Imperialism, Alliances, and Imperialism, Alliances, and WarWar

1850-19001850-1900

Europe exercised influence over rest of Europe exercised influence over rest of world: emigrants streamed out world: emigrants streamed out almost all of Africa divided b/t European almost all of Africa divided b/t European

nations, dominance formed a world economynations, dominance formed a world economy Fostered hostility and competition in Europe Fostered hostility and competition in Europe

and a terrible war that undermined it’s and a terrible war that undermined it’s strengthstrength

peace settlement disillusioned idealists in the peace settlement disillusioned idealists in the West, treated Germany harshlyWest, treated Germany harshly

frenzy for imperial expansion destroyed frenzy for imperial expansion destroyed Europe’s peace, prosperity and dominanceEurope’s peace, prosperity and dominance

Expansion of European Expansion of European Power and New Power and New

ImperialismImperialism Explosive developments in science industry Explosive developments in science industry

agriculture and military powered Europeagriculture and military powered Europe allowed a few Europeans to impose will on others allowed a few Europeans to impose will on others Europeans had another weapon: Europeans had another weapon:

they thought their way of life was better to everyone else’s they thought their way of life was better to everyone else’s Colonial expansion seen as bad until 1867Colonial expansion seen as bad until 1867 contradicted capitalism;contradicted capitalism; After 1867After 1867

European states spread control over 1/5 world land European states spread control over 1/5 world land area: area:

New ImperialismNew Imperialism

The New ImperialismThe New Imperialism

New Imperialism invested capital in New Imperialism invested capital in less industrialized countryless industrialized country transform local economy and culture transform local economy and culture

and would loan money or intimidate and would loan money or intimidate local rulers local rulers

Failing that dominant power would Failing that dominant power would establish more direct political controlestablish more direct political control full annexationfull annexation

ColonyColony ProtectorateProtectorate ””spheres of influence”spheres of influence”

Motives for the New Imperialism: The Motives for the New Imperialism: The Economic InterpretationEconomic Interpretation

Lenin: “Imperialism is the monopoly Lenin: “Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism”stage of capitalism” European powers didn’t make full European powers didn’t make full

monopolymonopoly not many colonies formednot many colonies formed

Cultural, Religious, and Cultural, Religious, and Social InterpretationsSocial Interpretations

Justifications for imperialismJustifications for imperialism duty to bring civilization to backward duty to bring civilization to backward

peoplespeoples tool of social policy tool of social policy

BritainBritain Joseph Chamberlain argued for empire as Joseph Chamberlain argued for empire as

source of profit to finance welfare source of profit to finance welfare some argued colonies would attract a some argued colonies would attract a

country’s excess populationcountry’s excess population most went to America)most went to America)

Strategic and Political Strategic and Political Interpretations: the Scramble for Interpretations: the Scramble for

AfricaAfrica Great BritainGreat Britain

Only power w/extensive overseas Only power w/extensive overseas holdings on eve of the scrambleholdings on eve of the scramble

Britain purchased major interest in Suez Britain purchased major interest in Suez canal 1875canal 1875

when Egypt troubled, British established when Egypt troubled, British established control/advanced into Sudancontrol/advanced into Sudan

North AfricaNorth Africa

Who took over N. AfricaWho took over N. Africa How was the take over of North How was the take over of North

Africa unique?Africa unique? What specific territories were taken What specific territories were taken

over?over?

EgyptEgypt

Who took over EgyptWho took over Egypt How was the take over of Egypt How was the take over of Egypt

unique?unique? What issues made Egypt a What issues made Egypt a

complicated territory to control?complicated territory to control? What specific territories were taken What specific territories were taken

over?over?

The Belgian CongoThe Belgian Congo

Who took over the CongoWho took over the Congo How was the take over of the Congo How was the take over of the Congo

unique?unique? What issues made the Congo a What issues made the Congo a

complicated territory to control?complicated territory to control? What specific territories were taken What specific territories were taken

over?over?

