.3,4

Although this plant is used traditionally by Ayurvedic physicians, however, there is no report on the spectral analysis of different fractions of Aerva lanata (L) till date. Also there is no report on the active constituents responsible for the biological activities claimed by the plant. Hence this plant available in Western Ghats of Khanapur region is selected for the study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials and Reagents

The whole plant Aerva lanata (L) is procured from Western Ghats region of Khanapur Taluka, Belgaum for the study. It’s a herb widely available in this region. The plant is authenticated by taxonomist Dr. Harsha Hedge, Scientist B, RMRC, Belgaum (specification no-RMRC-507). The whole plant is subjected to shade drying and then it was ground to coarse powder. The powdered dry material was used for the extraction with hydro alcohol. Aqueous extract was prepared by dissolving the dried hydro alcoholic extract in distilled water and the aqueous extract was partitioned with dif-ferent solvents of varying polarities [dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol (S.D Fine chem. Ltd.)] in a separating funnel. The organic fractions were purified by washing with distilled water and treated with sodium sulphite overnight to remove moisture. These fractions were subjected to qualitative tests and chromatographic techniques.3

Animals

Male Wistar albino rats weighing 150-200 g were pur-chased from Sri Venkateshwara traders, Bangalore. They were housed in acryl fiber cages at 23 ± 2oC, humid-ity 50 ± 1% and were kept on a 12 h light/dark cycle. They were fed with standard chow feed (Amrut labo-ratories, Sangali) and water ad libitum and acclimatized for 15 days before the study. Experimental protocols reported in this study were approved by the Institution Animal Ethical Committee of CPCSEA, Govt. of India (IAEC-Resolution No-13, 31-07-2010) and carried out in accordance with OECD guidelines.

Acute toxicity assay

Acute toxicity assay was performed as per OECD guidelines 423 (limit test). Six male Wistar albino rats (three animals in each step) were randomly selected. The animals were kept fasting for overnight providing only water. The extract was administered orally at one dose level of 2000 mg/kg b.wof the animals. In further rats were observed continuously for the first 4 h and then periodically up to 24 h for toxic symptoms and mortality. The number of deaths was noted to calculate LD50 and therapeutic dose.

Isolation

These fractions (II and III) were subjected to screening for Antiurolithiatic activity using ethylene glycol (0.75%) (S.D. Fine. Chem. Ltd) induced Albino wistar male rats for 24 day study. The animals were divided into seven groups containing six each. The group I served as con-trol and fed with normal rat food and water ad libitum. Group II to VII received ethylene glycol (0.75%) orally in drinking water from day 1 to day 28 for the induction of renal calculi. Group II served as disease induced group. Group III received standard drug Cystone (750 mg/kg b.w) from 14th day to 28th day. Group IV received fraction II (20 mg/kg b.w.) group V received fraction II (40 mg/kg b.w), group VI received fraction III (20 mg/kg b.w.) and group VII received fraction III (40 mg/kg b.w) from 14th day to 28th day.4,5

The Phytochemical screening of the extract and frac-tions II and III showed mainly the presence of flava-noids, Saponins, Triterpenoids, glycosides, steroids and phenolic compounds. (Figure 1) No crystal deposition was found in normal group ani-mals. Kidney section of rats treated with ethylene glycol (0.75%) showed deposition of micro crystals. There was tubular damage, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the interstitial space. Kidney section of animals treated with extract and fractions showed improvement of the above symptoms and reduced crystal deposition.

