Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well ... · was dwlindling after the four hours exposure to the Ultraviolent light, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas Fluorescens

International Journal of Health, Nursing & Medicine ISSN: 2193-3715, Volume 5, Issue 1, page 10 - 22

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Zambrut.com. Publication date: September, 2019.

Balogun, O. B. & Ayilara-Akande, S. O. 2019. Impact of Ultraviolength Ray on Bacterial Isolates of Well

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Impact of Ultraviolength Ray

on Bacterial Isolates

of Well Water (Studied from Ikeji – Arakeji Metropolis)

Balogun, O. B.1 & Ayilara-Akande, S. O.

2

1Balogun, O. B. &

2Ayilara-Akande, S. O.

1Department of Biological Sciences, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji Osun State, Nigeria

2Department of Microbiology, Federal University Technology, Oye Ekiti, Nigeria

Abstract: Wellwater can be a source of drinking water for both rural and urban settlement but

can also be source of pathogenic organism which can be threat to human being. The present

study was designed to enumerate, isolate and identify microorganisms and physicochemical

assessment of well water from Ikeji-Arakeji was also determine, also to investigate the effect

of Ultraviolet ray (UV) on the populations, identities of bacteria and also on the

physicochemical conditions from selected well water sample and was collected from Ikeji

Arakeji Metropolis. Bacterial and physicochemical analysis was done before exposure to UV

light which is the control and after exposure to UV light at 254nm. So it’s imperative to carry

out bacterial analysis on wellwater. The microbial analysis was carried out by standard

methods. The bacteria isolated from waste water samples were Proteus aureus,

Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter

aerogenes, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas florescens, Citrobacter spp, Escherichia coli

and Micrococcus luteus. The pH of the well sample was neutral after treated with UV light

while mean temperature was (25°C) and the mean colour was (18.83 co/pt) highest mean

chemical composition value was Total Dissolve solid (TDS) 165 (mg/l).. The bacterial load

was dwlindling after the four hours exposure to the Ultraviolent light, Enterobacter

aerogenes, Pseudomonas Fluorescens and Salmonella typhi was not inhibited after the 24

hours of exposure. It also had dwindling effect on physicochemical parameters of the

wellwater. The presence of pathogens in water for drinking is of public health significance

considering the possibility of the presence of other bacteria, that are implicated in

gastrointestinal infection water borne diseases. It was observed that there was high

population of bacteria in the wellwater sample before exposure to Ultraviolet ray 1.25× 103

the microbial population were observed been reduced to 8.5× 103. It is therefore

recommended that wellwater from industries should be treated with ultraviolet ray before

drinking especially in rural settlements. This will help reduce microbial population that

constitute a serious hazard to public health that are implicated in gastro-intestinal water

borne diseases.

Keywords: Microorganisms, Physicochemical parameters, Ultraviolet ray & Bacterial load.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Water is a transparent fluid which forms the

world’s streams, lakes, oceans, and rain, and is

the major constituent of the fluids of living

things (Ashbolt et al., 2001). As a chemical

compound a water molecule contains one

oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are

connected by covalent bonds (Boboye, 2017). It

is the only substance occuring in three phases

as solid, liquid and gas on earth surface, it

dissolves more substances in greater quantities

than any other common liquids. The public

health significance of water quality cannot be

over emphasized (Aksu and Vur, 2004). Many

infectious diseases are transmitted by water

through the faecal-oral route. Diseases

contacted through drinking water kill about five

(5) million children annually and make 1/6th of

the world population sick (WHO, 2004).

Wellwater is an excavation or structure created

in the ground by digging, driving, boring, or

drilling to access ground waters in underground

aquifers. Water of good drinking quality is of

basic importance to human physiology as well

as indispensable to man continued existence. Its

role as a medium of water borne disease which

constitutes a significant percentage of the

diseases that affect human and animals cannot

be underestimated (Ballester and Sunyer,

2000). This is the most important concern about

the quality of water. Guideline for

bacteriological water differs from country to

country but they all conform to WHO

recommendation (Blatchley et al., 2003).

