Immune System Chapter 43

Immune System Chapter 43

By Christian, James, Mack, and Nick

Immune System The Major Defenses

Skin and mucus= physical barriers that deter invading bacteria and viruses

White Blood Cells

-Also known as leukocytes.

-Function by phagocytosing bacteria and debris or by producing antibodies.

-Produced by hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.

-Found in blood and the lymphatic system.

Immune System Lymphatic System 1

Components

– Lymphocytes

– Bone marrow

– Lymph nodes

– Spleen

– Thymus

Immune SystemLymphatic System 2

Major Functions

- production of lymphocytes, types of white blood cell.

-to transport lymph and drain interstitial fluid from cells so it can be returned to the blood.


Lymphocytes

- directly destroy tissue and debris and produce antibodies.

- 3 types: T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells.


T Cells “soldier” cell = searches and destroys foreign, possible

harmful objects. Move to the thymus gland in the neck where they mature. Become active in response to the release of thymosin. Produce cytokines which are signaling molecules that

work in cellular communication. Cytoxic T Cells= able to cause the death of infected cells. Helper T Cells= no phagocytic activity.

-activate cytoxic T cells and B cells.


T Cell Recognition Consists of 2 polypeptide chains connected

by a disulfide bridge. Receptor= 1 antigen binding site Can detect antigens on the surface of

infected cells called Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules


B Cells Mature into either plasma cells or memory B

cells. Mature to produce an anti body against the

antigen which caused its production. Mature in bone marrow


B Cell Recognition Receptor contains 4 polypeptide chains Trans membrane portion anchors the

receptor in the cell Receptor= 2 antigen binding sites B cell binds to its antigen by non-covalent

bonds


Natural Killer Cells Have activating receptors which activate the cell

when it comes in contact with its target. Specialize in killing cells that are cancerous or

infected with a virus. They contain special proteins in their cytoplasm,

such as perforin and granzymes, that are meant to enter the target cell and cause it to go through apoptosis, or programmed cell death.


Bone Marrow

Produces blood cells

B cells and NK cells

develop here


Lymph Nodes These structures

contain T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages.

Here, B and T cells filter antigens out of the lymph

Drain fluid from other tissues.


Spleen Filters blood Contain B cells, T cells,

macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and red blood cells.

Macrophages and dendritic cells bring antigens to lymphocytes in the spleen to be destroyed.


Thymus

T cells migrate to the thymus from the bone marrow.

Here they are “educated” into Mature T cells.

After they mature, they are released into the blood stream.


Other Types of Cells Granulocytes or Polymorphonuclear (PMN)

Leukocytes : engulf bacteria and parasites. Then they degrade the debris with their enzymes.

Macrophages: carry antigens to other cells ( B and T cells) so that they can be destroyed,

Dendritic Cells: capture antigens and bring them to the organs of the lymphatic system.

Phagocytes: Cells that chew up invading organisms and degrade them with internal enzymes, a process called phagocytosis.


Phagoctyic Cells Neutrophils: 60-70% of white blood cells.

- attracted to infected tissue- engulf and destroy microbes, foreign microorganisms,

in infected tissue-self destruct in the process of phagocytosis.

Eosinophils: attach themselves to a parasitic body and inject fatal enzymes into the target.

Macrophages: develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell.

-”big eaters”

Immune SystemAntimicrobial Proteins

Interferons are produced by already infected cells.

provide defenses by inhibiting viral reproduction in unaffected cells.

Immune SystemOther Important Organs

Adenoid and Tonsils

Lymphatic tissues

Defend the body against germs that we breathe in through our noses and mouths.

Immune SystemOther Important Organs

Appendix

House good bacteria that may boost immune system help and white blood cell production.

Directs white blood cells to injured area.

Immune SystemFirst Response:

Inflammation

Triggered by physical injury or the presence of antigens.

The release of histamine by mast cells makes capillaries in the affected area grow larger, allowing more blood to flow to the area and the activation of macrophages.

Chemokines signal and direct phagocytes to the affected areas.

The capillaries leak fluid which leads to swelling. Blood clotting helps stop the spread of microbes.

Immune SystemImmune Response

Primary Immune Response: Plasma cells and T cells are activated.

-10-17 days after infection

Secondary Immune Response: occurs when the body has already been exposed to the antigen.

-greater amount of antibodies produced.-2- 7 days after infection

Immune SystemAntibodies

(Immunoglobulins) Antibody

IgM

Function

Promotes the neutralization and aggregation of antigens.

IgG Marks antigens for phagocytosis along with promoting the aggregation and neutralization of antigens.

IgA Provides mucus with its defense against antigens.

IgE Triggers the release of histamine.

IgD Acts as an antigen receptor.

Immune SystemImmunity

Innate Immunity: General immunity that everyone is born with.

Adaptive Immunity (Active Immunity): Antibodies we develop as we are exposed to viruses.

Passive Immunity (Passive Immunity): Immunity borrowed from another source.

Exercise 1: Parts of the Human Immune System. Your immune system is composed of various organs, all of which work to defend your body against the many microorganisms that enter into your body everyday.