Figure 1: UV spectrum of AEF 1



Based on the biochemical and Histopathological results, these fractions were subjected to isolation of potent compounds by using column chromatography tech-nique followed by preparative TLC. The isolation tech-nique has successfully isolated two compounds. These isolated compounds were subjected to characterization process by modern analytical techniques such as IR, HPTLC, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and LCMS.The column (3.5×60 cm) was prepared with silica gel (60-120 mesh) in chloroform by wet method and col-umn is put for overnight. Then the n-butanol fraction (5 gm) was poured to silica gel open column chromatogra-phy and step gradient technique was used to run the col-umn. Various ratios of Methanol-chloroform (1:10, 500 ml; 1:5, 500 ml; 1:3, 500 ml; 1:2, 350 ml) were used for the isolation of active component. The 20 fractions of 20 ml each were collected; analyzed by TLC and same type of fractions were mixed; then again analyzed by TLC and found that the aimed compound is present as a single spot in the fraction collected from the 1:2 solvent system and the Rf value determined .Similar method was used to isolate active compound/s from ethyl acetate fraction. Then the ethyl acetate frac-tion (5 gm) was poured to silica gel open column and Various ratios of Methanol-chloroform (1:10, 500 ml; 1:5, 500 ml; 1:3, 500 ml; 1:2, 350 ml) were used for the

isolation of active component (2). The fractions of 20 ml were collected; analyzed by TLC and same type of fractions are mixed; then again analyzed by TLC and found that the aimed compound is present as a single spot in the fraction collected from the 1:2 solvent sys-tem and the Rf value determined. But in this step a com-plex spot was observed in the TLC of the combined fractions of ethyl acetate. Later the complex spot was resolved into two spots with almost close Rf values 0.53 and 0.56. After isolation these two compounds were subjected to characterization by IR, HPTLC, NMR and LCMS. (Table 1-3)6-8

Instrumentation

The TLC spots were analyzed by Iodine chamber, the standard drugs Quercetin and Betulin used for com-parison and Rf values were determined. After TLC analysis, the compounds were studied by CAMAG HPTLC instrument for their qualitative analysis. Then the compounds were subjected to SHIMADZU FT-IR Spectrophotometer for identifying the probable functional groups present. After IR spectral analysis, the compounds were studied for 1HNMR using 400 MHz BRUKER FT-NMR and 13CNMR by 100 MHz BRUKER FT-NMR Spectrophotometer for studying the Proton NMR and Carbon NMR spectra. Thermo

Figure 2: Qualitative analysis of AEF 1 by HPTLC

Figure 3: Comparison of HPTLC spectrum of AEF 1 on differ-ent tracks

Figure 4: I.R Spectrum of AEF 1

Figure 5: 1H NMR spectra of AEF-1



analysis of the isolated compounds was carried out by DSC (Shimadzu). Finally the compounds were analyzed by LCMS SHIMADZU Spectrophotometer for deter-mining their molecular weights and molecular formulae. However the entire compiled information was used for characterizing the compounds.9-11

Molecular docking studies:

Isolated compounds AEF 1 (Quercetin) and AEF 2.3 (Betulin) were studied by in silico technique using auto-mated docking software (v Life, Pune). A protein 2 ETE of Oxalate oxidase was downloaded from pdb (www.rcsb.org/pdb) which reportedly participate in kidney stone formation.

RESULTS Characterization of Isolated Compounds compound 1: AEF 1

Physical Properties

The Color of the isolated compound -1 was Yellowish; its physical state was solid, soluble in Methanol, Chlo-roform and DMSO. The Melting Point was found to be

315-317°C as determined by open capillary method and the Rf value was 0.47 as determined by TLC method.Qualitative analysis of the compounds was carried out using HPTLC Camag instrument. The spectra (figure 2) indicates the purity of the isolated compound AEF 1 at 370 nm. The compound AEF 1 was later analysed by overlaying technique. The compound was compared with standard compound (Quercetin) by overlaying and it shows overlapping spectral lanes (figure 3) which helps us to identify the compound and its purity.

