IMPACT REPORT Research and Advocacy, Media and Conflict ......training on conflict sensitive approaches and act as a wider resource to DFID on conflict sensitivity. The desired outcome

IMPACT REPORT

Research and Advocacy, Media

and Conflict Sensitivity

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Background and Context

In developing NSRP strategy, the programme identified a set of interconnected issues impacting on peace and conflict in Nigeria:

The lack of available research designed to supply practical answers for policy issues in reducing and managing conflict

The limited institutional capacity to coordinate and communicate conflict responses.

The role of media in provoking or reducing violence. The Nigerian media, particularly radio in the north of the country lacked the professional skills to undertake conflict sensitive reporting and programme production.

The need for advocacy. NSRP was DFID’s first comprehensive programme working on conflict in Nigeria; one of a large portfolio spanning governance, economic growth, livelihoods, health, education and gender. As insecurity deepened in Nigeria in recent years, more programmes raised concerns about the impact of conflict on development results. Conversely, there has been a lack of awareness on how donor programmes impact on conflict. The potential for programmes operating in volatile contexts to inadvertently have negative consequences on local conflict dynamics - including through decisions about beneficiaries, staff, and locality - was a clear risk for DFID.

The NSRP Intervention

The overall NSRP purpose (or outcome) was the ‘Application of improved policies and practices that help to manage conflict non-violently more often in NSRP target states’ which feeds into the impact the programme aimed to deliver: ‘The negative impacts of violent conflict on the most vulnerable are reduced in NSRP target states’

NSRP supported conflict management initiatives through four inter-related areas of work – each taking place at Federal, State and Local Government Area (LGA) levels. The four work areas (outputs) were: (1) Security and Governance; (2) Economic and Natural Resources; (3) Women and Girls; and (4) Research and Advocacy, Media and Conflict Sensitivity.

The overall goal of Output 4 was to influence a wider cross-section of decision makers beyond those engaged in immediate programme activities under other outputs through research, advocacy, institutional partnerships, and the media. The Theory of Change for this output states ‘If NSRP is able to improve the supply of quality information and research and to successfully promote its use by decision makers, then policies and practice will become more effective in reducing conflict and improving its management.’

NSRP developed four interlinked components for research, advocacy, media engagement and conflict sensitive programming to have an increasingly positive influence on policy and practice relevant to stability and reconciliation in Nigeria. The four specific intervention areas are as follows.

Research

The objective of the research component was to increase the quality and quantity of available knowledge through primary research; and apply it to decision making through policy dialogue and advocacy. The desired outcome was that NSRP will have contributed to increasing knowledge and understanding of conflict issues, and that this will be reflected in improved policy, practice and decision-making.

I m p a c t R e p o r t : R e s e a r c h a n d A d v o c a c y, M e d i a a n d C o n f l i c t S e n s i t i v i t y

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The programme produced monthly Conflict Briefing Notes (CBN) and supported a wide range of research organisations and individual researchers to produce material on broad and specific issues from across the conflict and peacebuilding landscape. Material was disseminated and opportunities to generate discussion around content and how it could be used to inform decision-making identified and accessed.

Strategic Partnerships

This component aimed to strengthen the ability of key institutions with mandates for conflict and security management to more effectively prevent and manage conflict. It did this by developing strategic partnerships with institutions and supporting them to more effectively fulfil their mandates or responsibilities in the area of conflict management. The desired outcome was that NSRP activities would equip these institutions to address stability and reconciliation more effectively in their policies and practices; and thereby make a more coherent and constructive contribution to peacebuilding.

The programme worked with a range of key partners including: the Office of the National Security Adviser (ONSA), National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), National Orientation Agency (NOA), National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS), the Institute of Peace and Conflict Resolution (IPCR) and the Institute for Governance and Social Research (IGSR) as well as a range of other Non-Governmental Organisations.

NSRP supported the convening of an annual Eminent persons and Expert Group Meeting (EEGM) bringing together key strategic stakeholders from across the conflict and peacebuilding landscape. This group considered current and long-standing conflict issues and produced guidance on actions that could be taken to prevent, manage or bring conflicts to an end.

