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In gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) a long tube contains the chromatography material. The tube is usually coiled so that it takes up less space.
The column is fitted inside a thermostatically controlled oven. The operating temperature can be changed during the run if necessary.
The different components in the sample are detected as they leave. A device called a flame ionisation detector is often used.
Different substances have different affinities for the stationary phase compared to the mobile phase. They pass the detector at different times.
Each peak represents a different component of the petrol. The area under a peak represents the relative amount of that component.