France and Smaller France and Smaller NationsNations

18301830 sent expedition to attack pirates in sent expedition to attack pirates in

AlgiersAlgiers extended their controlextended their control took over Algeria, Tunisia, annexed West took over Algeria, Tunisia, annexed West

Africa, Congo and MadagascarAfrica, Congo and Madagascar smaller states acquired new African smaller states acquired new African

coloniescolonies compelled Britain to expandcompelled Britain to expand political status equated with # of coloniespolitical status equated with # of colonies

GermanyGermany::

Bismarck declared protectorates overBismarck declared protectorates over SouthwestSouthwest East AfricaEast Africa TogolandTogoland Cameroons Cameroons

acquired only for diplomatic positionacquired only for diplomatic position

The Irrational ElementThe Irrational Element Germany’s annexations started scrambleGermany’s annexations started scramble

areas not profitable/strategic areas not profitable/strategic In Asia, Japan emerged as great powerIn Asia, Japan emerged as great power

Frightened other powers interested in ChinaFrightened other powers interested in China Russia, France and Germany forced Japan out of Russia, France and Germany forced Japan out of

Liaotung PeninsulaLiaotung Peninsula US proposed Open Door Policy 1899US proposed Open Door Policy 1899

became informal protectorate for all of Western Hemispherebecame informal protectorate for all of Western Hemisphere By turn of centuryBy turn of century

most of world came under industrialized West(except most of world came under industrialized West(except for Ottoman Empirefor Ottoman Empire

fate closely tied w/European developments)fate closely tied w/European developments)

Emergence of the German Empire Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873-and the Alliance Systems (1873-

1890)1890)

German Empire revolutionized German Empire revolutionized diplomacydiplomacy

Britain/Russia retained standingsBritain/Russia retained standings Austria severely weakenedAustria severely weakened

nationalism threatened disintegrationnationalism threatened disintegration France damaged by Franco-Prussian France damaged by Franco-Prussian

WarWar afraid of new neighborafraid of new neighbor

Bismarck’s Leadership (1873-Bismarck’s Leadership (1873-1890)1890)

After 1871, Bismarck After 1871, Bismarck declared Germany satisfieddeclared Germany satisfied didn’t want territorydidn’t want territory afraid of war afraid of war cooled French resentment cooled French resentment

prevented alliance of France prevented alliance of France w/another nationw/another nation

War in the BalkansWar in the Balkans Bismarck established Bismarck established Three Emperors’ LeagueThree Emperors’ League: :

Germany/ Austria/Russia(1873)Germany/ Austria/Russia(1873) Collapsed from Austro-Russian rivalry from Turkish War Collapsed from Austro-Russian rivalry from Turkish War

in 1875in 1875 Ottoman weakness caused Serbia/Montenegro/others to Ottoman weakness caused Serbia/Montenegro/others to

rebelrebel Russia joined frayRussia joined fray

Ottoman Empire forced to sue for peace:Ottoman Empire forced to sue for peace: Treaty of San StefanoTreaty of San Stefano:(1878) :(1878) Russian victory Russian victory got money/land,got money/land, alarmed other powers, alarmed other powers, jingoismjingoism: superpatriotism: superpatriotism

The Congress of BerlinThe Congress of Berlin Disraeli sent fleet to ConstantinopleDisraeli sent fleet to Constantinople

Britain/Austria/ Russia met at Berlin Britain/Austria/ Russia met at Berlin under Bismarckunder Bismarck Bulgaria reduced, Bulgaria reduced, Austria-Hungary given Austria-Hungary given

Bosnia/HerzegovinaBosnia/Herzegovina some territories divided up some territories divided up

Balkan states annoyed by settlementBalkan states annoyed by settlement resented Austrian occupationresented Austrian occupation south Slavic question a threat to Europesouth Slavic question a threat to Europe

German Alliances with Russia German Alliances with Russia and Austriaand Austria

Bismarck made secret treaty Bismarck made secret treaty w/Austriaw/Austria

Would aid each other if attacked by Would aid each other if attacked by RussiaRussia Frightened Russia into bargaining Frightened Russia into bargaining

w/Germanyw/Germany Aimed to resolve conflicts in Balkans Aimed to resolve conflicts in Balkans

w/Austriaw/Austria

The Triple AllianceThe Triple Alliance

Italy joined dual Alliance with Austria Italy joined dual Alliance with Austria and Germany 1882and Germany 1882

Bismarck negotiated the Bismarck negotiated the Reinsurance Reinsurance TreatyTreaty Russia would stay neutral if attackedRussia would stay neutral if attacked William II gained German throne in 1888William II gained German throne in 1888

ImpetuousImpetuous disagreed strongly w/Bismarck, wanted an disagreed strongly w/Bismarck, wanted an

empireempire

Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-1907)1907)