Media

The media component was designed to help reduce conflict by greatly extending the reach of NSRP activities. Programmes and articles provided a platform for solutions-oriented debate on conflict related issues and accountability. NSRP aimed to increase the voice of groups not well represented in media reporting such as women, young men and people with disabilities. This was underpinned by support to journalists to report conflict in a more sensitive way. The desired outcome was that providing examples of conflict sensitive media reporting and socially responsible practices would have a positive influence on media practices more widely in Nigerian society.

NSRP worked with 15 media organisations (broadcast and print) across 8 states providing on line and face to face training for conflict sensitive reporting and media management; aimed at reducing hate speech and inflammatory content.

Conflict Sensitive Programming

This component aimed to provide selected existing DFID Nigeria programmes with tailored training on conflict sensitive approaches and act as a wider resource to DFID on conflict sensitivity. The desired outcome was that NSRP would contribute to a measurable increase in the conflict sensitivity of the DFID Nigeria programme portfolio, generating a body of lessons learnt that will be useful to DFID globally; while at the same time contributing to NSRP programme outcomes.

NSRP has a specific understanding of the concept of ‘conflict sensitivity’ which is defined as ‘the approach to programming that prioritises understanding the two-way interaction between activities and the context, and acting to minimise negative impacts and maximise positive


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impacts on interventions on conflict’. Using this understanding, Conflict Sensitivity can be considered an approach to programming or a methodology for programme implementation.

NSRP delivered conflict sensitivity to programmes using three modalities: Analysis and Assessments, Technical Accompani ment to Programme Cycle, and Capacity Building

Specific work included engagement with DFID programmes over the life of NSRP, providing gender and conflict sensitivity analysis, training and input to programme plans.

Achievements, Outcomes and Impact

Component 4.1 Research

NSRP established a network of recognised and respected researchers across Nigeria and internationally with whom it collaborated in commissioning, delivering and disseminating its research. This national network has given credibility to work published: enabling engagement with peer international agencies and organisations working in the field. Over four years, NSRP has published 78 research studies, with 53 citations and instances of use.

NSRP Research Document Production by Category

Conflict Briefing Notes 40

Conflict General 22

Crime 2

Economy 3

Ethnicity 2

Extremism General 3

Peacebuilding 2

Politics 1

Violence Against Women and Girls 1

Other 2

Total 78

There have been 17 instances where NSRP-supported research has led to specific policy or practice changes by organisations. An example of this is where the European Union (EU) used the ‘Heroes and villains: Perceptions and Experiences of Children Associated with Armed Groups in the Northeast of Nigeria’ research in developing its European Union Trust Fund (EUTF) intervention on supporting children in North East Nigeria.

Research influenced NSRP programming in many areas, including the design of Component 2.1 (Federal and state policy discussions on government employment and empowerment initiatives) and Component 2.3 where oil spill research set the agenda for the Multi-Stakeholder Platforms in the Delta.


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Research on employment influenced the Rivers State Sustainable Development Agency (RSSDA) to conduct labour market assessment surveys to inform its employment creation strategies; and to youth associations and Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Kano State to develop and adopt a code of principles for designing and implementing employment programmes.

NSRP supported research that contributed to greater understanding of the dynamics around the Civilian Joint Task Force in Borno State, and the Post-Amnesty Niger Delta Conflict Management Framework.

At policy level, NSRP supported initiatives linked with the adoption of the National Security Strategy, Counter Terrorism Strategy, Cyber Security Strategy and the Violence against Persons Prohibition Act.

The NSRP-funded research study ‘Radicalisation, De-radicalisation and Counter-radicalisation’ (see text box) led by the Office of the National Security Adviser (ONSA) validated the Output-level theory of change with follow up action taken by multiple actors in the sector across government, the international community and the non-governmental sector. This led to more research on radicalisation, including the role of religion, women, and young people. The radicalisation research led to a significant impact for NSRP with its contribution to the section on Pathways to Violent Extremism in the

ONSA-led Framework and National Action Plan for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism.

In the North-East region, the Herwa Community Development Initiative has been awarded a small grant to implement a programme of support for out-of-school youth and Almajiri students. The project proposal was also informed by the research on Radicalisation, De-radicalisation and Counter-radicalisation.