Spectral Data

The IR spectral data (cm-1) of isolated compound AEF 1 (KBR pellets technique) has revealed the vibrations at 3406 (O-H), 1582 (C=C), C=O (1665). (Table 1)The 1HNMR δ (DMSO) spectral data has revealed the proton signals at 6.38(1 H, d, J=1.7 Hz), 6.39 (1 H, d, J=1.7 Hz). Signals at δ = 6.88 (Ar 1 H d, J=6.4 Hz), 7.68 (2 H d, 2.5 Hz) 9.37(1 H-OH d, 2.2 Hz), 10.7 (1 H d, 2 Hz) 12.47(1 H d, 2 Hz). The 1HNMR spectrum showed characteristic protons at aromatic regions from 6–8 ppm and strong hydrogen bonding at 12.5 ppm. (Figure 5) These suggest the possibility of Quercetin nucleus in the compound. The 13C-NMR spectra revealed 15 carbon signals typical of flavonoid nucleus (Quercetin nucleus). (Table 2, Figure 6)The Thermo Analytical data was determined using DSC-60 (Shimadzu) for the compound and it has shown characteristic peaks at 3150C (Tm) (Figure 8).LCMS has revealed m/z [M-H] + at 302 and other frag-ment ions at 257(15), 228 (8), 201(8), 154(8), 136(9), 110(9), 70 (4) and 23 (3). (Table 3, Figure 7)The molecular formula was derived from the above LCMS data and it is C15H10O5

From the above analyses, the compound AEF 1 was identified as 2-(3,4 – dihydroxy phenyl) -3,5,7-trihy-droxy-4H-chromen-4-one (Quercetin). The structure of the compound is

Characterization of Isolated Compound 2: AEF 2.3

Physical Properties

The color of the isolated compound AEF 2.3 was Buff White, its physical state was solid, found to be soluble in Methanol and DMSO. The Melting Point was found to

Table 4: Molecular docking simulation results with 2 ETE

Compound Binding energy

kcal/mole

Docking energy

kcal/mole

No of binding

sites

total no H

AEF 1 -3.92 -4.37 2 6

AEF 2.3 -3.72 -4.11 2 6

Table 1: I.R spectral data of isolated compounds

Compound Vibrations in cm-1

AEF 1 3406(O-H), 1582 (C=C), 1665 (C=O)

AEF 2.3 3414( O-H), 2943( Ar-H) , 1643( C=O)

Table 2: NMR Spectral data of isolated compounds

Compound Proton CarbonAEF 1 6.38, 6.39, 6.88.

7.68, 9.37, 10.7 , 12.47

93.31, 98.15, 102.98, 115.04, 115.57, 119.94,

121.94

AEF 2.3 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.7, 2.1. 2.3 , 2.46 , 3.0

, 3.2 , 3.8, 4.6 , 4.68 , 4.75

40, 53, 55, 60, 71, 106, 122

Table 3: LCMS Spectral data of isolated compounds

Compound Molecular ion( m/z)

Molecular formula

AEF1 302 (m+1) C15H10O5

AEF2.3 443 (m-1) C30H50O2



be 242-244°C (determined by open capillary method). The Rf value was 0.53 as determined by TLC method.

Spectral Data

The IR spectral data (cm-1) of isolated compound AEF 2.3 (KBR pellet technique) has revealed the vibrations - O-H (3414), Ar-H (2943), C=O (1643). (Table 1, Figure 4)The 1HNMR δ (DMSO) spectral data has revealed the proton signals at: δ value 1.0-1.2 (t, 6H); 1.5-1.7 (m, 15H); 2.1 (m, 2H); 2.91-3.0 (m,2H); 3.0 - 3.3 (d, 7H);3.75 (d, 7H); 3.9-4 (d, 6H); 4.3 (s, 2H);4.5 (d, 3H) and it shows the presence of 50 hydrogens in the com-pound. The C13 NMR Spectrum has shown the carbon peaks at 40, 53, 55, 60, 71, 106, and 122. (Table 2, Figure 10 & 11).Thermo Analytical study was carried out using DSC-60 (Shimadzu) and it has shown characteristic sharp peak at 2400C (Tm).15 (Figure 14)The LCMS has revealed [M+H] + at 443 and other frag-ment ions at 413, 384, 246, 221, 193, 174 (Table 3, Fig-ure 13).The molecular formula was deduced for the compound AEF 2.3 based on LCMS spectra and it is -C30H50O2

From the above analyses, the compound was identified as Lup-20(29)-ene-3β, 28-diol (Lupeol). The structure of the compound is11,12

Molecular docking results of AEF 1 and AEF 2.3 using 2 ETE of Oxalate oxidase 16,