Below is a diagram of the human immune system and descriptions or names of several of the main organs that take part in defending your body against invaders.

a.) Match their number with the letter of the corresponding organ on this diagram.

b.) Find the name of all of the organs described below.

c.) Describe the function of each organ that is already named for you.

1.) The organ located by your heart that is the site of T-Cell maturation. ________. ____ 2.) The organ which filters and removes foreign cells from the blood. ________. ____ 3.) Bone Marrow. ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________. ____ 4.) Lymphoid follicles that are found in the mucosa layer of the small intestine.

________. ____ 5.) Lymph Vessels. ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________. ____ 6.) Organ which swells with trapped bacteria and other microorganisms during an

infection, and eventually kills them with germ fighting cells. ________. ____ 7.) Appendix. _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________. ____ 8.) Tonsil. __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________. ____ 9.) Located near the back of the nose, it helps defend against infection by trapping

microorganisms coming in through the body. _________. ____ 10.) Provides a first line of defense against diseases, by preventing microorganisms

and other germs from entering into your body in the first place. Not can it act as a form of early warning system through the use of Langhans cells, but it also secretes an antibacterial substance, which causes most bacteria that lands on it to die soon afterwards. _________.

Exercise 2: Types of White Blood Cells. White blood cells, or leukocytes, are types of blood cells the body manufactures to fight off infection and foreign invaders. a.) Below is a matching column containing information relating to the five main types of white blood cells:

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes. Add the first letter of each of these types of white blood cells to the phrase that describes it; ex. Place an “L” in front of the phrase that describes Lymphocytes. If the phrase describes all white blood cells in general, place an “A” in front of the phrase.

1. ___Can act as Langerhan cells within the skin. 2. ___Includes the type of cells that produce antibodies. 3. ___Includes the type of cells that can detect and kill body cells infected virally. 4. ___Numbers of these cells in the blood increases with the number of parasites and allergens. 5. ___Primarily kills parasites found in the skin and lungs. 6. ___Many of these mononuclear leukocytes come to together to form microphages. 7. ___Produced within the bone marrow. 8. ___Most common white blood cell found in the body. 9. ___Has a very short life span compared to that of the leukocytes. 10. ___Carry histamine, allowing them to start the process of inflammation. 11. ___These dead remains of these leukocytes are the primary components of pus, which forms when an

infection gets severe. 12. ___The smallest, and the most numerous types of white blood cells within the human body. 13. ___Digests foreign microorganisms and old or dead body cells, such as pus. 14. ___Breaks down bacterial cells through the use of enzymes. 15. ___Mainly travels in the blood, but can come into contact with other tissue via the lymphatic channel of

the Lymphatic System. 16. ___Attracted to foreign material and bacteria by a process known as chematoxis, in which cells move

towards a region of higher chemical concentration. 17. ___Helps keep the body safe from foreign organisms or materials that could be harmful to your body. 18. ___Start out in the bone marrow as stem cells, but can mature into either B Cells or T Cells.

Exercise 2: Types of White Blood Cells. White blood cells, or leukocytes, are types of blood cells the body manufactures to fight off infection and foreign invaders.

b.) Fill in each letter you obtained from the matching column above next to their corresponding number below.

1.___ _G_ 2.___ 3. ___ 4. ___ _U_ _K_ 5. ___ 6. ___ _I_ 7. ___ 8. ___ _O_ 9. ___ 10. ___ 11. ___ 12. ___ _S_ 13. ___ 14. ___ _Y_ 15. ___ 16. ___ _F_ 17. ___ 18. ___ c.) Hidden in the mess of letters above should be the name of a

cancer that targets the white blood cells of the human immune system. Not only does this cancer cause the white blood cells to come out abnormal, but because the cells do not die when they should, they accumulate in large numbers, which could possibly impairing the effectiveness of the normal blood cells. What is the name of this cancer?

Exercise 3: Immune Response. Your immune response is the way your body

fights off invading bacteria, viruses, and other foreign material.

a.) There are three different types of immunity your body can take advantage of to fight disease: Innate, Acquired/Adaptive, and Passive. Innate immunity relates to the natural defenses of the human body, which includes barriers that keep harmful material out of your body. Acquired, or adaptive relates to our defense against diseases that is built up throughout our lifetime. Passive Immunity relates to situations where your body strengthens its immune system using antibodies from outside sources. Using the chart below, give examples of each type of immunity.

Innate Immunity

Acquired/Adaptive Immunity

Passive Immunity

Online Sources:

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infectious_diseases/im munesystem/Pages/index.aspx http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immunesystem/Pages/default.aspx http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/000821.htm http://www.antigenics.com/diseases/immune_whatis.html http://www.mnwelldir.org/docs/immune/immune1.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/bowers/immune%20cells.htm http://thyroid.about.com/od/endocrineautoimmune1/l/blwork.htm http://www.uchospitals.edu/online-library/content=P00630 http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghhttp://www.blink.biz/immunoanimations/

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Immune System Chapter 43