Policy-Maker in Correspondence with the NSRP “NSRP is introducing a new dimension to conflict and stabilisation with regard knowledge production by not just doing work but first saying let’s understand dynamics/”

Research on Violent Extremism NSRP provided financial support to a major research study on Radicalisation, Counter-radicalisation, and De-radicalisation in Nigeria. The study was conceived by, and conducted in conjunction with, the Government of Nigeria (GON) Office of the National Security Adviser (ONSA). The study resulted in eight research papers which were condensed into five policy briefs, each providing a series of recommendations to counter the insurgency in the North East. It was informed by NSRP, two ONRN researchers, ONS!’s Director of Behaviour Change and Communications and Head of Department of Behavioural Analysis, as well as a Muslim Community Centre representative. During the lifetime of NSRP, the approach to countering violence extremism (CVE) changed substantially with the conceptualisation and pilot implementation of a new ‘softer’ and ‘holistic’ approach as well as a change in the nature of communication among key actors. A wide range of stakeholders are engaging wi th this research. For ONSA, the major benefit of the research study was in validating their approach and providing an evidence base in support of their chosen course which could help secure wider buy-in amongst key stakeholders during implementation of the ir new programme.


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Research on youth unemployment underpinned the Resource Centre for Human Rights and Civic Education’s (CHRICED) programming approach on a Code of Principles (Youth Employment and Empowerment Programmes in Kano State: Draft Principles for Programme Design and Implementation).

The broad range of research produced through NSRP has contributed to an increased evidence base accessible to decision makers at federal and state level; both through the formal platforms supported through the programme and the networks built across state and civil society organisations.

0

5

10

15

20

25

Substantive Engagements Substantive Results Achieved Policy/Practice Changes Resulting

Strategic Partner Engagement 2012 to 2017

Programme Team, The Inclusive friends, Plateau State “The lessons learned in the implementation of our research have impacted greatly on our programme activities. A key programme that the research experience has influenced is the recent school’s sanitation survey conducted at special schools in January 2017. We were gender inclusive by ensuring equal number of boy and girl respondents, and ensured gender inclusivity in selecting male and female research assistants.”

Research on Rural Banditry and Conflict in Nigeria The research carried out by NSRP and CCD was presented at a dissemination event in Kaduna in August 2015. At the event, the representative of the State Governor announced that cattle were to be implanted with microchips to monitor their movements and stem armed attacks against herders [Jimoh, A., 2015]. The research prepared by NSRP evidence was a contributing factor to this decision with the relevant Policy Brief including a recommendation to review and revise the approach to monitoring and control of livestock movement.


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4.2 Strategic partnerships

To connect evidence from research to decision makers, NSRP formed strategic partnerships with five Federal Agencies holding mandates for stability and reconciliation (ONSA, NIPSS, NOA, NHRC, and IPCR). NSRP also supported the Institute for Governance and Social Research (IGSR).

ONSA is a good example of how a sustained strategic partnership can help produce committed agents of change and capacity to use knowledge on conflict related issues. Achievements from this work include:

x The endorsement and adoption by Government of Nigeria of a new National Security Strategy, developed in partnership with NIPSS and the National Defence College (NDC) through inclusive stakeholder participation.

x A Policy Framework and National Action Plan for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism

x A Strategic Communication Inter-Agency Policy and Coordinating Committee (SC/IPCC) for National Security Strategy was established (see text box below).

NSRP’s partnerships with five Federal Agencies with mandates for addressing stability and reconciliation have improved alignment in strategic priorities and actions of stakeholders; and built capacity through enhanced coordination and participation as well as evidence-based decision-making. Examples include:

x Establishment of an early warning system by NHRC in Borno and Yobe States

x NIPSS convening of the Eminent Persons and Expert Group Meeting (EEGM) – an annual high-level ‘multi-stakeholder’ forum on peace and security. Discussions and recommendations of the EEGM held in 2013 (titled ‘Transforming the Security Sector: Towards a Comprehensive National Security Strategy’) led to calls for the government to develop a national security strategy and to ensure wide stakeholder participation in the process.

The strategic partnerships enabled NSRP to engage with senior policy makers in designing and developing a range of interventions, including action plans, policies and new systems to prevent and manage conflict.