Franco-Russian AllianceFranco-Russian Alliance after Bismarck’s retirement in 1890after Bismarck’s retirement in 1890 system of alliances collapsedsystem of alliances collapsed succeeded by General Leo von succeeded by General Leo von

CapriviCaprivi alienated Russiaalienated Russia drove Russians toward Francedrove Russians toward France alliance against Germany signed 1894alliance against Germany signed 1894

Britain and GermanyBritain and Germany Germany became enemy in British eyesGermany became enemy in British eyes

overtook British production overtook British production William II tried to ally w/Britain, but changed his mindWilliam II tried to ally w/Britain, but changed his mind

Barred British attempts to build railroad from Barred British attempts to build railroad from Capetown to CairoCapetown to Cairo

other blocking in Africa: wanted to show Britain that other blocking in Africa: wanted to show Britain that Germany could make trouble for themGermany could make trouble for them

Germany got a navy in 1898 under Admiral Alfred von Germany got a navy in 1898 under Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz,Tirpitz, doomed to failure, doomed to failure, wasted German resources/began naval race w/Britain, wasted German resources/began naval race w/Britain,

they abandoned friendshipthey abandoned friendship At first, Britain wasn’t concernedAt first, Britain wasn’t concerned

embarrassed from Boer war embarrassed from Boer war tried to make Alliancetried to make Alliance Germans refused, held out for greater concessionsGermans refused, held out for greater concessions

The Entente CordialeThe Entente Cordiale

British ended “splendid isolation”British ended “splendid isolation” Allied w/Japan to defend against Allied w/Japan to defend against

Russia,Russia, settled differences w/France settled differences w/France after Russo-Japanese War of 1905after Russo-Japanese War of 1905

British apprehension toward Russia British apprehension toward Russia was loweredwas lowered

The First Moroccan CrisisThe First Moroccan Crisis 1905, William II tried instigating 1905, William II tried instigating

independence in Moroccoindependence in Morocco challenge to France challenge to France Germans demanded international Germans demanded international

conference to show powerconference to show power met in 1906 in Spainmet in 1906 in Spain

Austria sided w/GermansAustria sided w/Germans Spain sided w/Britain/ France:Spain sided w/Britain/ France: Germany overplayed their hand, pushed Germany overplayed their hand, pushed

France/Britain togetherFrance/Britain together

British Agreement with RussiaBritish Agreement with Russia With French supportWith French support

British made agreement with Russia British made agreement with Russia like Entente Cordialelike Entente Cordiale

settled quarrels in Asiasettled quarrels in Asia Triple Entente formed vs. Triple Triple Entente formed vs. Triple

AllianceAlliance Germany felt encircledGermany felt encircled

let up on Austria in Dual Alliancelet up on Austria in Dual Alliance Bismarck’s alliances shatteredBismarck’s alliances shattered

The Road to War (1908-The Road to War (1908-1914)1914)

Ottoman empire controlled strip of Balkan Ottoman empire controlled strip of Balkan Peninsula,Peninsula, mostly nationalist Slavs,mostly nationalist Slavs, wanted Serbia to unite Slavic provinces(Bosnia wanted Serbia to unite Slavic provinces(Bosnia

especially); especially); Young Turks brought revolution in Young Turks brought revolution in

Ottoman Empire 1908Ottoman Empire 1908 threatened to revive it and stop European threatened to revive it and stop European

powers from pouncing on its corpsepowers from pouncing on its corpse

The Bosnian CrisisThe Bosnian Crisis 1908,1908,

Austria/Russia made deal: Austria/Russia made deal: Russia would support annexation of Russia would support annexation of

Bosnia/Herzogovina if Austria Bosnia/Herzogovina if Austria supported opening of Dardanelles to supported opening of Dardanelles to Russian warshipsRussian warships Austria annexed 1Austria annexed 1stst

Russians were refused Dardanelle demand by Russians were refused Dardanelle demand by Britain/France; Britain/France;