The standards for drinking water are most

stringent than those for recreational waters.

Availablity of facilities and financial

constraints are the major obstacles in the

provision of water of good quality in

developing countries and rural areas

(Bezuidenhou et al., 2002). In Nigeria, treated

pipe borne water is limited to urban areas and

there is inadequate treated pipe borne water for

rural areas because of frequent epileptic supply.

Such services may not even be available in

certain areas in Nigeria. Due to this scenario,

an increasing number of people in semi urban

and urban areas in Nigeria including Ikeji

Arakeji Osun State depends on wellwater as

their source of water supply. There has been

increasing cases of food and water borne

diseases in many parts of the country (Nigeria)

particularly typhoid fever and cholera

(Balogun, 2016). The introduction of water

treatment plants and various disinfection

processes and frequent bacteriological analysis

of water quality ensured the delivery of safe

drinking water and this have drastically reduced

the occurence of water borne illness (Dada et

al., 1990). The occasional occurence of

waterborne disease outbreaks, however, points

out the continuing importance of strict

supervision and control over the quality of

public and private water supplies.

The supply of reliable wholesome drinking

water that is colourless, odourless, tasteless,

and free of pathoogens (W.H.O, 2014) is

important in promoting healthy living (Ajayi et

al., 2008). Up till date, availabilty of

wholesome drinking water in the developing

nations remains a critical and urgent problem

with immense social and health concern to

homes, communities, government and

international community (Akhlaq et al., 1990).

Ultraviolet or UV energy is found in the

electromagnetic spectrum between visible light

and x-rays and can best be described as

invisible radiation. In order to kill

microorganisms, the ultraviolet rays must

actually strike the cell (Bitton, 1994).

Ultraviolet energy penetrates the outer cell

membrane, passes through the cell body and

disrupts its DNA preventing reproduction

(Awad et al., 2003; Gordan et al., 1996;

Lamikaran, 1999).

The degree of inactivation by ultraviolet

radiation is directly related to the UV dose

applied to the water (Edema et al., 2001). The

dosage, a product of UV light intensity and

exposure time is measured in microwatt second

per square centimeter. The accompanying table

lists dosage requirements to destroy common

microorganisms (Blatchley et al., 1993). Most

UV units are designed to provide a dosage

greater than 30,000 after one year of continuous

operation. Notice that UV does not effectively

disinfect some organisms (most molds,

protozoa, and cysts of Giardia lamblia and

Cryptosporidium) since they require a higher

dose. The classical use of UV light has

occurred in biological safety cabinets in

laboratories, although in recent years its used

has been extended to inactivation of

microorganisms in the food-processing

industry, in potable water, and in wastewater)

(Ballester and Sunyer, 2000). Ultraviolet light


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inactivates microorganisms by forming

pyrimidine dimers in RNA and DNA, which

can interfere with transcription and replication

(Reintheler et al., 1987). The germicidal effect

of UV light treatment is dependent on microbial

exposure, but when used on opaque foods with

irregular surfaces, UV light may cause less

microbial destruction. Although the opacity and

high absorption coefficient of milk has been

considered a barrier to the use of UV light as a

disinfectant, UV light treatment of milk has

been shown to reduce bacterial counts of

monocytogenes in goat milk and

Staphylococcus. aureus in cow milk (Kreft, et

al., 1986). Therefore, the objectives of this

study this study will be investigating the

bacterial content of well water that serves as the

major source of drinking water in Ikeji Arakeji

Osun State, a semi urban area in Nigeria, also

to determine the eff of UV light on microbial

load, identities and physicochemical properties.