Strategic Communications Interagency Policy Coordination Committee NSRP Technical Assistance to the Counter Terrorism Centre (CTC) of ONSA contributed to the establishment of a Strategic Communications Inter-Agency Policy and Coordinating Committee (SC/IPCC). The committee coordinates communication between government agencies involved in the implementation of strategic communications components of the National Security Strategy. Members of the SC/IPCC drawn from key Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) of the Federal Government serve as Strategic Communication Liaison Officers (SC/LOs) in focal MDAs. This is contributing to the institutionalisation of strategic communications in government agencies especially those involved in security management.


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4.3 Conflict sensitising the Nigerian media

Linking policy to practice, a media strategy was developed to amplify and explain programme activities, addressing challenges such as access to information for women and girls and interference / negative influencing of media reporting.

A key outcome of the programme is more frequent and more conflict and gender sensitive activity and media coverage by stakeholders. By the end of May 2017, nearly 1,600 separate episodes of programming around conflict and gender issues had been broadcast by media partners; evidenced through the completion of ‘media scorecards’ by independent evaluators to monitor factual and balanced reporting to reduce community tensions.

Key individuals within all partner stations adopted a conflict sensitive communication (CSC) approach and were able to apply it to pre-2015 election coverage. Many journalists adopted a new set of professional standards, guiding principles and behaviours during this period. CSC training also targeted journalists and public relations officers drawn from various security institutions (Army, Police and Department of State Security).

NSRP and partners have been granted increased air time on partner radio stations (such as Freedom Radio) to discuss emerging political, economic and social issues that drive conflicts, and peacebuilding initiatives the programme is supporting. They have provided platforms for partners, beneficiaries and the general public to engage in interactive discussions on peace and security and secure responses from government officials. Discussion forums have included the challenges for and with Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the North

Case Study: Elections In the lead, up to the 2015 presidential, national assembly, gubernatorial, and state assembly elections, the Public Safety Working Group (PSWG) produced state and federal -level scenarios that examined the risk of election-related violence. Members held over 30 consultations with government MDAs, CSOs and activists, security agencies and communities in 17 of the most conflict prone states. Analysis of political and conflict dynamics and potential scenarios of violence were developed and presented in state briefings. After reviewing trends at the state level, the group went on to look at national-level political and conflict dynamics and developed nationwide scenarios. Based on these, the group developed a set of recommendations for civil society, donors, and government actors that could be implemented before the elections.

In Action NSRP has advocated for its media partners to draw on NSRP commissioned research to enable evidence-based discussions and media reporting. Anecdotally there have been positive results. For example, findings from NSRP's post amnesty research study were disseminated by one radio partner providing an opportunity for listeners from the Niger Delta to hear the evidence and call in to voice their concerns.

Conflict Sensitive Broadcasting The Barka Da Warhaka Programme on Freedom Radio, Kaduna, has provided a platform for clerics from all religions to talk about peace. Participants were trained and mentored in understanding the use of words and statements that can incite and provoke people. The station manager from Freedom Radio noted, ‘chiefs and community representatives from different ethnic groups/ contributed money to continue the programme. According to them this is the first indigenous programme in their languages that is focused on peace issues and giving them an opportunity to also participate through the phone-in sessions.’


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East; marginalisation of women and girls in the South-South region; the herders and farmers conflict in Middle Belt; and the Ogoni clean-ups.

There has been a marked improvement in the level of conflict sensitivity of radio discussion programmes resulting in an average score of 3.8 (out of maximum score of 5) in 2017 on the NSRP media scorecard compared to a baseline of 1.3 in 2013. Most years have seen an improvement on the previous year with the exception of 2015 which saw a slight dip. This positive impact on workplace practices is the result of sustained training for media partners and journalists on CSC.

Conflict sensitive communications and workplace mentoring support has led to 11 internal practice changes across 15 radio stations. An example is that a number of media partners have embraced the culture of conducting regular editorial meetings and carrying out ‘post mortems’ of previous programmes. The 2017 APS findings show that 65% of the citizens surveyed believe that a ‘more conflict sensitive media’ has helped resolve conflict, whereas less than 1% believe the media have made things worse.