Compound 1: AEF 1 (Quercetin) and AEF 2.3 (Bet-ulin) were subjected to in silico docking studies using Autodocking software and the enzyme 2 ETE of Oxa-late oxidase from pdb (www.rcsb.org/pdb). The docking results has shown that the binding strength of AEF 1 (Quercetin) in the active site of the enzyme was -3.92 kcal/mol, Docking energy -4.37 kcal/mol and six H-bonds were predicted between Quercetin and the enzyme. This indicates that Quercetin can act as a bet-ter inhibitor of the enzyme. (Table 4, Figure 9)Docking results of Compound 2: AEF 2.3 ( Betulin ): The docking results has shown that the binding strength of AEF 2.3 (Betulin) in the active site of the enzyme was -3.72 kcal/mol, Docking energy -4.11 kcal/mol and six H-bonds were predicted between Betulin and the

enzyme. This indicates that Betulin can also be a better inhibitor of the enzyme. (Table 4, Figure 15)

DISCUSSIONThe herb Aerva lanata (L) was collected from West-ern Ghats of Belgaum region (India) and subjected to extraction with hydro alcohol. The crude extract was dried and fractionated with different solvents of vary-ing polarities such as Dichloromethane, ethylacetate and n-butanol with an objective of isolating group of active constituents. Based on the preliminary phytochemical investigations and spectral analysis, these two fractions (ethyl acetate and n-butanol) were later subjected to bioactivity guided isolation of potent active constitu-ents using column chromatography followed by pre-parative TLC. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol have yielded two compounds, one from n-butanol (AEF 1) and two from ethyl acetate with almost closer Rf values. These isolated compounds were characterized by using mod-ern analytical techniques such I.R, HPTLC, 1 HNMR,13 CNMR and LCMS.The compound isolated from n-butanol (AEF 1) was characterized as Quercetin and the compounds isolated from ethyl acetate (AEF 2.3) was characterized as Betu-lin. Compound 1 (AEF 1) was isolated as a yellow pow-der. The I.R spectrum of the compound has shown characteristic peaks for the presence of functional groups 3406 (O-H), 1582 (C=C), C=O (1665) which were characteristic of flavanoids. The qualitative analy-sis of the compound by HPTLC has shown Rf value at 0.5 and the peak height was 40. The isolated compound AEF 1 was analyzed by DSC-60 Shimadzu for thermo analytical information and it has shown characteristic endothermic peak at 3150C (Melting, Temp Tm) which almost corresponds to the temp at which it melts com-pletely. DSC analysis has shown sharp peaks which also provide information regarding purity of the sample. The ESI-MS of the compound gave a molecular ion peak [M-H] at m=z 302, compatible with the molecu-lar formula C15H10O7. Its UV absorptions in MeOH were consistent with the presence of pentahydroxyfla-vone structure. In the 1H-NMR spectrum , the aromatic region exhibited an ABX system at 7.73 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz, H-20), 7.62 (1H, dd, J=2.0 and 7.5 Hz, H-60), and 6.87 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz, H-50) due to di-substitution of ring B and a typical meta-coupled pattern for H-6 and H-8 protons ( 6.17 and 6.37, d, J=2.0 Hz). The 13CNMR spectrum showed the presence of 15 aromatic carbon signals. From the ethyl acetate fraction complex spot was obtained which has yielded two compounds with almost close Rf values. However it was later resolved into one



Figure 12 : HPTLC Spectra of AEF 2.3

Figure 6: 13C NMR spectra of AEF-1

Figure 13: LCMS spectrum of AEF 2.3

Figure 7: LC – MS spectrum of AEF 1

Figure 8: Thermoanalytical data of AEF 1

Figure 10: 1H NMR Spectrum of AEF 2.3

Figure 9: a) Predicted binding site of 2 ETE b) 2 ETE from PDB (energy minimized) C) Docking of the molecule (AEF 1)

a) b)

c)