2. MATERIALS AND METHOD

2.1 STERILIZATION OF MATERIALS

All glassware’s used at all stages of analysis

were thoroughly washed with detergent and

rinsed properly with distilled water to remove

all traces of residual washing compounds. The

glassware’s were wrapped with aluminum foil

paper and sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC

for 15 minutes.

2.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION

For the purpose of this study, water sample was

collected from a well in Ikeji-Arakeji village, of

Osun state. The sample was collected with a

clean sterile bottle water container which had

been passed through ultraviolet light screen for

twenty four hours. The bottle was fitted with

screw cap and neck of the bottle was protected

with aluminum foil. The samples were

transported to the laboratory and examined

within six hours of collection to reduce changes

which might occur in the bacteria count of the

water.

The well is the dug type and all were covered.

The samples was collected by jerking the

drawer three to five times into the well and at

the sixth time the water was quickly drawn out

of the well, the bottle was rinsed with the

sample and it was poured into the bottle and

immediately covered with the aluminum foil

paper and fitted with screw cap.

2.1 Physicochemical Analysis

The physicochemical tests included the

determination of temperature, turbidity, odour,

colour, total solid, total dissolved solid,

dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand,

total suspended solid, pH, conductivity,

sulphate, chloride, nitrate, total acidity, partial

acidity, total hardness, phosphate, and chloride

content using the methods of FAO (1997).

2.2 Sterilization of materials

The glass wares were thoroughly washed with

detergent rinsed thoroughly with distilled water

and then allowed to dry. The glass wares were

sterilized in the hot air oven at 160°C for one

hour. The inoculating loop was also sterilized

by flaming. The work bench was disinfected by

swabbing with 95% ethanol. All work in the

laboratory was done in a sterile environment.

2.3 Preparation of media

The media used in this research work were

Nutrient agar, Potato dextrose agar, Mannitol

salt agar, MaConkey agar, Peptone water and

they were all prepared according to

manufacturer’s instructions. The media was

dissolved in the adequate amount of distilled

water. The media were all homogenized and

autoclaved at 121°C for 15 minutes.

2.4 Serial dilution method

Nine (9) ml of distilled water was measured

into each of the test tubes and sterilize at 121oC

for 15minutes using the autoclave. 1ml from the

stock was taken into the first test tube and serial

dilution was carried out. Bacteria were isolated

using pour plate technique with sterile Nutrient

agar and incubated at 37oC. The plates were

incubated at 37oC for 24hours. Sub culturing

was done repeatedly until pure culture was

obtained; colony counting was done by means

of a Gallenkamp colony counter.

2.5 Colonial morphology

Colonies of isolates were examined for the

forms, sizes, surface, colors, elevations,

margins, optical qualities.

2.6 Biochemical characterization

Identification of bacteria was based on

morphological characteristics such as edge,

size, optical characteristic, biochemical

characterization such as Gram staining, Motility


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test, Sugar fermentation tests, Citrate, Catalase,

Indole, Methyl red, Voges-prauskauer, and

oxidase e.t.c, which is carryout according to

Chessbrough (2006) method.

2.7 Gram’s staining reaction

The gram stain is important in bacteriology

examination. It helps in two main groups,

possibly showing major evolutionary

relationships among organisms. The two groups

are designated as Gram positive (blue to purple

reaction to stain) and Gram negative (pink to

red reaction to stain). Smears of 24 hours old

isolates were placed on slides and heat fixed.

Crystal violet was first applied and allowed to

remain for 1 minute and washed off with water.

Grams iodine was added. This stayed for

another 1 minute and was later washed off. The

smear was decolorized with alcohol, washed

with water and counter stained with safranin.

Smear was then blot dried with clean filter

paper and observed under (x100) oil immersion

lens of the microscope. (Chukwura, 2001).

3. RESULTS

Table 1 shows the morphological characteristic of the isolates which is based on form, size, surface,

colour, elevation, margin,texture and optical quality.