Serbs frustrated by annexation, Serbs frustrated by annexation, Triple Entente strained by Britain/France’s Triple Entente strained by Britain/France’s

refusalrefusal

The Second Moroccan The Second Moroccan CrisisCrisis

Germany sent gunboat Germany sent gunboat PantherPanther to to MoroccoMorocco angered Britainangered Britain turned Entente Cordiale into a de facto turned Entente Cordiale into a de facto

alliancealliance

War in the BalkansWar in the Balkans Italy wanted Libya, attacked Ottoman empire,Italy wanted Libya, attacked Ottoman empire,

forced Turkey to cede Libya;/islands, encouraged Balkan forced Turkey to cede Libya;/islands, encouraged Balkan states to attackstates to attack

– – in 1912, many states attacked empire/won easilyin 1912, many states attacked empire/won easily dispute over division of territory,dispute over division of territory,

22ndnd Balkan War in 1913 Balkan War in 1913 Austria determined to suppress SlavsAustria determined to suppress Slavs Serbs retreatSerbs retreat Austrians got better results from brute force than Austrians got better results from brute force than

diplomacydiplomacy

Causes of World War OneCauses of World War One

Although it was the assassination of the Austrian Although it was the assassination of the Austrian archduke, Franz Ferdinand that led to the outbreak archduke, Franz Ferdinand that led to the outbreak of world war one in August 1914, the actual causes of world war one in August 1914, the actual causes of the war were more complicatedof the war were more complicated

Complicated AlliancesComplicated Alliances ImperialismImperialism NationalismNationalism Militarism Militarism

Sarajevo and Outbreak of Sarajevo and Outbreak of WarWar

Assassin killed Archduke Francis Assassin killed Archduke Francis FerdinandFerdinand (Black Hand) supported by Serbian (Black Hand) supported by Serbian

governmentgovernment

Germany’s and Austria’s Germany’s and Austria’s ResponseResponse

Germany promised German support on Germany promised German support on attack on Austriaattack on Austria

July 28- Austria declared war on SerbiaJuly 28- Austria declared war on Serbia Russia ordered partial mobilization against Russia ordered partial mobilization against

AustriaAustria July 30- Austria ordered mobilization July 30- Austria ordered mobilization

against Russiaagainst Russia Aug 1-3 Germany invaded Luxembourg Aug 1-3 Germany invaded Luxembourg

and Belgiumand Belgium

Triple Entente ResponseTriple Entente Response

Aug 4- Britain declared war and Aug 4- Britain declared war and Germany invaded FranceGermany invaded France

Strategies and Strategies and StalemateStalemate

Allied superior in numbers and Allied superior in numbers and financial resources and command of financial resources and command of seasea

Central powers advantages of Central powers advantages of communication and first attackcommunication and first attack

New WeaponsNew Weapons

Machine Guns made cavalry Machine Guns made cavalry redundant redundant

Later on Tanks -- after 1916 -- they Later on Tanks -- after 1916 -- they made Trench warfare impossible in made Trench warfare impossible in later wars. later wars.

Chemical Weapons - Mustard Gas Chemical Weapons - Mustard Gas New Diseases - Shell ShockNew Diseases - Shell Shock

War in the WestWar in the West

Schlieffen Plan- going around French Schlieffen Plan- going around French defenses by going through Belgium and defenses by going through Belgium and going south and east to crush against going south and east to crush against German fortressesGerman fortresses

Germany defensive war in eastGermany defensive war in east Schlieffen died and left to Moltke to execute planSchlieffen died and left to Moltke to execute plan

Hesitant strategy and mistakes led to failureHesitant strategy and mistakes led to failure France and Britain stopped German in Battle France and Britain stopped German in Battle

of Marneof Marne Each side dug in behind a wall of trenches with Each side dug in behind a wall of trenches with

machine gun nests and artillerymachine gun nests and artillery

War in the EastWar in the East

Hindenburg captured/destroyed Hindenburg captured/destroyed entire Russian army at Battle of entire Russian army at Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian LakesTannenberg and Masurian Lakes

The Home FrontThe Home FrontPopular Support:Popular Support:  Most people in the various countries saw the   Most people in the various countries saw the

war in nationalistic/patriotic  terms -- White Feathers war in nationalistic/patriotic  terms -- White Feathers (chicken/dove) were given to non-fighting men in Britain(chicken/dove) were given to non-fighting men in Britain

Total War and Economic Mobilization:Total War and Economic Mobilization: Mobilizing for total war Mobilizing for total war Factories Factories Munitions Munitions Pub hours in England were shortened Pub hours in England were shortened Rationing - especially harsh in Germany Rationing - especially harsh in Germany Total control of economic and social life to obtain a Total control of economic and social life to obtain a

common goal strengthened socialist ideals.common goal strengthened socialist ideals. Labor shortages brought about benefits for organized labor. Labor shortages brought about benefits for organized labor.