Figure 11: 13C NMR Spectrum of AEF 2.3



Figure 14: Thermo analytical study by DSCFigure 15: a) 2 ETE from PDB (energy minimized ) b) Predict-ed binding site (2 ETE ) C) Docking of the molecule (AEF 2.3)

compound Compound-2 (AEF 2.3). It was isolated as white powder (Rf 0.53). The thermo analytical data of AEF 2.3 as determined by DSC-60 Shimadzu has shown characteristic endothermic peaks at 215-220oC (Tm). The I.R spectrum of the compound has shown the presence of functional groups such as O-H (3414 cm-1), Ar-H (2943 cm-1), C=O (1643 cm-1) which are characteristic of Triterpenoids. The ESI-MS of the compound gave a molecular ion peak [M-H] at m=z 443 correspond-ing with the molecular formula C30H50O2. The 1H NMR spectra of compound exhibited resonances due to aro-matic systems. In the 1HNMR system, it shows the pres-ence of 50 hydrogens in the compound at 1.0-1.2 (t, 6H); 1.5-1.7 (m, 15H); 2.1 (m, 2H); 2.91-3.0 (m, 2H); 3.0 - 3.3 (d, 7H); 3.75 (d, 7H); 3.9-4 (d, 6H); 4.3 (s, 2H); 4.5 (d, 3H). C13 NMR has shown characteristic carbons in spectrum.

Molecular docking studies

Based on the in vivo study results of Aerva lanata (L) extract and fractions for Antiurolithiatic activity, it was thought to study the isolated compounds AEF 1 (Quercetin) and AEF 2.3 (Betulin) by in silico technique to support their in vivo activity. It was also thought that this study shall help to understand the mechanism of action of the enzyme and the drug in the Urolithiasis. Automated docking software was used to determine the orientation of inhibitors bound in the active site of 2 ETE enzyme of Oxalate oxidase which was found to be one of the responsible factors for stone deposition. A Lamarckian genetic algorithm method was employed for this study. The docking of legend molecules with 2 ETE of Oxalate oxidase which reportedly participate in kidney stone formation in patients, reveals that both the inhibitor compounds exhibited the binding with one or other amino acids with better regio-specificity in the active pockets, which is showed in Figure 9 and

15. The protein structure file (PDB ID: 2 ETE) taken from PDB (www.rcsb.org/pdb) was edited by removing the hetero atoms, adding C-terminal oxygen. Figure 9 and 15 also shows the in silico active pocket prediction of amino acids of protein 2 ETE involved in binding with the legends obtained from PDB Theoretically all the molecules showed very good binding energy and docking energy ranging from -3.72 to -3.92 kJ/mol and - 4.11 to -4.37 kJ/mol respectively. Among the tested compounds, docking of 2 ETE with AEF 1 and AEF 2.3 revealed that its docking energy and binding energy (-4.11, -4.37 and -3.72, -3.92kJ/mol, respectively ) favor-able for a good inhibitor of 2 ETE. These compounds AEF 1 and AEF 2.3 need to be screened for in-vivo Antiurolithiatic activity in future. Based on the above In silico study results it can be predicted that these two compounds may be active Antiurolithiatic agents which shall be due to inhibition of enzyme 2 ETE of Oxalate oxidase.

CONCLUSIONThe isolated compounds from two fractions n-butanol and ethyl acetate of Aerva lanata (L) plant extract using column chromatography were characterized by modern analytical techniques such as IR, HPTLC, NMR and LCMS as Quercetin and Betulin. These two compounds were also studied by In silico technique downloading a protein 2 ETE of Oxalate oxidase from PDB and docked with it. This has generated good docking scores which predicts good inhibitory activity on the enzyme which reportedly responsible for kidney stone formation and good candidates for better Antiurolithiatic activity.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTAuthors declare that there is no conflict of interest exists



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors thank KLE University and Principal of KLES’S College of Pharmacy, Belgaum for the present research work. Authors also thank Dr. S S Kerur, Asst Professor, KLES College of Pharmacy Hubli and Principal, KLES College of Pharmacy Hubli for the docking studies.

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Documents

In silico Antiurolithiatic Screening of Aerva lanata (L ... · antimicrobial, cytotoxic activity, antiurolithiatic and anti-inflammatory activity.1,2 This plant is commonly used in