Proportion of Citizens that are Exposed to Supported Media that Perceive Chances Help Solve Conflict Situations or Make Them Worse

NSRP Perception Survey, 2013 to 2017

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Help Solve 61% 78% 61% 59% 65% Make Worse 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%

A sustained approach to capacity building in conflict sensitive communications has contributed to improvements in balanced, objective reporting as well as reduced incidences of hate speech and inflammatory broadcasting.

1.3

2.72.5

3.63.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Conflict Sensitivity Scoring of Radios Stations


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4.4 Mainstreaming conflict and gender sensitivity among stakeholders supported by NSRP

An impact paper produced for NSRP indicates that all programmes which received conflict sensitivity technical assistance applied the learning and made changes to strategy based on that. Primary examples of this are the State Accountability and Voice Initiative (SAVI) and the State Partnership for Accountability, Responsiveness and Capability (SPARC) programmes who increased staffing complement to include technical expertise in conflict sensitivity (see text box).

The commercial contractors implementing both SAVI and SPARC were also instrumental in engaging with both capacity building initiatives and embedding the outcome of the training into the overall structure of the programme. This involves both management in country and in HQ for both Palladium and DAI UK respectively.

Oxford Policy Management (OPM) which manages FOSTER, (Facility for Oil Sector Transparency and Reform operating in the Niger Delta and FCT) worked with the National Oil Spill Detection & Response Agency (NOSDRA) to embed conflict

sensitivity. Through Joint Investigative Visits more conflict sensitive practices were introduced during the re-bidding period for FOSTER 2. This translated into contracting an international organization to provide focused conflict sensitivity and gender sensitivity trainings for all staff in Nigeria at project inception.

Capacity building and technical input have not been the only ways that NSRP has supported more conflict sensitive programmes operating in Nigeria. Support provided to the Nigeria Infrastructure Advisory Facility (NIAF) led to the inclusion of conflict and gender sensitivity content in their Gender Strategy. NIAF’s programme wide sector strategy document now includes "gender and social impacts/social inclusion". This enabled NIAF to report on the impact on gender equity and conflict sensitivity in each of its six sector documents (see box).

Key Informant Interview, Donor Programme “These (concepts) were not necessarily new, but it was getting the formal framework from NSRP – new ideas, new approaches to conflict sensitivity that has been greatly beneficial.”

Key Informant Interview, Donor Programme One programme, after receiving technical advice from NSRP hired a dedicated gender advisor and has said they are “changing their approach” because of engagement with NSRP.

In Action NIAF's Gender Adviser used the Gender Strategy to influence the NIAF programme wide sector strategy document format which now inc ludes ‘gender and social impacts/social inclusion’. This enables NIAF to report on the impact on gender equity and conflict sensitivity in each of its sector documents. This strategic document support led to the NIAF team hiring and embedding a Gender Adviser into the programme through the closure period to draw lessons learned and provide recommendations for DFID on how an infrastructure programme can be gender sensitive.


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While this component was seen as a very specific intervention in support of Nigeria DFID programming, engagement with the other programmes led to increased awareness of the importance of conflict sensitive planning and implications for implementation, therefore broadening the reach of NSRP in influencing policy and practice.

Sustainability

NSRP research will continue to be used and referenced long after the programme has ended. The importance of an analytical approach to research has been embedded with many partners most of whom are likely to continue to apply good practices to future research and thereby enable decision makers to benefit from more informed data.

The sustained media training programme has resulted in many trained individuals within partner organisations becoming engaged in passing on training and skills to others. Having a critical mass of individuals within an institution sensitive to conflict is also expected to continue to influence organisational changes in behaviour and practice.

Conflict Sensitivity practice has been embedded in tertiary institutions through a resource book to aid teaching on Multiculturalism, Diversity and Conflict. CS modules are included in the curriculum for students of mass communication at the Nigerian Institute of Journalism (NIJ). Ninety students will benefit annually from CS training through this route.

Conflict sensitivity guidance has had a major impact on programme planning and donors continue to push for greater conflict sensitivity in programming, suggesting that CSCprinciples will remain central to programme design and be part of inception phase delivery in the future.

It was notable that the CS work had the least the impact on those programmes that had been running for some years and limited time left. Programmes that were embarking on follow-on phases were the most engaged in the support and there is good evidence of impact that is likely to continue throughout those programmes, especially through their continued access to conflict sensitivity advice.