Role of WomenRole of Women Changes drastically as women entered labor force. Changes drastically as women entered labor force. Right to vote was granted after the war to women in Britain Right to vote was granted after the war to women in Britain

and Germany and Austria.and Germany and Austria.

Breaking the DeadlockBreaking the Deadlock

Winston Churchill proposed to attack Winston Churchill proposed to attack Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Falkenhayn failed at VerdunFalkenhayn failed at Verdun Germans responded to British Blockade with Germans responded to British Blockade with

unrestricted sub warfareunrestricted sub warfare Americans angry after torpedoed LusitaniaAmericans angry after torpedoed Lusitania Battle of Jutland confirmed British control of seaBattle of Jutland confirmed British control of sea

Feb 1- Germany announces unrestricted sub Feb 1- Germany announces unrestricted sub warfare and U.S. breaks diplomatic relationswarfare and U.S. breaks diplomatic relations

Germany had won against Russia, but by Germany had won against Russia, but by 1916 morale had declined, 1916 morale had declined,

The United States entered the war. The United States entered the war. The "Lusitania" 1915 1,200 die (inc. 118 The "Lusitania" 1915 1,200 die (inc. 118

Americans)Americans) Altered American public opinion. Altered American public opinion.

The Zimmerman Telegram The Zimmerman Telegram America Enters the War 1917: America Enters the War 1917:

Germany had to act quickly before the US Germany had to act quickly before the US forces built up. forces built up. Spring Offensive by Germany -- March  1918 Spring Offensive by Germany -- March  1918

Russia Revolution Russia Revolution Tsar adjourned Duma and ruled aloneTsar adjourned Duma and ruled alone

March 1917- Petrograd worker demonstrationsMarch 1917- Petrograd worker demonstrations Tsar abdicated on Mar. 15Tsar abdicated on Mar. 15 Began to organize soviets, councils of Began to organize soviets, councils of

workers and soldiersworkers and soldiers

Lenin and the BolsheviksLenin and the Bolsheviks Bolsheviks demanded all political Bolsheviks demanded all political

power go to sovietspower go to soviets Coup failure and Lenin fled to Finland, Coup failure and Lenin fled to Finland,

and Leon Trotsky imprisonedand Leon Trotsky imprisoned Trotsky organized coup on Nov.6 and Trotsky organized coup on Nov.6 and

Bolsheviks ruled RussiaBolsheviks ruled Russia

Communist DictatorshipCommunist Dictatorship

Bolshevik gov. decrees that Bolshevik gov. decrees that nationalized land turned over to nationalized land turned over to peasant proprietorspeasant proprietors Bolsheviks took Russia out of WarBolsheviks took Russia out of War Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- treaty with Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- treaty with

Germany that Russia lost vast amounts Germany that Russia lost vast amounts of territory and pay much war of territory and pay much war reparationsreparations

Last PushLast Push

Germany pushed for one last Germany pushed for one last offensive and got no further from offensive and got no further from MarneMarne

Prince Max of Baden asked for peace Prince Max of Baden asked for peace on 14 pointson 14 points

End of the OttomansEnd of the Ottomans Ottomans under the “Young Turks” had Ottomans under the “Young Turks” had

sided with Germany. sided with Germany. Russian and British forces defeated the Russian and British forces defeated the

OttomansOttomans British aided by the Arabs under the control of British aided by the Arabs under the control of

Hussein the sherif of Mecca. Hussein the sherif of Mecca. 1920 Peace treaty dismantles the 1920 Peace treaty dismantles the

Ottomans, large portions of the empire fell Ottomans, large portions of the empire fell under the control of England and France.under the control of England and France.

Turkish nationalists under Ataturk founds Turkish nationalists under Ataturk founds the Republic of Turkey in 1923. the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

Settlement at ParisSettlement at Paris

The AlliesThe AlliesWoodrow Wilson (1856-1924)Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) The Fourteen Points Jan 8 1918The Fourteen Points Jan 8 1918

Self Determination - was it a good idea (think of problems Self Determination - was it a good idea (think of problems with this in Eastern Europe)with this in Eastern Europe)

Aims of Other AlliesAims of Other Allies Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929)Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929)

David Lloyd George (1865-1945, PM 1916-1922)David Lloyd George (1865-1945, PM 1916-1922)Vittoria Emanuale Orlando, 1860-1952 Vittoria Emanuale Orlando, 1860-1952

Britain:Britain: Bowed to public opinion at home, and they wanted Bowed to public opinion at home, and they wanted reparations.reparations.