TABLE 1: Morphological characterization of Isolates

Isolate

code Form Size Surface Colour Elevation Margin Texture

Optical

quality

F 1 Swarming Large Rough Cream Flat Lobate Dry Translucent

F 2 Circular Small Dull Cream Raised Entire Smooth Opaque

F 3 Irregular Large Dull White Raised Undulate Smooth Opaque

F 4 Circular Medium Dull Non

pigmented Flat Entire Mucoid Translucent

F 5 Circular Punctiform Dull Cream Convex Entire Mucoid Translucent

F 6 Irregular Small Glistering Greenish Umbonate Undulate Dry Opaque

F 7 Circular Large Dull Cream Raised Undulate Dry Translucent

F 8 Circular Medium Dull White Convex Entire Dry Opaque

Translucent

F 9 Circular Medium Glistering Cream Low

convex Entire Mucoid Translucent

F 10 Circular Small Smooth Yellow Raised Entire Mucoid Opaque

F 11 Circular Large Dull Yellow Convex Lobate Dry Opaque


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Table 2 shows the microscopy and biochemical characteristics of the probable bacteria which is based

on gram stain result, motility, catalase, oxidase, methylred, vogesproskauer, glucose, lactose citrate

urease and indole test.

TABLE 2: Microscopy and biochemical characteristics of probable bacteria

Isolated

Bacteria

Gram

Stains Mo Cat Ox MR VP Glu Lac

Growth

on

EMB

Growth

On

SSA

Ci Ur In

Proteus spp. -R + + - + - + + - _ - + +

Klebsiella spp. -R - + - - + + + - _ + + -

Bacillus

subtilis +R + + N + + + - N _ + - -

Citrobacter

spp. -R + + - + - + + - _ + - +

Escherichia

coli. -R + + - - + + + + _ + - +

Pseudomonas

Fluorescens -R + + - + - - - - _ - + -

Enterobacter

aerogenes. -R + + - - + + - - _ + - -

Micrococcus

luteus. +C - + N - - + - - _ - - +

Salmonella

typhi. -R + + - + - + - - + - - -

Staphylococcus

aureus. +C - + N - + + - N _ - - -

Streptococcus

spp. +C - - N - - + - N _ - - -

KEYS: Mo, motility; Cat, catalase; Ox, Oxidase; MR, Methyl Red; VP, VogesProskaeur; Glu,

Glucose; Lac, Lactose; EMB, Eosin Methylene Blue; Ci, Citrate; Ur, Urea; In, Indole; –R, Gram

negative rod; +R, Gram Positive rod; -C, Gram negative Cocci; +C. Gram Positive cocci; - Negative

reaction; + Positive reaction; N,

Figure 1: Effects of UV light (254nm) on the bacteria load on waste water from well water


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Figure 1: Effects of UV light (254nm) on the bacteria load on waste water from Wellwater

Figure 2: Effects of UV light (254nm) on the bacteria load from well water using Statistical analysis


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Table 5 : Effect of UV light on the probable bacteria isolated from well water

Isolated

Bacteria

0

Time

(Hour)

6

12

18

24

Proteus spp. + + + + -

Klebsiella spp. + + + - -

Bacillus subtilis + + + + +

Citrobacter

spp. + + + + -

Escherichia

coli. + + + + +

Pseudomonas

Fluorescens + + + + +

Enterobacter

aerogenes. + + + + +

Micrococcus

luteus. + + + + +

Salmonella

typhi. + + + + +

Staphylococcus

aureus. + + - - -

Streptococcus

spp. + + + - -

Table 1: Shows the physicochemical properties of wellwater

Chemical

parameters Range Grand mean

Standard

Deviation CV%

pH 6.45-7.22

6.7 0.35 5.2

Chloride(mg/l) 6.44-8.41 7.37 1.01 13.7

Total

hardness(mg/l)