Knowledge contributed by NSRP research to peacebuilding and stabilisation in Nigeria are legacy products that will endure after the end of the programme and serve as resources both nationally and internationally. All products will be available through the British Council

Conflict Sensitivity Support to SPARC The provision of training to staff of the DFID-funded State Accountability and Voice Initiative (SAVI) and the State Partnership for Accountability, Responsiveness and Capability (SPARC) programmes led to three levels of impact. The SPARC Programme Manager sai d that the training to SP!RC by NSRP came at a ‘perfect time’ enabling the SP!RC team to ‘ be ready and have processes in place’ for the next phase of their programme. This example of an immediate impact of the training enabled staff to influence a more conflict sensitive phase two of SPARC. In addition, SPARC witnessed behavioural impact as their team was able to create a conflict sensitivity checklist for the Mid-Term Sector Strategy (MTSS) and State Development Plans (SDPs) for partner Nigerian MDAs in their 10 focal states. This checklist built the capacity of the Nigerian institutions to understand and account for more conflict sensitive budgeting and planning in the sectors of education, agriculture and health. Lastly, SPARC witnessed results impacts following the technical assistance provided by NSRP. SPARC has embedded an international conflict adviser as well as six national conflict advisers in each of its three focal states and three focal regions in the new programme lifecycle. This illustrates tha t the provision of capacity building support through technical assistance to SPARC has had multiple levels of demonstrable impacts.


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website and promoted through the new Managing Conflict in North Eastern Nigeria (MCN) funded by the EU Trust Fund and managed by British Council.

Conclusion

Whilst this output area has a number of separate components, they have contributed individually and as a convincing cross-cutting package to improved conflict management and peace building across all 8 states and at federal level that was spearheaded by the other three outputs. High quality research has contributed to the work of platforms in all four output areas; strategic partnerships with highly respected and trusted institutions such as ONSA and NIPSS have added credibility to much of the work supported by NSRP; progress and successes across all components have been publicised through effective links with the media; conflict sensitive programming has helped Women and Girls to access their rights and play a more substantive role in peacebuilding and enabling cohesive communities; whilst CS across DFID and other programmes has ensured that key messages are heard across a broad spectrum of the international development community.

NSRP has educated, encouraged and influenced a wide cross-section of decision makers including those not directly engaged beyond immediate programme activities by connecting research to policy makers and a wider audience through institutional partnerships and the media. Gender, Social Inclusion and Conflict Sensitivity was mainstreamed across all programme outputs, enabling common approaches from LGA, to state and federal level.

Key to the success of this engagement was the strategy of maintaining contact with technical staff of institutions as well as political appointees. This helped the programme to adapt to changing personnel and policies, as shown with the arrival of a new government in 2015.

Research supported programme interventions and implementation. Strategic partnerships increased programme ownership, visibility and credibility amongst key government institutions and supported output level results.

Prime examples of the joined up nature of this work are the way the NPSF coordinated security and peace building actors, including women and CSO groups, made efforts to counter hate speech in the lead up to 2015 elections where the NHRC and NOA played a key role and developed the National Security Strategy through an inclusive, and participatory approach.

Media engagement providing an avenue for partners across all outputs to amplify voices for peace and engage in content driven and interactive discussions around security and peacebuilding. Targeted media support contributed to other outcomes, for example Output 3 in encourage reporting of women in peace building; and use of social media monitoring and countering messages of violence during the 2015 election helped bring the different NSRP interventions together.

The continued engagement by many DFID and other programmes in the CS sphere is encouraging and suggests that there is genuine belief in the merits of the approach from amongst donor agencies and sponsors. The principle of ‘Do No Harm’ has gained traction and will continue to resonate across the international development arena for many years as a result of the support provided


Nigeria Stability and Reconciliation Programme

20 Mississippi Street, Maitama, Abuja [email protected]

www.nsrp-nigeria.org

@NSRProgramme www.facebook.com/nsrprogramme

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IMPACT REPORT Research and Advocacy, Media and Conflict ......training on conflict sensitive approaches and act as a wider resource to DFID on conflict sensitivity. The desired outcome