France:France: Wanted the destruction of German Threat and Reparations.Wanted the destruction of German Threat and Reparations.

Provisions - The New EuropeProvisions - The New EuropeNine new "nation-states":  Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Nine new "nation-states":  Finland, Estonia, Latvia,

Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary.Austria, Hungary.

FranceFrance - gains Alsace-Lorraine - gains Alsace-Lorraine

GermanyGermany - loses territory - loses territory

Alsace-Lorraine Alsace-Lorraine Saarland Saarland A lot of Prussia to Poland A lot of Prussia to Poland

Austria-Hungary: An Empire disappears Austria-Hungary: An Empire disappears Austria - a small state Austria - a small state Hungary - (problem - many Hungarians in Hungary - (problem - many Hungarians in

Transylvania, which was given to Romania). Transylvania, which was given to Romania). Czechoslovakia - the democratic success story -Czechoslovakia - the democratic success story -

Czechs, Slovaks, Moravians (Problem - Germans in Czechs, Slovaks, Moravians (Problem - Germans in Sudetenland) Sudetenland)

Balkans Balkans Yugoslavia - Serbia grows and gains a little Yugoslavia - Serbia grows and gains a little

empire over Croats, Slovenes. Dalmatians, empire over Croats, Slovenes. Dalmatians, Macedonians, Bosnians, some Hungarians, Macedonians, Bosnians, some Hungarians, and Montenegrins (Problem - Albanians.) and Montenegrins (Problem - Albanians.)

Rumania - gains territory Rumania - gains territory Transylvania + Moldavia + many Hungarians. Transylvania + Moldavia + many Hungarians.

Gypsies ignored. Gypsies ignored. Bulgaria Bulgaria

Loses land to Yugoslavia and GreeceLoses land to Yugoslavia and Greece

RussiaRussia -- loses a lot of land -- loses a lot of land Finland Finland Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Poland Poland Moldavia to Rumania Moldavia to Rumania

Colonies: Colonies: German colonies are divided up. German colonies are divided up. Britain gets African lands Britain gets African lands Japan gets Asian lands. Japan gets Asian lands.

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire Britain and France divided the Middle East. Britain and France divided the Middle East. Britain renegades on promise made to Arabs. Britain renegades on promise made to Arabs. Greece tried to conquer Western Anatolia Greece tried to conquer Western Anatolia The New Turkey, under the leadership of Kemal Ataturk The New Turkey, under the leadership of Kemal Ataturk

repulsed and drove out the Greeksrepulsed and drove out the Greeks

ReparationsReparations

Germany was to pay $5 Billion per Germany was to pay $5 Billion per year until 1921 year until 1921

Then a fixed sum which would be Then a fixed sum which would be paid off over 30 years. paid off over 30 years. Never paid, and could not be,Never paid, and could not be, Infuriated the Germans.Infuriated the Germans.

League of NationsLeague of Nations

A League of Nations to be A League of Nations to be established to govern later disputes. established to govern later disputes.

Germany and Russia excluded. Germany and Russia excluded. USA would not join. USA would not join. It never worked. It never worked.

Germany’s SurrenderGermany’s Surrender The War Guilt ClauseThe War Guilt Clause – –

"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies“Germany and her allies“

Germany was not instigator of the War, it was regard Germany was not instigator of the War, it was regard as main defeated power. as main defeated power. Not a complete defeat. Not a complete defeat. Military Defeat not acknowledged by the army. Military Defeat not acknowledged by the army. Military insisted that the Civil Government bears the blame. Military insisted that the Civil Government bears the blame.

Made things hard for the new postwar government.Made things hard for the new postwar government.

Led to UK and USA really leaving France to Led to UK and USA really leaving France to enforce the Treaty, - France was  unable to enforce the Treaty, - France was  unable to this.this.

Versailles settlement managed to set the Versailles settlement managed to set the scene for the next war within 25 years.scene for the next war within 25 years.