500-690

585.33 87.1`9 14.9

Sulphate(mg/l) 8.30-22.2 15.35 7.53 19.1

Nitrate(mg/l) 7.00-8.46 6.4 0.54 8.46

Phosphate(mg/l) 100.5-206.5 7.86 0.81 42.6

Total solid(mg/l) 100.5-206.5 161.6

68.87 56.3

Total Dissolve

Solid(mg/l) 80-250.3 165.3 93.11 62.02

Total Suspended

Solid(mg/l) 15.6-64.5 24.5 24.5 62.02

Partial Alkalinity 0.0-0.05 0.037 0.02 60.70

Total

Alkanity(mg/l)

45-69.9

56.98

13.14

23.1

Sodium(mg/l) 6.24-15.23 10.73 4.90 45.6

Potassium(mg/l) 3.25-17.27 9.45 6.83 72.3

Dissolve

Oxygen(mg/l) 1.6-0.45 3.97 2.56 64.5

Biological

Oxygen Demand 2.5-9.57 5.81 3.56 61.2

Total acidity 3.0-8.0 5.49 2.41 43.94


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condturbiditycolourtemp

40

30

20

1 0

0

Data

Individual Value Plot of temp, colour, ...

Figure 1: Statistical analysis using individual value plot.

Figure 2 : Physical properties of raw and treated water


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Figure 3: Mineral composition of raw and treated water

4. DISCUSSION

Eleven bacteria were isolated form well water

in Ikeji-Arakeji metropolis, colonial and

biochemical characterization was done to know

the probable isolates in the study, eleven

bacterial genera were routinely isolated in the

water sample which includes pathogens and

opportunistic pathogens (Pearce, 2007).

Members of the Enterobacteriaceae

predominated in the bacterial isolated and this

includes, the genera Escherichia, Bacillus,

Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus,

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus,

Salmonella, Shigella and Enterobacter. Showed

the frequency of distribution of the bacterial

isolates in the sampling points and it was

revealed that the bacterial isolates Escherichia

coli, Salmonella spp, Bacillus subtillis and

Enterobacter spp. were the most prevalent

isolates, while the least prevalent were Shigella

spp., Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp. This

further confirmed faecal contamination as a

major source of water pollution in the rainy

season.

The bacteriological assessment of well water

reveals the presence of bacterial contaminants

and this is in agreement with the findings. high

total bacterial count is indicative of the

presence of high organic and dissolved salts in

the water. The primary sources of these bacteria

in water are animal and human wastes (Adetuyi

et al., 2017). These sources of bacterial

contamination include surface runoff, pasture

and other land areas where animal wastes are

deposited. Additional sources include seepage

or discharge from septic tanks, sewage

treatment facilities and natural soil /plant

bacteria (EPA, 2002).

Escherichia coli are a taxonomically well-

defined member of the family (Meylan et al.,

1996). It is abundant in human and animal

faeces, it is found in sewage, and all natural

waters and soil subject to recent fecal

contamination, whether from humans, wild

animals, or agricultural activity (Wilson et al.,

1993). E.coli is widely preferred as an index of

fecal contamination and is widely used as an

indicator of treatment effectiveness. The

presence of E.coli, as with the presence of

thermo tolerant coliform, is significant to water

safety (Schlegel, 2002).

Pseudomonas spp are bacteria that are

environmentally widespread, with some being

opportunistic pathogens (Prescott et al., 2005).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found

in soil, feaces, water, and sewage but cannot be

used as an index of fecal contamintion, since it

is not invariably present in sewage and feaces

and may also multiply in the enriched aquatic

environment and on the surface of organic

materials in contact with water (Neden et al.,

1992).

Proteus spp are widely distributed in nature as

saprophytes, being found in decomposing

animal matter, sewage, manure soil, and in

human and animal feces. They are opportunistic


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pathogens commonly responsible for urinary

and septic infections, often nosocomial. There

are three species namely; (Prescott et al., 2005).

The isolation of bacterial genera known to be

pathogenic in man, calls for a serious concern.

Specifically, E. coli, S. aureus B. subtilis, S.

pyrogenes, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, and

Enterobacter spp. were isolated during research

work

The microorganism where exposed to 24 hours

of Ultraviolent ray to check for inhibiting effect

on the bacterial load and the bacteria isolated.

There was heavy bacterial load at the beginning

of the experiment as time increases there was

dwindling effect on the population of bacteria

may be because of disinfecting ability of

Ultraviolet ray which is consistent to the

findings. Some of the microorganisms were

seen throughout the experiment such microbes

are Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,

Salmonella typhi, Proteus spp. The pH of 7.22

of the wellwater sample were in agreement with

pH assigned by EPA as the standard pH of

which was reduces to 6.5 after application of

UV light (Kadam et al., 2007).

The colour of the wellwater samples were not

in agreement with the standard limit for colour

of drinking water recommended by EPA. The

standard colour limit recommended by 15

(colour unit) (EPA, 2002) while the colour of

the sample was 18 pt/co but reduce exigently to

the standard limit. The low turbidity observed

with the surface waters were in agreement with

FAO standards on turbidity. High turbidity is

often associated with higher levels of disease

causing microorganism such as bacteria and

other parasites. Rivers may get contaminated

from soil runoff thereby increases its turbidity,

which is a measure of cloudiness of water

(FAO, 1997). Fewer number of disease causing

microorganisms may be an indication of lower

turbidity value experienced with well samples.

At no time can turbidity (Cloudiness of water)

go above 5 nephelometric units (NTU) (Boboye

et al., 2017). The total dissolved solid of all

water samples are in agreement with the

environmental protection agency standard of

500mg/l.

Total dissolved solid in drinking water has been

associated with natural sources, sewage urban

runoff, industrial waste water and chemical

used in the water treatment process (though of

aesthetic rather than health hazards (Bohrerova

et al., 2006).

Biochemical oxygen demand, COD, ammonia,

chloride, nitrate were below the detection limit

of the techniques, suggesting that organic

matter is absent or is present in very low

amounts in the water which is similar to the

findings of Adetuyi et al. (2017).

Phosphate level in wellwater was above the

3mg/l. This limit should be controlled to avoid

eutrophication of the ponds (Boboye et al.,

2017). Phosphate may be introduced into the

wellwater through through surface run off and

could also be from the building materials

(Ashbolt et al., 2001).

Sulphate concentration in the wellwater without

concrete varied from 8.22 (mg/l) after

application of ultraviolet ray and (22 mg/l)

without the application of ultraviolet ray so the

concrete wellwater significantly higher than

that of non concrete wellwater. These values

are similar to that of boboye et al. (2017) (68

mg/l) and different from Qin et al. (2012) who

reported 0.66-1.09mg/l in his research. He

suggested the use of detergent and soaps by

residents which got into the water body may be

responsible for the high value of sulphate

(Schwartz et al., 2010). Electrical conductivity

is a useful indicator of mineralization and

salinity or total salt in a water sample. The FAO

acceptable limit for conductivity in aquaculture

is 20-1500 μs/cm (Wolfe, 1990). This limit was

not exceeded in the wellwater before and after

exposure to ultraviolet ray. The iron content of

the water samples used in this study is in

agreement with EPA standard of 0.3mg/l

(Wilson, et al., 1993). The chloride content or

limit recommended by EPA is 250mg/l, this is

in agreement with the chloride content of all the

water samples analysed. All parameters of

physicochemical analysis have been

documented as National Secondary Drinking

Water Regulation (Balogun et al., 2019), they

are non enforceable guidelines regulating

contaminants that may cause cosmetic effect

(such as taste, odour or colour) in drinking

water (EPA, 2002)

Ultraviolet water purifiers destroy harmful

microbes, including yeast, bacteria, algae,

molds, virus and oocysts near the UV light. UV

light deactivates the DNA of bacteria, viruses

and other pathogens, which destroys their


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ability to multiply and cause disease. (Adetuyi

et al., 2017)

As UV light penetrates through the cell wall

and cytoplasmic membrane, it causes a

molecular rearrangement of the

microorganism’s DNA, which prevents it from

reproducing. Specifically, UV light causes

damage to the nucleic acid of microorganisms

by forming covalent bonds between certain

adjacent bases in the DNA Schwartz et al

(2000). The formation of such bonds prevents

the DNA from being “unzipped” for

replication, and the organism is unable to

reproduce (Ajayi, 2008). Klebsiella spp and

streptococcus were inhibited at eighteen (18)

hours which is in congruent to the findings of

Wilson et al. (1993), Citrobacter spp was

inhibited at 24 hours which is in correlation to

the work done by Kreft (2006). Proteus spp,

Enterobacter aerogenes. Pseudomonas

Fluorescens and Salmonella typhi. was not

inhibited.

Ultraviolet treatment involves the conversion of

electrical energy in a low-pressure mercury

vapor (USEPA, 1996). Because of the

purification properties of the soil, however it

can be contaminated. Ground water are found

to be contaminated due to improper

construction, shallowness, animal wastes,

proximity to toilet facilities, sewage, refuse

dump sites and various human activities around

the well (Bitton, 1994).

The total bacteria counts for the water sample

are generally high exceeding the limit of 1.0x

103cfu/ml which is the standard limit of

heterotrophic count for drinking water (EPA,

2002). The primary sources of these bacteria in

water include animal and human wastes and the

two sources of bacterial include pasture, surface

run off, leaching of effluents which can lead to

oral faecal contamination and other land areas

where animal wastes had been deposited.

(Balogun et al., 2019).

Although 100% destruction of microorganism

cannot be guaranteed, it is possible to achieve

99.9% reduction in certain applications and

with proper maintenance and in order for a UV

unit to successfully disinfect water some

criteria or variables must be considered and

also there are dosage required for Ultraviolet to

carry out 99.9% destruction of various

organisms e.g bacteria recirculating system

(Balogun et al., 2016). UV units are most often

used in constant flow recirculating systems.

5. CONCLUSION

The outcome of this study has shown that there

is high incidence of contamination in well

water by pathogenic organisms. The water

research conducted on is not fit for

consumption or usage but treatment with

ultraviolet light have denaturing effect on

pathogenic microbes isolated from wellwater.

Also most of the physicochemical properties

except few parameters were reported with

lower values than the permissible level, even

the few parameter values were essentially

reduce below the standard value after

application of UV light. There was no

significant different between the values of

elemental composition that was exposed to UV

light compared to those that was not exposed.

6. RECOMMENDATION

I therefore recommend that wells should be dug

at least 30meters away from toilet and refuse,

dump sites and should be very deep and

covered adequately. Also, water around this

area should undergo UV treatment before being

used for drinking purposes because it assures

99% of destruction of organisms from water

without posing any danger to the health of the

masses.

7. REFERENCES

Adetuyi F. C. Boboye B. and Balogun O. B.

(2017). Effects of Electromagnetic Fields

on the Bacterial Load of Wastewater

Samples from Selected Industries in Akure

Metropolis. International Journal of

Environment, Agriculture and

Biotechnology.2 (5): 2685-2697.

Ajayi A .A, Sridhar M.K.C., Adekunle Lola V.

and Oluwande, P.A.(2008). Quality of

packaged water sold in ibadan, Nigeria.

African Journal of biomedical Research, 11

; 251-258 .

Akhlaq, M.S., Schuchmann, H.-P. and Sonntag,

C. von (1990). Degradation of

thepolysaccharide alginic acid: A

comparison of the effect of UV light and

ozone. Env.Sc. Technol. 24:379-383.

Aksu H and Vur Al A. (2004). Evaluation of

microbiological risks in drinking water (In

Turkish). Tesisat. pp 98-120.






















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